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Burgum MJ, Ulrich C, Partosa N, Evans SJ, Gomes C, Seiffert SB, Landsiedel R, Honarvar N, Doak SH. Adapting the in vitro micronucleus assay (OECD Test Guideline No. 487) for testing of manufactured nanomaterials: recommendations for best practices. Mutagenesis 2024; 39:205-217. [PMID: 38502821 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The current Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development test guideline number 487 (OECD TG No. 487) provides instruction on how to conduct the in vitro micronucleus assay. This assay is one of the gold standard approaches for measuring the mutagenicity of test items; however, it is directed at testing low molecular weight molecules and may not be appropriate for particulate materials (e.g. engineered nanoparticles [ENPs]). This study aimed to adapt the in vitro micronucleus assay for ENP testing and underpins the development of an OECD guidance document. A harmonized, nano-specific protocol was generated and evaluated by two independent laboratories. Cell lines utilized were human lymphoblastoid (TK6) cells, human liver hepatocytes (HepG2) cells, Chinese hamster lung fibroblast (V79) cells, whole blood, and buffy coat cells from healthy human volunteers. These cells were exposed to reference ENPs from the Joint Research Council (JRC): SiO2 (RLS-0102), Au5nm and Au30nm (RLS-03, RLS-010), CeO2 (NM212), and BaSO4 (NM220). Tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC/Co) was used as a trial particulate positive control. The chemical controls were positive in all cell cultures, but WC/Co was only positive in TK6 and buffy coat cells. In TK6 cells, mutagenicity was observed for SiO2- and both Au types. In HepG2 cells, Au5nm and SiO2 showed sub-two-fold increases in micronuclei. In V79 cells, whole blood, and buffy coat cells, no genotoxicity was detected with the test materials. The data confirmed that ENPs could be tested with the harmonized protocol, additionally, concordant data were observed across the two laboratories with V79 cells. WC/Co may be a suitable particulate positive control in the in vitro micronucleus assay when using TK6 and buffy coat cells. Detailed recommendations are therefore provided to adapt OECD TG No. 487 for testing ENP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Burgum
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Clarissa Ulrich
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Natascha Partosa
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Stephen J Evans
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Gomes
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Robert Landsiedel
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
- Free University of Berlin, Pharmacy - Pharmacology and Toxicology, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Naveed Honarvar
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Shareen H Doak
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, United Kingdom
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2
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Lin H, Buerki-Thurnherr T, Kaur J, Wick P, Pelin M, Tubaro A, Carniel FC, Tretiach M, Flahaut E, Iglesias D, Vázquez E, Cellot G, Ballerini L, Castagnola V, Benfenati F, Armirotti A, Sallustrau A, Taran F, Keck M, Bussy C, Vranic S, Kostarelos K, Connolly M, Navas JM, Mouchet F, Gauthier L, Baker J, Suarez-Merino B, Kanerva T, Prato M, Fadeel B, Bianco A. Environmental and Health Impacts of Graphene and Other Two-Dimensional Materials: A Graphene Flagship Perspective. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6038-6094. [PMID: 38350010 PMCID: PMC10906101 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted tremendous interest ever since the isolation of atomically thin sheets of graphene in 2004 due to the specific and versatile properties of these materials. However, the increasing production and use of 2D materials necessitate a thorough evaluation of the potential impact on human health and the environment. Furthermore, harmonized test protocols are needed with which to assess the safety of 2D materials. The Graphene Flagship project (2013-2023), funded by the European Commission, addressed the identification of the possible hazard of graphene-based materials as well as emerging 2D materials including transition metal dichalcogenides, hexagonal boron nitride, and others. Additionally, so-called green chemistry approaches were explored to achieve the goal of a safe and sustainable production and use of this fascinating family of nanomaterials. The present review provides a compact survey of the findings and the lessons learned in the Graphene Flagship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Lin
- CNRS,
UPR3572, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, ISIS, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Tina Buerki-Thurnherr
- Empa,
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Jasreen Kaur
- Nanosafety
& Nanomedicine Laboratory, Institute
of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 177 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Wick
- Empa,
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Marco Pelin
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Aurelia Tubaro
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Tretiach
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Emmanuel Flahaut
- CIRIMAT,
Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT,
UPS, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France
| | - Daniel Iglesias
- Facultad
de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Instituto
Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ester Vázquez
- Facultad
de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Instituto
Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Giada Cellot
- International
School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Laura Ballerini
- International
School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Valentina Castagnola
- Center
for
Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, 16132 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS
Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center
for
Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, 16132 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS
Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Analytical
Chemistry Facility, Istituto Italiano di
Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Antoine Sallustrau
- Département
Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Frédéric Taran
- Département
Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Mathilde Keck
- Département
Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Cyrill Bussy
- Nanomedicine
Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester,
Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, National Graphene Institute, Manchester M13 9PT, United
Kingdom
| | - Sandra Vranic
- Nanomedicine
Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester,
Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, National Graphene Institute, Manchester M13 9PT, United
Kingdom
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine
Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester,
Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, National Graphene Institute, Manchester M13 9PT, United
Kingdom
| | - Mona Connolly
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología
Agraria
y Alimentaria (INIA), CSIC, Carretera de la Coruña Km 7,5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Maria Navas
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología
Agraria
y Alimentaria (INIA), CSIC, Carretera de la Coruña Km 7,5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Florence Mouchet
- Laboratoire
Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Laury Gauthier
- Laboratoire
Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - James Baker
- TEMAS Solutions GmbH, 5212 Hausen, Switzerland
| | | | - Tomi Kanerva
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Center
for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 Donostia-San
Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Nanosafety
& Nanomedicine Laboratory, Institute
of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 177 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Bianco
- CNRS,
UPR3572, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, ISIS, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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3
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Kong C, Chen J, Li P, Wu Y, Zhang G, Sang B, Li R, Shi Y, Cui X, Zhou T. Respiratory Toxicology of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials: A Review. TOXICS 2024; 12:82. [PMID: 38251037 PMCID: PMC10820349 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs) consist of a single or few layers of graphene sheets or modified graphene including pristine graphene, graphene nanosheets (GNS), graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), as well as graphene modified with various functional groups or chemicals (e.g., hydroxyl, carboxyl, and polyethylene glycol), which are frequently used in industrial and biomedical applications owing to their exceptional physicochemical properties. Given the widespread production and extensive application of GBNs, they can be disseminated in a wide range of environmental mediums, such as air, water, food, and soil. GBNs can enter the human body through various routes such as inhalation, ingestion, dermal penetration, injection, and implantation in biomedical applications, and the majority of GBNs tend to accumulate in the respiratory system. GBNs inhaled and substantially deposited in the human respiratory tract may impair lung defenses and clearance, resulting in the formation of granulomas and pulmonary fibrosis. However, the specific toxicity of the respiratory system caused by different GBNs, their influencing factors, and the underlying mechanisms remain relatively scarce. This review summarizes recent advances in the exposure, metabolism, toxicity and potential mechanisms, current limitations, and future perspectives of various GBNs in the respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxue Kong
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China; (C.K.); (G.Z.); (B.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Junwen Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangyang No. 1 People’s Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang 441000, China; (J.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangyang No. 1 People’s Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang 441000, China; (J.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Yukang Wu
- Department of Physical and Chemical Laboratory, The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi 214023, China;
| | - Guowei Zhang
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China; (C.K.); (G.Z.); (B.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Bimin Sang
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China; (C.K.); (G.Z.); (B.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Rui Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China;
| | - Yuqin Shi
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China; (C.K.); (G.Z.); (B.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Xiuqing Cui
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China; (C.K.); (G.Z.); (B.S.); (Y.S.)
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4
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Allahbakhsh A, Gadegaard N, Ruiz CM, Shavandi A. Graphene-Based Engineered Living Materials. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2300930. [PMID: 37806771 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
With the rise of engineered living materials (ELMs) as innovative, sustainable and smart systems for diverse engineering and biological applications, global interest in advancing ELMs is on the rise. Graphene-based nanostructures can serve as effective tools to fabricate ELMs. By using graphene-based materials as building units and microorganisms as the designers of the end materials, next-generation ELMs can be engineered with the structural properties of graphene-based materials and the inherent properties of the microorganisms. However, some challenges need to be addressed to fully take advantage of graphene-based nanostructures for the design of next-generation ELMs. This work covers the latest advances in the fabrication and application of graphene-based ELMs. Fabrication strategies of graphene-based ELMs are first categorized, followed by a systematic investigation of the advantages and disadvantages within each category. Next, the potential applications of graphene-based ELMs are covered. Moreover, the challenges associated with fabrication of next-generation graphene-based ELMs are identified and discussed. Based on a comprehensive overview of the literature, the primary challenge limiting the integration of graphene-based nanostructures in ELMs is nanotoxicity arising from synthetic and structural parameters. Finally, we present possible design principles to potentially address these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Allahbakhsh
