1
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Sung CYW, Li M, Jonjic S, Sanchez V, Britt WJ. Cytomegalovirus infection lengthens the cell cycle of granule cell precursors during postnatal cerebellar development. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e175525. [PMID: 38855871 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.175525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in infants infected in utero can lead to a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders. However, mechanisms underlying altered neurodevelopment in infected infants remain poorly understood. We have previously described a murine model of congenital HCMV infection in which murine CMV (MCMV) spreads hematogenously and establishes a focal infection in all regions of the brain of newborn mice, including the cerebellum. Infection resulted in disruption of cerebellar cortical development characterized by reduced cerebellar size and foliation. This disruption was associated with altered cell cycle progression of the granule cell precursors (GCPs), which are the progenitors that give rise to granule cells (GCs), the most abundant neurons in the cerebellum. In the current study, we have demonstrated that MCMV infection leads to prolonged GCP cell cycle, premature exit from the cell cycle, and reduced numbers of GCs resulting in cerebellar hypoplasia. Treatment with TNF-α neutralizing antibody partially normalized the cell cycle alterations of GCPs and altered cerebellar morphogenesis induced by MCMV infection. Collectively, our results argue that virus-induced inflammation altered the cell cycle of GCPs resulting in a reduced numbers of GCs and cerebellar cortical hypoplasia, thus providing a potential mechanism for altered neurodevelopment in fetuses infected with HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Yea Won Sung
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Laboratory of Hearing Biology and Therapeutics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mao Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology and
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Veronica Sanchez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - William J Britt
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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2
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Maltsev DI, Aniol VA, Golden MA, Petrina AD, Belousov VV, Gulyaeva NV, Podgorny OV. Aging Modulates the Ability of Quiescent Radial Glia-Like Stem Cells in the Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus to be Recruited into Division by Pro-neurogenic Stimuli. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3461-3476. [PMID: 37995077 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03746-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
A delicate balance between quiescence and division of the radial glia-like stem cells (RGLs) ensures continuation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) over the lifespan. Transient or persistent perturbations of this balance due to a brain pathology, drug administration, or therapy can lead to unfavorable long-term outcomes such as premature depletion of the RGLs, decreased AHN, and cognitive deficit. Memantine, a drug used for alleviating the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, and electroconvulsive seizure (ECS), a procedure used for treating drug-resistant major depression or bipolar disorder, are known strong AHN inducers; they were earlier demonstrated to increase numbers of dividing RGLs. Here, we demonstrated that 1-month stimulation of quiescent RGLs by either memantine or ECS leads to premature exhaustion of their pool and altered AHN at later stages of life and that aging of the brain modulates the ability of the quiescent RGLs to be recruited into the cell cycle by these AHN inducers. Our findings support the aging-related divergence of functional features of quiescent RGLs and have a number of implications for the practical assessment of drugs and treatments with respect to their action on quiescent RGLs at different stages of life in animal preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry I Maltsev
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Victor A Aniol
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117485, Russia
| | | | | | - Vsevolod V Belousov
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Life Improvement By Future Technologies (LIFT) Center, Skolkovo, Moscow, 143025, Russia
| | - Natalia V Gulyaeva
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117485, Russia
- Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, 115419, Russia
| | - Oleg V Podgorny
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
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3
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Barth K, Vasić V, McDonald B, Heinig N, Wagner MC, Schumann U, Röhlecke C, Bicker F, Schumann L, Radyushkin K, Baumgart J, Tenzer S, Zipp F, Meinhardt M, Alitalo K, Tegeder I, Schmidt MHH. EGFL7 loss correlates with increased VEGF-D expression, upregulating hippocampal adult neurogenesis and improving spatial learning and memory. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:54. [PMID: 36715759 PMCID: PMC9886625 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04685-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells reside in the subgranular zone, a specialized neurogenic niche of the hippocampus. Throughout adulthood, these cells give rise to neurons in the dentate gyrus, playing an important role in learning and memory. Given that these core cognitive processes are disrupted in numerous disease states, understanding the underlying mechanisms of neural stem cell proliferation in the subgranular zone is of direct practical interest. Here, we report that mature neurons, neural stem cells and neural precursor cells each secrete the neurovascular protein epidermal growth factor-like protein 7 (EGFL7) to shape this hippocampal niche. We further demonstrate that EGFL7 knock-out in a Nestin-CreERT2-based mouse model produces a pronounced upregulation of neurogenesis within the subgranular zone. RNA sequencing identified that the increased expression of the cytokine VEGF-D correlates significantly with the ablation of EGFL7. We substantiate this finding with intraventricular infusion of VEGF-D upregulating neurogenesis in vivo and further show that VEGF-D knock-out produces a downregulation of neurogenesis. Finally, behavioral studies in EGFL7 knock-out mice demonstrate greater maintenance of spatial memory and improved memory consolidation in the hippocampus by modulation of pattern separation. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that both EGFL7 and VEGF-D affect neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus, with the ablation of EGFL7 upregulating neurogenesis, increasing spatial learning and memory, and correlating with increased VEGF-D expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Barth
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden School of Medicine, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Verica Vasić
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Biometry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden School of Medicine, Dresden, Germany ,Institute of Anatomy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Brennan McDonald
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden School of Medicine, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Nora Heinig
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden School of Medicine, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marc-Christoph Wagner
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden School of Medicine, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany ,Institute of Medical Informatics and Biometry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden School of Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schumann
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden School of Medicine, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Cora Röhlecke
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden School of Medicine, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Bicker
- Institute of Anatomy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany ,Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lana Schumann
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt Am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Konstantin Radyushkin
- Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany ,Mouse Behavior Outcome Unit, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Baumgart
- Translational Animal Research Center (TARC), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany ,Focus Program Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frauke Zipp
- Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany ,Focus Program Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany ,Department of Neurology, Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Meinhardt
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program and iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt Am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mirko H. H. Schmidt
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden School of Medicine, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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4
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Detection of De Novo Dividing Stem Cells In Situ through Double Nucleotide Analogue Labeling. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244001. [PMID: 36552766 PMCID: PMC9777310 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-specific somatic stem cells are characterized by their ability to reside in a state of prolonged reversible cell cycle arrest, referred to as quiescence. Maintenance of a balance between cell quiescence and division is critical for tissue homeostasis at the cellular level and is dynamically regulated by numerous extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Analysis of the activation of quiescent stem cells has been challenging because of a lack of methods for direct detection of de novo dividing cells. Here, we present and experimentally verify a novel method based on double labeling with thymidine analogues to detect de novo dividing stem cells in situ. In a proof of concept for the method, we show that memantine, a drug widely used for Alzheimer's disease therapy and a known strong inducer of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, increases the recruitment into the division cycle of quiescent radial glia-like stem cells-primary precursors of the adult-born neurons in the hippocampus. Our method could be applied to assess the effects of aging, pathology, or drug treatments on the quiescent stem cells in stem cell compartments in developing and adult tissues.
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5
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Abstract
Morphogenesis is extremely diverse, but its systematic quantification to determine the physical mechanisms that produce different phenotypes is possible by quantifying the underlying cell behaviours. These are limited and definable: they consist of cell proliferation, orientation of cell division, cell rearrangement, directional matrix production, cell addition/subtraction and cell size/shape change. Although minor variations in these categories are possible, in sum they capture all possible morphogenetic behaviours. This article summarises these processes, discusses their measurement, and highlights some salient examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B. A. Green
- Centre for Craniofacial Regeneration and Biology, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 9RT, UK
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6
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Maltsev DI, Mellanson KA, Belousov VV, Enikolopov GN, Podgorny OV. The bioavailability time of commonly used thymidine analogues after intraperitoneal delivery in mice: labeling kinetics in vivo and clearance from blood serum. Histochem Cell Biol 2022; 157:239-250. [PMID: 34757474 PMCID: PMC10411052 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-021-02048-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Detection of synthetic thymidine analogues after their incorporation into replicating DNA during the S-phase of the cell cycle is a widely exploited methodology for evaluating proliferative activity, tracing dividing and post-mitotic cells, and determining cell-cycle parameters both in vitro and in vivo. To produce valid quantitative readouts for in vivo experiments with single intraperitoneal delivery of a particular nucleotide, it is necessary to determine the time interval during which a synthetic thymidine analogue can be incorporated into newly synthesized DNA, and the time by which the nucleotide is cleared from the blood serum. To date, using a variety of methods, only the bioavailability time of tritiated thymidine and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) have been evaluated. Recent advances in double- and triple-S-phase labeling using 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (IdU), 5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine (CldU), and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) have raised the question of the bioavailability time of these modified nucleotides. Here, we examined their labeling kinetics in vivo and evaluated label clearance from blood serum after single intraperitoneal delivery to mice at doses equimolar to the saturation dose of BrdU (150 mg/kg). We found that under these conditions, all the examined thymidine analogues exhibit similar labeling kinetics and clearance rates from the blood serum. Our results indicate that all thymidine analogues delivered at the indicated doses have similar bioavailability times (approximately 1 h). Our findings are significant for the practical use of multiple S-phase labeling with any combinations of BrdU, IdU, CldU, and EdU and for obtaining valid labeling readouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry I Maltsev
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia, 117997
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 117997
| | - Kennelia A Mellanson
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program and Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Vsevolod V Belousov
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia, 117997
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 117997
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia, 117997
| | - Grigori N Enikolopov
- Center for Developmental Genetics and Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
- Institute for Advanced Brain Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Oleg V Podgorny
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 117997.
