1
|
Ma J, Tang L, Tan Y, Xiao J, Wei K, Zhang X, Ma Y, Tong S, Chen J, Zhou N, Yang L, Lei Z, Li Y, Lv J, Liu J, Zhang H, Tang K, Zhang Y, Huang B. Lithium carbonate revitalizes tumor-reactive CD8 + T cells by shunting lactic acid into mitochondria. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:552-561. [PMID: 38263463 PMCID: PMC10907288 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01738-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The steady flow of lactic acid (LA) from tumor cells to the extracellular space via the monocarboxylate transporter symport system suppresses antitumor T cell immunity. However, LA is a natural energy metabolite that can be oxidized in the mitochondria and could potentially stimulate T cells. Here we show that the lactate-lowering mood stabilizer lithium carbonate (LC) can inhibit LA-mediated CD8+ T cell immunosuppression. Cytoplasmic LA increased the pumping of protons into lysosomes. LC interfered with vacuolar ATPase to block lysosomal acidification and rescue lysosomal diacylglycerol-PKCθ signaling to facilitate monocarboxylate transporter 1 localization to mitochondrial membranes, thus transporting LA into the mitochondria as an energy source for CD8+ T cells. These findings indicate that targeting LA metabolism using LC could support cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Ma
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Tang
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaoyao Tan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingxuan Xiao
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Keke Wei
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuai Tong
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Nannan Zhou
- Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Yang
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhang Lei
- Department of Oncology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yonggang Li
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiadi Lv
- Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Junwei Liu
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huafeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Tang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Grapentine S, Singh RK, Bakovic M. Skeletal Muscle Consequences of Phosphatidylethanolamine Synthesis Deficiency. FUNCTION 2023; 4:zqad020. [PMID: 37342414 PMCID: PMC10278983 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of phospholipid homeostasis is increasingly being implicated in metabolic health. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is the most abundant phospholipid on the inner leaflet of cellular membranes, and we have previously shown that mice with a heterozygous ablation of the PE synthesizing enzyme, Pcyt2 (Pcyt2+/-), develop obesity, insulin resistance, and NASH. Skeletal muscle is a major determinant of systemic energy metabolism, making it a key player in metabolic disease development. Both the total PE levels and the ratio of PE to other membrane lipids in skeletal muscle are implicated in insulin resistance; however, the underlying mechanisms and the role of Pcyt2 regulation in this association remain unclear. Here, we show how reduced phospholipid synthesis due to Pcyt2 deficiency causes Pcyt2+/- skeletal muscle dysfunction and metabolic abnormalities. Pcyt2+/- skeletal muscle exhibits damage and degeneration, with skeletal muscle cell vacuolization, disordered sarcomeres, mitochondria ultrastructure irregularities and paucity, inflammation, and fibrosis. There is intramuscular adipose tissue accumulation, and major disturbances in lipid metabolism with impaired FA mobilization and oxidation, elevated lipogenesis, and long-chain fatty acyl-CoA, diacylglycerol, and triacylglycerol accumulation. Pcyt2+/- skeletal muscle exhibits perturbed glucose metabolism with elevated glycogen content, impaired insulin signaling, and reduced glucose uptake. Together, this study lends insight into the critical role of PE homeostasis in skeletal muscle metabolism and health with broad implications on metabolic disease development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Grapentine
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Rathnesh K Singh
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Marica Bakovic
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
89Zr Immuno-PET Imaging of Tumor PD-1 Reveals That PMA Upregulates Lymphoma PD-1 through NFκB and JNK Signaling. Mol Imaging 2022; 2022:5916692. [PMID: 35250391 PMCID: PMC8865856 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5916692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune therapy of T-cell lymphoma requires assessment of tumor-expressed programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1). Herein, we developed an immuno-PET technique that quantitatively images and monitors regulation of PD-1 expression on T-cell lymphomas. Methods. Anti-PD-1 IgG underwent sulfhydryl moiety-specific conjugation with maleimide-deferoxamine and 89Zr labeling. Binding assays and Western blotting were performed in EL4 murine T-cell lymphoma cells. In vivo pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and PET were performed in mice. Results. 89Zr-PD-1 IgG binding to EL4 cells was completely blocked by cold antibodies, confirming excellent target specificity. Following intravenous injection into mice, 89Zr-PD-1 IgG showed biexponential blood clearance and relatively low normal organ uptake after five days. PET/CT and biodistribution demonstrated high EL4 tumor uptake that was suppressed by cold antibodies. In EL4 cells, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) increased 89Zr-PD-1 IgG binding (
%) and dose-dependent augmentation of PD-1 expression (
of controls by 200 ng/ml). FACS showed strong PD-1 expression on all EL4 cells and positive but weaker expression on
% of the mouse spleen lymphocytes. PMA stimulation led to
-fold increase in the proportion of the strongest PD-1 expressing EL4 cells but failed to influence that of PD-1+ mouse lymphocytes. In mice, PMA treatment increased 89Zr-PD-1 IgG uptake in EL4 lymphomas from
to
%ID/g (
), and tumor uptake closely correlated with PD-1 level (
,
). On immunohistochemistry of tumor sections, infiltrating CD8α+ T lymphocytes constituted a small fraction of tumor cells. The entire tumor section showed strong PD-1 staining that was even stronger for PMA-treated mice. Investigation of involved signaling revealed that PMA increased EL4 cell and tumor HIF-1α accumulation and NFκB and JNK activation. Conclusion. 89Zr-PD-1 IgG offered high-contrast PET imaging of tumor PD-1 in mice. This was found to mostly represent binding to EL4 tumor cells, although infiltrating T lymphocytes may also have contributed. PD-1 expression on T-cell lymphomas was upregulated by PMA stimulation, and this was reliably monitored by 89Zr-PD-1 IgG PET. This technique may thus be useful for understanding the mechanisms of PD-1 regulation in lymphomas of living subjects.
Collapse
|
4
|
García-Díaz N, Casar B, Alonso-Alonso R, Quevedo L, Rodríguez M, Ruso-Julve F, Esteve-Codina A, Gut M, Gru AA, González-Vela MC, Gut I, Rodriguez-Peralto JL, Varela I, Ortiz-Romero PL, Piris MA, Vaqué JP. PLCγ1/PKCθ Downstream Signaling Controls Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma Development And Progression. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:1391-1400.e15. [PMID: 34687742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Developing mechanistic rationales can improve the clinical management of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL). There is considerable genetic and biological evidence of a malignant network of signaling mechanisms, highly influenced by deregulated TCR/PLCγ1 activity, controlling the biology of these lesions. In addition, activated STAT3 is associated with clinical progression, although the alterations responsible for this have not been fully elucidated. Here we studied PLCγ1-dependent mechanisms that can mediate STAT3 activation and control tumor growth and progression. Downstream of PLCγ1, the pharmacological inhibition and genetic knockdown of PKCθ inhibited STAT3 activation, impaired proliferation, and promoted apoptosis in CTCL cells. A PKCθ-dependent transcriptome in MF/SS cells revealed potential effector genes controlling cytokine signaling, TP53, and actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Consistently, an in vivo chicken embryo model xenografted with MF cells showed that PKCθ blockage abrogates tumor growth and spread to distant organs. Finally, the expression of a number of PKCθ target genes, found in MF cells, significantly correlated with that of PRKCQ (PKCθ) in 81 human MF samples. In summary, PKCθ can play a central role in the activation of malignant CTCL mechanisms via multiple routes, including, but not restricted to, STAT3. These mechanisms may, in turn, serve as targets for specific therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria García-Díaz
- Molecular Biology Department, Universidad de Cantabria-Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Berta Casar
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain
| | | | - Laura Quevedo
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez
- Pathology Department, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fulgencio Ruso-Julve
- Molecular Biology Department, Universidad de Cantabria-Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Gut
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro A Gru
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Ivo Gut
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Rodriguez-Peralto
- Department of Pathology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, institute i+12, CIBERONC, Medical School, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Varela
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain
| | - Pablo Luis Ortiz-Romero
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, institute i+12, CIBERONC, Medical School, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Piris
- Pathology Department, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Pedro Vaqué
- Molecular Biology Department, Universidad de Cantabria-Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Distinct mechanisms involving diacylglycerol, ceramides, and inflammation underlie insulin resistance in oxidative and glycolytic muscles from high fat-fed rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19160. [PMID: 34580412 PMCID: PMC8476522 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98819-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether oxidative and glycolytic rat skeletal muscles respond differently to a high-fat (HF) sucrose-enriched diet with respect to diacylglycerol (DAG) and ceramides accumulation, protein kinase C (PKC) activation, glucose metabolism, and the expression of inflammatory genes. HF diet (8 weeks) suppressed insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis and glucose oxidation in soleus (Sol), extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and epitrochlearis (Epit) muscles. However, DAG and ceramides levels increased in Sol and EDL, but not in Epit muscles of HF-fed rats. Additionally, membrane-bound PKC-delta and PKC-theta increased in Sol and EDL, whereas in Epit muscles both PKC isoforms were reduced by HF diet. In Epit muscles, HF diet also increased the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) receptors (CD40 and FAS), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and nuclear factor kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells (NF-kB), whereas in Sol and EDL muscles the expression of these inflammatory genes remained unchanged upon HF feeding. In conclusion, HF diet caused DAG and ceramides accumulation, PKC activation, and the induction of inflammatory pathways in a fiber type-specific manner. These findings help explain why oxidative and glycolytic muscles similarly develop insulin resistance, despite major differences in their metabolic characteristics and responsiveness to dietary lipid abundance.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang Y, Gao N, Feng Y, Cai M, Li Y, Xu X, Zhang H, Yao D. Protein kinase C theta (Prkcq) affects nerve degeneration and regeneration through the c-fos and c-jun pathways in injured rat sciatic nerves. Exp Neurol 2021; 346:113843. [PMID: 34418453 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous finding using DNA microarray and bioinformatics analysis, we have reported some key factors which regulated gene expression and signaling pathways in injured sciatic nerve during Wallerian Degeneration (WD). This research is focused on protein kinase C theta (Prkcq) participates in the regulation of the WD process. METHODS In this study, we explored the molecular mechanism by which Prkcq in Schwann cells (SCs) affects nerve degeneration and regeneration in vivo and in vitro after rat sciatic nerve injury. RESULTS Study of the cross-sectional model showed that Prkcq expression decreased significantly during sciatic nerve repair. Functional analysis showed that upregulation and downregulation of Prkcq could affect the proliferation, migration and apoptosis of Schwann cells and lead to the expression of related factors through the activation of the β-catenin, c-fos, and p-c-jun/c-jun pathways. CONCLUSION The study provides insights into the role of Prkcq in early WD during peripheral nerve degeneration and/or regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, PR China
| | - Nannan Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, PR China
| | - Yumei Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, PR China
| | - Min Cai
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PR China.