- 3BIO-BioMatter, École polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Nikolaj Gadegaard
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Carmen M Ruiz
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP, UMR 7334, Marseille, F-13397, France
| | - Amin Shavandi
- 3BIO-BioMatter, École polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, 1050, Belgium
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5
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Gendron D, Bubak G. Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Materials as Xenobiotics in Living Systems: Is There a Consensus on Their Safety? J Xenobiot 2023; 13:740-760. [PMID: 38132708 PMCID: PMC10744618 DOI: 10.3390/jox13040047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes and graphene are two types of nanomaterials that have unique properties and potential applications in various fields, including biomedicine, energy storage, and gas sensing. However, there is still a debate about the safety of these materials, and there is yet to be a complete consensus on their potential risks to human health and the environment. While some studies have provided recommendations for occupational exposure limits, more research is needed to fully understand the potential risks of these materials to human health and the environment. In this review, we will try to summarize the advantages and disadvantages of using carbon nanotubes and graphene as well as composites containing them in the context of their biocompatibility and toxicity to living systems. In addition, we overview current policy guidelines and technical regulations regarding the safety of carbon-based nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gendron
- Kemitek, Cégep de Thetford, 835 Rue Mooney, Thetford Mines, QC G6G 0A5, Canada
| | - Grzegorz Bubak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland;
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6
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Pelin M, Passerino C, Rodríguez-Garraus A, Carlin M, Sosa S, Suhonen S, Vales G, Alonso B, Zurutuza A, Catalán J, Tubaro A. Role of Chemical Reduction and Formulation of Graphene Oxide on Its Cytotoxicity towards Human Epithelial Bronchial Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2189. [PMID: 37570507 PMCID: PMC10420834 DOI: 10.3390/nano13152189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-based materials may pose a potential risk for human health due to occupational exposure, mainly by inhalation. This study was carried out on bronchial epithelial 16HBE14o- cells to evaluate the role of chemical reduction and formulation of graphene oxide (GO) on its cytotoxic potential. To this end, the effects of GO were compared to its chemically reduced form (rGO) and its stable water dispersion (wdGO), by means of cell viability reduction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, pro-inflammatory mediators release and genotoxicity. These materials induced a concentration-dependent cell viability reduction with the following potency rank: rGO > GO >> wdGO. After 24 h exposure, rGO reduced cell viability with an EC50 of 4.8 μg/mL (eight-fold lower than that of GO) and was the most potent material in inducing ROS generation, in contrast to wdGO. Cytokines release and genotoxicity (DNA damage and micronucleus induction) appeared low for all the materials, with wdGO showing the lowest effect, especially for the former. These results suggest a key role for GO reduction in increasing GO cytotoxic potential, probably due to material structure alterations resulting from the reduction process. In contrast, GO formulated in a stable dispersion seems to be the lowest cytotoxic material, presumably due to its lower cellular internalization and damaging capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pelin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Fleming 22, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (C.P.); (M.C.); (S.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Clara Passerino
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Fleming 22, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (C.P.); (M.C.); (S.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Adriana Rodríguez-Garraus
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Box 40, Työterveyslaitos, 00032 Helsinki, Finland; (A.R.-G.); (S.S.); (G.V.); (J.C.)
| | - Michela Carlin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Fleming 22, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (C.P.); (M.C.); (S.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Silvio Sosa
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Fleming 22, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (C.P.); (M.C.); (S.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Satu Suhonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Box 40, Työterveyslaitos, 00032 Helsinki, Finland; (A.R.-G.); (S.S.); (G.V.); (J.C.)
| | - Gerard Vales
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Box 40, Työterveyslaitos, 00032 Helsinki, Finland; (A.R.-G.); (S.S.); (G.V.); (J.C.)
| | - Beatriz Alonso
- Graphenea S.A., Mikeletegi 83, 20009 San Sebastián, Spain; (B.A.); (A.Z.)
| | - Amaia Zurutuza
- Graphenea S.A., Mikeletegi 83, 20009 San Sebastián, Spain; (B.A.); (A.Z.)
| | - Julia Catalán
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Box 40, Työterveyslaitos, 00032 Helsinki, Finland; (A.R.-G.); (S.S.); (G.V.); (J.C.)
- Department of Anatomy Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Aurelia Tubaro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Fleming 22, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (C.P.); (M.C.); (S.S.); (A.T.)
