1
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Abstract
Optical imaging is an indispensable tool in clinical diagnostics and fundamental biomedical research. Autofluorescence-free optical imaging, which eliminates real-time optical excitation to minimize background noise, enables clear visualization of biological architecture and physiopathological events deep within living subjects. Molecular probes especially developed for autofluorescence-free optical imaging have been proven to remarkably improve the imaging sensitivity, penetration depth, target specificity, and multiplexing capability. In this Review, we focus on the advancements of autofluorescence-free molecular probes through the lens of particular molecular or photophysical mechanisms that produce long-lasting luminescence after the cessation of light excitation. The versatile design strategies of these molecular probes are discussed along with a broad range of biological applications. Finally, challenges and perspectives are discussed to further advance the next-generation autofluorescence-free molecular probes for in vivo imaging and in vitro biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Jiang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457, Singapore.,School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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2
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Pratt EC, Tamura R, Grimm J. Cerenkov Imaging. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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3
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Boschi F, Spinelli AE. Nanoparticles for Cerenkov and Radioluminescent Light Enhancement for Imaging and Radiotherapy. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10091771. [PMID: 32906838 PMCID: PMC7559269 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence imaging and Cerenkov photodynamic therapy have been developed in recent years to exploit the Cerenkov radiation (CR) generated by radioisotopes, frequently used in Nuclear Medicine, to diagnose and fight cancer lesions. For in vivo detection, the endpoint energy of the radioisotope and, thus, the total number of the emitted Cerenkov photons, represents a very important variable and explains why, for example, 68Ga is better than 18F. However, it was also found that the scintillation process is an important mechanism for light production. Nanotechnology represents the most important field, providing nanosctructures which are able to shift the UV-blue emission into a more suitable wavelength, with reduced absorption, which is useful especially for in vivo imaging and therapy applications. Nanoparticles can be made, loaded or linked to fluorescent dyes to modify the optical properties of CR radiation. They also represent a useful platform for therapeutic agents, such as photosensitizer drugs for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Generally, NPs can be spaced by CR sources; however, for in vivo imaging applications, NPs bound to or incorporating radioisotopes are the most interesting nanocomplexes thanks to their high degree of mutual colocalization and the reduced problem of false uptake detection. Moreover, the distance between the NPs and CR source is crucial for energy conversion. Here, we review the principal NPs proposed in the literature, discussing their properties and the main results obtained by the proponent experimental groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Boschi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonello Enrico Spinelli
- Experimental Imaging Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy;
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4
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Wang C, Fan W, Zhang Z, Wen Y, Xiong L, Chen X. Advanced Nanotechnology Leading the Way to Multimodal Imaging-Guided Precision Surgical Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1904329. [PMID: 31538379 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surgical resection is the primary and most effective treatment for most patients with solid tumors. However, patients suffer from postoperative recurrence and metastasis. In the past years, emerging nanotechnology has led the way to minimally invasive, precision and intelligent oncological surgery after the rapid development of minimally invasive surgical technology. Advanced nanotechnology in the construction of nanomaterials (NMs) for precision imaging-guided surgery (IGS) as well as surgery-assisted synergistic therapy is summarized, thereby unlocking the advantages of nanotechnology in multimodal IGS-assisted precision synergistic cancer therapy. First, mechanisms and principles of NMs to surgical targets are briefly introduced. Multimodal imaging based on molecular imaging technologies provides a practical method to achieve intraoperative visualization with high resolution and deep tissue penetration. Moreover, multifunctional NMs synergize surgery with adjuvant therapy (e.g., chemotherapy, immunotherapy, phototherapy) to eliminate residual lesions. Finally, key issues in the development of ideal theranostic NMs associated with surgical applications and challenges of clinical transformation are discussed to push forward further development of NMs for multimodal IGS-assisted precision synergistic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Wenpei Fan
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Zijian Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Wen
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Li Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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5
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Abstract
The electromagnetic spectrum contains different frequency bands useful for medical imaging and therapy. Short wavelengths (ionizing radiation) are commonly used for radiological and radionuclide imaging and for cancer radiation therapy. Intermediate wavelengths (optical radiation) are useful for more localized imaging and for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Finally, longer wavelengths are the basis for magnetic resonance imaging and for hyperthermia treatments. Recently, there has been a surge of interest for new biomedical methods that synergize optical and ionizing radiation by exploiting the ability of ionizing radiation to stimulate optical emissions. These physical phenomena, together known as radioluminescence, are being used for applications as diverse as radionuclide imaging, radiation therapy monitoring, phototherapy, and nanoparticle-based molecular imaging. This review provides a comprehensive treatment of the physics of radioluminescence and includes simple analytical models to estimate the luminescence yield of scintillators and nanoscintillators, Cherenkov radiation, air fluorescence, and biologically endogenous radioluminescence. Examples of methods that use radioluminescence for diagnostic or therapeutic applications are reviewed and analyzed in light of these quantitative physical models of radioluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Klein