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia, 117997.
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119334.
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7
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Recent advances in nucleotide analogue-based techniques for tracking dividing stem cells: An overview. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101345. [PMID: 34717955 PMCID: PMC8592869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of thymidine analogues after their incorporation into replicating DNA represents a powerful tool for the study of cellular DNA synthesis, progression through the cell cycle, cell proliferation kinetics, chronology of cell division, and cell fate determination. Recent advances in the concurrent detection of multiple such analogues offer new avenues for the investigation of unknown features of these vital cellular processes. Combined with quantitative analysis, temporal discrimination of multiple labels enables elucidation of various aspects of stem cell life cycle in situ, such as division modes, differentiation, maintenance, and elimination. Data obtained from such experiments are critically important for creating descriptive models of tissue histogenesis and renewal in embryonic development and adult life. Despite the wide use of thymidine analogues in stem cell research, there are a number of caveats to consider for obtaining valid and reliable labeling results when marking replicating DNA with nucleotide analogues. Therefore, in this review, we describe critical points regarding dosage, delivery, and detection of nucleotide analogues in the context of single and multiple labeling, outline labeling schemes based on pulse-chase, cumulative and multilabel marking of replicating DNA for revealing stem cell proliferative behaviors, and determining cell cycle parameters, and discuss preconditions and pitfalls in conducting such experiments. The information presented in our review is important for rational design of experiments on tracking dividing stem cells by marking replicating DNA with thymidine analogues.
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8
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VCAM1 Labels a Subpopulation of Neural Stem Cells in the Adult Hippocampus and Contributes to Spatial Memory. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 14:1093-1106. [PMID: 32521248 PMCID: PMC7355157 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Active neural stem cells (aNSCs) and quiescent neural stem cells (qNSCs) are two distinct subpopulations found in the adult hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). However, to date, no cell surface marker has been established to identify and profile qNSCs in the adult hippocampus. Here, we identified expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) on the cell surface of NSCs, through which we identified a previously unrecognized subpopulation of NSCs in the adult mouse DG. Interestingly, most VCAM1-expressing NSCs were largely quiescent. By injecting virus into Ai14 reporter mice to conduct lineage tracing in the adult DG, we confirmed that VCAM1-expressing cells were multipotent and capable of generating neurons and astrocytes. Furthermore, depletion of Vcam1 during the embryonic or adult stage impaired spatial learning and memory in mice, accompanied by a reduced number of radial glial-like cells and proliferating NSCs in the subgranular zone of Vcam1 knockout mice.
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9
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Harris L, Rigo P, Stiehl T, Gaber ZB, Austin SHL, Masdeu MDM, Edwards A, Urbán N, Marciniak-Czochra A, Guillemot F. Coordinated changes in cellular behavior ensure the lifelong maintenance of the hippocampal stem cell population. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:863-876.e6. [PMID: 33581058 PMCID: PMC8110946 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cell numbers fall rapidly in the hippocampus of juvenile mice but stabilize during adulthood, ensuring lifelong hippocampal neurogenesis. We show that this stabilization of stem cell numbers in young adults is the result of coordinated changes in stem cell behavior. Although proliferating neural stem cells in juveniles differentiate rapidly, they increasingly return to a resting state of shallow quiescence and progress through additional self-renewing divisions in adulthood. Single-cell transcriptomics, modeling, and label retention analyses indicate that resting cells have a higher activation rate and greater contribution to neurogenesis than dormant cells, which have not left quiescence. These changes in stem cell behavior result from a progressive reduction in expression of the pro-activation protein ASCL1 because of increased post-translational degradation. These cellular mechanisms help reconcile current contradictory models of hippocampal neural stem cell (NSC) dynamics and may contribute to the different rates of decline of hippocampal neurogenesis in mammalian species, including humans. More proliferating hippocampal stem cells return to shallow quiescence with age Dormant stem cells enter deeper quiescence with age These changes drive the transition from developmental to adult neurogenesis Increasing degradation of ASCL1 protein by HUWE1 coordinates these changes
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Harris
- Neural Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Piero Rigo
- Neural Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Thomas Stiehl
- Institute of Applied Mathematics, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Bioquant Center, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zachary B Gaber
- Neural Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sophie H L Austin
- Neural Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Maria Del Mar Masdeu
- Neural Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Amelia Edwards
- Advanced Sequencing Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Noelia Urbán
- Neural Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Anna Marciniak-Czochra
- Institute of Applied Mathematics, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Bioquant Center, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - François Guillemot
- Neural Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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10
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Pötzsch A, Zocher S, Bernas SN, Leiter O, Rünker AE, Kempermann G. L-lactate exerts a pro-proliferative effect on adult hippocampal precursor cells in vitro. iScience 2021; 24:102126. [PMID: 33659884 PMCID: PMC7895751 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
L-lactate has energetic and signaling properties, and its availability is modulated by activity-dependent stimuli, which also regulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Studying the effects of L-lactate on neural precursor cells (NPCs) in vitro, we found that L-lactate is pro-proliferative and that this effect is dependent on the active lactate transport by monocarboxylate transporters. Increased proliferation was not linked to amplified mitochondrial respiration. Instead, L-lactate deviated glucose metabolism to the pentose phosphate pathway, indicated by increased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity while glycolysis decreased. Knockout of Hcar1 revealed that the pro-proliferative effect of L-lactate was not dependent on receptor activity although phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt was increased following L-lactate treatment. Together, we show that availability of L-lactate is linked to the proliferative potential of NPCs and add evidence to the hypothesis that lactate influences cellular homeostatic processes in the adult brain, specifically in the context of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. L-lactate increases NPC proliferation in an MCT-dependent manner The pro-proliferative effect of L-lactate is independent of HCAR1 signaling L-lactate decreases glycolysis in favor of pentose phosphate pathway activity L-lactate treatment leads to a transient increase in Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Pötzsch
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sara Zocher
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefanie N Bernas
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Odette Leiter
- CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Annette E Rünker
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerd Kempermann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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11
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Adusumilli VS, Walker TL, Overall RW, Klatt GM, Zeidan SA, Zocher S, Kirova DG, Ntitsias K, Fischer TJ, Sykes AM, Reinhardt S, Dahl A, Mansfeld J, Rünker AE, Kempermann G. ROS Dynamics Delineate Functional States of Hippocampal Neural Stem Cells and Link to Their Activity-Dependent Exit from Quiescence. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 28:300-314.e6. [PMID: 33275875 PMCID: PMC7875116 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellular redox states regulate the balance between stem cell maintenance and activation. Increased levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) are linked to proliferation and lineage specification. In contrast to this general principle, we here show that in the hippocampus of adult mice, quiescent neural precursor cells (NPCs) maintain the highest ROS levels (hiROS). Classifying NPCs on the basis of cellular ROS content identified distinct functional states. Shifts in ROS content primed cells for a subsequent state transition, with lower ROS content marking proliferative activity and differentiation. Physical activity, a physiological activator of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, recruited hiROS NPCs into proliferation via a transient Nox2-dependent ROS surge. In the absence of Nox2, baseline neurogenesis was unaffected, but the activity-induced increase in proliferation disappeared. These results provide a metabolic classification of NPC functional states and describe a mechanism linking the modulation of cellular ROS by behavioral cues to the activation of adult NPCs. A ROS gradient delineates cell types in the course of adult hippocampal neurogenesis Quiescent hippocampal stem cells have unusually high intracellular ROS Physical activity recruits quiescent stem cells in a ROS-dependent manner NOX2 dependency distinguishes this recruitment from baseline proliferation
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay S Adusumilli
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tara L Walker
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rupert W Overall
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gesa M Klatt
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Salma A Zeidan
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sara Zocher
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dilyana G Kirova
- Cell Cycle, Biotechnology Center (Biotec), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Ntitsias
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tim J Fischer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alex M Sykes
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Reinhardt
- DRESDEN-concept Genome Center, DFG NGS Competence Center, c/o Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Dahl
- DRESDEN-concept Genome Center, DFG NGS Competence Center, c/o Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jörg Mansfeld
- Cell Cycle, Biotechnology Center (Biotec), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Annette E Rünker
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerd Kempermann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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12