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7
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Gao Z, Qin S, Ménard-Moyon C, Bianco A. Applications of graphene-based nanomaterials in drug design: The good, the bad and the ugly. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:1321-1332. [PMID: 37661858 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2251879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Graphene-based materials (GBMs) have unique physicochemical properties that make them extremely attractive as platforms for the design of new drugs. Indeed, their bidimensional (2D) morphology, high surface area, mechanical and optical properties, associated to different possibilities for functionalization of their surface, provides opportunities for their use as nanomedicines for drug delivery and/or phototherapies. AREAS COVERED This opinion paper provides an overview of the current status of GBMs in drug design, with a focus on their therapeutic applications, potential environmental and health risks, and some controversial results. The authors discuss the chemical modifications of GBMs for the treatment of various diseases. The potential toxicity associated with some GBMs is also presented, along with a safe-by-design approach to minimize the risks. Finally, the authors address some issues associated to the use of GBMs in the biomedical field, such as contradictory antibacterial effects, fluorescence quenching and imprecise chemical functionalization. EXPERT OPINION GBMs are a promising and exciting area of research in drug delivery. It is however important that responsible and safe use of these materials is ensured to fully exploit their advantages and overcome their drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfeng Gao
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR 3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Siyao Qin
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR 3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cécilia Ménard-Moyon
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR 3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alberto Bianco
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR 3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, Strasbourg, France
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8
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Rodríguez-Garraus A, Passerino C, Vales G, Carlin M, Suhonen S, Tubaro A, Gómez J, Pelin M, Catalán J. Impact of physico-chemical properties on the toxicological potential of reduced graphene oxide in human bronchial epithelial cells. Nanotoxicology 2023; 17:471-495. [PMID: 37799028 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2023.2265465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of graphene-based materials (GBM) requires their safety evaluation, especially in occupational settings. The same physico-chemical (PC) properties that confer GBM extraordinary functionalities may affect the potential toxic response. Most toxicity assessments mainly focus on graphene oxide and rarely investigate GBMs varying only by one property. As a novelty, the present study assessed the in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of six reduced graphene oxides (rGOs) with different PC properties in the human bronchial epithelial 16HBE14o - cell line. Of the six materials, rGO1-rGO4 only differed in the carbon-to-oxygen (C/O) content, whereas rGO5 and rGO6 were characterized by different lateral size and number of layers, respectively, but similar C/O content compared with rGO1. The materials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, laser diffraction and dynamic light scattering, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. Cytotoxicity (Luminescent Cell Viability and WST-8 assays), the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS; 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate-based assay), the production of cytokines (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays) and genotoxicity (comet and micronucleus assays) were evaluated. Furthermore, the internalization of the materials in the cells was confirmed by laser confocal microscopy. No relationships were found between the C/O ratio or the lateral size and any of the rGO-induced biological effects. However, rGO of higher oxygen content showed higher cytotoxic and early ROS-inducing potential, whereas genotoxic effects were observed with the rGO of the lowest density of oxygen groups. On the other hand, a higher number of layers seems to be associated with a decreased potential for inducing cytotoxicity and ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clara Passerino
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gerard Vales
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Työterveyslaitos, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michela Carlin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Satu Suhonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Työterveyslaitos, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aurelia Tubaro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Julio Gómez
- Avanzare Innovacion Tecnologica S.L, Navarrete, Spain
| | - Marco Pelin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Julia Catalán
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Työterveyslaitos, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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9
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Di Ianni E, Møller P, Cholakova T, Wolff H, Jacobsen NR, Vogel U. Assessment of primary and inflammation-driven genotoxicity of carbon black nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo. Nanotoxicology 2022; 16:526-546. [PMID: 35993455 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2022.2106906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Carbon black nanoparticles (CBNPs) have a large surface area/volume ratio and are known to generate oxidative stress and inflammation that may result in genotoxicity and cancer. Here, we evaluated the primary and inflammatory response-driven (i.e. secondary) genotoxicity of two CBNPs, Flammruss101 (FL101) and PrintexXE2B (XE2B) that differ in size and specific surface area (SSA), and cause different amounts of reactive oxygen species. Three doses (low, medium and high) of FL101 and XE2B were assessed in vitro in the lung epithelial (A549) and activated THP-1 (THP-1a) monocytic cells exposed in submerged conditions for 6 and 24 h, and in C57BL/6 mice at day 1, 28 and 90 following intratracheal instillation. In vitro, we assessed pro-inflammatory response as IL-8 and IL-1β gene expression, and in vivo, inflammation was determined as inflammatory cell infiltrates in bronchial lavage (BAL) fluid and as histological changes in lung tissue. DNA damage was quantified in vitro and in vivo as DNA strand breaks levels by the alkaline comet assay. Inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo correlated with dosed CBNPs SSA. Both materials induced DNA damage in THP-1a (correlated with dosed mass), and only XE2B in A549 cells. Non-statistically significant increase in DNA damage in vivo was observed in BAL cells. In conclusion, this study shows dosed SSA predicted inflammation both in vivo and in vitro, whereas dosed mass predicted genotoxicity in vitro in THP-1a cells. The observed lack of correlation between CBNP surface area and genotoxicity provides little evidence of inflammation-driven genotoxicity in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Di Ianni
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tanya Cholakova
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Wolff
