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Coccini T, Schicchi A, Locatelli CA, Caloni F, Negri S, Grignani E, De Simone U. Methylglyoxal-induced neurotoxic effects in primary neuronal-like cells transdifferentiated from human mesenchymal stem cells: Impact of low concentrations. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:1819-1839. [PMID: 37431083 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) have aroused the interest of the scientific community due to the increasing evidence of their involvement in many pathophysiological processes including various neurological disorders and cognitive decline age related. Methylglyoxal (MG) is one of the reactive dicarbonyl precursors of AGEs, mainly generated as a by-product of glycolysis, whose accumulation induces neurotoxicity. In our study, MG cytotoxicity was evaluated employing a human stem cell-derived model, namely, neuron-like cells (hNLCs) transdifferentiated from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, which served as a source of human based species-specific "healthy" cells. MG increased ROS production and induced the first characteristic apoptotic hallmarks already at low concentrations (≥10 μM), decreased the cell growth (≥5-10 μM) and viability (≥25 μM), altered Glo-1 and Glo-2 enzymes (≥25 μM), and markedly affected the neuronal markers MAP-2 and NSE causing their loss at low MG concentrations (≥10 μM). Morphological alterations started at 100 μM, followed by even more marked effects and cell death after few hours (5 h) from 200 μM MG addition. Substantially, most effects occurred as low as 10 μM, concentration much lower than that reported from previous observations using different in vitro cell-based models (e.g., human neuroblastoma cell lines, primary animal cells, and human iPSCs). Remarkably, this low effective concentration approaches the level range measured in biological samples of pathological subjects. The use of a suitable cellular model, that is, human primary neurons, can provide an additional valuable tool, mimicking better the physiological and biochemical properties of brain cells, in order to evaluate the mechanistic basis of molecular and cellular alterations in CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Coccini
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, and Pavia Poison Centre-National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Azzurra Schicchi
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, and Pavia Poison Centre-National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carlo Alessandro Locatelli
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, and Pavia Poison Centre-National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Negri
- Environmental Research Center, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Grignani
- Environmental Research Center, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Uliana De Simone
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, and Pavia Poison Centre-National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
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Bose R, Spulber S, Ceccatelli S. The Threat Posed by Environmental Contaminants on Neurodevelopment: What Can We Learn from Neural Stem Cells? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054338. [PMID: 36901772 PMCID: PMC10002364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to chemicals may pose a greater risk to vulnerable groups, including pregnant women, fetuses, and children, that may lead to diseases linked to the toxicants' target organs. Among chemical contaminants, methylmercury (MeHg), present in aquatic food, is one of the most harmful to the developing nervous system depending on time and level of exposure. Moreover, certain man-made PFAS, such as PFOS and PFOA, used in commercial and industrial products including liquid repellants for paper, packaging, textile, leather, and carpets, are developmental neurotoxicants. There is vast knowledge about the detrimental neurotoxic effects induced by high levels of exposure to these chemicals. Less is known about the consequences that low-level exposures may have on neurodevelopment, although an increasing number of studies link neurotoxic chemical exposures to neurodevelopmental disorders. Still, the mechanisms of toxicity are not identified. Here we review in vitro mechanistic studies using neural stem cells (NSCs) from rodents and humans to dissect the cellular and molecular processes changed by exposure to environmentally relevant levels of MeHg or PFOS/PFOA. All studies show that even low concentrations dysregulate critical neurodevelopmental steps supporting the idea that neurotoxic chemicals may play a role in the onset of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Augustyniak J, Lipka G, Kozlowska H, Caloni F, Buzanska L. Oxygen as an important factor modulating in vitro MeHgCl toxicity associated with mitochondrial genes in hiPSCs. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113737. [PMID: 35696963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are energy factories of cells and important targets for methylmercury chloride (MgHgCl). Methylmercury (MeHg) is a well-known environmental toxicant that bioaccumulates in fish and shellfish. It readily crosses the placental barrier, making it a threat to correct fetal development. Despite being comprehensively investigated for years, this compound has not been assessed for its in vitro mitochondrial toxicity under different oxygen conditions. In this study, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were used to evaluate the dependence of the expression of genes associated with pluripotency and mitochondria on atmospheric (21% O2) and low (5% O2) oxygen concentrations upon MeHgCl treatment. We showed that the toxicity of MeHgCl was strongly related to an increased mtDNA copy number and downregulation of the expression of an mtDNA replication and damage repair-associated gene POLG1 (Mitochondrial Polymerase Gamma Catalytic Subunit) in both tested oxygen conditions. In addition, the viability and mitochondrial membrane potential of hiPSCs were significantly lowered by MeHgCl regardless of the oxygen concentration. However, reactive oxygen species accumulation significantly increased only under atmospheric oxygen conditions; what was associated with increased expression of TFAM (Transcription Factor A, Mitochondrial) and NRF1 (Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1) and downregulation of PARK2 (Parkin RBR E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase). Taken together, our results demonstrated that MeHgCl could induce in vitro toxicity in hiPSCs through altering mitochondria-associated genes in an oxygen level-dependent manner. Thus, our work suggests that oxygen should be considered a factor was modulating the in vitro toxicity of environmental pollutants. Typical atmospheric conditions of in vitro culture significantly lower the predictive value of studies of such toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Augustyniak
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - G Lipka
- Department of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - H Kozlowska
- Laboratory of Advanced Microscopy Technique, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - F Caloni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - L Buzanska
- Department of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Labba NA, Wæhler HA, Houdaifi N, Zosen D, Haugen F, Paulsen RE, Hadera MG, Eskeland R. Paracetamol perturbs neuronal arborization and disrupts the cytoskeletal proteins SPTBN1 and TUBB3 in both human and chicken in vitro models. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 449:116130. [PMID: 35714712 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have linked long-term/high-dose usage of paracetamol (N-acetyl-para-aminophenol, APAP) during pregnancy to adverse neuropsychiatric outcomes, primarily attention-deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD), in the offspring. Though variable, ADHD has been associated with phenotypic alterations characterized by reductions in grey matter densities and aberrations in structural connectivity, effects which are thought to originate in neurodevelopment. We used embryonic chicken cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) and neuronally differentiating human NTERA2 cells (NT2Ns) to investigate the in vitro effects of APAP on cell viability, migration, neuritogenesis, and the intracellular levels of various proteins involved in neurodevelopment as well as in the maintenance of the structure and function of neurites. Exposure to APAP ranging from 100 to 1600 μM yielded concentration- and time-dependent reductions in cell viability and levels of neurite arborization, as well as reductions in the levels of the cytoskeletal protein β2-spectrin, with the highest APAP concentration resulting in between 50 and 75% reductions in the aforementioned metrics over the course of 72 h. Exposure to APAP also reduced migration in the NT2Ns but not CGNs. Moreover, we found concentration- and time-dependent increases in punctate aggregation of the cytoskeletal protein β3-tubulin following exposure to APAP in both cell model systems, with the highest APAP concentration approximately doubling the number of aggregates over 72-120 h. Our findings demonstrate that APAP negatively perturbs neurite arborization degree, with concurrent reductions in the protein levels of β2-spectrin and disruption of the integrity of β3-tubulin, both proteins of which play important roles in neuronal structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils-Anders Labba
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; PharmaTox Strategic Research Initiative, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Hallvard Austin Wæhler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; PharmaTox Strategic Research Initiative, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Nora Houdaifi
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Denis Zosen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Fred Haugen
- Department of Work Psychology and Physiology, National Institute of Occupational Health (STAMI), Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragnhild Elisabeth Paulsen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway; PharmaTox Strategic Research Initiative, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Mussie Ghezu Hadera
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway; PharmaTox Strategic Research Initiative, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragnhild Eskeland
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; PharmaTox Strategic Research Initiative, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway.