| | - Yuting Li
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, PR China
| | - Xi Xu
- Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PR China
| | - Huanhuan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, PR China
| | - Dengbing Yao
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary Syndrome: An Integrative Review of the Pathophysiology, Molecular Drivers, and Targeted Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081931. [PMID: 33923722 PMCID: PMC8074086 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In the last few years, the field of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas has experienced major advances. In the context of an active translational and clinical research field, next-generation sequencing data have boosted our understanding of the main molecular mechanisms that govern the biology of these entities, thus enabling the development of novel tools for diagnosis and specific therapy. Here, we focus on mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome; we review essential aspects of their pathophysiology, provide a rational mechanistic interpretation of the genomic data, and discuss the current and upcoming therapies, including the potential crosstalk between genomic alterations and the microenvironment, offering opportunities for targeted therapies. Abstract Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) constitute a heterogeneous group of diseases that affect the skin. Mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sézary syndrome (SS) account for the majority of these lesions and have recently been the focus of extensive translational research. This review describes and discusses the main pathobiological manifestations of MF/SS, the molecular and clinical features currently used for diagnosis and staging, and the different therapies already approved or under development. Furthermore, we highlight and discuss the main findings illuminating key molecular mechanisms that can act as drivers for the development and progression of MF/SS. These seem to make up an orchestrated constellation of genomic and environmental alterations generated around deregulated T-cell receptor (TCR)/phospholipase C, gamma 1, (PLCG1) and Janus kinase/ signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) activities that do indeed provide us with novel opportunities for diagnosis and therapy.
Collapse
|
8
|
Korbecki J, Bajdak-Rusinek K. The effect of palmitic acid on inflammatory response in macrophages: an overview of molecular mechanisms. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:915-932. [PMID: 31363792 PMCID: PMC6813288 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid whose blood concentration is elevated in obese patients. This causes inflammatory responses, where toll-like receptors (TLR), TLR2 and TLR4, play an important role. Nevertheless, palmitic acid is not only a TLR agonist. In the cell, this fatty acid is converted into phospholipids, diacylglycerol and ceramides. They trigger the activation of various signaling pathways that are common for LPS-mediated TLR4 activation. In particular, metabolic products of palmitic acid affect the activation of various PKCs, ER stress and cause an increase in ROS generation. Thanks to this, palmitic acid also strengthens the TLR4-induced signaling. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of inflammatory response induced by palmitic acid. In particular, we focus on describing its effect on ER stress and IRE1α, and the mechanisms of NF-κB activation. We also present the mechanisms of inflammasome NLRP3 activation and the effect of palmitic acid on enhanced inflammatory response by increasing the expression of FABP4/aP2. Finally, we focus on the consequences of inflammatory responses, in particular, the effect of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 on insulin resistance. Due to the high importance of macrophages and the production of proinflammatory cytokines by them, this work mainly focuses on these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 St., 40-752, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Karolina Bajdak-Rusinek
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 St., 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang YW, Xu XY, Zhang J, Yao X, Lu C, Chen CX, Yu CH, Sun J. Missense mutation in PRKCQ is associated with Crohn's disease. J Dig Dis 2019; 20:243-247. [PMID: 30828974 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent genome-wide association studies have demonstrated that rs2236379 in PRKCQ is a novel significant locus for Crohn's disease (CD). However, the association has not been replicated in any populations. We therefore aimed to investigate the prevalence of the PRKCQ rs2236379 variant in the Chinese Han population and evaluate whether the genetic variant of PRKCQ confers susceptibility to CD and is associated with its clinical characteristics. METHODS A total of 283 patients with CD and 381 healthy controls were enrolled. Genomic DNA was extracted from their whole blood samples and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used for genotyping. The association between PRKCQ polymorphisms and susceptibility to CD, and between genotypes and clinical phenotypes was analyzed. RESULTS A higher frequency of the T allele was discovered in CD patients than in healthy controls (P = 0.027). A significant difference in the distribution of the TT and CT/CC genotypes was observed between CD patients and controls (P = 0.024). The TT genotype showed a significant association with susceptibility to CD (odds ratio 1.647, 95% confidence interval: 1.088-2.574, P = 0.019). Patients with CD with the rs2236379 TT mutant risk genotype were most likely to exhibit perianal disease (P = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS Our research revealed an association between the PRKCQ rs2236379 (C>T) and CD. The TT homozygous mutation increased the risk of developing CD and may contribute to perianal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao Ying Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chun Xiao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chao Hui Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Goyal D, Goyal R. Developmental Maturation and Alpha-1 Adrenergic Receptors-Mediated Gene Expression Changes in Ovine Middle Cerebral Arteries. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1772. [PMID: 29379105 PMCID: PMC5789090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20210-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Alpha Adrenergic Signaling Pathway is one of the chief regulators of cerebrovascular tone and cerebral blood flow (CBF), mediating its effects in the arteries through alpha1-adrenergic receptors (Alpha1AR). In the ovine middle cerebral artery (MCA), with development from a fetus to an adult, others and we have shown that Alpha1AR play a key role in contractile responses, vascular development, remodeling, and angiogenesis. Importantly, Alpha1AR play a significant role in CBF autoregulation, which is incompletely developed in a premature fetus as compared to a near-term fetus. However, the mechanistic pathways are not completely known. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that as a function of maturation and in response to Alpha1AR stimulation there is a differential gene expression in the ovine MCA. We conducted microarray analysis on transcripts from MCAs of premature fetuses (96-day), near-term fetuses (145-day), newborn lambs, and non-pregnant adult sheep (2-year) following stimulation of Alpha1AR with phenylephrine (a specific agonist). We observed several genes which belonged to pro-inflammatory and vascular development/angiogenesis pathway significantly altered in all of the four age groups. We also observed age-specific changes in gene expression–mediated by Alpha1AR stimulation in the different developmental age groups. These findings imply complex regulatory mechanisms of cerebrovascular development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dipali Goyal
- Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Ravi Goyal
- Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Alharshawi K, Marinelarena A, Kumar P, El-Sayed O, Bhattacharya P, Sun Z, Epstein AL, Maker AV, Prabhakar BS. PKC-ѳ is dispensable for OX40L-induced TCR-independent Treg proliferation but contributes by enabling IL-2 production from effector T-cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6594. [PMID: 28747670 PMCID: PMC5529425 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05254-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that OX40L/OX40 interaction is critical for TCR-independent selective proliferation of Foxp3+ Tregs, but not Foxp3- effector T-cells (Teff), when CD4+ T-cells are co-cultured with GM-CSF derived bone marrow dendritic cells (G-BMDCs). Events downstream of OX40L/OX40 interaction in Tregs responsible for this novel mechanism are not understood. Earlier, OX40L/OX40 interaction has been shown to stimulate CD4+ T-cells through the formation of a signalosome involving TRAF2/PKC-Ѳ leading to NF-kB activation. In this study, using CD4+ T-cells from WT and OX40-/- mice we first established that OX40 mediated activation of NF-kB was critical for this Treg proliferation. Although CD4+ T-cells from PKC-Ѳ-/- mice were also defective in G-BMDC induced Treg proliferation ex vivo, this defect could be readily corrected by adding exogenous IL-2 to the co-cultures. Furthermore, by treating WT, OX40-/-, and PKC-Ѳ-/- mice with soluble OX40L we established that OX40L/OX40 interaction was required and sufficient to induce Treg proliferation in vivo independent of PKC-Ѳ status. Although PKC-Ѳ is dispensable for TCR-independent Treg proliferation per se, it is essential for optimum IL-2 production by Teff cells. Finally, our findings suggest that OX40L binding to OX40 likely results in recruitment of TRAF1 for downstream signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Alharshawi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alejandra Marinelarena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Prabhakaran Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Osama El-Sayed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Palash Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Zuoming Sun
- Department of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Alan L Epstein
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ajay V Maker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bellur S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Byerly J, Halstead-Nussloch G, Ito K, Katsyv I, Irie HY. PRKCQ promotes oncogenic growth and anoikis resistance of a subset of triple-negative breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:95. [PMID: 27663795 PMCID: PMC5034539 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0749-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The protein kinase C (PKC) family comprises distinct classes of proteins, many of which are implicated in diverse cellular functions. Protein tyrosine kinase C theta isoform (PRKCQ)/PKCθ, a member of the novel PKC family, may have a distinct isoform-specific role in breast cancer. PKCθ is preferentially expressed in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) compared to other breast tumor subtypes. We hypothesized that PRKCQ/PKCθ critically regulates growth and survival of a subset of TNBC cells. Methods To elucidate the role of PRKCQ/PKCθ in regulating growth and anoikis resistance, we used both gain and loss of function to modulate expression of PRKCQ. We enhanced expression of PKCθ (kinase-active or inactive) in non-transformed breast epithelial cells (MCF-10A) and assessed effects on epidermal growth factor (EGF)-independent growth, anoikis, and migration. We downregulated expression of PKCθ in TNBC cells, and determined effects on in vitro and in vivo growth and survival. TNBC cells were also treated with a small molecule inhibitor to assess requirement for PKCθ kinase activity in the growth of TNBC cells. Results PRKCQ/PKCθ can promote oncogenic phenotypes when expressed in non-transformed MCF-10A mammary epithelial cells; PRKCQ/PKCθ enhances anchorage-independent survival, growth-factor-independent proliferation, and migration. PKCθ expression promotes retinoblastoma (Rb) phosphorylation and cell-cycle progression under growth factor-deprived conditions that typically induce cell-cycle arrest of MCF-10A breast epithelial cells. Proliferation and Rb phosphorylation are dependent on PKCθ-stimulated extracellular signal-related kinase (Erk)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity. Enhanced Erk/MAPK activity is dependent on the kinase activity of PKCθ, as overexpression of kinase-inactive PKCθ does not stimulate Erk/MAPK or Rb phosphorylation or promote growth-factor-independent proliferation. Downregulation of PRKCQ/PKCθ in TNBC cells enhances anoikis, inhibits growth in 3-D MatrigelTM cultures, and impairs triple-negative tumor xenograft growth. AEB071, an inhibitor of PKCθ kinase activity, also inhibits growth and invasive branching of TNBC cells in 3-D cultures, further supporting a role for PKCθ kinase activity in triple-negative cancer cell growth. Conclusions Enhanced PRKCQ/PKCθ expression can promote growth-factor-independent growth, anoikis resistance, and migration. PRKCQ critically regulates growth and survival of a subset of TNBC. Inhibition of PKCθ kinase activity may be an attractive therapeutic approach for TNBC, a subtype in need of improved targeted therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-016-0749-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Byerly