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Conroy Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, OR 97201
| | - Guillem Pratx
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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6
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Zhang Z, Cai M, Bao C, Hu Z, Tian J. Endoscopic Cerenkov luminescence imaging and image-guided tumor resection on hepatocellular carcinoma-bearing mouse models. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 17:62-70. [PMID: 30654183 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Detecting deep tumors inside living subject is still challenging for Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI). In this study, a high-sensitivity endoscopic CLI (ECLI) system was developed with a dual-mode deep cooling approach to improve the imaging sensitivity. System was characterized through a series of ex vivo studies. Furthermore, subcutaneous and orthotropic human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) mouse models were established for ECLI guided tumor resection in vivo. The results showed that the ECLI system had spatial resolution (62.5 μm) and imaging sensitivity (6.29 × 10-2 kBq/μl 18F-FDG). The in vivo experimental data from the HCC mouse models demonstrated that the system was effective to intraoperatively guide the surgery of deep tumors such as liver cancer. Overall, the developed system exhibits promising potential for the applications of tumor precise resection and novel nanoprobe based optical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meishan Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengpeng Bao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jie Tian
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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7
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Gao Y, Ma X, Kang F, Yang W, Liu Y, Wang Z, Ma W, Wang Z, Li G, Cao X, Wang J. Enhanced Cerenkov luminescence tomography analysis based on Y 2O 3:Eu 3+ rare earth oxide nanoparticles. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:6091-6102. [PMID: 31065415 PMCID: PMC6491000 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.006091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence imaging offers a new diagnostic alternative to radiation imaging, but lacks intensity and penetration. In this study, a Cerenkov luminescence signal and its image quality were enhanced using rare earth oxide nanoparticles as a basis for Cerenkov luminescence excited fluorescence imaging and Cerenkov luminescence excited fluorescence tomography. The results also provided 3D-imaging and quantitative information. The approach was evaluated using phantom and mice models and 3D reconstruction and quantitative studies were performed in vitro, showing improved optical signal intensity, similarity, accuracy, signal-to-noise ratio, and spatial distribution information. The method offers benefits for both optical imaging research and radiopharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongheng Gao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xiâan 710032, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xiâan 710032, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Fei Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xiâan 710032, China
| | - Weidong Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xiâan 710032, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xiâan 710032, China
| | - Zhengjie Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xiâan 710032, China
| | - Wenhui Ma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xiâan 710032, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xiâan 710032, China
| | - Guoquan Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xiâan 710032, China
| | - Xu Cao
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education & School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xiâan, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xiâan 710032, China
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8
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Kavadiya S, Biswas P. Design of Cerenkov Radiation-Assisted Photoactivation of TiO 2 Nanoparticles and Reactive Oxygen Species Generation for Cancer Treatment. J Nucl Med 2018; 60:702-709. [PMID: 30291195 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.215608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of Cerenkov radiation to activate nanoparticles in situ was recently shown to control cancerous tumor growth. Although the methodology has been demonstrated to work, to better understand the mechanistic steps, we developed a mathematic model that integrates Cerenkov physics, light interaction with matter, and photocatalytic reaction engineering. Methods: The model describes a detailed pathway for localized reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation from the Cerenkov radiation-assisted photocatalytic activity of TiO2 The model predictions were verified by comparison to experimental reports in the literature. The model was then used to investigate the effects of various parameters-the size of TiO2 nanoparticles, the concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles, and the activity of the radionuclide 18F-FDG-on the number of photons and ROS generation. Results: The importance of nanoparticle size in ROS generation for cancerous tumor growth control was elucidated, and an optimal size was proposed. Conclusion: The model described here can be used for other radionuclides and nanoparticles and can provide guidance on the concentration and size of TiO2 nanoparticles and the radionuclide activity needed for efficient cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalinee Kavadiya
- Aerosol and Air Quality Research Laboratory, Center of Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Pratim Biswas
- Aerosol and Air Quality Research Laboratory, Center of Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
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9
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Practical Guidelines for Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging with Clinically Relevant Isotopes. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1790:197-208. [PMID: 29858793 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7860-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) is a relatively new imaging modality that utilizes conventional optical imaging instrumentation to detect Cerenkov radiation derived from standard and often clinically approved radiotracers. Its research versatility, low cost, and ease of use have increased its popularity within the molecular imaging community and at institutions that are interested in conducting radiotracer-based molecular imaging research, but that lack the necessary resources and infrastructure. Here, we provide a description of the materials and procedures necessary to conduct a Cerenkov luminescence imaging experiment using a variety of imaging instrumentation, radionuclides, and animal models.