- Occupational Safety, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.,National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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10
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Cavallo D, Ursini CL, Fresegna AM, Ciervo A, Boccuni F, Ferrante R, Tombolini F, Maiello R, Chiarella P, Buresti G, Del Frate V, Poli D, Andreoli R, Di Cristo L, Sabella S, Iavicoli S. A follow-up study on workers involved in the graphene production process after the introduction of exposure mitigation measures: evaluation of genotoxic and oxidative effects. Nanotoxicology 2022; 16:776-790. [PMID: 36427224 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2022.2149359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During nanomaterial (NM) production, workers could be exposed, particularly by inhalation, to NMs and other chemicals used in the synthesis process, so it is important to have suitable biomarkers to monitor potential toxic effects. Aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the introduction of exposure mitigation measures on workers unintentionally exposed to graphene co-pollutants during production process monitoring the presumable reduction of workplace NM contamination and of early genotoxic and oxidative effects previously found on these workers. We used Buccal Micronucleus Cytome (BMCyt) assay and Fpg-comet test, resulted the most sensitive biomarkers on our first biomonitoring work, to measure the genotoxic effects. We also detected urinary oxidized nucleic acid bases 8-oxoGua, 8-oxoGuo and 8-oxodGuo to evaluate oxidative damage. The genotoxic and oxidative effects were assessed on the same graphene workers (N = 6) previously studied, comparing the results with those found in the first biomonitoring and with the control group (N = 11). This was achieved 6 months after the installation of a special filter hood (where to perform the phases at higher risk of NM emission) and the improvement of environmental and personal protective equipment. Particle number concentration decreased after the mitigation measures. We observed reduction of Micronucleus (MN) frequency and oxidative DNA damage and increase of 8-oxodGuo excretion compared to the first biomonitoring. These results, although limited by the small subject number, showed the efficacy of adopted exposure mitigation measures and the suitability of used sensitive and noninvasive biomarkers to bio-monitor over time workers involved in graphene production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Cavallo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Lucia Ursini
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Fresegna
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Aureliano Ciervo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Boccuni
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ferrante
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Tombolini
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Maiello
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Pieranna Chiarella
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliana Buresti
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Del Frate
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Diana Poli
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Andreoli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Laboratory of Industrial Toxicology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Sergio Iavicoli
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Rome, Italy
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11
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Genotoxicity of Graphene-Based Materials. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12111795. [PMID: 35683650 PMCID: PMC9182450 DOI: 10.3390/nano12111795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-based materials (GBMs) are a broad family of novel carbon-based nanomaterials with many nanotechnology applications. The increasing market of GBMs raises concerns on their possible impact on human health. Here, we review the existing literature on the genotoxic potential of GBMs over the last ten years. A total of 50 articles including in vitro, in vivo, in silico, and human biomonitoring studies were selected. Graphene oxides were the most analyzed materials, followed by reduced graphene oxides. Most of the evaluations were performed in vitro using the comet assay (detecting DNA damage). The micronucleus assay (detecting chromosome damage) was the most used validated assay, whereas only two publications reported results on mammalian gene mutations. The same material was rarely assessed with more than one assay. Despite inhalation being the main exposure route in occupational settings, only one in vivo study used intratracheal instillation, and another one reported human biomonitoring data. Based on the studies, some GBMs have the potential to induce genetic damage, although the type of damage depends on the material. The broad variability of GBMs, cellular systems and methods used in the studies precludes the identification of physico-chemical properties that could drive the genotoxicity response to GBMs.
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12
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Cebadero-Domínguez Ó, Jos A, Cameán AM, Cătunescu GM. Hazard characterization of graphene nanomaterials in the frame of their food risk assessment: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 164:113014. [PMID: 35430331 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Different applications have been suggested for graphene nanomaterials (GFNs) in the food and feed chain. However, it is necessary to perform a risk assessment before they become market-ready, and when consumer exposure is demonstrated. For this purpose, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has published a guidance that has been recently updated. In this sense, the aim of this study is to identify and characterise toxicological hazards related to GFNs after oral exposure. Thus, existing scientific literature in relation to in vitro degradation studies, in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity, toxicokinetics data, in vivo oral studies, and other in-depth studies such as effects on the microbiome has been revised. The obtained results showed that the investigations performed up to now did not follow internationally agreed-upon test guidelines. Moreover, GFNs seemed to resist gastrointestinal digestion and were able to be absorbed, distributed, and excreted, inducing toxic effects at different levels, including genotoxicity. Also, dose has an important role as it has been reported that low doses are more toxic than high doses because GFNs tend to aggregate in the digestive system, changing the internal exposure scenario. Thus, further studies including a thorough toxicological evaluation are required to protect consumer's safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Giorgiana M Cătunescu
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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13