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Coccini T, Spinillo A, Roccio M, Lenta E, Valsecchi C, De Simone U. Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based in vitro Model for Neurotoxicity Testing. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e423. [PMID: 35471597 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurotoxicity (NT) testing for regulatory purposes is based on in vivo animal testing. There is general consensus, however, about the need for the development of alternative methodologies to allow researchers to more rapidly and cost effectively screen large numbers of chemicals for their potential to cause NT, or to investigate their mode of action. In vitro assays are considered an important source of information for making regulatory decisions, and human cell-based systems are recommended as one of the most relevant models in toxicity testing, to reduce uncertainty in the extrapolation of results from animal-based models. Human neuronal models range from various neuroblastoma cell lines to stem cell-derived systems, including those derived from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSC). hMSCs exhibit numerous advantages, including the fact that they can be obtained in high yield from healthy human adult tissues, can be cultured with a minimal laboratory setup and without genetic manipulations, are able of continuous and repeated self-renewal, are nontumorigenic, and can form large populations of stably differentiated cells representative of different tissues, including neuronal cells. hMSCs derived from human umbilical cord (hUC) in particular possess several prominent advantages, including a painless, non-invasive, and ethically acceptable collection procedure, simple and convenient preparation, and high proliferation capacity. In addition, hMSCs can be efficiently differentiated into neuron-like cells (hNLCs), which can then be used for the assessment of neuronal toxicity of potential neurotoxic compounds in humans. Here, we describe a step-by-step procedure to use hMSCs from the umbilical cord for in vitro neurotoxicity testing. First, we describe how to isolate, amplify, and store hMSCs derived from the umbilical cord. We then outline the steps to transdifferentiate these cells into hNLCs, and then use the hNLCs for neurotoxicity testing by employing multiple common cytotoxicity assays after treatment with test compounds. The approach follows the most updated guidance on using human cell-based systems. These protocols will allow investigators to implement an alternative system for obtaining primary NLCs of human origin, and support advancement in neurotoxicity research. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Isolation and maintenance of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSCs) obtained from the umbilical cord lining membrane Basic Protocol 2: Transdifferentiation of hMSCs into neuron-like cells (hNLCs) and basic neurotoxicity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Coccini
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, and Pavia Poison Centre-National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Arsenio Spinillo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marianna Roccio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Lenta
- Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory, Pediatric Hematology Oncology Unit, Cell Factory, Department of Maternal and Children's Health, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Valsecchi
- Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory, Pediatric Hematology Oncology Unit, Cell Factory, Department of Maternal and Children's Health, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Uliana De Simone
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, and Pavia Poison Centre-National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
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Abbott LC, Nigussie F. Mercury Toxicity and Neurogenesis in the Mammalian Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147520. [PMID: 34299140 PMCID: PMC8305137 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian brain is formed from billions of cells that include a wide array of neuronal and glial subtypes. Neural progenitor cells give rise to the vast majority of these cells during embryonic, fetal, and early postnatal developmental periods. The process of embryonic neurogenesis includes proliferation, differentiation, migration, the programmed death of some newly formed cells, and the final integration of differentiated neurons into neural networks. Adult neurogenesis also occurs in the mammalian brain, but adult neurogenesis is beyond the scope of this review. Developing embryonic neurons are particularly susceptible to neurotoxicants and especially mercury toxicity. This review focused on observations concerning how mercury, and in particular, methylmercury, affects neurogenesis in the developing mammalian brain. We summarized information on models used to study developmental mercury toxicity, theories of pathogenesis, and treatments that could be used to reduce the toxic effects of mercury on developing neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C. Abbott
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4458 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-541-254-0779
| | - Fikru Nigussie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 700 SW 30th Street, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
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Furnary T, Garcia-Milian R, Liew Z, Whirledge S, Vasiliou V. In Silico Exploration of the Potential Role of Acetaminophen and Pesticides in the Etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9050097. [PMID: 33925648 PMCID: PMC8146009 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9050097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological studies suggest that prenatal exposure to acetaminophen (APAP) is associated with increased risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting 1 in 59 children in the US. Maternal and prenatal exposure to pesticides from food and environmental sources have also been implicated to affect fetal neurodevelopment. However, the underlying mechanisms for ASD are so far unknown, likely with complex and multifactorial etiology. The aim of this study was to explore the potential effects of APAP and pesticide exposure on development with regards to the etiology of ASD by highlighting common genes and biological pathways. Genes associated with APAP, pesticides, and ASD through human research were retrieved from molecular and biomedical literature databases. The interaction network of overlapping genetic associations was subjected to network topology analysis and functional annotation of the resulting clusters. These genes were over-represented in pathways and biological processes (FDR p < 0.05) related to apoptosis, metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and carbohydrate metabolism. Since these three biological processes are frequently implicated in ASD, our findings support the hypothesis that cell death processes and specific metabolic pathways, both of which appear to be targeted by APAP and pesticide exposure, may be involved in the etiology of ASD. This novel exposures-gene-disease database mining might inspire future work on understanding the biological underpinnings of various ASD risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Furnary
- Environmental Health Sciences Department, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - Rolando Garcia-Milian
- Bioinformatics Support Program, Cushing/Whitney Medical Library, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - Zeyan Liew
- Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric and Environmental Health, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - Shannon Whirledge
- Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Environmental Health Sciences Department, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Ming T, Wu Y, Huan H, Jiang Q, Su C, Lu C, Zhou J, Li Y, Su X. Integrative proteomics and metabolomics profiling of the protective effects of Phascolosoma esculent ferritin on BMSCs in Cd(II) injury. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 212:111995. [PMID: 33529923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is the major intracellular iron storage protein and is essential for iron homeostasis and detoxification. Cadmium affects cellular homeostasis and induces cell toxicity via sophisticated mechanisms. Here, we aimed to explore the mechanisms of cytoprotective effect of Phascolosoma esculenta ferritin (PeFer) on Cd(II)-induced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) injury. Herein, the effects of different treated groups on apoptosis and cell cycle were assessed using flow cytometric analysis. We further investigated the alterations of the three groups using integrative 2-DE-based proteomics and 1H NMR-based metabolomics profiles. The results indicate that PeFer reduces BMSC apoptosis induced by Cd(II) and delays G0/G1 cell cycle progression. A total of 19 proteins and 70 metabolites were significantly different among BMSC samples of the three groups. Notably, multiomics analysis revealed that Cd(II) might perturb the ER stress-mediated apoptosis pathway and disrupt biological processes related to the TCA cycle, amino acid metabolism, purine and pyrimidine metabolism, thereby suppressing the cell growth rate and initiating apoptosis; however, the addition of PeFer might protect BMSCs against cell apoptosis to improve cell survival by enhancing energy metabolism. This study provides a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of the protective effect of PeFer in BMSCs against Cd(II) injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinghong Ming
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Yan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Hengshang Huan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Qinqin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Chang Su
- Zhejiang Collaborative Innovation Center for High Value Utilization of Byproducts from Ethylene Project, Ningbo Polytechnic College, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315800, China
| | - Chenyang Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Ye Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Xiurong Su
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China.