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10
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Dsouza A, Lin H, Gunn JR, Gladstone DJ, Jarvis LA, Pogue BW. Cherenkov-excited Multi-Fluorophore Sensing in Tissue-Simulating Phantoms and In Vivo from External Beam Radiotherapy. Radiat Res 2017; 189:197-204. [PMID: 29251551 DOI: 10.1667/rr14943.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In this work, Cherenkov-excited molecular sensing was used to assess the potential for simultaneous quantitative sensing of two NIR fluorophores within tissue-simulating phantoms through spectral separation of signals. Cherenkov emissions induced by external beam gamma photon radiation treatment to tissues/tissue-simulating phantoms were detectable over the 500-900-nm wavelength range. The presence of blood was demonstrated to reduce the integrated intensity of detected Cherenkov emissions by nearly 50%, predominantly at wavelengths below 620 nm. The molecular dyes, IRDye 680RD and IRDye 800CW, have excitation and emission spectra at longer wavelengths than the strongest blood absorption peaks, and also where the intensity of Cherenkov light is at its lowest, so that the emission signal relative to background signal is maximized. Tissue phantoms composed of 1% intralipid and 1% blood were used to simulate human breast tissue, and vials containing fluorophore were embedded in the media, and irradiated with gamma photons for Cherenkov excitation. We observed that fluorescence emissions excited by the Cherenkov signal produced within the phantom could be detected at 5-mm depth into the media within a 0.1-25 μ M fluorophore concentration range. The detected fluorescence signals from these dyes showed linear relationships with radiation doses down to the cGy level. In vivo tests were successful only within the range near a μ M, suggesting that these could be used for metabolic probes in vivo where the local concentrations are near this range.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huiyun Lin
- a Thayer School of Engineering and.,d Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, P.R. China
| | | | - David J Gladstone
- a Thayer School of Engineering and.,b Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755.,c Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756; and
| | - Lesley A Jarvis
- b Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755.,c Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756; and
| | - Brian W Pogue
- a Thayer School of Engineering and.,c Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756; and
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11
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Das S, Haedicke K, Grimm J. Cerenkov-Activated Sticky Tag for In Vivo Fluorescence Imaging. J Nucl Med 2017; 59:58-65. [PMID: 28912146 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.198549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A big challenge in the clinical use of Cerenkov luminescence (CL) imaging is its low signal intensity, which is several orders of magnitude below ambient light. Consequently, highly sensitive cameras, sufficient shielding from background light, and long acquisition times are required. To alleviate this problem, we hypothesized a strategy to convert the weak CL signal into a stronger fluorescence signal by using CL-activated formation of nitrenes from azides to locally fix a fluorescent probe in tissue by the formation of a covalent bond. CL-activated drug delivery was also evaluated using the same azide chemistry. The specific delivery of the CL-activated drug to cancer cells could reduce systemic toxicity, which is a limitation in chemotherapy. Methods: A cyanine-class near-infrared fluorescent dye, Cy7, and doxorubicin were synthetically attached to polyfluorinated aryl azide to form Cy7 azide and DOX azide, respectively. Fibrosarcoma cells were incubated with 18F-FDG and exposed to Cy7 azide with subsequent fluorescence imaging. For CL-activated tagging in vivo, tumor-bearing mice were injected first with 90Y-DOTA-RGD, targeting αvβ3 integrins, and then with the Cy7 azide. Fluorescence signal was imaged over time. Breast cancer cells were incubated with DOX azide and 68Ga, after which cell viability was quantified using an assay. Results: CL photoactivation of Cy7 azide in vitro showed significantly higher fluorescence signal from 18F-FDG-treated than untreated cells. In vivo, CL photoactivation could be shown by using the tumor-specific, integrin-targeting 90Y-DOTA-RGD and the localized activation of Cy7 azide. Here, localized CL-induced fluorescence was detected in the tumors and remained significantly higher over several days than in tumors without CL. We also established as a next step CL-activated drug delivery of DOX azide by showing significantly decreasing cell viability of breast cancer cells in a CL dose-dependent manner in vitro using CL photoactivation of DOX azide. Conclusion: We were able to develop a CL-activated "sticky tag" that converts the low CL signal into a stable and long-lasting, highly intense fluorescence signal. This fluorescent footprint of the radioactive signal might be clinically used for intraoperative surgery. The CL-targeted drug delivery strategy may potentially be used for dual-step targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep Das
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Katja Haedicke
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jan Grimm