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Hwang Y, Hidalgo D, Socolovsky M. The shifting shape and functional specializations of the cell cycle during lineage development. WIREs Mech Dis 2020; 13:e1504. [PMID: 32916032 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Essentially all cell cycling in multicellular organisms in vivo takes place in the context of lineage differentiation. This notwithstanding, the regulation of the cell cycle is often assumed to be generic, independent of tissue or developmental stage. Here we review developmental-stage-specific cell cycle adaptations that may influence developmental decisions, in mammalian erythropoiesis and in other lineages. The length of the cell cycle influences the balance between self-renewal and differentiation in multiple tissues, and may determine lineage fate. Shorter cycles contribute to the efficiency of reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotency stem cells and help maintain the pluripotent state. While the plasticity of G1 length is well established, the speed of S phase is emerging as a novel regulated parameter that may influence cell fate transitions in the erythroid lineage, in neural tissue and in embryonic stem cells. A slow S phase may stabilize the self-renewal state, whereas S phase shortening may favor a cell fate change. In the erythroid lineage, functional approaches and single-cell RNA-sequencing show that a key transcriptional switch, at the transition from self-renewal to differentiation, is synchronized with and dependent on S phase. This specific S phase is shorter, as a result of a genome-wide increase in the speed of replication forks. Furthermore, there is progressive shortening in G1 in the period preceding this switch. Together these studies suggest an integrated regulatory landscape of the cycle and differentiation programs, where cell cycle adaptations are controlled by, and in turn feed back on, the propagation of developmental trajectories. This article is categorized under: Biological Mechanisms > Cell Fates Developmental Biology > Stem Cell Biology and Regeneration Developmental Biology > Lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung Hwang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Hidalgo
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Merav Socolovsky
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Chen GY, Zhang S, Li CH, Qi CC, Wang YZ, Chen JY, Wang G, Ding YQ, Su CJ. Mediator Med23 Regulates Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:699. [PMID: 32850819 PMCID: PMC7403405 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian Mediator (Med) is a key regulator of gene expression by linking transcription factors to RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription machineries. The Mediator subunit 23 (Med23) is a member of the conserved Med protein complex and plays essential roles in diverse biological processes including adipogenesis, carcinogenesis, osteoblast differentiation, and T-cell activation. However, its potential functions in the nervous system remain unknown. We report here that Med23 is required for adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mouse. Deletion of Med23 in adult hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs) was achieved in Nestin-CreER:Med23flox/flox mice by oral administration of tamoxifen. We found an increased number of proliferating NSCs shown by pulse BrdU-labeling and immunostaining of MCM2 and Ki67, which is possibly due to a reduction in cell cycle length, with unchanged GFAP+/Sox2+ NSCs and Tbr2+ progenitors. On the other hand, neuroblasts and immature neurons indicated by NeuroD and DCX were decreased in number in the dentate gyrus (DG) of Med23-deficient mice. In addition, these mice also displayed defective dendritic morphogenesis, as well as a deficiency in spatial and contextual fear memory. Gene ontology (GO) analysis of hippocampal NSCs revealed an enrichment in genes involved in cell proliferation, Pol II-associated transcription, Notch signaling pathway and apoptosis. These results demonstrate that Med23 plays roles in regulating adult brain neurogenesis and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Yan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong-Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong-Cong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Brain Science, and Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Zhou Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia-Yin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Brain Science, and Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang-Jun Su
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, China
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14
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Yang D, Wu X, Zhou Y, Wang W, Wang Z. The microRNA/TET3/REST axis is required for olfactory globose basal cell proliferation and male behavior. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49431. [PMID: 32677323 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the main olfactory epithelium (MOE), new olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are persistently generated to replace lost neurons throughout an organism's lifespan. This process predominantly depends on the proliferation of globose basal cells (GBCs), the actively dividing stem cells in the MOE. Here, by using CRISPR/Cas9 and RNAi coupled with adeno-associated virus (AAV) nose delivery approaches, we demonstrated that knockdown of miR-200b/a in the MOE resulted in supernumerary Mash1-marked GBCs and decreased numbers of differentiated OSNs, accompanied by abrogation of male behaviors. We further showed that in the MOE, miR-200b/a targets the ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase TET3, which cooperates with RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST) to exert their functions. Deficiencies including proliferation, differentiation, and behaviors illustrated in miR-200b/a knockdown mice were rescued by suppressing either TET3 or REST. Our work describes a mechanism of coordination of GBC proliferation and differentiation in the MOE and olfactory male behaviors through miR-200/TET3/REST signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiangbo Wu
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Yanfen Zhou
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Weina Wang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhenshan Wang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
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15
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Leiter O, Bernas SN, Seidemann S, Overall RW, Horenburg C, Kowal S, Kempermann G, Walker TL. The systemic exercise-released chemokine lymphotactin/XCL1 modulates in vitro adult hippocampal precursor cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11831. [PMID: 31413355 PMCID: PMC6694144 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48360-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise has well-established anti-inflammatory effects, with neuro-immunological crosstalk being proposed as a mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of exercise on brain health. Here, we used physical exercise, a strong positive modulator of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, as a model to identify immune molecules that are secreted into the blood stream, which could potentially mediate this process. Proteomic profiling of mouse plasma showed that levels of the chemokine lymphotactin (XCL1) were elevated after four days of running. We found that XCL1 treatment of primary cells isolated from both the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone of the adult mice led to an increase in the number of neurospheres and neuronal differentiation in neurospheres derived from the dentate gyrus. In contrast, primary dentate gyrus cells isolated from XCL1 knockout mice formed fewer neurospheres and exhibited a reduced neuronal differentiation potential. XCL1 supplementation in a dentate gyrus-derived neural precursor cell line promoted neuronal differentiation and resulted in lower cell motility and a reduced number of cells in the S phase of the cell cycle. This work suggests an additional function of the chemokine XCL1 in the brain and underpins the complexity of neuro-immune interactions that contribute to the regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odette Leiter
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Stefanie N Bernas
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Suse Seidemann
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rupert W Overall
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cindy Horenburg
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susann Kowal
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerd Kempermann
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tara L Walker
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
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16
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Running-Activated Neural Stem Cells Enhance Subventricular Neurogenesis and Improve Olfactory Behavior in p21 Knockout Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7534-7556. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1590-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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17
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Urbach A, Witte OW. Divide or Commit - Revisiting the Role of Cell Cycle Regulators in Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:55. [PMID: 31069222 PMCID: PMC6491688 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult dentate gyrus continuously generates new neurons that endow the brain with increased plasticity, helping to cope with changing environmental and cognitive demands. The process leading to the birth of new neurons spans several precursor stages and is the result of a coordinated series of fate decisions, which are tightly controlled by extrinsic signals. Many of these signals act through modulation of cell cycle (CC) components, not only to drive proliferation, but also for linage commitment and differentiation. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on key CC components and regulators, with emphasis on G1 phase, and analyze their specific functions in precursor cells of the adult hippocampus. We explore their role for balancing quiescence versus self-renewal, which is essential to maintain a lifelong pool of neural stem cells while producing new neurons “on demand.” Finally, we discuss available evidence and controversies on the impact of CC/G1 length on proliferation versus differentiation decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Urbach
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Otto W Witte
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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18
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Shehata M, Waterhouse PD, Casey AE, Fang H, Hazelwood L, Khokha R. Proliferative heterogeneity of murine epithelial cells in the adult mammary gland. Commun Biol 2018; 1:111. [PMID: 30271991 PMCID: PMC6123670 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in females. The number of years menstruating and length of an individual menstrual cycle have been implicated in increased breast cancer risk. At present, the proliferative changes within an individual reproductive cycle or variations in the estrous cycle in the normal mammary gland are poorly understood. Here we use Fucci2 reporter mice to demonstrate actively proliferating mammary epithelial cells have shorter G1 lengths, whereas more differentiated/non-proliferating cells have extended G1 lengths. We find that cells enter into the cell cycle mainly during diestrus, yet the expansion is erratic and does not take place every reproductive cycle. Single cell expression analyses feature expected proliferation markers (Birc5, Top2a), while HR+ luminal cells exhibit fluctuations of key differentiation genes (ER, Gata3) during the cell cycle. We highlight the proliferative heterogeneity occurring within the normal mammary gland during a single-estrous cycle, indicating that the mammary gland undergoes continual dynamic proliferative changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Shehata
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1L7.