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gwyneth Halstead-Nussloch
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Koichi Ito
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Igor Katsyv
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Hanna Y Irie
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
López-Huertas MR, Li J, Zafar A, Rodríguez-Mora S, García-Domínguez C, Mateos E, Alcamí J, Rao S, Coiras M. PKCθ and HIV-1 Transcriptional Regulator Tat Co-exist at the LTR Promoter in CD4(+) T Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:69. [PMID: 26973648 PMCID: PMC4770193 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PKCθ is essential for the activation of CD4+ T cells. Upon TCR/CD28 stimulation, PKCθ is phosphorylated and migrates to the immunological synapse, inducing the activation of cellular transcription factors such as NF-κB and kinases as ERK that are critical for HIV-1 replication. We previously demonstrated that PKCθ is also necessary for HIV-1 replication but the precise mechanism is unknown. Efficient HIV-1 transcription and elongation are absolutely dependent on the synergy between NF-κB and the viral regulator Tat. Tat exerts its function by binding a RNA stem-loop structure proximal to the viral mRNA cap site termed TAR. Besides, due to its effect on cellular metabolic pathways, Tat causes profound changes in infected CD4+ T cells such as the activation of NF-κB and ERK. We hypothesized that the aberrant upregulation of Tat-mediated activation of NF-κB and ERK occurred through PKCθ signaling. In fact, Jurkat TetOff cells with stable and doxycycline-repressible expression of Tat (Jurkat-Tat) expressed high levels of mRNA for PKCθ. In these cells, PKCθ located at the plasma membrane was phosphorylated at T538 residue in undivided cells, in the absence of stimulation. Treatment with doxycycline inhibited PKCθ phosphorylation in Jurkat-Tat, suggesting that Tat expression was directly related to the activation of PKCθ. Both NF-κB and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway were significantly activated in Jurkat-Tat cells, and this correlated with high transactivation of HIV-1 LTR promoter. RNA interference for PKCθ inhibited NF-κB and ERK activity, as well as LTR-mediated transactivation even in the presence of Tat. In addition to Tat-mediated activation of PKCθ in the cytosol, we demonstrated by sequential ChIP that Tat and PKCθ coexisted in the same complex bound at the HIV-1 LTR promoter, specifically at the region containing TAR loop. In conclusion, PKCθ-Tat interaction seemed to be essential for HIV-1 replication in CD4+ T cells and could be used as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Rosa López-Huertas
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Jasmine Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Anjum Zafar
- Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra , Canberra, ACT , Australia
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mora
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Carlota García-Domínguez
- Functional Research Unit in Chronic Diseases, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Elena Mateos
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - José Alcamí
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Sudha Rao
- Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra , Canberra, ACT , Australia
| | - Mayte Coiras
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Phetsouphanh C, Kelleher AD. The Role of PKC-θ in CD4+ T Cells and HIV Infection: To the Nucleus and Back Again. Front Immunol 2015; 6:391. [PMID: 26284074 PMCID: PMC4519685 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC)-θ is the only member of the PKC family that has the ability to translocate to the immunological synapse between T cells and antigen-presenting cells upon T cell receptor and MHC-II recognition. PKC-θ interacts functionally and physically with other downstream effector molecules to mediate T cell activation, differentiation, and migration. It plays a critical role in the generation of Th2 and Th17 responses and is less important in Th1 and CTL responses. PKC-θ has been recently shown to play a role in the nucleus, where it mediates inducible gene expression in the development of memory CD4+ T cells. This novel PKC (nPKC) can up-regulate HIV-1 transcription and PKC-θ activators such as Prostratin have been used in early HIV-1 reservoir eradication studies. The exact manner of the activation of virus by these compounds and the role of PKC-θ, particularly its nuclear form and its association with NF-κB in both the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments, needs further precise elucidation especially given the very important role of NF-κB in regulating transcription from the integrated retrovirus. Continued studies of this nPKC isoform will give further insight into the complexity of T cell signaling kinases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chansavath Phetsouphanh
- The Kirby Institute of Infectious Diseases in Society, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- The Kirby Institute of Infectious Diseases in Society, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bermejo M, López-Huertas MR, Hedgpeth J, Mateos E, Rodríguez-Mora S, Maleno MJ, Plana M, Swindle J, Alcamí J, Coiras M. Analysis of protein kinase C theta inhibitors for the control of HIV-1 replication in human CD4+ T cells reveals an effect on retrotranscription in addition to viral transcription. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 94:241-56. [PMID: 25732195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection cannot be cured due to reservoirs formed early after infection. Decreasing the massive CD4+ T cell activation that occurs at the beginning of the disease would delay reservoir seeding, providing a better prognosis for patients. CD4+ T cell activation is mediated by protein kinase C (PKC) theta (θ), which is involved in T-cell proliferation, as well as NF-κB, NF-AT, and AP-1 activation. We found that PKCθ activity increased viral replication, but also that HIV-1 induced higher activation of PKCθ in infected CD4+ T cells, creating a feedback loop. Therefore, specific inhibition of PKCθ activity could contribute to control HIV-1 replication. We tested the efficacy of seven PKCθ specific inhibitors to control HIV-1 replication in CD4+ T cells and selected two of the more potent and safer: CGX1079 and CGX0471. They reduced PKCθ phosphorylation at T538 and its translocation to the plasma membrane, which correlated with decreased HIV-1 retrotranscription through partial inhibition of SAMHD1 antiviral activity, rendering lower proviral integration. CGX1079 and CGX0471 also interfered with viral transcription, which would reduce the production of new virions, as well as the subsequent spread and infection of new targets that would increase the reservoir size. CGX1079 and CGX0471 did not completely abrogate T-cell functions such as proliferation and CD8-mediated release of IFN-γ in PBMCs from HIV-infected patients, thereby avoiding general immunosuppresion. Consequently, using PKCθ inhibitors as adjuvant of antiretroviral therapy in recently infected patients would decrease the pool of activated CD4+ T cells, thwarting proviral integration and reducing the reservoir size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Bermejo
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Rosa López-Huertas
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Elena Mateos
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mora
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Maleno
- Retrovirology and Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, AIDS Research Group, Institut d́Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Plana
- Retrovirology and Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, AIDS Research Group, Institut d́Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - José Alcamí
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mayte Coiras
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Camerino GM, Bouchè M, De Bellis M, Cannone M, Liantonio A, Musaraj K, Romano R, Smeriglio P, Madaro L, Giustino A, De Luca A, Desaphy JF, Camerino DC, Pierno S. Protein kinase C theta (PKCθ) modulates the ClC-1 chloride channel activity and skeletal muscle phenotype: a biophysical and gene expression study in mouse models lacking the PKCθ. Pflugers Arch 2014; 466:2215-28. [PMID: 24643479 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1495-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In skeletal muscle, the resting chloride conductance (gCl), due to the ClC-1 chloride channel, controls the sarcolemma electrical stability. Indeed, loss-of-function mutations in ClC-1 gene are responsible of myotonia congenita. The ClC-1 channel can be phosphorylated and inactivated by protein kinases C (PKC), but the relative contribution of each PKC isoforms is unknown. Here, we investigated on the role of PKCθ in the regulation of ClC-1 channel expression and activity in fast- and slow-twitch muscles of mouse models lacking PKCθ. Electrophysiological studies showed an increase of gCl in the PKCθ-null mice with respect to wild type. Muscle excitability was reduced accordingly. However, the expression of the ClC-1 channel, evaluated by qRT-PCR, was not modified in PKCθ-null muscles suggesting that PKCθ affects the ClC-1 activity. Pharmacological studies demonstrated that although PKCθ appreciably modulates gCl, other isoforms are still active and concur to this role. The modification of gCl in PKCθ-null muscles has caused adaptation of the expression of phenotype-specific genes, such as calcineurin and myocyte enhancer factor-2, supporting the role of PKCθ also in the settings of muscle phenotype. Importantly, the lack of PKCθ has prevented the aging-related reduction of gCl, suggesting that its modulation may represent a new strategy to contrast the aging process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Maria Camerino
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy & Drug Sciences, University of Bari - Aldo Moro, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
EDdb: a web resource for eating disorder and its application to identify an extended adipocytokine signaling pathway related to eating disorder. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2013; 56:1086-96. [PMID: 24302289 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4573-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Eating disorder is a group of physiological and psychological disorders affecting approximately 1% of the female population worldwide. Although the genetic epidemiology of eating disorder is becoming increasingly clear with accumulated studies, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear. Recently, integration of various high-throughput data expanded the range of candidate genes and started to generate hypotheses for understanding potential pathogenesis in complex diseases. This article presents EDdb (Eating Disorder database), the first evidence-based gene resource for eating disorder. Fifty-nine experimentally validated genes from the literature in relation to eating disorder were collected as the core dataset. Another four datasets with 2824 candidate genes across 601 genome regions were expanded based on the core dataset using different criteria (e.g., protein-protein interactions, shared cytobands, and related complex diseases). Based on human protein-protein interaction data, we reconstructed a potential molecular sub-network related to eating disorder. Furthermore, with an integrative pathway enrichment analysis of genes in EDdb, we identified an extended adipocytokine signaling pathway in eating disorder. Three genes in EDdb (ADIPO (adiponectin), TNF (tumor necrosis factor) and NR3C1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1)) link the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) "adipocytokine signaling pathway" with the BioCarta "visceral fat deposits and the metabolic syndrome" pathway to form a joint pathway. In total, the joint pathway contains 43 genes, among which 39 genes are related to eating disorder. As the first comprehensive gene resource for eating disorder, EDdb ( http://eddb.cbi.pku.edu.cn ) enables the exploration of gene-disease relationships and cross-talk mechanisms between related disorders. Through pathway statistical studies, we revealed that abnormal body weight caused by eating disorder and obesity may both be related to dysregulation of the novel joint pathway of adipocytokine signaling. In addition, this joint pathway may be the common pathway for body weight regulation in complex human diseases related to unhealthy lifestyle.