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York .,Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; and.,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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12
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Abstract
The fields of biomedical nanotechnology and theranostics have enjoyed exponential growth in recent years. The "Molecular Imaging in Nanotechnology and Theranostics" (MINT) Interest Group of the World Molecular Imaging Society (WMIS) was created in order to provide a more organized and focused forum on these topics within the WMIS and at the World Molecular Imaging Conference (WMIC). The interest group was founded in 2015 and was officially inaugurated during the 2016 WMIC. The overarching goal of MINT is to bring together the many scientists who work on molecular imaging approaches using nanotechnology and those that work on theranostic agents. MINT therefore represents scientists, labs, and institutes that are very diverse in their scientific backgrounds and areas of expertise, reflecting the wide array of materials and approaches that drive these fields. In this short review, we attempt to provide a condensed overview over some of the key areas covered by MINT. Given the breadth of the fields and the given space constraints, we have limited the coverage to the realm of nanoconstructs, although theranostics is certainly not limited to this domain. We will also focus only on the most recent developments of the last 3-5 years, in order to provide the reader with an intuition of what is "in the pipeline" and has potential for clinical translation in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysafis Andreou
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Suchetan Pal
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Lara Rotter
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jiang Yang
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Moritz F Kircher
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nanotechnology (CMINT), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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13
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Miller MA, Weissleder R. Imaging the pharmacology of nanomaterials by intravital microscopy: Toward understanding their biological behavior. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 113:61-86. [PMID: 27266447 PMCID: PMC5136524 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic nanoparticles (NPs) can deliver cytotoxic chemotherapeutics and other drugs more safely and efficiently to patients; furthermore, selective delivery to target tissues can theoretically be accomplished actively through coating NPs with molecular ligands, and passively through exploiting physiological "enhanced permeability and retention" features. However, clinical trial results have been mixed in showing improved efficacy with drug nanoencapsulation, largely due to heterogeneous NP accumulation at target sites across patients. Thus, a clear need exists to better understand why many NP strategies fail in vivo and not result in significantly improved tumor uptake or therapeutic response. Multicolor in vivo confocal fluorescence imaging (intravital microscopy; IVM) enables integrated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) measurement at the single-cell level, and has helped answer key questions regarding the biological mechanisms of in vivo NP behavior. This review summarizes progress to date and also describes useful technical strategies for successful IVM experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles A Miller
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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14
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Ciarrocchi E, Belcari N. Cerenkov luminescence imaging: physics principles and potential applications in biomedical sciences. EJNMMI Phys 2017; 4:14. [PMID: 28283990 PMCID: PMC5346099 DOI: 10.1186/s40658-017-0181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) is a novel imaging modality to study charged particles with optical methods by detecting the Cerenkov luminescence produced in tissue. This paper first describes the physical processes that govern the production and transport in tissue of Cerenkov luminescence. The detectors used for CLI and their most relevant specifications to optimize the acquisition of the Cerenkov signal are then presented, and CLI is compared with the other optical imaging modalities sharing the same data acquisition and processing methods. Finally, the scientific work related to CLI and the applications for which CLI has been proposed are reviewed. The paper ends with some considerations about further perspectives for this novel imaging modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Ciarrocchi
- Department of Physics "E. Fermi", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. .,INFN, section of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Nicola Belcari
- Department of Physics "E. Fermi", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,INFN, section of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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15