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK.
| | - Paul D Waterhouse
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1L7
| | - Alison E Casey
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1L7
| | - Hui Fang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1L7
| | - Lee Hazelwood
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Rama Khokha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1L7.
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19
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Adams KV, Morshead CM. Neural stem cell heterogeneity in the mammalian forebrain. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 170:2-36. [PMID: 29902499 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The brain was long considered an organ that underwent very little change after development. It is now well established that the mammalian central nervous system contains neural stem cells that generate progeny that are capable of making new neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes throughout life. The field has advanced rapidly as it strives to understand the basic biology of these precursor cells, and explore their potential to promote brain repair. The purpose of this review is to present current knowledge about the diversity of neural stem cells in vitro and in vivo, and highlight distinctions between neural stem cell populations, throughout development, and within the niche. A comprehensive understanding of neural stem cell heterogeneity will provide insights into the cellular and molecular regulation of neural development and lifelong neurogenesis, and will guide the development of novel strategies to promote regeneration and neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey V Adams
- Institute of Medical Science, Terrence Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, M5S 3E2, Canada.
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Institute of Medical Science, Terrence Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, M5S 3E2, Canada; Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Canada; Rehabilitation Science Institute, University of Toronto, Canada.
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20
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Retinoic Acid Is Required for Neural Stem and Progenitor Cell Proliferation in the Adult Hippocampus. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 10:1705-1720. [PMID: 29805108 PMCID: PMC5993652 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem and precursor cell (NSPC) proliferation in the rodent adult hippocampus is essential to maintain stem cell populations and produce new neurons. Retinoic acid (RA) signaling is implicated in regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, but its exact role in control of NSPC behavior has not been examined. We show RA signaling in all hippocampal NSPC subtypes and that inhibition of RA synthesis or signaling significantly decreases NSPC proliferation via abrogation of cell-cycle kinetics and cell-cycle regulators. RA signaling controls NSPC proliferation through hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF1α), where stabilization of HIF1α concurrent with disruption of RA signaling can prevent NSPC defects. These studies demonstrate a cell-autonomous role for RA signaling in hippocampal NSPCs that substantially broadens RA's function beyond its well-described role in neuronal differentiation.
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21
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Dexras1 is a homeostatic regulator of exercise-dependent proliferation and cell survival in the hippocampal neurogenic niche. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5294. [PMID: 29593295 PMCID: PMC5871767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23673-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is highly responsive to exercise, which promotes the proliferation of neural progenitor cells and the integration of newborn granule neurons in the dentate gyrus. Here we show that genetic ablation of the small GTPase, Dexras1, suppresses exercise-induced proliferation of neural progenitors, alters survival of mitotic and post-mitotic cells in a stage-specific manner, and increases the number of mature newborn granule neurons. Dexras1 is required for exercise-triggered recruitment of quiescent neural progenitors into the cell cycle. Pharmacological inhibition of NMDA receptors enhances SGZ cell proliferation in wild-type but not dexras1-deficient mice, suggesting that NMDA receptor-mediated signaling is dependent on Dexras1. At the molecular level, the absence of Dexras1 abolishes exercise-dependent activation of ERK/MAPK and CREB, and inhibits the upregulation of NMDA receptor subunit NR2A, bdnf, trkB and vegf-a expression in the dentate gyrus. Our study reveals Dexras1 as an important stage-specific regulator of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus by enhancing pro-mitogenic signaling to neural progenitor cells and modulating cell survival.
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22
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Ziebell F, Dehler S, Martin-Villalba A, Marciniak-Czochra A. Revealing age-related changes of adult hippocampal neurogenesis using mathematical models. Development 2018; 145:dev.153544. [PMID: 29229768 PMCID: PMC5825879 DOI: 10.1242/dev.153544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
New neurons are continuously generated in the dentate gyrus of the adult hippocampus. This continuous supply of newborn neurons is important to modulate cognitive functions. Yet the number of newborn neurons declines with age. Increasing Wnt activity upon loss of dickkopf 1 can counteract both the decline of newborn neurons and the age-related cognitive decline. However, the precise cellular changes underlying the age-related decline or its rescue are fundamentally not understood. The present study combines a mathematical model and experimental data to address features controlling neural stem cell (NSC) dynamics. We show that available experimental data fit a model in which quiescent NSCs may either become activated to divide or may undergo depletion events, such as astrocytic transformation and apoptosis. Additionally, we demonstrate that old NSCs remain quiescent longer and have a higher probability of becoming re-activated than depleted. Finally, our model explains that high NSC-Wnt activity leads to longer time in quiescence while enhancing the probability of activation. Altogether, our study shows that modulation of the quiescent state is crucial to regulate the pool of stem cells throughout the life of an animal. Summary: New deterministic and stochastic mathematical models are proposed to investigate adult neurogenesis in young, old and perturbed hippocampus, and quantified using population-level and clonal experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Ziebell
- Institute of Applied Mathematics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Sascha Dehler
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | | | - Anna Marciniak-Czochra
- Institute of Applied Mathematics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany .,Interdisciplinary Center of Scientific Computing (IWR) and BIOQUANT, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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23
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Neuroinflammation and physical exercise as modulators of adult hippocampal neural precursor cell behavior. Rev Neurosci 2017; 29:1-20. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is a plastic structure where adult neurogenesis constitutively occurs. Cell components of the neurogenic niche are source of paracrine as well as membrane-bound factors such as Notch, Bone Morphogenetic Proteins, Wnts, Sonic Hedgehog, cytokines, and growth factors that regulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cell fate decision. The integration and coordinated action of multiple extrinsic and intrinsic cues drive a continuous decision process: if adult neural stem cells remain quiescent or proliferate, if they take a neuronal or a glial lineage, and if new cells proliferate, undergo apoptotic death, or survive. The proper balance in the molecular milieu of this neurogenic niche leads to the production of neurons in a higher rate as that of astrocytes. But this rate changes in face of microenvironment modifications as those driven by physical exercise or with neuroinflammation. In this work, we first review the cellular and molecular components of the subgranular zone, focusing on the molecules, active signaling pathways and genetic programs that maintain quiescence, induce proliferation, or promote differentiation. We then summarize the evidence regarding the role of neuroinflammation and physical exercise in the modulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis with emphasis on the activation of progression from adult neural stem cells to lineage-committed progenitors to their progeny mainly in murine models.