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Sağir D, Okur Z. Effects of cellular phone electromagnetic field exposure on the hippocampi of rats in childhood and adolescence. NEUROL SCI NEUROPHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/nsn.nsn_206_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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10
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An efficient neuron-astrocyte differentiation protocol from human embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitors to assess chemical-induced developmental neurotoxicity. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 98:107-116. [PMID: 32931842 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cell neuronal differentiation models provide promising in vitro tools for the prediction of developmental neurotoxicity of chemicals. Such models mimic essential elements of human relevant neuronal development, including the differentiation of a variety of brain cell types and their neuronal network formation as evidenced by specific gene and protein biomarkers. However, the reproducibility and lengthy culture duration of cell models present drawbacks and delay regulatory implementation. Here we present a relatively short and robust protocol to differentiate H9-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) into a neuron-astrocyte co-culture. When frozen-stored NPCs were re-cultured and induced into neuron-astrocyte differentiation, they showed gene- and protein expression typical for these cells, and most notably they exhibited spontaneous electrical activity within three days of culture as measured by a multi-well micro-electrode array. Modulating the ratio of astrocytes and neurons through different growth factors including glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) did not compromise the ability to develop spontaneous electrical activity. This robust neuronal differentiation model may serve as a functional component of a testing strategy for unravelling mechanisms of developmental neurotoxicity.
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Coccini T, Pignatti P, Spinillo A, De Simone U. Developmental Neurotoxicity Screening for Nanoparticles Using Neuron-Like Cells of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Example with Magnetite Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10081607. [PMID: 32824247 PMCID: PMC7466682 DOI: 10.3390/nano10081607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metallic nanoparticles (NPs), as iron oxide NPs, accumulate in organs, cross the blood-brain barrier and placenta, and have the potential to elicit developmental neurotoxicity (DNT). Human stem cell-derived in vitro models may provide more realistic platforms to study NPs effects on neural cells, and to obtain relevant information on the potential for early or late DNT effects in humans. Primary neuronal-like cells (hNLCs) were generated from mesenchymal stem cells derived from human umbilical cord lining and the effects caused by magnetite (Fe3O4NPs, 1-50 μg/mL) evaluated. Neuronal differentiation process was divided into stages: undifferentiated, early, mid- and fully-differentiated (from day-2 to 8 of induction) based on different neuronal markers and morphological changes over time. Reduction in neuronal differentiation induction after NP exposure was observed associated with NP uptake: β-tubulin III (β-Tub III), microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2), enolase (NSE) and nestin were downregulated (10-40%), starting from 25 μg/mL at the early stage. Effects were exacerbated at higher concentrations and persisted up to 8 days without cell morphology alterations. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and caspase-3/7 activity data indicated Fe3O4NPs-induced cell mortality in a concentration-dependent manner and increases of apoptosis: effects appeared early (from day-3), started at low concentrations (≥5 μg/mL) and persisted. This new human cell-based model allows different stages of hNLCs to be cultured, exposed to NPs/chemicals, and analyzed for different endpoints at early or later developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Coccini
- Toxicology Unit, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Via Maugeri 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0382-592416
| | - Patrizia Pignatti
- Allergy and Immunology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Via Maugeri 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Arsenio Spinillo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Uliana De Simone
- Toxicology Unit, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Via Maugeri 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
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12
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Transcriptomic insight into cadmium-induced neurotoxicity in embryonic neural stem/progenitor cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 62:104686. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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De Simone U, Spinillo A, Caloni F, Gribaldo L, Coccini T. Neuron-Like Cells Generated from Human Umbilical Cord Lining-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells as a New In Vitro Model for Neuronal Toxicity Screening: Using Magnetite Nanoparticles as an Example. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E271. [PMID: 31906090 PMCID: PMC6982086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The wide employment of iron nanoparticles in environmental and occupational settings underlines their potential to enter the brain. Human cell-based systems are recommended as relevant models to reduce uncertainty and to improve prediction of human toxicity. This study aimed at demonstrating the in vitro differentiation of the human umbilical cord lining-derived-mesenchymal stem cells (hCL-MSCs) into neuron-like cells (hNLCs) and the benefit of using them as an ideal primary cell source of human origin for the neuronal toxicity of Fe3O4NPs (magnetite-nanoparticles). Neuron-like phenotype was confirmed by: live morphology; Nissl body staining; protein expression of different neuronal-specific markers (immunofluorescent staining), at different maturation stages (i.e., day-3-early and day-8-full differentiated), namely β-tubulin III, MAP-2, enolase (NSE), glial protein, and almost no nestin and SOX-2 expression. Synaptic makers (SYN, GAP43, and PSD95) were also expressed. Fe3O4NPs determined a concentration- and time-dependent reduction of hNLCs viability (by ATP and the Trypan Blue test). Cell density decreased (20-50%) and apoptotic effects were detected at ≥10 μg/mL in both types of differentiated hNLCs. Three-day-differentiated hNLCs were more susceptible (toxicity appeared early and lasted for up to 48 h) than 8-day-differentiated cells (delayed effects). The study demonstrated that (i) hCL-MSCs easily differentiated into neuronal-like cells; (ii) the hNCLs susceptibility to Fe3O4NPs; and (iii) human primary cultures of neurons are new in vitro model for NP evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uliana De Simone
- Laboratory of Clinical & Experimental Toxicology, Toxicology Unit, ICS Maugeri SpA-Benefit Corporation, IRCCS Pavia, Via Maugeri 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Arsenio Spinillo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Laura Gribaldo
- Chemical Safety and Alternative Methods Unit, Directorate F—Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Directorate General Joint Research Centre, European Commission, 21027 Ispra, Italy;
| | - Teresa Coccini
- Laboratory of Clinical & Experimental Toxicology, Toxicology Unit, ICS Maugeri SpA-Benefit Corporation, IRCCS Pavia, Via Maugeri 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
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Huang M, Li Y, Wu K, Hao S, Cai Q, Zhou ZJ, Yang HF. Effects of environmental chemicals on the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:1285-1291. [PMID: 31400064 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to explore the effects of environmental chemicals, such as methyl mercury, paraquat, and bisphenol A, on cell proliferation and apoptosis, as well as the expression levels of neuronal differentiation-related genes in neural stem cells (NSCs). NSCs originated from human umbilical cord blood (HUCB-NSCs) were used as cell models in the current study. CCK-8 and flow cytometry experiments were performed to assess the effects of methyl mercury, paraquat, and bisphenol A on the proliferation and apoptosis of HUCB-NSCs at different processes, including proliferation and differentiation stages. The expressions of neuronal differentiation-related genes were determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. The results showed that methyl mercury, paraquat, and bisphenol A treatments significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in HUCB-NSCs, as well as decreased the expressions of Oct4, Gdf3, and Sox1, whereas increased Pax6 and Ngn1 expressions at both mRNA and protein levels. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that environmental chemicals can impair the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs, which may cause abnormal development of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Huang
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health/Lab of Molecular Toxicology, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yingying Li
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health/Lab of Molecular Toxicology, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Kexin Wu
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health/Lab of Molecular Toxicology, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shaowen Hao
- Emergency Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Qian Cai
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health/Lab of Molecular Toxicology, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhou
- School of Public Health/MOE Key Laboratory for Public Health Safety/Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of National Health Commission, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Fang Yang
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health/Lab of Molecular Toxicology, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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15
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Liang S, Liang S, Zhou H, Yin N, Faiola F. Typical halogenated flame retardants affect human neural stem cell gene expression during proliferation and differentiation via glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta and T3 signaling. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 183:109498. [PMID: 31377521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