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Shaffer TM, Pratt EC, Grimm J. Utilizing the power of Cerenkov light with nanotechnology. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12:106-117. [PMID: 28167827 PMCID: PMC5540309 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The characteristic blue glow of Cerenkov luminescence (CL) arises from the interaction between a charged particle travelling faster than the phase velocity of light and a dielectric medium, such as water or tissue. As CL emanates from a variety of sources, such as cosmic events, particle accelerators, nuclear reactors and clinical radionuclides, it has been used in applications such as particle detection, dosimetry, and medical imaging and therapy. The combination of CL and nanoparticles for biomedicine has improved diagnosis and therapy, especially in oncological research. Although radioactive decay itself cannot be easily modulated, the associated CL can be through the use of nanoparticles, thus offering new applications in biomedical research. Advances in nanoparticles, metamaterials and photonic crystals have also yielded new behaviours of CL. Here, we review the physics behind Cerenkov luminescence and associated applications in biomedicine. We also show that by combining advances in nanotechnology and materials science with CL, new avenues for basic and applied sciences have opened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis M. Shaffer
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Edwin C. Pratt
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Jan Grimm
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to J.G.
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16
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Chakravarty R, Goel S, Dash A, Cai W. Radiolabeled inorganic nanoparticles for positron emission tomography imaging of cancer: an overview. THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE (AIMN) [AND] THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF RADIOPHARMACOLOGY (IAR), [AND] SECTION OF THE SOCIETY OF RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2017; 61:181-204. [PMID: 28124549 DOI: 10.23736/s1824-4785.17.02969-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years, a plethora of radiolabeled inorganic nanoparticles have been developed and evaluated for their potential use as probes in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of a wide variety of cancers. Inorganic nanoparticles represent an emerging paradigm in molecular imaging probe design, allowing the incorporation of various imaging modalities, targeting ligands, and therapeutic payloads into a single vector. A major challenge in this endeavor is to develop disease-specific nanoparticles with facile and robust radiolabeling strategies. Also, the radiolabeled nanoparticles should demonstrate adequate in vitro and in vivo stability, enhanced sensitivity for detection of disease at an early stage, optimized in vivo pharmacokinetics for reduced non-specific organ uptake, and improved targeting for achieving high efficacy. Owing to these challenges and other technological and regulatory issues, only a single radiolabeled nanoparticle formulation, namely "C-dots" (Cornell dots), has found its way into clinical trials thus far. This review describes the available options for radiolabeling of nanoparticles and summarizes the recent developments in PET imaging of cancer in preclinical and clinical settings using radiolabeled nanoparticles as probes. The key considerations toward clinical translation of these novel PET imaging probes are discussed, which will be beneficial for advancement of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubel Chakravarty
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India -
| | - Shreya Goel
- Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ashutosh Dash
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Weibo Cai
- Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,University of Wisconsin, Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
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Hu Z, Chi C, Liu M, Guo H, Zhang Z, Zeng C, Ye J, Wang J, Tian J, Yang W, Xu W. Nanoparticle-mediated radiopharmaceutical-excited fluorescence molecular imaging allows precise image-guided tumor-removal surgery. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:1323-1331. [PMID: 28115248 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent molecular imaging technique has been actively explored for optical image-guided cancer surgery in pre-clinical and clinical research and has attracted many attentions. However, the efficacy of the fluorescent image-guided cancer surgery can be compromised by the low signal-to-noise ratio caused by the external light excitation. This study presents a novel nanoparticle-mediated radiopharmaceutical-excited fluorescent (REF) image-guided cancer surgery strategy, which employs the internal dual-excitation of europium oxide nanoparticles through both gamma rays and Cerenkov luminescence emitted from radiopharmaceuticals. The performance of the novel image-guided surgery technique was systematically evaluated using subcutaneous breast cancer 4 T1 tumor models, orthotropic and orthotropic-ectopic hepatocellular carcinoma tumor-bearing mice. The results reveal that the novel REF image-guided cancer surgery technique exhibits high performance of detecting invisible ultra-small size tumor (even less than 1 mm) and residual tumor tissue. Our study demonstrates the high potential of the novel image-guided cancer surgery for precise tumor resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Chongwei Chi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Muhan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbo Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoting Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinzuo Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Weidong Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Wanhai Xu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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18