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24
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Ryan KE, Kim PS, Fleming JT, Brignola E, Cheng FY, Litingtung Y, Chiang C. Lkb1 regulates granule cell migration and cortical folding of the cerebellar cortex. Dev Biol 2017; 432:165-177. [PMID: 28974424 PMCID: PMC5694378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar growth and foliation require the Hedgehog-driven proliferation of granule cell precursors (GCPs) in the external granule layer (EGL). However, that increased or extended GCP proliferation generally does not elicit ectopic folds suggests that additional determinants control cortical expansion and foliation during cerebellar development. Here, we find that genetic loss of the serine-threonine kinase Liver Kinase B1 (Lkb1) in GCPs increased cerebellar cortical size and foliation independent of changes in proliferation or Hedgehog signaling. This finding is unexpected given that Lkb1 has previously shown to be critical for Hedgehog pathway activation in cultured cells. Consistent with unchanged proliferation rate of GCPs, the cortical expansion of Lkb1 mutants is accompanied by thinning of the EGL. The plane of cell division, which has been implicated in diverse processes from epithelial surface expansions to gyrification of the human cortex, remains unchanged in the mutants when compared to wild-type controls. However, we find that Lkb1 mutants display delayed radial migration of post-mitotic GCPs that coincides with increased cortical size, suggesting that aberrant cell migration may contribute to the cortical expansion and increase foliation. Taken together, our results reveal an important role for Lkb1 in regulating cerebellar cortical size and foliation in a Hedgehog-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn E Ryan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Patrick S Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jonathan T Fleming
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Emily Brignola
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Frances Y Cheng
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ying Litingtung
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Chin Chiang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Brandt MD, Krüger-Gerlach D, Hermann A, Meyer AK, Kim KS, Storch A. Early Postnatal but Not Late Adult Neurogenesis Is Impaired in the Pitx3-Mutant Animal Model of Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:471. [PMID: 28883785 PMCID: PMC5573808 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of new neurons in the adult dentate gyrus has functional implications for hippocampal formation. Reduced hippocampal neurogenesis has been described in various animal models of hippocampal dysfunction such as dementia and depression, which are both common non-motor-symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). As dopamine plays an important role in regulating precursor cell proliferation, the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) in PD may be related to the reduced neurogenesis observed in the neurogenic regions of the adult brain: subventricular zone (SVZ) and dentate gyrus (DG). Here we examined adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the Pitx3-mutant mouse model of PD (aphakia mice), which phenotypically shows a selective embryonic degeneration of dopamine neurons within the SN and to a smaller extent in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Proliferating cells were labeled with BrdU in aphakia mice and healthy controls from 3 to 42 weeks of age. Three weeks old mutant mice showed an 18% reduction of proliferating cells in the DG and of 26% in the SVZ. Not only proliferation but also the number of new neurons was impaired in young aphakia mice resulting in 33% less newborn cells 4 weeks after BrdU-labeling. Remarkably, however, the decline in the number of proliferating cells in the neurogenic regions vanished in older animals (8–42 weeks) indicating that aging masks the effect of dopamine depletion on adult neurogenesis. Region specific reduction in precursor cells proliferation correlated with the extent of dopaminergic degeneration in mesencephalic subregions (VTA and SN), which supports the theory of age- and region-dependent regulatory effects of dopaminergic projections. Physiological stimulation of adult neurogenesis by physical activity (wheel running) almost doubled the number of proliferating cells in the dentate gyrus of 8 weeks old aphakia mice to a number comparable to that of wild-type mice, abolishing the slight reduction of baseline neurogenesis at this age. The described age-dependent susceptibility of adult neurogenesis to PD-like dopaminergic degeneration and its responsiveness to physical activity might have implications for the understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of non-motor symptoms in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz D Brandt
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases DresdenDresden, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Hermann
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases DresdenDresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
| | - Anne K Meyer
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
| | - Kwang-Soo Kim
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBelmont, MA, United States
| | - Alexander Storch
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases RostockRostock, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of RostockRostock, Germany
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26
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Semerci F, Choi WTS, Bajic A, Thakkar A, Encinas JM, Depreux F, Segil N, Groves AK, Maletic-Savatic M. Lunatic fringe-mediated Notch signaling regulates adult hippocampal neural stem cell maintenance. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28699891 PMCID: PMC5531831 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs) integrate inputs from multiple sources to balance quiescence and activation. Notch signaling plays a key role during this process. Here, we report that Lunatic fringe (Lfng), a key modifier of the Notch receptor, is selectively expressed in NSCs. Further, Lfng in NSCs and Notch ligands Delta1 and Jagged1, expressed by their progeny, together influence NSC recruitment, cell cycle duration, and terminal fate. We propose a new model in which Lfng-mediated Notch signaling enables direct communication between a NSC and its descendants, so that progeny can send feedback signals to the ‘mother’ cell to modify its cell cycle status. Lfng-mediated Notch signaling appears to be a key factor governing NSC quiescence, division, and fate. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.24660.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Semerci
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States
| | - William Tin-Shing Choi
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Aleksandar Bajic
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Aarohi Thakkar
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Juan Manuel Encinas
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience and Ikerbasque, The Basque Science Foundation, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Frederic Depreux
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago, United States
| | - Neil Segil
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,Caruso Department of Otolaryngology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Andrew K Groves
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Mirjana Maletic-Savatic
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
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27
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Micheli L, Ceccarelli M, Gioia R, D'Andrea G, Farioli-Vecchioli S, Costanzi M, Saraulli D, Cestari V, Tirone F. Terminal Differentiation of Adult Hippocampal Progenitor Cells Is a Step Functionally Dissociable from Proliferation and Is Controlled by Tis21, Id3 and NeuroD2. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:186. [PMID: 28740463 PMCID: PMC5502263 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell proliferation and differentiation are interdependent processes. Here, we have asked to what extent the two processes of neural progenitor cell amplification and differentiation are functionally separated. Thus, we analyzed whether it is possible to rescue a defect of terminal differentiation in progenitor cells of the dentate gyrus, where new neurons are generated throughout life, by inducing their proliferation and/or their differentiation with different stimuli appropriately timed. As a model we used the Tis21 knockout mouse, whose dentate gyrus neurons, as demonstrated by us and others, have an intrinsic defect of terminal differentiation. We first tested the effect of two proliferative as well as differentiative neurogenic stimuli, one pharmacological (fluoxetine), the other cognitive (the Morris water maze (MWM) training). Both effectively enhanced the number of new dentate gyrus neurons produced, and fluoxetine also reduced the S-phase length of Tis21 knockout dentate gyrus progenitor cells and increased the rate of differentiation of control cells, but neither factor enhanced the defective rate of differentiation. In contrast, the defect of terminal differentiation was fully rescued by in vivo infection of proliferating dentate gyrus progenitor cells with retroviruses either silencing Id3, an inhibitor of neural differentiation, or expressing NeuroD2, a proneural gene expressed in terminally differentiated dentate gyrus neurons. This is the first demonstration that NeuroD2 or the silencing of Id3 can activate the differentiation of dentate gyrus neurons, complementing a defect of differentiation. It also highlights how the rate of differentiation of dentate gyrus neurons is regulated genetically at several levels and that a neurogenic stimulus for amplification of neural stem/progenitor cells may not be sufficient in itself to modify this rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Micheli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS)Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Ceccarelli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS)Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Gioia
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS)Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio D'Andrea
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS)Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Farioli-Vecchioli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS)Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Costanzi
- Department of Human Sciences, Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta (LUMSA)Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Saraulli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS)Rome, Italy.,Department of Human Sciences, Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta (LUMSA)Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cestari
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza Università di RomaRome, Italy
| | - Felice Tirone
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS)Rome, Italy
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28
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Abstract
Sirtuins are pleiotropic NAD+ dependent histone deacetylases involved in metabolism, DNA damage repair, inflammation and stress resistance. SIRT6, a member of the sirtuin family, regulates the process of normal aging and increases the lifespan of male mice over-expressing Sirt6 by 15%. Neurogenesis, the formation of new neurons within the hippocampus of adult mammals, involves several complex stages including stem cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and network integration. During aging, the number of newly generated neurons continuously declines, and this is correlated with a decline in neuronal plasticity and cognitive behavior. In this study we investigated the involvement of SIRT6 in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Mice over-expressing Sirt6 exhibit increased numbers of young neurons and decreased numbers of mature neurons, without affecting glial differentiation. This implies of an involvement of SIRT6 in neuronal differentiation and maturation within the hippocampus. This work adds to the expanding body of knowledge on the regulatory mechanisms underlying adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and describes novel roles for SIRT6 as a regulator of cell fate during adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eitan Okun
- The Mina and Everard Goodman faculty of Life sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's disease research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel Marton
- The Mina and Everard Goodman faculty of Life sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Daniel Cohen
- The Mina and Everard Goodman faculty of Life sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Kathleen Griffioen
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Yariv Kanfi
- The Mina and Everard Goodman faculty of Life sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Tomer Illouz
- The Mina and Everard Goodman faculty of Life sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ravit Madar
- The Mina and Everard Goodman faculty of Life sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Haim Y. Cohen
- The Mina and Everard Goodman faculty of Life sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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29
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Physical exercise rescues defective neural stem cells and neurogenesis in the adult subventricular zone of Btg1 knockout mice. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:2855-2876. [PMID: 28247022 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis occurs throughout life in the dentate gyrus (DG) and the subventricular zone (SVZ), where glia-like stem cells generate new neurons. Voluntary running is a powerful neurogenic stimulus triggering the proliferation of progenitor cells in the DG but, apparently, not in the SVZ. The antiproliferative gene Btg1 maintains the quiescence of DG and SVZ stem cells. Its ablation causes intense proliferation of DG and SVZ stem/progenitor cells in young mice, followed, during adulthood, by progressive decrease of the proliferative capacity. We have previously observed that running can rescue the deficit of DG Btg1-null neurogenesis. Here, we show that in adult Btg1-null SVZ stem and neuroblast cells, the reduction of proliferation is associated with a longer cell cycle and a more frequent entry into quiescence. Notably, running increases proliferation in Btg1-null SVZ stem cells highly above the levels of sedentary wild-type mice and restores normal values of cell cycle length and quiescence in stem and neuroblast cells, without affecting wild-type cells. Btg1-null SVZ neuroblasts show also increased migration throughout the rostral migratory stream and a deficiency of differentiated neurons in the olfactory bulb, possibly a consequence of premature exit from the cycle; running, however, normalizes migration and differentiation, increasing newborn neurons recruited to the olfactory circuitry. Furthermore, running increases the self-renewal of Btg1-null SVZ-derived neurospheres and, remarkably, in aged Btg1-null mice almost doubles the proliferating SVZ stem cells. Altogether, this reveals that SVZ stem cells are endowed with a hidden supply of self-renewal capacity, coupled to cell cycle acceleration and emerging after ablation of the quiescence-maintaining Btg1 gene and following exercise.