Collapse
|
18
|
Marino JS, Hinds TD, Potter RA, Ondrus E, Onion JL, Dowling A, McLoughlin TJ, Sanchez ER, Hill JW. Suppression of protein kinase C theta contributes to enhanced myogenesis in vitro via IRS1 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. BMC Cell Biol 2013; 14:39. [PMID: 24053798 PMCID: PMC3848841 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-14-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Differentiation and fusion of skeletal muscle myoblasts into multi-nucleated myotubes is required for neonatal development and regeneration in adult skeletal muscle. Herein, we report novel findings that protein kinase C theta (PKCθ) regulates myoblast differentiation via phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 and ERK1/2. Results In this study, PKCθ knockdown (PKCθshRNA) myotubes had reduced inhibitory insulin receptor substrate-1 ser1095 phosphorylation, enhanced myoblast differentiation and cell fusion, and increased rates of protein synthesis as determined by [3H] phenylalanine incorporation. Phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 ser632/635 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) was increased in PKCθshRNA cells, with no change in ERK5 phosphorylation, highlighting a PKCθ-regulated myogenic pathway. Inhibition of PI3-kinase prevented cell differentiation and fusion in control cells, which was attenuated in PKCθshRNA cells. Thus, with reduced PKCθ, differentiation and fusion occur in the absence of PI3-kinase activity. Inhibition of the ERK kinase, MEK1/2, impaired differentiation and cell fusion in control cells. Differentiation was preserved in PKCθshRNA cells treated with a MEK1/2 inhibitor, although cell fusion was blunted, indicating PKCθ regulates differentiation via IRS1 and ERK1/2, and this occurs independently of MEK1/2 activation. Conclusion Cellular signaling regulating the myogenic program and protein synthesis are complex and intertwined. These studies suggest that PKCθ regulates myogenic and protein synthetic signaling via the modulation of IRS1and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Myotubes lacking PKCθ had increased rates of protein synthesis and enhanced myotube development despite reduced activation of the canonical anabolic-signaling pathway. Further investigation of PKCθ regulated signaling may reveal important interactions regulating skeletal muscle health in an insulin resistant state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Marino
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yan Zhang E, Kong KF, Altman A. The yin and yang of protein kinase C-theta (PKCθ): a novel drug target for selective immunosuppression. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2013; 66:267-312. [PMID: 23433459 PMCID: PMC3903317 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-404717-4.00006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C-theta (PKCθ) is a protein kinase C (PKC) family member expressed predominantly in T lymphocytes, and extensive studies addressing its function have been conducted. PKCθ is the only T cell-expressed PKC that localizes selectively to the center of the immunological synapse (IS) following conventional T cell antigen stimulation, and this unique localization is essential for PKCθ-mediated downstream signaling. While playing a minor role in T cell development, early in vitro studies relying, among others, on the use of PKCθ-deficient (Prkcq(-/-)) T cells revealed that PKCθ is required for the activation and proliferation of mature T cells, reflecting its importance in activating the transcription factors nuclear factor kappa B, activator protein-1, and nuclear factor of activated T cells, as well as for the survival of activated T cells. Upon subsequent analysis of in vivo immune responses in Prkcq(-/-) mice, it became clear that PKCθ has a selective role in the immune system: it is required for experimental Th2- and Th17-mediated allergic and autoimmune diseases, respectively, and for alloimmune responses, but is dispensable for protective responses against pathogens and for graft-versus-leukemia responses. Surprisingly, PKCθ was recently found to be excluded from the IS of regulatory T cells and to negatively regulate their suppressive function. These attributes of PKCθ make it an attractive target for catalytic or allosteric inhibitors that are expected to selectively suppress harmful inflammatory and alloimmune responses without interfering with beneficial immunity to infections. Early progress in developing such drugs is being made, but additional studies on the role of PKCθ in the human immune system are urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amnon Altman
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Isakov N, Altman A. PKC-theta-mediated signal delivery from the TCR/CD28 surface receptors. Front Immunol 2012; 3:273. [PMID: 22936936 PMCID: PMC3425079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C-theta (PKCθ) is a key enzyme in T lymphocytes, where it plays an important role in signal transduction downstream of the activated T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and the CD28 costimulatory receptor. Interest in PKCθ as a potential drug target has increased following recent findings that PKCθ is essential for harmful inflammatory responses mediated by Th2 (allergies) and Th17 (autoimmunity) cells as well as for graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and allograft rejection, but is dispensable for beneficial responses such as antiviral immunity and graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) response. TCR/CD28 engagement triggers the translocation of the cytosolic PKCθ to the plasma membrane (PM), where it localizes at the center of the immunological synapse (IS), which forms at the contact site between an antigen-specific T cell and antigen-presenting cells (APC). However, the molecular basis for this unique localization, and whether it is required for its proper function have remained unresolved issues until recently. Our recent study resolved these questions by demonstrating that the unique V3 (hinge) domain of PKCθ and, more specifically, a proline-rich motif within this domain, is essential and sufficient for its localization at the IS, where it is anchored to the cytoplasmic tail of CD28 via an indirect mechanism involving Lck protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) as an intermediate. Importantly, the association of PKCθ with CD28 is essential not only for IS localization, but also for PKCθ-mediated activation of downstream signaling pathways, including the transcription factors NF-κB and NF-AT, which are essential for productive T cell activation. Hence, interference with formation of the PKCθ-Lck-CD28 complex provides a promising basis for the design of novel, clinically useful allosteric PKCθ inhibitors. An additional recent study demonstrated that TCR triggering activates the germinal center kinase (GSK)-like kinase (GLK) and induces its association with the SLP-76 adaptor at the IS, where GLK phosphorylates the activation loop of PKCθ, converting it into an active enzyme. This recent progress, coupled with the need to study the biology of PKCθ in human T cells, is likely to facilitate the development of PKCθ-based therapeutic modalities for T cell-mediated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noah Isakov
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences and the Cancer Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Morales D, Skoulakis ECM, Acevedo SF. 14-3-3s are potential biomarkers for HIV-related neurodegeneration. J Neurovirol 2012; 18:341-53. [PMID: 22811265 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-012-0121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, it has become evident that 14-3-3 proteins are essential for primary cell functions. These proteins are abundant throughout the body, including the central nervous system and interact with other proteins in both cell cycle and apoptotic pathways. Examination of cerebral spinal fluid in humans suggests that 14-3-3s including 14-3-3ε (YWHAE) are up-regulated in several neurological diseases, and loss or duplication of the YWHAE gene leads to Miller-Dieker syndrome. The goal of this review is to examine the utility of 14-3-3s as a marker of human immune deficiency virus (HIV)-dependent neurodegeneration and also as a tool to track disease progression. To that end, we describe mechanisms implicating 14-3-3s in neurological diseases and summarize evidence of its interactions with HIV accessory and co-receptor proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Morales
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, Ponce School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ponce 00732, Puerto Rico
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