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Aimonen K, Imani M, Hartikainen M, Suhonen S, Vanhala E, Moreno C, Rojas OJ, Norppa H, Catalán J. Surface functionalization and size modulate the formation of reactive oxygen species and genotoxic effects of cellulose nanofibrils. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:19. [PMID: 35296350 PMCID: PMC8925132 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) have emerged as a sustainable and environmentally friendly option for a broad range of applications. The fibrous nature and high biopersistence of CNFs call for a thorough toxicity assessment, but it is presently unclear which physico-chemical properties could play a role in determining the potential toxic response to CNF. Here, we assessed whether surface composition and size could modulate the genotoxicity of CNFs in human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. We examined three size fractions (fine, medium and coarse) of four CNFs with different surface chemistry: unmodified (U-CNF) and functionalized with 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPO) (T-CNF), carboxymethyl (C-CNF) and epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (EPTMAC) (E-CNF). In addition, the source fibre was also evaluated as a non-nanosized material. RESULTS The presence of the surface charged groups in the functionalized CNF samples resulted in higher amounts of individual nanofibrils and less aggregation compared with the U-CNF. T-CNF was the most homogenous, in agreement with its high surface group density. However, the colloidal stability of all the CNF samples dropped when dispersed in cell culture medium, especially in the case of T-CNF. CNF was internalized by a minority of BEAS-2B cells. No remarkable cytotoxic effects were induced by any of the cellulosic materials. All cellulosic materials, except the medium fraction of U-CNF, induced a dose-dependent intracellular formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The fine fraction of E-CNF, which induced DNA damage (measured by the comet assay) and chromosome damage (measured by the micronucleus assay), and the coarse fraction of C-CNF, which produced chromosome damage, also showed the most effective induction of ROS in their respective size fractions. CONCLUSIONS Surface chemistry and size modulate the in vitro intracellular ROS formation and the induction of genotoxic effects by fibrillated celluloses. One cationic (fine E-CNF) and one anionic (coarse C-CNF) CNF showed primary genotoxic effects, possibly partly through ROS generation. However, the conclusions cannot be generalized to all types of CNFs, as the synthesis process and the dispersion method used for testing affect their physico-chemical properties and, hence, their toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kukka Aimonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Työterveyslaitos, Box 40, 00032, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Monireh Imani
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Mira Hartikainen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Työterveyslaitos, Box 40, 00032, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Suhonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Työterveyslaitos, Box 40, 00032, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esa Vanhala
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Työterveyslaitos, Box 40, 00032, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carlos Moreno
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- Bioproducts Institute, Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry and Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hannu Norppa
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Työterveyslaitos, Box 40, 00032, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julia Catalán
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Työterveyslaitos, Box 40, 00032, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
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14
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Achawi S, Huot L, Nesslany F, Pourchez J, Simar S, Forest V, Feneon B. Exploring graphene-based materials' genotoxicity: inputs of a screening method. Nanotoxicology 2022; 15:1279-1294. [PMID: 35026124 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2021.2018734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Graphene-based materials (GBMs) are promising nanomaterials, and several innovations depend on their use. However, the assessment of their potential hazard must be carefully explored before entering any market. GBMs are indeed well-known to induce various biological impacts, including oxidative stress, which can potentially lead to DNA damage. Genotoxicity is a major endpoint for hazard assessment and has been explored for GBMs, but the available literature shows conflicting results. In this study, we assessed the genotoxicity of 13 various GBMs, one carbon black and one amorphous silica through a DNA damage response assay (using a human respiratory cell model, BEAS-2B). Concurrently, oxidative stress was assessed through a ROS production quantification (DCFH-DA assay using a murine macrophage model, RAW 264.7). We also performed a full physicochemical characterization of our samples to explore potential structure-activity relationships involving genotoxicity. We observed that surface oxidation appears linked to genotoxicity response and were able to distinguish several groups within our studied GBMs showing different genotoxicity results. Our findings highlight the necessity to individually consider each nanoform of GBMs since the tested samples showed various results and modes of action. We propose this study as a genotoxicity assessment using a high-throughput screening method and suggest few hypotheses concerning the genotoxicity mode of action of GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Achawi
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, Univ Jean Monnet, Etablissement Français du Sang, INSERM, Sainbiose, France Saint-Etienne.,Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, Michelin, France
| | - Ludovic Huot
- Genotoxicology Department, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Fabrice Nesslany
- Genotoxicology Department, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jérémie Pourchez
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, Univ Jean Monnet, Etablissement Français du Sang, INSERM, Sainbiose, France Saint-Etienne
| | - Sophie Simar
- Genotoxicology Department, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Valérie Forest
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, Univ Jean Monnet, Etablissement Français du Sang, INSERM, Sainbiose, France Saint-Etienne
| | - Bruno Feneon
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, Michelin, France
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15
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Direct and Indirect Genotoxicity of Graphene Family Nanomaterials on DNA-A Review. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11112889. [PMID: 34835652 PMCID: PMC8625643 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Graphene family nanomaterials (GFNs), including graphene, graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and graphene quantum dots (GQDs), have manifold potential applications, leading to the possibility of their release into environments and the exposure to humans and other organisms. However, the genotoxicity of GFNs on DNA remains largely unknown. In this review, we highlight the interactions between DNA and GFNs and summarize the mechanisms of genotoxicity induced by GFNs. Generally, the genotoxicity can be sub-classified into direct genotoxicity and indirect genotoxicity. The direct genotoxicity (e.g., direct physical nucleus and DNA damage) and indirect genotoxicity mechanisms (e.g., physical destruction, oxidative stress, epigenetic toxicity, and DNA replication) of GFNs were summarized in the manuscript, respectively. Moreover, the influences factors, such as physicochemical properties, exposure dose, and time, on the genotoxicity of GFNs are also briefly discussed. Given the important role of genotoxicity in GFNs exposure risk assessment, future research should be conducted on the following: (1) developing reliable testing methods; (2) elucidating the response mechanisms associated with genotoxicity in depth; and (3) enriching the evaluation database regarding the type of GFNs, applied dosages, and exposure times.