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30
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Circadian Kinetics of Cell Cycle Progression in Adult Neurogenic Niches of a Diurnal Vertebrate. J Neurosci 2017; 37:1900-1909. [PMID: 28087763 PMCID: PMC5320617 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3222-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian system may regulate adult neurogenesis via intracellular molecular clock mechanisms or by modifying the environment of neurogenic niches, with daily variation in growth factors or nutrients depending on the animal's diurnal or nocturnal lifestyle. In a diurnal vertebrate, zebrafish, we studied circadian distribution of immunohistochemical markers of the cell division cycle (CDC) in 5 of the 16 neurogenic niches of adult brain, the dorsal telencephalon, habenula, preoptic area, hypothalamus, and cerebellum. We find that common to all niches is the morning initiation of G1/S transition and daytime S-phase progression, overnight increase in G2/M, and cycle completion by late night. This is supported by the timing of gene expression for critical cell cycle regulators cyclins D, A2, and B2 and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p20 in brain tissue. The early-night peak in p20, limiting G1/S transition, and its phase angle with the expression of core clock genes, Clock1 and Per1, are preserved in constant darkness, suggesting intrinsic circadian patterns of cell cycle progression. The statistical modeling of CDC kinetics reveals the significant circadian variation in cell proliferation rates across all of the examined niches, but interniche differences in the magnitude of circadian variation in CDC, S-phase length, phase angle of entrainment to light or clock, and its dispersion. We conclude that, in neurogenic niches of an adult diurnal vertebrate, the circadian modulation of cell cycle progression involves both systemic and niche-specific factors. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study establishes that in neurogenic niches of an adult diurnal vertebrate, the cell cycle progression displays a robust circadian pattern. Common to neurogenic niches located in diverse brain regions is daytime progression of DNA replication and nighttime mitosis, suggesting systemic regulation. Differences between neurogenic niches in the phase and degree of S-phase entrainment to the clock suggest additional roles for niche-specific regulatory mechanisms. Understanding the circadian regulation of adult neurogenesis can help optimize the timing of therapeutic approaches in patients with brain traumas or neurodegenerative disorders and preserve neural stem cells during cytostatic cancer therapies.
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31
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Overall RW, Walker TL, Fischer TJ, Brandt MD, Kempermann G. Different Mechanisms Must Be Considered to Explain the Increase in Hippocampal Neural Precursor Cell Proliferation by Physical Activity. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:362. [PMID: 27536215 PMCID: PMC4971098 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of proliferating neural precursor cells in the adult hippocampus is strongly increased by physical activity. The mechanisms through which this behavioral stimulus induces cell proliferation, however, are not yet understood. In fact, even the mode of proliferation of the stem and progenitor cells is not exactly known. Evidence exists for several mechanisms including cell cycle shortening, reduced cell death and stem cell recruitment, but as yet no model can account for all observations. An appreciation of how the cells proliferate, however, is crucial to our ability to model the neurogenic process and predict its behavior in response to pro-neurogenic stimuli. In a recent study, we addressed modulation of the cell cycle length as one possible mode of regulation of precursor cell proliferation in running mice. Our results indicated that the observed increase in number of proliferating cells could not be explained through a shortening of the cell cycle. We must therefore consider other mechanisms by which physical activity leads to enhanced precursor cell proliferation. Here we review the evidence for and against several different hypotheses and discuss the implications for future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert W Overall
- Genomics of Regeneration, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany; Genomics of Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) DresdenDresden, Germany
| | - Tara L Walker
- Genomics of Regeneration, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany; Genomics of Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) DresdenDresden, Germany
| | - Tim J Fischer
- Genomics of Regeneration, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany; Genomics of Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) DresdenDresden, Germany
| | - Moritz D Brandt
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerd Kempermann
- Genomics of Regeneration, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany; Genomics of Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) DresdenDresden, Germany
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32
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Saera-Vila A, Kish PE, Kahana A. Fgf regulates dedifferentiation during skeletal muscle regeneration in adult zebrafish. Cell Signal 2016; 28:1196-1204. [PMID: 27267062 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (Fgfs) regulate critical biological processes such as embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. In zebrafish, Fgf signaling plays an important role in the regeneration of the spinal cord, liver, heart, fin, and photoreceptors, although its exact mechanism of action is not fully understood. Utilizing an adult zebrafish extraocular muscle (EOM) regeneration model, we demonstrate that blocking Fgf receptor function using either a chemical inhibitor (SU5402) or a dominant-negative transgenic construct (dnFGFR1a:EGFP) impairs muscle regeneration. Adult zebrafish EOMs regenerate through a myocyte dedifferentiation process, which involves a muscle-to-mesenchyme transition and cell cycle reentry by differentiated myocytes. Blocking Fgf signaling reduced cell proliferation and active caspase 3 levels in the regenerating muscle with no detectable levels of apoptosis, supporting the hypothesis that Fgf signaling is involved in the early steps of dedifferentiation. Fgf signaling in regenerating myocytes involves the MAPK/ERK pathway: inhibition of MEK activity with U0126 mimicked the phenotype of the Fgf receptor inhibition on both muscle regeneration and cell proliferation, and activated ERK (p-ERK) was detected in injured muscles by immunofluorescence and western blot. Interestingly, following injury, ERK2 expression is specifically induced and activated by phosphorylation, suggesting a key role in muscle regeneration. We conclude that the critical early steps of myocyte dedifferentiation in EOM regeneration are dependent on Fgf signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Saera-Vila
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Phillip E Kish
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alon Kahana
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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33
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Julian LM, Carpenedo RL, Rothberg JLM, Stanford WL. Formula G1: Cell cycle in the driver's seat of stem cell fate determination. Bioessays 2016; 38:325-32. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Julian
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research; Regenerative Medicine Program; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Ottawa ON Canada
- Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies; Ottawa; ON Canada
| | - Richard L. Carpenedo
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research; Regenerative Medicine Program; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Ottawa ON Canada
- Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies; Ottawa; ON Canada
| | - Janet L. Manias Rothberg
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research; Regenerative Medicine Program; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Ottawa ON Canada
- Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies; Ottawa; ON Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON Canada
| | - William L. Stanford
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research; Regenerative Medicine Program; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Ottawa ON Canada
- Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies; Ottawa; ON Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON Canada
- Department of Biochemistry; Microbiology and Immunology; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology; Ottawa; Ontario Canada
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34
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Effects of addictive drugs on adult neural stem/progenitor cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 73:327-48. [PMID: 26468052 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) undergo a series of developmental processes before giving rise to newborn neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in adult neurogenesis. During the past decade, the role of NSPCs has been highlighted by studies on adult neurogenesis modulated by addictive drugs. It has been proven that these drugs regulate the proliferation, differentiation and survival of adult NSPCs in different manners, which results in the varying consequences of adult neurogenesis. The effects of addictive drugs on NSPCs are exerted via a variety of different mechanisms and pathways, which interact with one another and contribute to the complexity of NSPC regulation. Here, we review the effects of different addictive drugs on NSPCs, and the related experimental methods and paradigms. We also discuss the current understanding of major signaling molecules, especially the putative common mechanisms, underlying such effects. Finally, we review the future directions of research in this area.