López-Huertas MR, Mateos E, Díaz-Gil G, Gómez-Esquer F, Sánchez del Cojo M, Alcamí J, Coiras M. Protein kinase Ctheta is a specific target for inhibition of the HIV type 1 replication in CD4+ T lymphocytes. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:27363-77. [PMID: 21669868 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.210443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Integration of HIV-1 genome in CD4(+) T cells produces latent reservoirs with long half-life that impedes the eradication of the infection. Control of viral replication is essential to reduce the size of latent reservoirs, mainly during primary infection when HIV-1 infects CD4(+) T cells massively. The addition of immunosuppressive agents to highly active antiretroviral therapy during primary infection would suppress HIV-1 replication by limiting T cell activation, but these agents show potential risk for causing lymphoproliferative disorders. Selective inhibition of PKC, crucial for T cell function, would limit T cell activation and HIV-1 replication without causing general immunosuppression due to PKC being mostly expressed in T cells. Accordingly, the effect of rottlerin, a dose-dependent PKC inhibitor, on HIV-1 replication was analyzed in T cells. Rottlerin was able to reduce HIV-1 replication more than 20-fold in MT-2 (IC(50) = 5.2 μM) and Jurkat (IC(50) = 2.2 μM) cells and more than 4-fold in peripheral blood lymphocytes (IC(50) = 4.4 μM). Selective inhibition of PKC, but not PKCδ or -ζ, was observed at <6.0 μM, decreasing the phosphorylation at residue Thr(538) on the kinase catalytic domain activation loop and avoiding PKC translocation to the lipid rafts. Consequently, the main effector at the end of PKC pathway, NF-κB, was repressed. Rottlerin also caused a significant inhibition of HIV-1 integration. Recently, several specific PKC inhibitors have been designed for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Using these inhibitors in combination with highly active antiretroviral therapy during primary infection could be helpful to avoid massive viral infection and replication from infected CD4(+) T cells, reducing the reservoir size at early stages of the infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Rosa López-Huertas
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sutcliffe EL, Bunting KL, He YQ, Li J, Phetsouphanh C, Seddiki N, Zafar A, Hindmarsh EJ, Parish CR, Kelleher AD, McInnes RL, Taya T, Milburn PJ, Rao S. Chromatin-associated protein kinase C-θ regulates an inducible gene expression program and microRNAs in human T lymphocytes. Mol Cell 2011; 41:704-19. [PMID: 21419345 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies in yeast demonstrate that signaling kinases have a surprisingly active role in the nucleus, where they tether to chromatin and modulate gene expression programs. Despite these seminal studies, the nuclear mechanism of how signaling kinases control transcription of mammalian genes is in its infancy. Here, we provide evidence for a hitherto unknown function of protein kinase C-theta (PKC-θ), which physically associates with the regulatory regions of inducible immune response genes in human T cells. Chromatin-anchored PKC-θ forms an active nuclear complex by interacting with RNA polymerase II, the histone kinase MSK-1, and the adaptor molecule 14-3-3ζ. ChIP-on-chip reveals that PKC-θ binds to promoters and transcribed regions of genes, as well as to microRNA promoters that are crucial for cytokine regulation. Our results provide a molecular explanation for the role of PKC-θ not only in normal T cell function, but also in circumstances of its ectopic expression in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elissa L Sutcliffe
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nakamura J. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate inhibits the antilipolytic action of insulin, probably via the activity of protein kinase Cε. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 648:188-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
25
|
Wei X, Liu J, Zhao C, Ju G, Wong-Riley M, Liu Y. Expressions of 5-HT/5-HT2A receptors and phospho-protein kinase C theta in the pre-Bötzinger complex in normal and chronic intermittent hypoxic rats. Neuroscience 2010; 168:61-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
26
|
Rasheed S, Yan JS, Hussain A, Lai B. Proteomic characterization of HIV-modulated membrane receptors, kinases and signaling proteins involved in novel angiogenic pathways. J Transl Med 2009; 7:75. [PMID: 19712456 PMCID: PMC2754444 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), hemangioma, and other angioproliferative diseases are highly prevalent in HIV-infected individuals. While KS is etiologically linked to the human herpesvirus-8 (HHV8) infection, HIV-patients without HHV-8 and those infected with unrelated viruses also develop angiopathies. Further, HIV-Tat can activate protein-tyrosine-kinase (PTK-activity) of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor involved in stimulating angiogenic processes. However, Tat by itself or HHV8-genes alone cannot induce angiogenesis in vivo unless specific proteins/enzymes are produced synchronously by different cell-types. We therefore tested a hypothesis that chronic HIV-replication in non-endothelial cells may produce novel factors that provoke angiogenic pathways. Methods Genome-wide proteins from HIV-infected and uninfected T-lymphocytes were tested by subtractive proteomics analyses at various stages of virus and cell growth in vitro over a period of two years. Several thousand differentially regulated proteins were identified by mass spectrometry (MS) and >200 proteins were confirmed in multiple gels. Each protein was scrutinized extensively by protein-interaction-pathways, bioinformatics, and statistical analyses. Results By functional categorization, 31 proteins were identified to be associated with various signaling events involved in angiogenesis. 88% proteins were located in the plasma membrane or extracellular matrix and >90% were found to be essential for regeneration, neovascularization and angiogenic processes during embryonic development. Conclusion Chronic HIV-infection of T-cells produces membrane receptor-PTKs, serine-threonine kinases, growth factors, adhesion molecules and many diffusible signaling proteins that have not been previously reported in HIV-infected cells. Each protein has been associated with endothelial cell-growth, morphogenesis, sprouting, microvessel-formation and other biological processes involved in angiogenesis (p = 10-4 to 10-12). Bioinformatics analyses suggest that overproduction of PTKs and other kinases in HIV-infected cells has suppressed VEGF/VEGFR-PTK expression and promoted VEGFR-independent pathways. This unique mechanism is similar to that observed in neovascularization and angiogenesis during embryogenesis. Validation of clinically relevant proteins by gene-silencing and translational studies in vivo would identify specific targets that can be used for early diagnosis of angiogenic disorders and future development of inhibitors of angiopathies. This is the first comprehensive study to demonstrate that HIV-infection alone, without any co-infection or treatment, can induce numerous "embryonic" proteins and kinases capable of generating novel VEGF-independent angiogenic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suraiya Rasheed
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Proteomics Research Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032-3626, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Primary clearance of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 by PKCtheta-/- CD8 T cells is compromised in the absence of help from CD4 T cells. J Virol 2008; 82:11970-5. [PMID: 18818318 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01053-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cells are dispensable for acute control of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) but are necessary for effective long-term control of the virus by CD8 T cells. In contrast, protein kinase C theta (PKCtheta) is not essential for either acute or long-term viral control. However, we found that while either CD4 or CD8 T cells could mediate the clearance of MHV-68 from the lungs of PKCtheta(+/+) mice, PKCtheta(-/-) mice depleted of either subset failed to clear the virus. These data suggest that there are two alternative pathways for MHV-68 clearance, one dependent on CD4 T cells and the other on PKCtheta. Protection mediated by the latter appears to be short-lived. These observations may help to explain the differential requirement for PKCtheta in various models of CD8 T-cell activation and differences in the costimulatory requirements for acute and long-term viral control.