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16
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Domb AJ, Sharifzadeh G, Nahum V, Hosseinkhani H. Safety Evaluation of Nanotechnology Products. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101615. [PMID: 34683908 PMCID: PMC8539492 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials are now being used in a wide variety of biomedical applications. Medical and health-related issues, however, have raised major concerns, in view of the potential risks of these materials against tissue, cells, and/or organs and these are still poorly understood. These particles are able to interact with the body in countless ways, and they can cause unexpected and hazardous toxicities, especially at cellular levels. Therefore, undertaking in vitro and in vivo experiments is vital to establish their toxicity with natural tissues. In this review, we discuss the underlying mechanisms of nanotoxicity and provide an overview on in vitro characterizations and cytotoxicity assays, as well as in vivo studies that emphasize blood circulation and the in vivo fate of nanomaterials. Our focus is on understanding the role that the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials play in determining their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J. Domb
- The Centers for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Alex Grass Center for Drug Design and Synthesis and Cannabinoids Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel;
- Correspondence: (A.J.D.); (H.H.)
| | - Ghorbanali Sharifzadeh
- Department of Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
| | - Victoria Nahum
- The Centers for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Alex Grass Center for Drug Design and Synthesis and Cannabinoids Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel;
| | - Hossein Hosseinkhani
- Innovation Center for Advanced Technology, Matrix, Inc., New York, NY 10029, USA
- Correspondence: (A.J.D.); (H.H.)
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17
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In Vitro Assessment of the Genotoxic Potential of Pristine Graphene Platelets. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092210. [PMID: 34578525 PMCID: PMC8470272 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Graphene is a two-dimensional atomic structure with a wide range of uses, including for biomedical applications. However, knowledge of its hazards is still limited. This work brings new cytotoxic, cytostatic, genotoxic and immunotoxic data concerning the in vitro exposure of human cell line to two types of graphene platelets (GP). It also contributes to the formation of general conclusions about the health risks of GP exposure. (2) Methods: In vitro exposure of a THP-1 cell line to three concentrations of two GP over 40 h. The cytotoxic potential was assessed by the measurement of LDH and glutathione (ROS) and by a trypan blue exclusion assay (TBEA); the cytostatic and genotoxic potential were assessed by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) test; and the immunotoxic potential was assessed by the measurement of IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α. (3) Results: We found a significant dose-dependent increase in DNA damage (CBMN). The lowest observed genotoxic effect levels (LOGEL) were 5 µg/mL (GP1) and 30 µg/mL (GP2). We found no significant leaking of LDH from cells, increase in dead cells (TBEA), induction of ROS, increased levels of cytostasis, or changes in IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α levels. (4) Conclusions: The genotoxicity increased during the short-term in vitro exposure of THP-1 to two GP. No increase in cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, or cytostasis was observed.
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18
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Burgum MJ, Clift MJD, Evans SJ, Hondow N, Tarat A, Jenkins GJ, Doak SH. Few-layer graphene induces both primary and secondary genotoxicity in epithelial barrier models in vitro. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:24. [PMID: 33468168 PMCID: PMC7816456 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00769-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxicological evaluation of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) is essential for occupational health and safety, particularly where bulk manufactured ENMs such as few-layer graphene (FLG) are concerned. Additionally, there is a necessity to develop advanced in vitro models when testing ENMs to provide a physiologically relevant alternative to invasive animal experimentation. The aim of this study was to determine the genotoxicity of non-functionalised (neutral), amine- and carboxyl-functionalised FLG upon both human-transformed type-I (TT1) alveolar epithelial cell monocultures, as well as co-cultures of TT1 and differentiated THP-1 monocytes (d.THP-1 (macrophages)). RESULTS In monocultures, TT1 and d.THP-1 macrophages showed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) cytotoxic response with each ENM following 24-h exposures. Monoculture genotoxicity measured by the in vitro cytokinesis blocked micronucleus (CBMN) assay revealed significant (p < 0.05) micronuclei induction at 8 µg/ml for amine- and carboxyl-FLG. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed ENMs were internalised by TT1 cells within membrane-bound vesicles. In the co-cultures, ENMs induced genotoxicity in the absence of cytotoxic effects. Co-cultures pre-exposed to 1.5 mM N-acetylcysteine (NAC), showed baseline levels of micronuclei induction, indicating that the genotoxicity observed was driven by oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, FLG genotoxicity when examined in monocultures, results in primary-indirect DNA damage; whereas co-cultured cells reveal secondary mechanisms of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Burgum
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Martin J D Clift
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Stephen J Evans
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Nicole Hondow
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Afshin Tarat
- Perpetuus Carbon Technologies, Unit B1, Olympus Court, Millstream Way, Llansamlet, Swansea Vale, SA70AQ, UK
| | - Gareth J Jenkins