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Ai X, Mu J, Xing B. Recent Advances of Light-Mediated Theranostics. Theranostics 2016; 6:2439-2457. [PMID: 27877246 PMCID: PMC5118606 DOI: 10.7150/thno.16088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, precision theranostics have been extensively demanded for the effective treatment of various human diseases. Currently, efficient therapy at the targeted disease areas still remains challenging since most available drug molecules lack of selectivity to the pathological sites. Among different approaches, light-mediated therapeutic strategy has recently emerged as a promising and powerful tool to precisely control the activation of therapeutic reagents and imaging probes in vitro and in vivo, mostly attributed to its unique properties including minimally invasive capability and highly spatiotemporal resolution. Although it has achieved initial success, the conventional strategies for light-mediated theranostics are mostly based on the light with short wavelength (e.g., UV or visible light), which may usually suffer from several undesired drawbacks, such as limited tissue penetration depth, unavoidable light absorption/scattering and potential phototoxicity to healthy tissues, etc. Therefore, a near-infrared (NIR) light-mediated approach on the basis of long-wavelength light (700-1000 nm) irradiation, which displays deep-tissue penetration, minimized photo-damage and low autofluoresence in living systems, has been proposed as an inspiring alternative for precisely phototherapeutic applications in the last decades. Despite numerous NIR light-responsive molecules have been currently proposed for clinical applications, several inherent drawbacks, such as troublesome synthetic procedures, low water solubility and limited accumulation abilities in targeted areas, heavily restrict their applications in deep-tissue therapeutic and imaging studies. Thanks to the amazing properties of several nanomaterials with large extinction coefficient in the NIR region, the construction of NIR light responsive nanoplatforms with multifunctions have become promising approaches for deep-seated diseases diagnosis and therapy. In this review, we summarized various light-triggered theranostic strategies and introduced their great advances in biomedical applications in recent years. Moreover, some other promising light-assisted techniques, such as photoacoustic and Cerenkov radiation, were also systemically discussed. Finally, the potential challenges and future perspectives for light-mediated deep-tissue diagnosis and therapeutics were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhao Ai
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Jing Mu
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Bengang Xing
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117602
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19
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Hu Z, Zhao M, Qu Y, Zhang X, Zhang M, Liu M, Guo H, Zhang Z, Wang J, Yang W, Tian J. In Vivo 3-Dimensional Radiopharmaceutical-Excited Fluorescence Tomography. J Nucl Med 2016; 58:169-174. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.180596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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20
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Palner M, Pu K, Shao S, Rao J. Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticles with Persistent Near-Infrared Luminescence for In Vivo Optical Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [PMID: 26223794 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Materials with persistent luminescence are attractive for in vivo optical imaging since they have a long lifetime that allows the separation of excitation of fluorophores and image acquisition for time-delay imaging, thus eliminating tissue autofluorescence associated with fluorescence imaging. Persistently luminescent nanoparticles have previously been fabricated from toxic rare-earth metals. This work reports that nanoparticles made of the conjugated polymer MEH-PPV can generate luminescence persisting for an hour upon single excitation. A near-infrared dye was encapsulated in the conjugated polymer nanoparticle to successfully generate persistent near-infrared luminescence through resonance energy transfer. This new persistent luminescence nanoparticles have been demonstrated for optical imaging applications in living mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Palner
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94395-5484 (USA) http://www.raolab.stanford.edu
| | - Kanyi Pu
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94395-5484 (USA) http://www.raolab.stanford.edu.,Current address: School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459 (Singapore)
| | - Shirley Shao
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94395-5484 (USA) http://www.raolab.stanford.edu
| | - Jianghong Rao
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94395-5484 (USA) http://www.raolab.stanford.edu.