2',2',4,4'-tetrabromo diphenyl ether (BDE-47), one of the most abundant congeners of commercial pentaBDE utilized as flame retardants, has been phased out of production due to its potential neural toxicity and endocrine disrupting activities, and yet still present in the environment. Several alternatives to BDE-47, including tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), tetrabromobisphenol S (TBBPS), tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA) and decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), are presently employed without restrictions and their potential toxic effects on human neural development are still unclear. In this study, we utilized a human neural stem cell (hNSC)-based system to evaluate the potential developmental neurotoxic effects of the above-mentioned five chemicals, at environment and human exposure relevant concentrations. We found that those compounds slightly altered the expression of hNSC identity markers (SOX2, SOX3 and NES), without impairing cell viability or proliferation, in part by either modulating glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) signaling (TBBPS, TCBPA and BDE-47), and slightly disturbing the NOTCH pathway (TBBPA, TBBPS and TCBPA). Moreover, the five chemicals seemed to alter hNSC differentiation by perturbing triiodothyronine (T3) cellular signaling. Thus, our findings suggest that the five compounds, especially TBBPS, TCBPA, and BDE-47, may affect hNSC self-renewal and differentiation abilities and potentially elicit neural developmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shengxian Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Nuoya Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Francesco Faiola
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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16
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Gill S, Kumara VMR. Detecting Neurodevelopmental Toxicity of Domoic Acid and Ochratoxin A Using Rat Fetal Neural Stem Cells. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17100566. [PMID: 31590222 PMCID: PMC6835907 DOI: 10.3390/md17100566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, animal experiments in rodents are the gold standard for developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) investigations; however, testing guidelines for these experiments are insufficient in terms of animal use, time, and costs. Thus, alternative reliable approaches are needed for predicting DNT. We chose rat neural stem cells (rNSC) as a model system, and used a well-known neurotoxin, domoic acid (DA), as a model test chemical to validate the assay. This assay was used to investigate the potential neurotoxic effects of Ochratoxin A (OTA), of which the main target organ is the kidney. However, limited information is available regarding its neurotoxic effects. The effects of DA and OTA on the cytotoxicity and on the degree of differentiation of rat rNSC into astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes were monitored using cell-specific immunofluorescence staining for undifferentiated rNSC (nestin), neurospheres (nestin and A2B5), neurons (MAP2 clone M13, MAP2 clone AP18, and Doublecortin), astrocytes (GFAP), and oligodendrocytes (A2B5 and mGalc). In the absence of any chemical exposure, approximately 46% of rNSC differentiated into astrocytes and neurons, while 40% of the rNSC differentiated into oligodendrocytes. Both non-cytotoxic and cytotoxic concentrations of DA and OTA reduced the differentiation of rNSC into astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, a non-cytotoxic nanomolar (0.05 µM) concentration of DA and 0.2 µM of OTA reduced the percentage differentiation of rNSC into astrocytes and neurons. Morphometric analysis showed that the highest concentration (10 μM) of DA reduced axonal length. These indicate that low, non-cytotoxic concentrations of DA and OTA can interfere with the differentiation of rNSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gill
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Tunney's Pasture, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - V M Ruvin Kumara
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Tunney's Pasture, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
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17
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Sandoval L, Rosca A, Oniga A, Zambrano A, Ramos JJ, González MC, Liste I, Motas M. Effects of chlorpyrifos on cell death and cellular phenotypic specification of human neural stem cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 683:445-454. [PMID: 31136966 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphate pesticide widely used in agriculture, whose traditional and well-known mechanism of action is the inhibition of the enzyme Acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Subacute exposures to CPF have been associated with alterations different from the inhibition of AChE. Because of the vulnerability of the developing nervous system, prenatal and early postnatal exposures are of special concern. Human neural stem cells (hNSC) provide the opportunity to study early stages of neural development and may be a valuable tool for developmental neurotoxicology (DNT). In the current work, the cell line hNS1 was used as a model system with the aim of validating this cell line as a reliable testing method. To evaluate the effects of CPF on early developmental stages, hNS1 cells were exposed to different concentrations of the pesticide and cell death, proliferation and cell fate specification were analyzed under differentiation conditions. Since hNS1 cells responded to CPF in a similar way to other human cell lines, we consider it may be a valid model for DNT chemical assessment. CPF induced apoptotic cell death only at the highest doses tested, suggesting that it is not toxic for the specific developmental stage here addressed under short term exposure. In addition, the higher doses of CPF promoted the generation of astroglial cells, without affecting neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sandoval
- Unidad de Regeneración Neural, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Toxicología Ambiental, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreea Rosca
- Unidad de Regeneración Neural, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreea Oniga
- Toxicología Ambiental, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Zambrano
- Unidad de Regeneración Neural, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan José Ramos
- Toxicología Ambiental, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mª Carmen González
- Toxicología Ambiental, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel Liste
- Unidad de Regeneración Neural, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel Motas
- Toxicología Ambiental, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Li J, Settivari R, LeBaron MJ, Marty MS. An industry perspective: A streamlined screening strategy using alternative models for chemical assessment of developmental neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 2019; 73:17-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Zhou Y, Fu Y, Bai Z, Li P, Zhao B, Han Y, Xu T, Zhang N, Lin L, Cheng J, Zhang J, Zhang J. Neural Differentiation of Mouse Neural Stem Cells as a Tool to Assess Developmental Neurotoxicity of Drinking Water in Taihu Lake. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 190:172-186. [PMID: 30465171 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we used neural stem cells (NSCs) as a toxicology tool to assess the potential developmental neurotoxicity of drinking water from Taihu Lake. We found that the condensed drinking water could inhibit the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs, especially the tap water. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that nickel was detected in the tap water with a high concentration. Our study revealed that nickel could inhibit NSCs proliferation and differentiation, which is induced not only by the intracellular reactive oxygen species generation, but also by the protein levels upregulation of p-c-Raf, p-MEK1/2 and p-Erk1/2 through the axon guidance signal pathways. These findings will provide a new way of research insight for investigation of nickel-induced neurotoxicity. Meanwhile, our test method confirmed the feasibility and reliability of stem cell assays for developmental neurotoxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, People's Republic of China
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Fu
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhendong Bai
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Peixin Li
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuehua Han
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, People's Republic of China.
- Tongji Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 389 Xincun Road, 200065, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Prince LM, Aschner M, Bowman AB. Human-induced pluripotent stems cells as a model to dissect the selective neurotoxicity of methylmercury. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:129300. [PMID: 30742955 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a potent neurotoxicant affecting both the developing and mature central nervous system (CNS) with apparent indiscriminate disruption of multiple homeostatic pathways. However, genetic and environmental modifiers contribute significant variability to neurotoxicity associated with human exposures. MeHg displays developmental stage and neural lineage selective neurotoxicity. To identify mechanistic-based neuroprotective strategies to mitigate human MeHg exposure risk, it will be critical to improve our understanding of the basis of MeHg neurotoxicity and of this selective neurotoxicity. Here, we propose that human-based pluripotent stem cell cellular approaches may enable mechanistic insight into genetic pathways that modify sensitivity of specific neural lineages to MeHg-induced neurotoxicity. Such studies are crucial for the development of novel disease modifying strategies impinging on MeHg exposure vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Prince
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2051, United States
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Aaron B Bowman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2051, United States.