Collapse
|
28
|
Sheng WY, Chen YR, Wang TCV. A major role of PKC theta and NFkappaB in the regulation of hTERT in human T lymphocytes. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:6819-24. [PMID: 17141225 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the telomerase catalytic subunit (TERT) is the rate-limiting determinant of telomerase activity in most human cells. In this work, we examined the participation of protein kinase C (PKC) in the regulation of hTERT expression in human T lymphocytes. Transient expression assays using luciferase reporter plasmids containing hTERT promoter showed that overexpression of PKC theta, but not the other PKC isoforms, could activate the promoter activity of hTERT in resting T lymphocytes. Among the PKC theta-activated signalings, we presented evidence that the expression of hTERT is mediated through NFkappaB but not through MEK or c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathways. Analysis of the hTERT promoter occupancy in vivo using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, however, did not detect an increased binding of NFkappaB to the hTERT promoter in the activated T cells, although an increased binding of cMyc and Sp1 was detected. Together with the observation that inhibition of NFkappaB eliminated the induction of cMyc in activated T cells, these results suggest that PKC theta-activated NFkappaB signaling regulates the expression of hTERT via cMyc in human T lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yun Sheng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Leung CY, Liu L, Wong RNS, Zeng YY, Li M, Zhou H. Saikosaponin-d inhibits T cell activation through the modulation of PKCtheta, JNK, and NF-kappaB transcription factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 338:1920-7. [PMID: 16289105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.10.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2005] [Accepted: 10/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of saikosaponin-d, a triterpene saponin derived from Bupleurum falcatum L. (Umbelliferae), on the signaling pathways of T cell activation were examined. The results showed that saikosaponin-d potently suppressed both early (CD69) and late (CD71) expressions of mouse T cells stimulated with Con A or PMA. It interfered with PKCtheta translocation from cytosol to membrane fraction and inhibited the phosphorylations of IkappaBalpha and JNK, but not ERK, in PMA-activated mouse T cells. Additionally, it inhibited PMA and ionomycin-stimulated IL-2 production in mouse T cells. In summary, these results indicate that the mechanism by which saikosaponin-d inhibits T cell activation would involve the suppression of CD69 and CD71 expressions and IL-2 production, and the modulation of PKC pathway through PKCtheta, JNK, and NF-kappaB transcription factor. This may herald a novel approach for further studies of saikosaponin-d as a candidate for use in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung Yee Leung
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Giannoni F, Lyon AB, Wareing MD, Dias PB, Sarawar SR. Protein kinase C theta is not essential for T-cell-mediated clearance of murine gammaherpesvirus 68. J Virol 2005; 79:6808-13. [PMID: 15890920 PMCID: PMC1112139 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.11.6808-6813.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) is a naturally occurring rodent pathogen with significant homology to human pathogens Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. T cells are essential for primary clearance of MHV-68 and survival of mice following intranasal infection. Previous reports have suggested that protein kinase C theta (PKCtheta) is essential for T-cell activation and cytokine production in vitro. To determine the role of this molecule in vivo during the immune response to a viral infection, PKCtheta-/- mice were infected with MHV-68. Despite the essential role of T cells in viral clearance, PKCtheta-/- mice survived infection, cleared lytic virus, and maintained effective long-term control of latency. CD8 T-cell expansion, trafficking to the lung, and cytotoxic activity were similar in PKCtheta+/+ and PKCtheta-/- mice, whereas antiviral antibody and T-helper cell cytokine production were significantly lower in PKCtheta-/- mice than in PKCtheta+/+ mice. These studies demonstrate a differential requirement for PKCtheta in the immune response to MHV-68 and show that PKCtheta is not essential for the T-cell activation events leading to viral clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Giannoni
- Division of Molecular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Dubielecka PM, Jaźwiec B, Potoczek S, Wróbel T, Miłoszewska J, Haus O, Kuliczkowski K, Sikorski AF. Changes in spectrin organisation in leukaemic and lymphoid cells upon chemotherapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 69:73-85. [PMID: 15588716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2004] [Accepted: 08/31/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate changes in spectrin and protein kinase C theta; (PKC theta;) organisation in human lymphoid and leukaemic cells undergoing chemotherapeutically induced apoptosis. An analysis of spectrin arrangement in human peripheral lymphoid (non-Hodgkin lymphoma) and leukaemic (acute lymphoblastic leukaemia) cells before and after chemotherapy revealed radical differences in the distribution of this protein. By using immunofluorescent technique, in lymphocytes isolated before chemotherapy, we found spectrin evenly distributed in the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane, while after the therapy changes in spectrin organisation occurred. Moreover, in lymphocytes after chemotherapy, extraction with buffer containing non-ionic detergent (Triton X-100) revealed presence of an insoluble fraction of spectrin. In normal or malignant cells before chemotherapy spectrin was totally soluble, however it should be mentioned that in total cell extracts and supernatants (but not in pellets) apoptotic fragments of spectrin (in addition to intact alpha and beta chains) were also found. In malignant cells after chemotherapy changes in PKC theta; organisation, similar to this observed in the case of spectrin, were shown by the immunofluorescence technique. In contrast, no differences in the distribution of other isoforms of protein kinase C: betaI and betaII, before and after chemotherapy, were found. Apoptotic phosphatidyloserine (PS) externalisation, as well as cell shrinkage, membrane protrusions and blebbing were observed in lymphocytes after chemotherapy and treatment with cytostatics in vitro. The overall results may suggest that spectrin redistribution/aggregation is the phenomenon involved in programmed cell death (PCD) of normal and neoplastic lymphocytes and lymphoblasts, however molecular basis of this phenomenon should be further investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja M Dubielecka
- Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Wrocław, S. Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Moien-Afshari F, McManus BM, Laher I. Immunosuppression and transplant vascular disease: benefits and adverse effects. Pharmacol Ther 2004; 100:141-56. [PMID: 14609717 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2003.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) occurs within 5 years of transplantation surgery and represents the main cause of death in long-term heart transplant survivors. The detailed pathogenesis of CAV is unknown, but there are strong indications that immunologic mechanisms, which are regulated by nonimmunologic factors, are the major cause of this phenomenon. Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a frequently used immunosuppressive agent in transplant medicine to prevent rejection. The mechanism of action of CsA involves initial binding to cyclophilin to form a complex that then inhibits calcineurin (CN), leading to reduced interleukin (IL)-2 production as part of the signal transduction pathway for the activation of B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes. Based on this proposed mechanism, it was expected that CsA should be an effective strategy in attenuating the host immune response against transplanted allograft tissue; however, CsA has not changed the outcome of CAV. Several mechanisms have been suggested for the ineffectiveness of CsA in long-term prevention of CAV. For example, routine therapeutic doses of CsA may block CN incompletely (50%), whereas complete blockade requires doses that are not clinically tolerable. Another explanation is the possible activation of T-cell receptors directly (CN independent) by the immune response, which induces protein kinase C theta (PKCtheta) and leads to IL-2 production and immune rejection. Moreover, there may be a role for nonimmunologic mechanisms, such as complement, which cannot be controlled by CsA, or CsA may cause hypercholesterolemia or induce overexpression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). This review also compares the effect of CsA with other immunosuppressants in allograft artery preservation and their clinical efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Moien-Afshari
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC Canada V6T 1Z3
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Southwell BR. Localization of protein kinase C theta immunoreactivity to interstitial cells of Cajal in guinea-pig gastrointestinal tract. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2003; 15:139-47. [PMID: 12680913 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2982.2003.00394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In the gastrointestinal tract, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are located between nerve fibres and muscle cells and have a role in neuromuscular transmission and muscle contractility. Protein kinase C (PKC) is involved in modulation of muscle contractility by neurotransmitters, but it is not known if PKC has a role in ICC. There are 11 different PKC isoforms. The presence of PKC isoforms in ICC in guinea-pig gastrointestinal tract was examined using fluorescence immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. Segments of guinea-pig stomach, duodenum, ileum, proximal and distal colon were fixed in zambonis fixative. Frozen sections and wholemounts were incubated with anti-PKC antibodies (alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, gamma, iota, lambda, mu, theta) followed by fluorescent secondary antibody. Only PKC theta (theta) immunoreactivity was found in ICC. None of the other PKC isoforms (alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, gamma, iota, lambda, mu) localized to the ICC. PKC theta immunoreactivity was prominent in ICC located between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers (ICC-MY) in all regions except stomach and within the circular muscle (ICC-IM) in the large intestine. PKC theta was not present in ICC in the deep muscular plexus in either duodenum or ileum. PKC theta immunoreactivity was present in the cell body and proximal processes of the ICC. The cells containing PKC theta also contained cKit confirming the cells were ICC. ICC-MY in the ileum also contained the neurokinin (NK) 1 receptor. In conclusion, PKC theta is present in pacemaker ICC, but its function is not yet known. Functional studies will be needed to determine the role of this kinase in ICC. Knowing the second messenger cascades and being able to manipulate subpopulations of ICC will add to our understanding of the molecular and cell biology of ICC networks within the gastrointestinal tract and may ultimately help in understanding the aetiology of some gastrointestinal motor pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B R Southwell
- Motility Laboratory, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Childrens Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gorelik G, Barreiro Arcos ML, Klecha AJ, Cremaschi GA. Differential expression of protein kinase C isoenzymes related to high nitric oxide synthase activity in a T lymphoma cell line. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1588:179-88. [PMID: 12385783 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(02)00163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) is critical for T lymphocyte activation and proliferation, while nitric oxide synthase (NOS) may function both as an activator or inhibitor of T cell apoptosis. Both enzymatic activities were studied in T lymphoma cells in comparison to normal and activated T lymphocytes. Here we show a higher translocation of PKC in BW5147 lymphoma cells than in mitogen-stimulated T lymphocytes. Tumor cells overexpressed PKC zeta isoform, while high levels of the PKC beta isotype were found in mitogen-stimulated T lymphocytes. Moreover, tumoral T cells showed high NOS activity, almost undetectable in normal or stimulated T lymphocytes. PKC and NOS inhibitors or the intracellular delivery of an anti-PKC zeta antibody diminished both NO production and proliferation in tumor cells. These results suggest that atypical PKC zeta isoform expression and its association with NOS activity regulation would participate in the multistep process leading to BW5147 cell malignant transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Gorelik