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35
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Farioli-Vecchioli S, Tirone F. Control of the Cell Cycle in Adult Neurogenesis and its Relation with Physical Exercise. Brain Plast 2015; 1:41-54. [PMID: 29765834 PMCID: PMC5928538 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-150013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the adult brain the neurogenesis is mainly restricted to two neurogenic regions: newly generated neurons arise at the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle and at the subgranular zone of the hippocampal subregion named the dentate gyrus. The hippocampus is involved in learning and memory paradigms and the generation of new hippocampal neurons has been hypothesized to be a pivotal form of plasticity involved in the process. Moreover the dysregulation of hippocampal adult neurogenesis has been recognized and could anticipate several varieties of brain disease such as Alzheimer disease, epilepsy and depression. Over the last few decades numerous intrinsic, epigenetic and environmental factors have been revealed to deeply influence the process of adult neurogenesis, although the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Growing evidence indicates that physical exercise represents one of the main extrinsic factor able to profoundly increase hippocampal adult neurogenesis, by altering neurochemistry and function of newly generated neurons. The present review surveys how neurogenesis can be modulated by cell cycle kinetics and highlights the putative role of the cell cycle length as a key component of the beneficial effect of running for hippocampal adult neurogenesis, both in physiological conditions and in the presence of defective neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Farioli-Vecchioli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Fondazione S.Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Felice Tirone
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Fondazione S.Lucia, Rome, Italy
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36
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Bond AM, Peng CY, Meyers EA, McGuire T, Ewaleifoh O, Kessler JA. BMP signaling regulates the tempo of adult hippocampal progenitor maturation at multiple stages of the lineage. Stem Cells 2015; 32:2201-14. [PMID: 24578327 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Novel environmental stimuli, such as running and learning, increase proliferation of adult hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs) and enlarge the population of new neurons. However, it remains unclear how increased numbers of new neurons can be generated in a time frame far shorter than the time required for proliferating stem cells to generate these neurons. Here, we show that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in the subgranular zone regulates the tempo of neural progenitor cell (NPC) maturation by directing their transition between states of quiescence and activation at multiple stages along the lineage. Virally mediated overexpression of BMP4 caused NPC cell cycle exit and slowed the normal maturation of NPCs, resulting in a long-term reduction in neurogenesis. Conversely, overexpression of the BMP inhibitor noggin promoted NPC cell cycle entry and accelerated NPC maturation. Similarly, BMP receptor type 2 (BMPRII) ablation in Ascl1(+) intermediate NPCs accelerated their maturation into neurons. Importantly, ablation of BMPRII in GFAP(+) stem cells accelerated maturation without depleting the NSC pool, indicating that an increased rate of neurogenesis does not necessarily diminish the stem cell population. Thus, inhibition of BMP signaling is a mechanism for rapidly expanding the pool of new neurons in the adult hippocampus by tipping the balance between quiescence/activation of NPCs and accelerating the rate at which they mature into neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Bond
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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37
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Saera-Vila A, Kasprick DS, Junttila TL, Grzegorski SJ, Louie KW, Chiari EF, Kish PE, Kahana A. Myocyte Dedifferentiation Drives Extraocular Muscle Regeneration in Adult Zebrafish. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:4977-93. [PMID: 26230763 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-16103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to characterize the injury response of extraocular muscles (EOMs) in adult zebrafish. METHODS Adult zebrafish underwent lateral rectus (LR) muscle myectomy surgery to remove 50% of the muscle, followed by molecular and cellular characterization of the tissue response to the injury. RESULTS Following myectomy, the LR muscle regenerated an anatomically correct and functional muscle within 7 to 10 days post injury (DPI). Following injury, the residual muscle stump was replaced by a mesenchymal cell population that lost cell polarity and expressed mesenchymal markers. Next, a robust proliferative burst repopulated the area of the regenerating muscle. Regenerating cells expressed myod, identifying them as myoblasts. However, both immunofluorescence and electron microscopy failed to identify classic Pax7-positive satellite cells in control or injured EOMs. Instead, some proliferating nuclei were noted to express mef2c at the very earliest point in the proliferative burst, suggesting myonuclear reprogramming and dedifferentiation. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling of regenerating cells followed by a second myectomy without repeat labeling resulted in a twice-regenerated muscle broadly populated by BrdU-labeled nuclei with minimal apparent dilution of the BrdU signal. A double-pulse experiment using BrdU and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) identified double-labeled nuclei, confirming the shared progenitor lineage. Rapid regeneration occurred despite a cell cycle length of 19.1 hours, whereas 72% of the regenerating muscle nuclei entered the cell cycle by 48 hours post injury (HPI). Dextran lineage tracing revealed that residual myocytes were responsible for muscle regeneration. CONCLUSIONS EOM regeneration in adult zebrafish occurs by dedifferentiation of residual myocytes involving a muscle-to-mesenchyme transition. A mechanistic understanding of myocyte reprogramming may facilitate novel approaches to the development of molecular tools for targeted therapeutic regeneration in skeletal muscle disorders and beyond.
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38
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Obiorah M, McCandlish E, Buckley B, DiCicco-Bloom E. Hippocampal developmental vulnerability to methylmercury extends into prepubescence. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:150. [PMID: 26029035 PMCID: PMC4429234 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The developing brain is sensitive to environmental toxicants such as methylmercury (MeHg), to which humans are exposed via contaminated seafood. Prenatal exposure in children is associated with learning, memory and IQ deficits, which can result from hippocampal dysfunction. To explore underlying mechanisms, we have used the postnatal day (P7) rat to model the third trimester of human gestation. We previously showed that a single low exposure (0.6 μg/gbw) that approaches human exposure reduced hippocampal neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) 24 h later, producing later proliferation and memory deficits in adolescence. Yet, the vulnerable stem cell population and period of developmental vulnerability remain undefined. In this study, we find that P7 exposure of stem cells has long-term consequences for adolescent neurogenesis. It reduced the number of mitotic S-phase cells (BrdU), especially those in the highly proliferative Tbr2+ population, and immature neurons (Doublecortin) in adolescence, suggesting partial depletion of the later stem cell pool. To define developmental vulnerability to MeHg in prepubescent (P14) and adolescent (P21) rats, we examined acute 24 h effects of MeHg exposure on mitosis and apoptosis. We found that low exposure did not adversely impact neurogenesis at either age, but that a higher exposure (5 μg/gbw) at P14 reduced the total number of neural stem cells (Sox2+) by 23% and BrdU+ cells by 26% in the DG hilus, suggesting that vulnerability diminishes with age. To determine whether these effects reflect changes in MeHg transfer across the blood brain barrier (BBB), we assessed Hg content in the hippocampus after peripheral injection and found that similar levels (~800 ng/gm) were obtained at 24 h at both P14 and P21, declining in parallel, suggesting that changes in vulnerability depend more on local tissue and cellular mechanisms. Together, we show that MeHg vulnerability declines with age, and that early exposure impairs later neurogenesis in older juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryann Obiorah
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Elizabeth McCandlish
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Brian Buckley
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Emanuel DiCicco-Bloom
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Piscataway, NJ, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Obiorah M, McCandlish E, Buckley B, DiCicco-Bloom E. Hippocampal developmental vulnerability to methylmercury extends into prepubescence. Front Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26029035 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00150/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The developing brain is sensitive to environmental toxicants such as methylmercury (MeHg), to which humans are exposed via contaminated seafood. Prenatal exposure in children is associated with learning, memory and IQ deficits, which can result from hippocampal dysfunction. To explore underlying mechanisms, we have used the postnatal day (P7) rat to model the third trimester of human gestation. We previously showed that a single low exposure (0.6 μg/gbw) that approaches human exposure reduced hippocampal neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) 24 h later, producing later proliferation and memory deficits in adolescence. Yet, the vulnerable stem cell population and period of developmental vulnerability remain undefined. In this study, we find that P7 exposure of stem cells has long-term consequences for adolescent neurogenesis. It reduced the number of mitotic S-phase cells (BrdU), especially those in the highly proliferative Tbr2+ population, and immature neurons (Doublecortin) in adolescence, suggesting partial depletion of the later stem cell pool. To define developmental vulnerability to MeHg in prepubescent (P14) and adolescent (P21) rats, we examined acute 24 h effects of MeHg exposure on mitosis and apoptosis. We found that low exposure did not adversely impact neurogenesis at either age, but that a higher exposure (5 μg/gbw) at P14 reduced the total number of neural stem cells (Sox2+) by 23% and BrdU+ cells by 26% in the DG hilus, suggesting that vulnerability diminishes with age. To determine whether these effects reflect changes in MeHg transfer across the blood brain barrier (BBB), we assessed Hg content in the hippocampus after peripheral injection and found that similar levels (~800 ng/gm) were obtained at 24 h at both P14 and P21, declining in parallel, suggesting that changes in vulnerability depend more on local tissue and cellular mechanisms. Together, we show that MeHg vulnerability declines with age, and that early exposure impairs later neurogenesis in older juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryann Obiorah
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Elizabeth McCandlish
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Brian Buckley
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Emanuel DiCicco-Bloom
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Piscataway, NJ, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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40
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Urbán N, Guillemot F. Neurogenesis in the embryonic and adult brain: same regulators, different roles. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:396. [PMID: 25505873 PMCID: PMC4245909 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis persists in adult mammals in specific brain areas, known as neurogenic niches. Adult neurogenesis is highly dynamic and is modulated by multiple physiological stimuli and pathological states. There is a strong interest in understanding how this process is regulated, particularly since active neuronal production has been demonstrated in both the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ) of adult humans. The molecular mechanisms that control neurogenesis have been extensively studied during embryonic development. Therefore, we have a broad knowledge of the intrinsic factors and extracellular signaling pathways driving proliferation and differentiation of embryonic neural precursors. Many of these factors also play important roles during adult neurogenesis, but essential differences exist in the biological responses of neural precursors in the embryonic and adult contexts. Because adult neural stem cells (NSCs) are normally found in a quiescent state, regulatory pathways can affect adult neurogenesis in ways that have no clear counterpart during embryogenesis. BMP signaling, for instance, regulates NSC behavior both during embryonic and adult neurogenesis. However, this pathway maintains stem cell proliferation in the embryo, while it promotes quiescence to prevent stem cell exhaustion in the adult brain. In this review, we will compare and contrast the functions of transcription factors (TFs) and other regulatory molecules in the embryonic brain and in adult neurogenic regions of the adult brain in the mouse, with a special focus on the hippocampal niche and on the regulation of the balance between quiescence and activation of adult NSCs in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Urbán