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21
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Knockdown of Butyrylcholinesterase but Not Inhibition by Chlorpyrifos Alters Early Differentiation Mechanisms in Human Neural Stem Cells. TOXICS 2018; 6:toxics6030052. [PMID: 30200437 PMCID: PMC6160911 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6030052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is the evolutionary counterpart to acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Both are expressed early in nervous system development prior to cholinergic synapse formation. The organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) primarily exerts toxicity through the inhibition of AChE, which results in excess cholinergic stimulation at the synapse. We hypothesized that the inhibition of AChE and BChE by CPF may impair early neurogenesis in neural stem cells (NSCs). To model neurodevelopment in vitro, we used human NSCs derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with a focus on the initial differentiation mechanisms. Over the six days of NSC differentiation, the BChE activity and mRNA expression significantly increased, while the AChE activity and expression remained unchanged. The CPF treatment (10 μM) caused 82% and 92% inhibition of AChE and BChE, respectively. The CPF exposure had no effect on the cell viability or the expression of the differentiation markers HES5, DCX, or MAP2. However, the shRNA-knockdown of the BChE expression resulted in the decreased or delayed expression of the transcription factors HES5 and HES3. BChE may have a role in the differentiation of NSCs independent of, or in addition to, its enzymatic activity.
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22
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Janowska J, Gargas J, Ziemka-Nalecz M, Zalewska T, Buzanska L, Sypecka J. Directed glial differentiation and transdifferentiation for neural tissue regeneration. Exp Neurol 2018; 319:112813. [PMID: 30171864 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glial cells which are indispensable for the central nervous system development and functioning, are proven to be vulnerable to a harmful influence of pathological cues and tissue misbalance. However, they are also highly sensitive to both in vitro and in vivo modulation of their commitment, differentiation, activity and even the fate-switch by different types of bioactive molecules. Since glial cells (comprising macroglia and microglia) are an abundant and heterogeneous population of neural cells, which are almost uniformly distributed in the brain and the spinal cord parenchyma, they all create a natural endogenous reservoir of cells for potential neurogenerative processes required to be initiated in response to pathophysiological cues present in the local tissue microenvironment. The past decade of intensive investigation on a spontaneous and enforced conversion of glial fate into either alternative glial (for instance from oligodendrocytes to astrocytes) or neuronal phenotypes, has considerably extended our appreciation of glial involvement in restoring the nervous tissue cytoarchitecture and its proper functions. The most effective modulators of reprogramming processes have been identified and tested in a series of pre-clinical experiments. A list of bioactive compounds which are potent in guiding in vivo cell fate conversion and driving cell differentiation includes a selection of transcription factors, microRNAs, small molecules, exosomes, morphogens and trophic factors, which are helpful in boosting the enforced neuro-or gliogenesis and promoting the subsequent cell maturation into desired phenotypes. Herein, an issue of their utility for a directed glial differentiation and transdifferentiation is discussed in the context of elaborating future therapeutic options aimed at restoring the diseased nervous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Janowska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, NeuroRepair Department, 5, Pawinskiego str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Gargas
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, NeuroRepair Department, 5, Pawinskiego str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Ziemka-Nalecz
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, NeuroRepair Department, 5, Pawinskiego str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Teresa Zalewska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, NeuroRepair Department, 5, Pawinskiego str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Leonora Buzanska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stem Cell Bioengineering Unit, 5, Pawinskiego str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Sypecka
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, NeuroRepair Department, 5, Pawinskiego str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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23
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Eve DJ, Sanberg PR, Buzanska L, Sarnowska A, Domanska-Janik K. Human Somatic Stem Cell Neural Differentiation Potential. Results Probl Cell Differ 2018; 66:21-87. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93485-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
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24
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Buzanska L, Zychowicz M, Kinsner-Ovaskainen A. Bioengineering of the Human Neural Stem Cell Niche: A Regulatory Environment for Cell Fate and Potential Target for Neurotoxicity. Results Probl Cell Differ 2018; 66:207-230. [PMID: 30209661 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93485-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human neural stem/progenitor cells of the developing and adult organisms are surrounded by the microenvironment, so-called neurogenic niche. The developmental processes of stem cells, such as survival, proliferation, differentiation, and fate decisions, are controlled by the mutual interactions between cells and the niche components. Such interactions are tissue specific and determined by the biochemical and biophysical properties of the niche constituencies and the presence of other cell types. This dynamic approach of the stem cell niche, when translated into in vitro settings, requires building up "biomimetic" microenvironments resembling natural conditions, where the stem/progenitor cell is provided with diverse extracellular signals exerted by soluble and structural cues, mimicking those found in vivo. The neural stem cell niche is characterized by a unique composition of soluble components including neurotransmitters and trophic factors as well as insoluble extracellular matrix proteins and proteoglycans. Biotechnological innovations provide tools such as a new generation of tunable biomaterials capable of releasing specific signals in a spatially and temporally controlled manner, thus creating in vitro nature-like conditions and, when combined with stem cell-derived tissue specific progenitors, producing differentiated neuronal tissue structures. In addition, substantial progress has been made on the protocols to obtain stem cell-derived cell aggregates such as neurospheres and self-assembled organoids.In this chapter, we have assessed the application of bioengineered human neural stem cell microenvironments to produce in vitro models of different levels of biological complexity for the efficient control of stem cell fate. Examples of biomaterial-supported two-dimensional and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) complex culture systems that provide artificial neural stem cell niches are discussed in the context of their application for basic research and neurotoxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonora Buzanska
- Stem Cell Bioengineering Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marzena Zychowicz
- Stem Cell Bioengineering Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kinsner-Ovaskainen
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Health Consumers and Reference Materials, Ispra, Italy
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25
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Fu KZ, Li J, Vemula S, Moe B, Li XF. Effects of halobenzoquinone and haloacetic acid water disinfection byproducts on human neural stem cells. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 58:239-249. [PMID: 28774615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human neural stem cells (hNSCs) are a useful tool to assess the developmental effects of various environmental contaminants; however, the application of hNSCs to evaluate water disinfection byproducts (DBPs) is scarce. Comprehensive toxicological results are essential to the prioritization of DBPs for further testing and regulation. Therefore, this study examines the effects of DBPs on the proliferation and differentiation of hNSCs. Prior to DBP treatment, characteristic protein markers of hNSCs from passages 3 to 6 were carefully examined and it was determined that hNSCs passaged 3 or 4 times maintained stem cell characteristics and can be used for DBP analysis. Two regulated DBPs, monobromoacetic acid (BAA) and monochloroacetic acid (CAA), and two emerging DBPs, 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DBBQ) and 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ), were chosen for hNSC treatment. Both 2,6-DBBQ and 2,6-DCBQ induced cell cycle arrest at S-phase at concentrations up to 1μmol/L. Comparatively, BAA and CAA at 0.5μmol/L affected neural differentiation. These results suggest DBP-dependent effects on hNSC proliferation and differentiation. The DBP-induced cell cycle arrest and inhibition of normal hNSC differentiation demonstrate the need to assess the developmental neurotoxicity of DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Z Fu
- Division of Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Jinhua Li
- Division of Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Sai Vemula
- Division of Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Birget Moe
- Division of Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada; Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division of Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada.