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO)-CONICET, Serrano 669 (1414), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Li J, Hellmich MR, Greeley GH, Townsend CM, Evers BM. Phorbol ester-mediated neurotensin secretion is dependent on the PKC-alpha and -delta isoforms. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002; 283:G1197-206. [PMID: 12381534 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00177.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Neurotensin (NT) plays an important role in gastrointestinal secretion, motility, and growth. The mechanisms regulating NT secretion are not entirely known. Our purpose was to define the role of the PKC signaling pathway in secretion of NT from BON cells, a human pancreatic carcinoid cell line that produces and secretes NT peptide. We demonstrated expression of all 11 PKC isoforms at varying levels in untreated BON cells. Expression of PKC-alpha, -beta2, -delta, and -mu isoforms was most pronounced. Immunofluorescent staining showed PKC-alpha and -mu expression throughout the cytoplasm and in the membrane. Also, significant fluorescence of PKC-delta was noted in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Treatment with PMA induced translocation of PKC-alpha, -delta, and -mu from cytosol to membrane. Activation of PKC-alpha, -delta, and -mu was further confirmed by kinase assays. Addition of PKC-alpha inhibitor Gö-6976 at a nanomolar concentration, other PKC inhibitors Gö-6983 and GF-109203X, or PKC-delta-specific inhibitor rottlerin significantly inhibited PMA-mediated NT release. Overexpression of either PKC-alpha or -delta increased PMA-mediated NT secretion compared with control cells. We demonstrated that PMA-mediated NT secretion in BON cells is associated with translocation and activation of PKC-alpha, -delta, and -mu. Furthermore, inhibition of PKC-alpha and -delta blocked PMA-stimulated NT secretion, suggesting a critical role for these isoforms in NT release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0536, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ishaq M, Fan M, Wigmore K, Gaddam A, Natarajan V. Regulation of retinoid X receptor responsive element-dependent transcription in T lymphocytes by Ser/Thr phosphatases: functional divergence of protein kinase C (PKC)theta; and PKC alpha in mediating calcineurin-induced transactivation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:732-8. [PMID: 12097375 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.2.732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocyte activation signals regulate the expression and transactivation function of retinoid X receptor (RXR) alpha through an interplay of complex signaling cascades that are not yet fully understood. We show that cellular Ser/Thr protein phosphatases (PPs) play an important role in mediating these processes. Inhibitors specific for PP1 and PP2A decreased basal expression of RXR alpha RNA and protein in T lymphocyte leukemia Jurkat cells and prevented activation-induced RXR alpha accumulation in these cells. In addition, these inhibitors attenuated the RXR responsive element (RXRE)-dependent transcriptional activation in transient transfection assays. Inhibitors of calcineurin (CN), by contrast, did not have any effect on the basal RXR alpha expression and even augmented activation-induced RXR alpha expression. Expression of a dominant-active (DA) mutant of CN together with a DA mutant of protein kinase C (PKC)theta;, a novel PKC isoform, significantly increased RXRE-dependent transcription. Expression of catalytically inactive PKC theta; or a dominant-negative mutant of PKC theta; failed to synergize with CN and did not increase RXRE-dependent transcription. Expression of a DA mutant of PKC alpha or treatment with PMA was found to attenuate PKC theta; and CN synergism. We conclude that PP1, PP2A, and CN regulate levels and transcriptional activation function of RXR alpha in T cells. In addition, CN synergizes with PKC theta; to induce RXRE-dependent activation, a cooperative function that is antagonized by the activation of the conventional PKC alpha isoform. Thus, PKC theta; and PKC alpha may function as positive and negative modulators, respectively, of CN-regulated RXRE-dependent transcription during T cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ishaq
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
The novel protein kinase C (PKC) isoform, PKC theta, is selectively expressed in T lymphocytes and is a sine qua non for T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-triggered activation of mature T cells. Productive engagement of T cells by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) results in recruitment of PKC theta to the T cell-APC contact area--the immunological synapse--where it interacts with several signaling molecules to induce activation signals essential for productive T cell activation and IL-2 production. The transcription factors NF-kappa B and AP-1 are the primary physiological targets of PKC theta, and efficient activation of these transcription factors by PKC theta requires integration of TCR and CD28 costimulatory signals. PKC theta cooperates with the protein Ser/Thr phosphatase, calcineurin, in transducing signals leading to activation of JNK, NFAT, and the IL-2 gene. PKC theta also promotes T cell cycle progression and regulates programmed T cell death. The exact mode of regulation and immediate downstream substrates of PKC theta are still largely unknown. Identification of these molecules and determination of their mode of operation with respect to the function of PKC theta will provide essential information on the mechanism of T cell activation. The selective expression of PKC theta in T cells and its essential role in mature T cell activation establish it as an attractive drug target for immunosuppression in transplantation and autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noah Isakov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Cancer Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Teixeiro E, Fuentes P, Galocha B, Alarcon B, Bragado R. T cell receptor-mediated signal transduction controlled by the beta chain transmembrane domain: apoptosis-deficient cells display unbalanced mitogen-activated protein kinases activities upon T cell receptor engagement. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:3993-4002. [PMID: 11724779 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107797200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The bases that support the versatility of the T cell receptor (TCR) to generate distinct T cell responses remain unclear. We have previously shown that mutant cells in the transmembrane domain of TCRbeta chain are impaired in TCR-induced apoptosis but are not affected in other functions. Here we describe the biochemical mechanisms by which this mutant receptor supports some T cell responses but fails to induce apoptosis. Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) is activated at higher and more sustained levels in TCRbeta-mutated than in wild type cells. Conversely, activation of both c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is severely reduced in mutant cells. By attempting to link this unbalanced induction to altered upstream events, we found that ZAP-70 is normally activated. However, although SLP-76 phosphorylation is normally induced, TCR engagement of mutant cells results in lower tyrosine phosphorylation of LAT but in higher tyrosine phosphorylation of Vav than in wild type cells. The results suggest that an altered signaling cascade leading to an imbalance in mitogen-activated protein kinase activities is involved in the selective impairment of apoptosis in these mutant cells. Furthermore, they also provide new insights in the contribution of TCR to decipher the signals that mediate apoptosis distinctly from proliferation.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Apoptosis
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Lectins, C-Type
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Mutation
- Phosphorylation
- Precipitin Tests
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- Protein Transport
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Tyrosine/metabolism
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Teixeiro
- Department of Immunology, Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Avenida. Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Niino YS, Irie T, Takaishi M, Hosono T, Huh N, Tachikawa T, Kuroki T. PKCtheta II, a new isoform of protein kinase C specifically expressed in the seminiferous tubules of mouse testis. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:36711-7. [PMID: 11470790 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m104348200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) theta, a Ca(2+)-independent isoform of PKC, has been known to be expressed in skeletal muscle and T cells. In the present study, we isolated and characterized a smaller transcript expressed in the mouse testis, the cDNA of which is referred hereafter as PKCthetaII and the original PKCtheta as PKCthetaI. The cDNA clone of PKCthetaII has 2184 base pairs and 464 amino acids in the possible open reading frame, consisting of the 5' unique sequence of 20 amino acids and the PKCthetaI sequence of 444 amino acids. Genomic DNA analysis revealed that transcription of PKCthetaII is initiated from the PKCthetaII-specific exon, which is located between exons 7 and 8 of the PKCtheta gene, indicating that alternative splicing is the mechanism by which PKCthetaII is generated. PKCthetaII is expressed exclusively in the testis in an age-dependent manner with sexual maturation. In situ hybridization and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of microdissected tissues clearly demonstrated that PKCthetaII is expressed in the seminiferous tubules of the mouse testis. Consistent with its molecular structure lacking the C1 regulatory domain, PKCthetaII is constitutively active as determined by an in vitro kinase assay, being independent of PKC activators, e.g. phosphatidylserine and phorbol ester. PKCthetaII may play a crucial role in spermatogenesis or some related function of the testis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y S Niino
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry and Center for Biotechnology, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Möller A, Dienz O, Hehner SP, Dröge W, Schmitz ML. Protein kinase C theta cooperates with Vav1 to induce JNK activity in T-cells. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:20022-8. [PMID: 11274147 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m011139200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we show that in human T-cell leukemia cells Vav1 and protein kinase C theta (PKCtheta) synergize for the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) but not p38 MAP kinase. Vav1 and PKCtheta also cooperated to induce transcription of reporter genes controlled either by AP-1 binding sites or the CD28RE/AP composite element contained in the IL-2 promoter by stimulating the binding of transcription factors to these two elements. Dominant negative versions of Vav1 and PKCtheta inhibited CD3/CD28-induced activation of JNK, revealing their relative importance for this activation pathway. Gel filtration experiments revealed the existence of constitutively associated Vav1/PKCtheta heterodimers in extracts from unstimulated T-cells, whereas T-cell costimulation induced the recruitment of Vav1 into high molecular weight complexes. Several experimental approaches showed that Vav1 is located upstream from PKCtheta in the control of the pathway leading to synergistic JNK activation. Vav1-derived signals lead to the activation of JNK by at least two different pathways. The major contribution of Vav1 for the activation of JNK relies on the PKCtheta-mediated Ca(2+)-independent synergistic activation pathway, whereas JNK is also activated by a separate Ca(2+)-dependent signaling route.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Möller
- German Cancer Research Center, Division of Immunochemistry (G0200), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wilda M, Ghaffari-Tabrizi N, Reisert I, Utermann G, Baier G, Hameister H. Protein kinase C isoenzyme: selective expression pattern of protein kinase C-θ during mouse development. Mech Dev 2001; 103:197-200. [PMID: 11335134 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4773(01)00357-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC)-θ, a serine/threonine protein kinase and novel PKC subfamily member, has been recently identified as an essential component of the T cell synapse which activates the NF-kB signaling cascade leading to expression of the IL-2 gene during T cell activation. By RNA in situ hybridization to whole-body embryo sections it is shown that the murine PKCθ is specifically expressed in tissues with hematopoietic and lymphopoietic activity. Expression is also evident in skeletal muscle. A further highly specific expression was observed in the peripheral and central nervous system which is described in detail. Expression in the brain persists up to adult stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Wilda