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21
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Abou DS, Pickett JE, Thorek DLJ. Nuclear molecular imaging with nanoparticles: radiochemistry, applications and translation. Br J Radiol 2015; 88:20150185. [PMID: 26133075 PMCID: PMC4730968 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20150185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging provides considerable insight into biological processes for greater understanding of health and disease. Numerous advances in medical physics, chemistry and biology have driven the growth of this field in the past two decades. With exquisite sensitivity, depth of detection and potential for theranostics, radioactive imaging approaches have played a major role in the emergence of molecular imaging. At the same time, developments in materials science, characterization and synthesis have led to explosive progress in the nanoparticle (NP) sciences. NPs are generally defined as particles with a diameter in the nanometre size range. Unique physical, chemical and biological properties arise at this scale, stimulating interest for applications as diverse as energy production and storage, chemical catalysis and electronics. In biomedicine, NPs have generated perhaps the greatest attention. These materials directly interface with life at the subcellular scale of nucleic acids, membranes and proteins. In this review, we will detail the advances made in combining radioactive imaging and NPs. First, we provide an overview of the NP platforms and their properties. This is followed by a look at methods for radiolabelling NPs with gamma-emitting radionuclides for use in single photon emission CT and planar scintigraphy. Next, utilization of positron-emitting radionuclides for positron emission tomography is considered. Finally, recent advances for multimodal nuclear imaging with NPs and efforts for clinical translation and ongoing trials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Abou
- 1 Division of Nuclear Medicine, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J E Pickett
- 1 Division of Nuclear Medicine, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D L J Thorek
- 1 Division of Nuclear Medicine, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,2 Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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22
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Hu Z, Qu Y, Wang K, Zhang X, Zha J, Song T, Bao C, Liu H, Wang Z, Wang J, Liu Z, Liu H, Tian J. In vivo nanoparticle-mediated radiopharmaceutical-excited fluorescence molecular imaging. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7560. [PMID: 26123615 PMCID: PMC4491820 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence imaging utilizes visible photons emitted from radiopharmaceuticals to achieve in vivo optical molecular-derived signals. Since Cerenkov radiation is weak, non-optimum for tissue penetration and continuous regardless of biological interactions, it is challenging to detect this signal with a diagnostic dose. Therefore, it is challenging to achieve useful activated optical imaging for the acquisition of direct molecular information. Here we introduce a novel imaging strategy, which converts γ and Cerenkov radiation from radioisotopes into fluorescence through europium oxide nanoparticles. After a series of imaging studies, we demonstrate that this approach provides strong optical signals with high signal-to-background ratios, an ideal tissue penetration spectrum and activatable imaging ability. In comparison with present imaging techniques, it detects tumour lesions with low radioactive tracer uptake or small tumour lesions more effectively. We believe it will facilitate the development of nuclear and optical molecular imaging for new, highly sensitive imaging applications. Insufficient imaging sensitivity can make it challenging to assess early stage tumour lesions in vivo. Here, the authors present the radiopharmaceutical-excited fluorescence imaging technique that can detect tumour lesions less than 2 mm in size in living mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Hu
- 1] Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China [2] Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yawei Qu
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Kun Wang
- 1] Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China [2] Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Jiali Zha
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Tianming Song
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chengpeng Bao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Haixiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhongliang Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhongyu Liu
- Anal-colorectal Surgery Institute, No. 150 Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang 471031, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jie Tian
- 1] Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China [2] Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing 100190, China [3] The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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23
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Cao X, Chen X, Kang F, Zhan Y, Cao X, Wang J, Liang J, Tian J. Intensity Enhanced Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging Using Terbium-Doped Gd2O2S Microparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:11775-11782. [PMID: 25992597 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Weak intensity and poor penetration depth are two big obstacles toward clinical use of Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI). In this proof-of-concept study, we overcame these limitations by using lanthanides-based radioluminescent microparticles (RLMPs), called terbium doped Gd2O2S. The characterization experiment showed that the emission excited by Cerenkov luminescence can be neglected whereas the spectrum experiment demonstrated that the RLMPs can actually be excited by γ-rays. A series of in vitro experiments demonstrated that RLMPs significantly improve the intensity and the penetration capacity of CLI, which has been extended to as deep as 15 mm. In vivo pseudotumor study further prove the huge potential of this enhancement strategy for Cerenkov luminescence imaging in living animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fei Kang