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research London, UK
| | - François Guillemot
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research London, UK
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41
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Fischer TJ, Walker TL, Overall RW, Brandt MD, Kempermann G. Acute effects of wheel running on adult hippocampal precursor cells in mice are not caused by changes in cell cycle length or S phase length. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:314. [PMID: 25339861 PMCID: PMC4186268 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise stimulates cellular brain plasticity by extending the pool of proliferating neural precursor cells in the adult hippocampus. This effect has been investigated extensively, but the most immediate cellular effect induced by exercise that results in this acute increase in the number of cycling cells remained unclear. In the developing brain as well as adult pathological models, cell cycle alterations have a major influence on the balance between proliferative and neurogenic divisions. In this study we investigated whether this might also apply to the acute physiological pro-neurogenic stimulus of physical exercise in adulthood. Do changes in cell cycle precede the measurable increase in proliferation? After 5 days of voluntary wheel running, however, we measured only a very small, statistically not significant acceleration in cell cycle, which could not quantitatively explain the observed increase in proliferating cells after exercise. Thus, at this acute stage, changes at the level of cell cycle control is not the primary causal mechanism for the expansion of the precursor cell population, although with time after the stimulus changes in cell cycle of the entire population of labeled cells might be the result of the expanded pool of cells that have progressed to the advanced neurogenic stages with shorter cell cycle length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J Fischer
- Genomics of Regeneration, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Tara L Walker
- Genomics of Regeneration, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Rupert W Overall
- Genomics of Regeneration, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Moritz D Brandt
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerd Kempermann
- Genomics of Regeneration, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany ; Genomics of Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden Dresden, Germany
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42
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Brandt MD, Ellwardt E, Storch A. Short- and long-term treatment with modafinil differentially affects adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Neuroscience 2014; 278:267-75. [PMID: 25158676 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The generation of new neurons in the dentate gyrus of the adult brain has been demonstrated in many species including humans and is suggested to have functional relevance for learning and memory. The wake promoting drug modafinil has popularly been categorized as a so-called neuroenhancer due to its positive effects on cognition. We here show that short- and long-term treatment with modafinil differentially effects hippocampal neurogenesis. We used different thymidine analogs (5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU), chlorodeoxyuridine (CldU), iododeoxyuridine (IdU)) and labeling protocols to investigate distinct regulative events during hippocampal neurogenesis, namely cell proliferation and survival. Eight-week-old mice that were treated with modafinil (64mg/kg, i.p.) every 24h for 4days show increased proliferation in the dentate gyrus indicated by BrdU-labeling and more newborn granule cells 3weeks after treatment. Short-term treatment for 4days also enhanced the number of postmitotic calretinin-expressing progenitor cells that were labeled with BrdU 1week prior to treatment indicating an increased survival of new born immature granule cells. Interestingly, long-term treatment for 14days resulted in an increased number of newborn Prox1(+) granule cells, but we could not detect an additive effect of the prolonged treatment on proliferation and survival of newborn cells. Moreover, daily administration for 14days did not influence the number of proliferating cells in the dentate gyrus. Together, modafinil has an acute impact on precursor cell proliferation as well as survival but loses this ability during longer treatment durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Brandt
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Research Site Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - E Ellwardt
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - A Storch
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Research Site Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Farioli-Vecchioli S, Mattera A, Micheli L, Ceccarelli M, Leonardi L, Saraulli D, Costanzi M, Cestari V, Rouault JP, Tirone F. Running Rescues Defective Adult Neurogenesis by Shortening the Length of the Cell Cycle of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells 2014; 32:1968-82. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Farioli-Vecchioli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; National Research Council, Fondazione Santa Lucia; Rome Italy
| | - Andrea Mattera
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; National Research Council, Fondazione Santa Lucia; Rome Italy
| | - Laura Micheli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; National Research Council, Fondazione Santa Lucia; Rome Italy
| | - Manuela Ceccarelli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; National Research Council, Fondazione Santa Lucia; Rome Italy
| | - Luca Leonardi
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; National Research Council, Fondazione Santa Lucia; Rome Italy
| | - Daniele Saraulli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; National Research Council, Fondazione Santa Lucia; Rome Italy
| | - Marco Costanzi
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; National Research Council, Fondazione Santa Lucia; Rome Italy
- Department of Human Sciences; LUMSA University; Rome Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cestari
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; National Research Council, Fondazione Santa Lucia; Rome Italy
- Department of Psychology and “Daniel Bovet” Center; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Jean-Pierre Rouault
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon; Ecole Normal Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS UMR 5242, INRA UMR 1288 Lyon France
| | - Felice Tirone
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; National Research Council, Fondazione Santa Lucia; Rome Italy
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44
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Bragado Alonso S, Schulze-Steikow M, Calegari F. Cell cycle activity of neural precursors in the diseased mammalian brain. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:39. [PMID: 24578681 PMCID: PMC3936187 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Basic research during embryonic development has led to the identification of general principles governing cell cycle progression, proliferation and differentiation of mammalian neural stem cells (NSC). These findings were recently translated to the adult brain in an attempt to identify the overall principles governing stemness in the two contexts and allowing us to manipulate the expansion of NSC for regenerative therapies. However, and despite a huge literature on embryonic neural precursors, very little is known about cell cycle parameters of adult neural, or any other somatic, stem cell. In this review, we briefly discuss the long journey of NSC research from embryonic development to adult homeostasis, aging and therapy with a specific focus on their quiescence and cell cycle length in physiological conditions and neurological disorders. Particular attention is given to a new important player in the field, oligodendrocyte progenitors, while discussing the limitation hampering further development in this challenging area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bragado Alonso
- DFG-Research Center and Cluster of Excellence for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Germany
| | - Max Schulze-Steikow
- DFG-Research Center and Cluster of Excellence for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Germany
| | - Federico Calegari
- DFG-Research Center and Cluster of Excellence for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Germany
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45
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Deficits in adult neurogenesis, contextual fear conditioning, and spatial learning in a Gfap mutant mouse model of Alexander disease. J Neurosci 2014; 33:18698-706. [PMID: 24259590 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3693-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is the major intermediate filament of mature astrocytes in the mammalian CNS. Dominant gain of function mutations in GFAP lead to the fatal neurodegenerative disorder, Alexander disease (AxD), which is characterized by cytoplasmic protein aggregates known as Rosenthal fibers along with variable degrees of leukodystrophy and intellectual disability. The mechanisms by which mutant GFAP leads to these pleiotropic effects are unknown. In addition to astrocytes, GFAP is also expressed in other cell types, particularly neural stem cells that form the reservoir supporting adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles. Here, we show that mouse models of AxD exhibit significant pathology in GFAP-positive radial glia-like cells in the dentate gyrus, and suffer from deficits in adult neurogenesis. In addition, they display impairments in contextual learning and spatial memory. This is the first demonstration of cognitive phenotypes in a model of primary astrocyte disease.
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Bouchard-Cannon P, Mendoza-Viveros L, Yuen A, Kærn M, Cheng HYM. The circadian molecular clock regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis by controlling the timing of cell-cycle entry and exit. Cell Rep 2013; 5:961-73. [PMID: 24268780 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The subgranular zone (SGZ) of the adult hippocampus contains a pool of quiescent neural progenitor cells (QNPs) that are capable of entering the cell cycle and producing newborn neurons. The mechanisms that control the timing and extent of adult neurogenesis are not well understood. Here, we show that QNPs of the adult SGZ express molecular-clock components and proliferate in a rhythmic fashion. The clock proteins PERIOD2 and BMAL1 are critical for proper control of neurogenesis. The absence of PERIOD2 abolishes the gating of cell-cycle entrance of QNPs, whereas genetic ablation of bmal1 results in constitutively high levels of proliferation and delayed cell-cycle exit. We use mathematical model simulations to show that these observations may arise from clock-driven expression of a cell-cycle inhibitor that targets the cyclin D/Cdk4-6 complex. Our findings may have broad implications for the circadian clock in timing cell-cycle events of other stem cell populations throughout the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Bouchard-Cannon
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Lucia Mendoza-Viveros
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Andrew Yuen
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Mads Kærn
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Hai-Ying M Cheng
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
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47
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Identification of MMP-2 as a novel enhancer of cerebellar granule cell proliferation. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013; 57:63-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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