- Abteilung Humangenetik, Universität Ulm, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Solomou EE, Juang YT, Tsokos GC. Protein kinase C-theta participates in the activation of cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein and its subsequent binding to the -180 site of the IL-2 promoter in normal human T lymphocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:5665-74. [PMID: 11313407 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.9.5665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-2 gene expression is regulated by the cooperative binding of discrete transcription factors to the IL-2 promoter/enhancer and is predominantly controlled at the transcriptional level. In this study, we show that in normal T cells, the -180 site (-164/-189) of the IL-2 promoter/enhancer is a p-cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (p-CREB) binding site. Following activation of the T cells through various membrane-initiated and membrane-independent pathways, protein kinase C (PKC)-theta phosphorylates CREB, which subsequently binds to the -180 site and associates with the transcriptional coactivator p300. Rottlerin, a specific PKC-theta inhibitor, diminished p-CREB protein levels when normal T cells were treated with it. Rottlerin also prevented the formation of p-CREB/p300 complexes and the DNA-CREB protein binding. Cotransfection of fresh normal T cells with luciferase reporter construct driven by two tandem -180 sites and a PKC-theta construct caused a significant increase in the transcription of the reporter gene, indicating that this site is functional and regulated by PKC-theta. Cotransfection of T cells with a luciferase construct driven by the -575/+57 region of the IL-2 promoter/enhancer and a PKC-theta construct caused a similar increase in the reporter gene transcription, which was significantly limited when two bases within the -180 site were mutated. These findings show that CREB plays a major role in the transcriptional regulation of IL-2 and that a major pathway for the activation of CREB and its subsequent binding to the IL-2 promoter/enhancer in normal T cells is mediated by PKC-theta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E E Solomou
- Department of Cellular Injury, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sparatore B, Patrone M, Passalacqua M, Pedrazzi M, Pontremoli S, Melloni E. Human neuroblastoma cell differentiation requires protein kinase C-theta. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 279:589-94. [PMID: 11118330 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma LAN-5 cells exposed to retinoic acid cease to multiply and extend neurite outgrowths acquiring a neuronal phenotype. We now report that protein kinase C-theta; (PKC-theta;) isozyme is involved in this differentiation process due to the following findings: (i) PKC-theta; is expressed by LAN-5 cells as a nuclear and perinuclear protein; (ii) cell stimulation with retinoic acid promotes in a large increase in the expression level of the kinase and its intracellular redistribution; and (iii) a PKC-theta; antisense oligonucleotide reduces at the same time the expression level of the kinase and the cell response to retinoic acid. Altogether these data are consistent with a specific role played by PKC-theta; in the differentiation program of neuronal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Sparatore
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Biochemistry Section, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, Genoa, 1-16132, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Altman A, Isakov N, Baier G. Protein kinase Ctheta: a new essential superstar on the T-cell stage. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 2000; 21:567-73. [PMID: 11094261 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(00)01749-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have identified protein kinase Cθ (PKCtheta), a member of the Ca(2+)-independent PKC family, as an essential component of the T-cell synapse that cooperates with calcineurin to activate the interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene. Several selective functions of PKCtheta involved in the activation and survival of T cells are reviewed herein. Among these, the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling cascade appears to be the most critical target of PKCtheta in the T-cell receptor/CD28 costimulatory pathway that leads to T-cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Altman
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ahnadi CE, Giguère P, Gravel S, Gagné D, Goulet A, Fülöp T, Payet MD, Dupuis G. Chronic PMA treatment of Jurkat T lymphocytes results in decreased protein tyrosine phosphorylation and inhibition of CD3‐ but not Ti‐dependent antibody‐triggered Ca
2+
signaling. J Leukoc Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.68.2.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Charaf E. Ahnadi
- Departments of Biochemistry, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Physiology and Biophysics, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrick Giguère
- Clinical Research Center, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Serge Gravel
- Departments of Biochemistry, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Danièle Gagné
- Centre de Recherche en Gérontologie et Gériatrie, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne‐Christine Goulet
- Centre de Recherche en Gérontologie et Gériatrie, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tamàs Fülöp
- Centre de Recherche en Gérontologie et Gériatrie, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marcel D. Payet
- Physiology and Biophysics, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gilles Dupuis
- Departments of Biochemistry, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
NF-kappa B activation induced by T cell receptor/CD28 costimulation is mediated by protein kinase C-theta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000. [PMID: 10716728 PMCID: PMC16250 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.060028097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C-theta (PKCtheta) is a Ca(2+)-independent member of the PKC family that is selectively expressed in skeletal muscle and T lymphocytes and plays an important role in T cell activation. However, the molecular basis for the important functions of PKCtheta in T cells and the manner in which it becomes coupled to the T cell receptor-signaling machinery are unknown. We addressed the functional relationship between PKCtheta and CD28 costimulation, which plays an essential role in T cell receptor-mediated IL-2 production. Here, we provide evidence that PKCtheta is functionally coupled to CD28 costimulation by virtue of its selective ability to activate the CD28RE/activator protein-1 (AP-1) element in the IL-2 gene promoter. First, CD28 costimulation enhanced the membrane translocation and catalytic activation of PKCtheta. Second, among several PKC isoforms, PKCtheta was the only one capable of activating NF-kappaB or CD28RE/AP-1 reporters in T cells (but not in 293T cells). Third, wild-type PKCtheta synergized with CD28/CD3 signals to activate CD28RE/AP-1. In addition, PKCtheta selectively synergized with Tat to activate a CD28RE/AP-1 reporter. Fourth, CD3/CD28-induced CD28RE/AP-1 activation and NF-kappaB nuclear translocation were blocked by a selective PKCtheta inhibitor. Last, PKCtheta-mediated activation of the same reporter was inhibited by the proteasome inhibitor MG132 (which blocks IkappaB degradation) and was found to involve IkappaB-kinase beta. These findings identify a unique PKCtheta-mediated pathway for the costimulatory action of CD28, which involves activation of the IkappaB-kinase beta/IkappaB/NF-kappaB-signaling cascade.
Collapse
|
47
|
Coudronniere N, Villalba M, Englund N, Altman A. NF- B activation induced by T cell receptor/CD28 costimulation is mediated by protein kinase C-. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:3394-9. [PMID: 10716728 PMCID: PMC16250 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.7.3394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C-theta (PKCtheta) is a Ca(2+)-independent member of the PKC family that is selectively expressed in skeletal muscle and T lymphocytes and plays an important role in T cell activation. However, the molecular basis for the important functions of PKCtheta in T cells and the manner in which it becomes coupled to the T cell receptor-signaling machinery are unknown. We addressed the functional relationship between PKCtheta and CD28 costimulation, which plays an essential role in T cell receptor-mediated IL-2 production. Here, we provide evidence that PKCtheta is functionally coupled to CD28 costimulation by virtue of its selective ability to activate the CD28RE/activator protein-1 (AP-1) element in the IL-2 gene promoter. First, CD28 costimulation enhanced the membrane translocation and catalytic activation of PKCtheta. Second, among several PKC isoforms, PKCtheta was the only one capable of activating NF-kappaB or CD28RE/AP-1 reporters in T cells (but not in 293T cells). Third, wild-type PKCtheta synergized with CD28/CD3 signals to activate CD28RE/AP-1. In addition, PKCtheta selectively synergized with Tat to activate a CD28RE/AP-1 reporter. Fourth, CD3/CD28-induced CD28RE/AP-1 activation and NF-kappaB nuclear translocation were blocked by a selective PKCtheta inhibitor. Last, PKCtheta-mediated activation of the same reporter was inhibited by the proteasome inhibitor MG132 (which blocks IkappaB degradation) and was found to involve IkappaB-kinase beta. These findings identify a unique PKCtheta-mediated pathway for the costimulatory action of CD28, which involves activation of the IkappaB-kinase beta/IkappaB/NF-kappaB-signaling cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Coudronniere
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 10355 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sun Z, Arendt CW, Ellmeier W, Schaeffer EM, Sunshine MJ, Gandhi L, Annes J, Petrzilka D, Kupfer A, Schwartzberg PL, Littman DR. PKC-theta is required for TCR-induced NF-kappaB activation in mature but not immature T lymphocytes. Nature 2000; 404:402-7. [PMID: 10746729 DOI: 10.1038/35006090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 738] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Productive interaction of a T lymphocyte with an antigen-presenting cell results in the clustering of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) and the recruitment of a large signalling complex to the site of cell-cell contact. Subsequent signal transduction resulting in cytokine gene expression requires the activation of one or more of the multiple isoenzymes of serine/threonine-specific protein kinase C (PKC). Among the several PKC isoenzymes expressed in T cells, PKC-theta is unique in being rapidly recruited to the site of TCR clustering. Here we show that PKC-theta is essential for TCR-mediated T-cell activation, but is dispensable during TCR-dependent thymocyte development. TCR-initiated NF-kappaB activation was absent from PKC-theta(-/-) mature T lymphocytes, but was intact in thymocytes. Activation of NF-kappaB by tumour-necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 was unaffected in the mutant mice. Although studies in T-cell lines had suggested that PKC-theta regulates activation of the JNK signalling pathway, induction of JNK was normal in T cells from mutant mice. These results indicate that PKC-theta functions in a unique pathway that links the TCR signalling complex to the activation of NF-kappaB in mature T lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Sun
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a conserved family of 11 serine/threonine kinases. Most cell types express multiple members of the family. Because the catalytic sites are homologous, and able to accommodate a broad range of substrates in vitro, specificity in function is dependent on subcellular localization of each isozyme in each cell type. Physiological stimulation can result in major changes in localization of individual PKC isozymes, mediated through binding to specific anchoring proteins. We describe data demonstrating that disruption of such translocations of PKC isozymes by pharmacological agents, peptides, or antibodies, causes profound effects on T cell functions. The pharmacological opportunity provided by distinct kinetic properties of complex assembly is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Mochly-Rosen
- Dept. of Molecular Pharmacology, Stanford Medical School, CA 94305-5332, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Villalba M, Coudronniere N, Deckert M, Teixeiro E, Mas P, Altman A. A novel functional interaction between Vav and PKCtheta is required for TCR-induced T cell activation. Immunity 2000; 12:151-60. [PMID: 10714681 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vav and PKCtheta play an early and important role in the TCR/CD28-induced stimulation of MAP kinases and activation of the IL-2 gene. Vav is also essential for actin cytoskeleton reorganization and TCR capping. Here, we report that PKCtheta function was selectively required in a Vav signaling pathway that mediates the TCR/CD28-induced activation of JNK and the IL-2 gene and the upregulation of CD69 expression. Vav also promoted PKCtheta translocation from the cytosol to the membrane and cytoskeleton and induced its enzymatic activation in a CD3/CD28-initiated pathway that was dependent on Rac and on actin cytoskeleton reorganization. These findings reveal that the Vav/Rac pathway promotes the recruitment of PKCtheta to the T cell synapse and its activation, essential processes for T cell activation and IL-2 production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Villalba
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|