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26
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Yao X, Yin N, Faiola F. Stem cell toxicology: a powerful tool to assess pollution effects on human health. Natl Sci Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nww089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractEnvironmental pollution is a global problem; the lack of comprehensive toxicological assessments may lead to increased health risks. To fully understand the health effects of pollution, it is paramount to implement fast, efficient and specific toxicity screening that relies on human models rather than on time-consuming, expensive and often inaccurate tests involving live animals. Human stem cell toxicology represents a valid alternative to traditional toxicity assays because it takes advantage of the ability of stem cells to differentiate into multiple cell types and tissues of the human body. Thus, this branch of toxicology provides a possibility to assess cellular, embryonic, developmental, reproductive and functional toxicity in vitro within a single system highly relevant to human physiology. In this review, we describe the development, performance and future perspectives of stem cell toxicology, with an emphasis on how it can meet the increasing challenges posed by environmental pollution in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglei Yao
- Stake Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nuoya Yin
- Stake Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Francesco Faiola
- Stake Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Patnaik R, Padhy RN. Human Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Neural Stem Cell Line as a Screening Model for Toxicity. Neurotox Res 2016; 31:319-326. [PMID: 27807796 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9681-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to investigate whether a human neural stem cell (NSC) line derived from human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) can be used for toxicity study. Toxicity of both neurotoxic environmental xenobiotics, methyl mercury chloride (CH3HgCl), lead acetate (CH3COOPb), and chlorpyrifos (CP), and non-neurotoxic insecticide, dichlorvos, as well as non-neurotoxic drugs, theophylline and acetaminophen were assessed. Additionally, differentiation of neuronal and glial cell lines derived from hUCB was elucidated. It was observed that CH3HgCl was more toxic to human NSCs in comparison to CH3COOPb and CP. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value against NSCs was 3, 10, and 300 mg/L, in each staining process, acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and Hoechst staining, for CH3HgCl, CP, and CH3COOPb, respectively. CH3HgCl had the LC25 value as 10.0, 14.4, and 12.7 mg/L, by staining method mentioned in succession. CP had the LC25 value as 21.9, 23.7, and 18.4 mg/L; similarly, CH3COOPb had LC25 values, successively as 616.9, 719.2, and 890.3 mg/L. LC50 values ranged from 18.2 to 21.7 mg/L for CH3HgCl, 56.4 to 60.2 mg/L for CP, and 1000 to 1460.1 for CH3COOPb. Theophylline, acetaminophen, and dichlorvos had no impact on the viability of NSCs. This work justified that hUCB-NSC model can be used for toxicity study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajashree Patnaik
- Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences and Sum Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751003, India
| | - Rabindra Nath Padhy
- Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences and Sum Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751003, India.
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Kaplan S, Deniz OG, Önger ME, Türkmen AP, Yurt KK, Aydın I, Altunkaynak BZ, Davis D. Electromagnetic field and brain development. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 75:52-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Csöbönyeiová M, Polák Š, Danišovič L. Toxicity testing and drug screening using iPSC-derived hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes, and neural cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 94:687-94. [PMID: 27128322 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2015-0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Unexpected toxicity in areas such as cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and neurotoxicity is a serious complication of clinical therapy and one of the key causes for failure of promising drug candidates in development. Animal studies have been widely used for toxicology research to provide preclinical security evaluation of various therapeutic agents under development. Species differences in drug penetration of the blood-brain barrier, drug metabolism, and related toxicity contribute to failure of drug trials from animal models to human. The existing system for drug discovery has relied on immortalized cell lines, animal models of human disease, and clinical trials in humans. Moreover, drug candidates that are passed as being safe in the preclinical stage often show toxic effects during the clinical stage. Only around 16% drugs are approved for human use. Research on induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) promises to enhance drug discovery and development by providing simple, reproducible, and economically effective tools for drug toxicity screening under development and, on the other hand, for studying the disease mechanism and pathways. In this review, we provide an overview of basic information about iPSCs, and discuss efforts aimed at the use of iPSC-derived hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes, and neural cells in drug discovery and toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Csöbönyeiová
- a Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Štefan Polák
- a Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - L'uboš Danišovič
- b Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Ma Q, Chen C, Deng P, Zhu G, Lin M, Zhang L, Xu S, He M, Lu Y, Duan W, Pi H, Cao Z, Pei L, Li M, Liu C, Zhang Y, Zhong M, Zhou Z, Yu Z. Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Promote In Vitro Neuronal Differentiation and Neurite Outgrowth of Embryonic Neural Stem Cells via Up-Regulating TRPC1. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150923. [PMID: 26950212 PMCID: PMC4780708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) can enhance hippocampal neurogenesis in adult mice. However, little is focused on the effects of ELF-EMFs on embryonic neurogenesis. Here, we studied the potential effects of ELF-EMFs on embryonic neural stem cells (eNSCs). We exposed eNSCs to ELF-EMF (50 Hz, 1 mT) for 1, 2, and 3 days with 4 hours per day. We found that eNSC proliferation and maintenance were significantly enhanced after ELF-EMF exposure in proliferation medium. ELF-EMF exposure increased the ratio of differentiated neurons and promoted the neurite outgrowth of eNSC-derived neurons without influencing astrocyes differentiation and the cell apoptosis. In addition, the expression of the proneural genes, NeuroD and Ngn1, which are crucial for neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth, was increased after ELF-EMF exposure. Moreover, the expression of transient receptor potential canonical 1 (TRPC1) was significantly up-regulated accompanied by increased the peak amplitude of intracellular calcium level induced by ELF-EMF. Furthermore, silencing TRPC1 expression eliminated the up-regulation of the proneural genes and the promotion of neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth induced by ELF-EMF. These results suggest that ELF-EMF exposure promotes the neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth of eNSCs via up-regulation the expression of TRPC1 and proneural genes (NeuroD and Ngn1). These findings also provide new insights in understanding the effects of ELF-EMF exposure on embryonic brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinlong Ma
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunhai Chen
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Deng
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Lin
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shangcheng Xu
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mindi He
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yonghui Lu
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weixia Duan
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huifeng Pi
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengwang Cao
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liping Pei
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanwen Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Zhong
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (ZY); (ZZ)
| | - Zhengping Yu
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (ZY); (ZZ)
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Sensitivity of neural stem cell survival, differentiation and neurite outgrowth within 3D hydrogels to environmental heavy metals. Toxicol Lett 2015; 242:9-22. [PMID: 26621541 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the sensitivity of embryonic murine neural stem cells exposed to 10 pM-10 μM concentrations of three heavy metals (Cd, Hg, Pb), continuously for 14 days within 3D collagen hydrogels. Critical endpoints for neurogenesis such as survival, differentiation and neurite outgrowth were assessed. Results suggest significant compromise in cell viability within the first four days at concentrations ≥10 nM, while lower concentrations induced a more delayed effect. Mercury and lead suppressed neural differentiation at as low as 10 pM concentration within 7 days, while all three metals inhibited neural and glial differentiation by day 14. Neurite outgrowth remained unaffected at lower cadmium or mercury concentrations (≤100 pM), but was completely repressed beyond day 1 at higher concentrations. Higher metal concentrations (≥100 pM) suppressed NSC differentiation to motor or dopaminergic neurons. Cytokines and chemokines released by NSCs, and the sub-cellular mechanisms by which metals induce damage to NSCs have been quantified and correlated to phenotypic data. The observed degree of toxicity in NSC cultures is in the order: lead>mercury>cadmium. Results point to the use of biomimetic 3D culture models to screen the toxic effects of heavy metals during developmental stages, and investigate their underlying mechanistic pathways.