- ‡Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | | | | | - Jing Wang
- ‡Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | | | - Jie Tian
- §Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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24
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Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence (CL) has been used recently in a plethora of medical applications like imaging and therapy with clinically relevant medical isotopes. The range of medical isotopes used is fairly large and expanding. The generation of in vivo light is useful since it circumvents depth limitations for excitation light. Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) is much cheaper in terms of infrastructure than positron emission tomography (PET) and is particularly useful for imaging of superficial structures. Imaging can basically be done using a sensitive camera optimized for low-light conditions, and it has a better resolution than any other nuclear imaging modality. CLI has been shown to effectively diagnose disease with regularly used PET isotope ((18)F-FDG) in clinical setting. Cerenkov luminescence tomography, Cerenkov luminescence endoscopy, and intraoperative Cerenkov imaging have also been explored with positive conclusions expanding the current range of applications. Cerenkov has also been used to improve PET imaging resolution since the source of both is the radioisotope being used. Smart imaging agents have been designed based on modulation of the Cerenkov signal using small molecules and nanoparticles giving better insight of the tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep Das
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel L J Thorek
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jan Grimm
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program and Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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25
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Czupryna J, Kachur AV, Blankemeyer E, Popov AV, Arroyo AD, Karp JS, Delikatny EJ. Cerenkov-specific contrast agents for detection of pH in vivo. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:483-8. [PMID: 25655631 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.146605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We report the design, testing, and in vivo application of pH-sensitive contrast agents designed specifically for Cerenkov imaging. Radioisotopes used for PET emit photons via Cerenkov radiation. The multispectral emission of Cerenkov radiation allows for selective bandwidth quenching, in which a band of photons is quenched by absorption by a functional dye. Under acidic conditions, (18)F-labeled derivatives emit the full spectrum of Cerenkov light. Under basic conditions, the dyes change color and a wavelength-dependent quenching of Cerenkov emission is observed. METHODS Mono- and di-(18)F-labeled derivatives of phenolsulfonphthalein (phenol red) and meta-cresolsulfonphthalein (cresol purple) were synthesized by electrophilic fluorination. Cerenkov emission was measured at different wavelengths as a function of pH in vitro. Intramolecular response was measured in fluorinated probes and intermolecular quenching by mixing phenolphthalein with (18)F-FDG. Monofluorocresol purple (MFCP) was tested in mice treated with acetazolamide to cause urinary alkalinization, and Cerenkov images were compared with PET images. RESULTS Fluorinated pH indicators were produced with radiochemical yields of 4%-11% at greater than 90% purity. Selective Cerenkov quenching was observed intramolecularly with difluorophenol red or monofluorocresol purple and intermolecularly in phenolphthalein (18)F-FDG mixtures. The probes were selectively quenched in the bandwidth closest to the indicator's absorption maximum (λmax) at pHs above the indicator pKa (the negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant). Addition of acid or base to the probes resulted in reversible switching from unquenched to quenched emission. In vivo, the bladders of acetazolamide-treated mice exhibited a wavelength-dependent quenching in Cerenkov emission, with the greatest reduction occurring near the λmax. Ratiometric imaging at 2 wavelengths showed significant decreases in Cerenkov emission at basic pH and allowed the estimation of absolute pH in vivo. CONCLUSION We have created contrast agents that selectively quench photons emitted during Cerenkov radiation within a given bandwidth. In the presence of a functional dye, such as a pH indicator, this selective quenching allows for a functional determination of pH in vitro and in vivo. This method can be used to obtain functional information from radiolabeled probes using multimodal imaging. This approach allows for the imaging of nonfluorescent chromophores and is generalizable to any functional dye that absorbs at suitable wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Czupryna
- Small Animal Imaging Facility, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexander V Kachur
- Small Animal Imaging Facility, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Eric Blankemeyer
- Small Animal Imaging Facility, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anatoliy V Popov
- Small Animal Imaging Facility, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alejandro D Arroyo
- Small Animal Imaging Facility, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joel S Karp
- Small Animal Imaging Facility, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Edward J Delikatny
- Small Animal Imaging Facility, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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