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Shareen H Doak
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
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19
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Ursini CL, Fresegna AM, Ciervo A, Maiello R, Del Frate V, Folesani G, Galetti M, Poli D, Buresti G, Di Cristo L, Sabella S, Iavicoli S, Cavallo D. Occupational exposure to graphene and silica nanoparticles. Part II: pilot study to identify a panel of sensitive biomarkers of genotoxic, oxidative and inflammatory effects on suitable biological matrices. Nanotoxicology 2020; 15:223-237. [PMID: 33373530 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2020.1850903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The available biomonitoring studies on workers producing/handling nanomaterials (NMs) focused on potential effects on respiratory, immune and cardio-vascular system. Aim of this study was to identify a panel of sensitive biomarkers and suitable biological matrices to evaluate particularly genotoxic and oxidative effects induced on workers unintentionally exposed to graphene or silica nanoparticles during the production process. These nanomaterials have been chosen for 'NanoKey' project, integrating the workplace exposure assessment (reported in part I) with the biomonitoring of exposed workers reported in the present work. Simultaneously to workplace exposure characterization, we monitored the workers using: Buccal Micronucleus Cytome (BMCyt) assay, fpg-comet test (lymphocytes), oxidized DNA bases 8-oxoGua, 8-oxoGuo and 8-oxodGuo measurements (urine), analysis of oxidative stress biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC), FENO measurement and cytokines release detection (serum). Since buccal cells are among the main targets of NM occupational exposure, particular attention was posed to the BMCyt assay that represents a noninvasive assay. This pilot study, performed on 12 workers vs.11 controls, demonstrates that BMCyt and fpg-comet assays are the most sensitive biomarkers of early, still reparable, genotoxic and oxidative effects. The findings suggest that these biomarkers could represent useful tools for the biomonitoring of workers exposed to nanoparticles, but they need to be confirmed on a high number of subjects. However, such biomarkers don't discriminate the effects of NM from those due to other chemicals used in the NM production process. Therefore, they could be suitable for the biomonitoring of workers exposed to complex scenario, including nanoparticles exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Lucia Ursini
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone-Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Fresegna
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone-Rome, Italy
| | - Aureliano Ciervo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone-Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Maiello
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone-Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Del Frate
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone-Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Folesani
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone-Rome, Italy
| | - Maricla Galetti
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone-Rome, Italy
| | - Diana Poli
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone-Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliana Buresti
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone-Rome, Italy
| | - Luisana Di Cristo
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology -IIT, Genova, Italy
| | - Stefania Sabella
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology -IIT, Genova, Italy
| | - Sergio Iavicoli
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone-Rome, Italy
| | - Delia Cavallo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone-Rome, Italy
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20
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Kohl Y, Rundén-Pran E, Mariussen E, Hesler M, El Yamani N, Longhin EM, Dusinska M. Genotoxicity of Nanomaterials: Advanced In Vitro Models and High Throughput Methods for Human Hazard Assessment-A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1911. [PMID: 32992722 PMCID: PMC7601632 DOI: 10.3390/nano10101911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the genetic material can lead to serious human health defects, as mutations in somatic cells may cause cancer and can contribute to other chronic diseases. Genotoxic events can appear at both the DNA, chromosomal or (during mitosis) whole genome level. The study of mechanisms leading to genotoxicity is crucially important, as well as the detection of potentially genotoxic compounds. We consider the current state of the art and describe here the main endpoints applied in standard human in vitro models as well as new advanced 3D models that are closer to the in vivo situation. We performed a literature review of in vitro studies published from 2000-2020 (August) dedicated to the genotoxicity of nanomaterials (NMs) in new models. Methods suitable for detection of genotoxicity of NMs will be presented with a focus on advances in miniaturization, organ-on-a-chip and high throughput methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Kohl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, 66280 Sulzbach, Germany;
| | - Elise Rundén-Pran
- Health Effects Laboratory, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway; (E.R.-P.); (E.M.); (N.E.Y.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Espen Mariussen
- Health Effects Laboratory, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway; (E.R.-P.); (E.M.); (N.E.Y.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Michelle Hesler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, 66280 Sulzbach, Germany;
| | - Naouale El Yamani
- Health Effects Laboratory, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway; (E.R.-P.); (E.M.); (N.E.Y.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Eleonora Marta Longhin
- Health Effects Laboratory, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway; (E.R.-P.); (E.M.); (N.E.Y.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway; (E.R.-P.); (E.M.); (N.E.Y.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
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