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32
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Sypecka J, Sarnowska A. Mesenchymal cells of umbilical cord and umbilical cord blood as a source of human oligodendrocyte progenitors. Life Sci 2015; 139:24-9. [PMID: 26285174 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Sypecka
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5, Pawinskiego str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Sarnowska
- Translative Platform for Regenerative Medicine, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; Stem Cell Bioengineering Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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33
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Schulpen SH, Theunissen PT, Pennings JL, Piersma AH. Comparison of gene expression regulation in mouse- and human embryonic stem cell assays during neural differentiation and in response to valproic acid exposure. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 56:77-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Bradford AB, McNutt PM. Importance of being Nernst: Synaptic activity and functional relevance in stem cell-derived neurons. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:899-921. [PMID: 26240679 PMCID: PMC4515435 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i6.899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional synaptogenesis and network emergence are signature endpoints of neurogenesis. These behaviors provide higher-order confirmation that biochemical and cellular processes necessary for neurotransmitter release, post-synaptic detection and network propagation of neuronal activity have been properly expressed and coordinated among cells. The development of synaptic neurotransmission can therefore be considered a defining property of neurons. Although dissociated primary neuron cultures readily form functioning synapses and network behaviors in vitro, continuously cultured neurogenic cell lines have historically failed to meet these criteria. Therefore, in vitro-derived neuron models that develop synaptic transmission are critically needed for a wide array of studies, including molecular neuroscience, developmental neurogenesis, disease research and neurotoxicology. Over the last decade, neurons derived from various stem cell lines have shown varying ability to develop into functionally mature neurons. In this review, we will discuss the neurogenic potential of various stem cells populations, addressing strengths and weaknesses of each, with particular attention to the emergence of functional behaviors. We will propose methods to functionally characterize new stem cell-derived neuron (SCN) platforms to improve their reliability as physiological relevant models. Finally, we will review how synaptically active SCNs can be applied to accelerate research in a variety of areas. Ultimately, emphasizing the critical importance of synaptic activity and network responses as a marker of neuronal maturation is anticipated to result in in vitro findings that better translate to efficacious clinical treatments.
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35
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Sypecka J, Ziemka-Nalecz M, Dragun-Szymczak P, Zalewska T. A simple, xeno-free method for oligodendrocyte generation from human neural stem cells derived from umbilical cord: engagement of gelatinases in cell commitment and differentiation. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 11:1442-1455. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Sypecka
- Neurorepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre; Polish Academy of Sciences; Warsaw Poland
| | - Małgorzata Ziemka-Nalecz
- Neurorepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre; Polish Academy of Sciences; Warsaw Poland
| | - Patrycja Dragun-Szymczak
- Neurorepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre; Polish Academy of Sciences; Warsaw Poland
| | - Teresa Zalewska
- Neurorepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre; Polish Academy of Sciences; Warsaw Poland
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An Overview on Human Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cell-Based Alternative In Vitro Models for Developmental Neurotoxicity Assessment. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3216-3226. [PMID: 26041658 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The developing brain is found highly vulnerable towards the exposure of different environmental chemicals/drugs, even at concentrations, those are generally considered safe in mature brain. The brain development is a very complex phenomenon which involves several processes running in parallel such as cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, maturation and synaptogenesis. If any step of these cellular processes hampered due to exposure of any xenobiotic/drug, there is almost no chance of recovery which could finally result in a life-long disability. Therefore, the developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) assessment of newly discovered drugs/molecules is a very serious concern among the neurologists. Animal-based DNT models have their own limitations such as ethical concerns and lower sensitivity with less predictive values in humans. Furthermore, non-availability of human foetal brain tissues/cells makes job more difficult to understand about mechanisms involve in DNT in human beings. Although, the use of cell culture have been proven as a powerful tool for DNT assessment, but many in vitro models are currently utilizing genetically unstable cell lines. The interpretation of data generated using such terminally differentiated cells is hard to extrapolate with in vivo situations. However, human umbilical cord blood stem cells (hUCBSCs) have been proposed as an excellent tool for alternative DNT testing because neuronal development from undifferentiated state could exactly mimic the original pattern of neuronal development in foetus when hUCBSCs differentiated into neuronal cells. Additionally, less ethical concern, easy availability and high plasticity make them an attractive source for establishing in vitro model of DNT assessment. In this review, we are focusing towards recent advancements on hUCBSCs-based in vitro model to understand DNTs.
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Schulpen SHW, Pennings JLA, Piersma AH. Gene Expression Regulation and Pathway Analysis After Valproic Acid and Carbamazepine Exposure in a Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Based Neurodevelopmental Toxicity Assay. Toxicol Sci 2015; 146:311-20. [PMID: 25979313 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiating pluripotent stem cells in vitro have proven useful for the study of developmental toxicity. Here, we studied the effects of anticonvulsant drug exposure in a human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-based neurodevelopmental toxicity test (hESTn). During neural differentiation the cells were exposed, for either 1 or 7 days, to noncytotoxic concentration ranges of valproic acid (VPA) or carbamazepine (CBZ), antiepileptic drugs known to cause neurodevelopmental toxicity. The effects observed on gene expression and correlated processes and pathways were in line with processes associated with neural development and pharmaceutical mode of action. In general, VPA showed a higher number of genes and molecular pathways affected than CBZ. The response kinetics differed between both compounds, with CBZ showing higher response magnitudes at day 1, versus VPA at day 7. With this study, we demonstrated the potential and biological relevance of the application of this hESC-based differentiation assay in combination with transcriptomics, as a tool to study neurodevelopmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjors H W Schulpen
- *Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands and Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- *Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands and
| | - Aldert H Piersma
- *Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands and Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Cao WS, Livesey JC, Halliwell RF. An evaluation of a human stem cell line to identify risk of developmental neurotoxicity with antiepileptic drugs. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:592-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Berríos VO, Boukli NM, Rodriguez JW, Negraes PD, Schwindt TT, Trujillo CA, Oliveira SLB, Cubano LA, Ferchmin PA, Eterović VA, Ulrich H, Martins AH. Paraoxon and Pyridostigmine Interfere with Neural Stem Cell Differentiation. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:2091-101. [PMID: 25758980 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1548-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition has been described as the main mechanism of organophosphate (OP)-evoked toxicity. OPs represent a human health threat, because chronic exposure to low doses can damage the developing brain, and acute exposure can produce long-lasting damage to adult brains, despite post-exposure medical countermeasures. Although the main mechanism of OP toxicity is AChE inhibition, several lines of evidence suggest that OPs also act by other mechanisms. We hypothesized that rat neural progenitor cells extracted on embryonic day 14.5 would be affected by constant inhibition of AChE from chronic exposure to OP or pyridostigmine (a reversible AChE blocker) during differentiation. In this work, the OP paraoxon decreased cell viability in concentrations >50 μM, as measured with the MTT assay; however, this effect was not dose-dependent. Reduced viability could not be attributed to blockade of AChE activity, since treatment with 200 µM pyridostigmine did not affect cell viability, even after 6 days. Although changes in protein expression patterns were noted in both treatments, the distribution of differentiated phenotypes, such as the percentages of neurons and glial cells, was not altered, as determined by flow cytometry. Since paraoxon and pyridostigmine each decreased neurite outgrowth (but did not prevent differentiation), we infer that developmental patterns may have been affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica O Berríos
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, Ave. Laurel #100, Santa Juanita, P.O. Box 60327, Bayamón, PR, 00960-6032, USA
| | - Nawal M Boukli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Proteomics Facility, Universidad Central del Caribe, P.O. Box 60327, Bayamón, PR, 00960-6032, USA
| | - Jose W Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe, P.O. Box 60327, Bayamón, PR, 00960-6032, USA
| | - Priscilla D Negraes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Telma T Schwindt
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Cleber A Trujillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Sophia L B Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Luis A Cubano
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, Ave. Laurel #100, Santa Juanita, P.O. Box 60327, Bayamón, PR, 00960-6032, USA
| | - P A Ferchmin
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, Ave. Laurel #100, Santa Juanita, P.O. Box 60327, Bayamón, PR, 00960-6032, USA
| | - Vesna A Eterović
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, Ave. Laurel #100, Santa Juanita, P.O. Box 60327, Bayamón, PR, 00960-6032, USA
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Antonio H Martins
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, Ave. Laurel #100, Santa Juanita, P.O. Box 60327, Bayamón, PR, 00960-6032, USA.
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Qasemian Lemraski M, Soodi M, Fakhr Taha M, Zarei MH, Jafarzade E. Study of lead-induced neurotoxicity in neural cells differentiated from adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Toxicol Mech Methods 2015; 25:128-35. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2014.997949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Bal-Price A, Crofton KM, Leist M, Allen S, Arand M, Buetler T, Delrue N, FitzGerald RE, Hartung T, Heinonen T, Hogberg H, Bennekou SH, Lichtensteiger W, Oggier D, Paparella M, Axelstad M, Piersma A, Rached E, Schilter B, Schmuck G, Stoppini L, Tongiorgi E, Tiramani M, Monnet-Tschudi F, Wilks MF, Ylikomi T, Fritsche E. International STakeholder NETwork (ISTNET): creating a developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) testing road map for regulatory purposes. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:269-87. [PMID: 25618548 PMCID: PMC4309915 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1464-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A major problem in developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) risk assessment is the lack of toxicological hazard information for most compounds. Therefore, new approaches are being considered to provide adequate experimental data that allow regulatory decisions. This process requires a matching of regulatory needs on the one hand and the opportunities provided by new test systems and methods on the other hand. Alignment of academically and industrially driven assay development with regulatory needs in the field of DNT is a core mission of the International STakeholder NETwork (ISTNET) in DNT testing. The first meeting of ISTNET was held in Zurich on 23-24 January 2014 in order to explore the concept of adverse outcome pathway (AOP) to practical DNT testing. AOPs were considered promising tools to promote test systems development according to regulatory needs. Moreover, the AOP concept was identified as an important guiding principle to assemble predictive integrated testing strategies (ITSs) for DNT. The recommendations on a road map towards AOP-based DNT testing is considered a stepwise approach, operating initially with incomplete AOPs for compound grouping, and focussing on key events of neurodevelopment. Next steps to be considered in follow-up activities are the use of case studies to further apply the AOP concept in regulatory DNT testing, making use of AOP intersections (common key events) for economic development of screening assays, and addressing the transition from qualitative descriptions to quantitative network modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bal-Price
- Systems Toxicology Unit, EURL-ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, TP 580, Via Fermi 1, 21026, Ispra, VA, Italy,
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42
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Barbosa DJ, Capela JP, de Lourdes Bastos M, Carvalho F. In vitro models for neurotoxicology research. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015; 4:801-842. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00043a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The nervous system has a highly complex organization, including many cell types with multiple functions, with an intricate anatomy and unique structural and functional characteristics; the study of its (dys)functionality following exposure to xenobiotics, neurotoxicology, constitutes an important issue in neurosciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel José Barbosa
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia)
- Laboratório de Toxicologia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
| | - João Paulo Capela
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia)
- Laboratório de Toxicologia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia)
- Laboratório de Toxicologia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
| | - Félix Carvalho
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia)
- Laboratório de Toxicologia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
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43
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Aboud AA, Tidball AM, Kumar KK, Neely MD, Han B, Ess KC, Hong CC, Erikson KM, Hedera P, Bowman AB. PARK2 patient neuroprogenitors show increased mitochondrial sensitivity to copper. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 73:204-12. [PMID: 25315681 PMCID: PMC4394022 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Poorly-defined interactions between environmental and genetic risk factors underlie Parkinson's disease (PD) etiology. Here we tested the hypothesis that human stem cell derived forebrain neuroprogenitors from patients with known familial risk for early onset PD will exhibit enhanced sensitivity to PD environmental risk factors compared to healthy control subjects without a family history of PD. Two male siblings (SM and PM) with biallelic loss-of-function mutations in PARK2 were identified. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from SM, PM, and four control subjects with no known family histories of PD or related neurodegenerative diseases were utilized. We tested the hypothesis that hiPSC-derived neuroprogenitors from patients with PARK2 mutations would show heightened cell death, mitochondrial dysfunction, and reactive oxygen species generation compared to control cells as a result of exposure to heavy metals (PD environmental risk factors). We report that PARK2 mutant neuroprogenitors showed increased cytotoxicity with copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) exposure but not manganese (Mn) or methyl mercury (MeHg) relative to control neuroprogenitors. PARK2 mutant neuroprogenitors also showed a substantial increase in mitochondrial fragmentation, initial ROS generation, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential following Cu exposure. Our data substantiate Cu exposure as an environmental risk factor for PD. Furthermore, we report a shift in the lowest observable effect level (LOEL) for greater sensitivity to Cu-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction in patients SM and PM relative to controls, correlating with their increased genetic risk for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad A Aboud
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Dept. of Neurology, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Andrew M Tidball
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Dept. of Neurology, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kevin K Kumar
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Dept. of Neurology, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M Diana Neely
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Dept. of Neurology, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Center in Molecular Toxicology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bingying Han
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Dept. of Neurology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kevin C Ess
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Dept. of Neurology, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Charles C Hong
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Research Medicine, Veterans Affairs TVHS, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Keith M Erikson
- University of North Carolina-Greensboro, Dept. of Nutrition, Greensboro, NC 27402-6107, USA
| | - Peter Hedera
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Dept. of Neurology, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Aaron B Bowman
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Dept. of Neurology, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Center in Molecular Toxicology, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Baumann J, Dach K, Barenys M, Giersiefer S, Goniwiecha J, Lein PJ, Fritsche E. Application of the Neurosphere Assay for DNT Hazard Assessment: Challenges and Limitations. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/7653_2015_49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Schulpen SHW, de Jong E, de la Fonteyne LJJ, de Klerk A, Piersma AH. Distinct gene expression responses of two anticonvulsant drugs in a novel human embryonic stem cell based neural differentiation assay protocol. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 29:449-57. [PMID: 25524013 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hazard assessment of chemicals and pharmaceuticals is increasingly gaining from knowledge about molecular mechanisms of toxic action acquired in dedicated in vitro assays. We have developed an efficient human embryonic stem cell neural differentiation test (hESTn) that allows the study of the molecular interaction of compounds with the neural differentiation process. Within the 11-day differentiation protocol of the assay, embryonic stem cells lost their pluripotency, evidenced by the reduced expression of stem cell markers Pou5F1 and Nanog. Moreover, stem cells differentiated into neural cells, with morphologically visible neural structures together with increased expression of neural differentiation-related genes such as βIII-tubulin, Map2, Neurogin1, Mapt and Reelin. Valproic acid (VPA) and carbamazepine (CBZ) exposure during hESTn differentiation led to concentration-dependent reduced expression of βIII-tubulin, Neurogin1 and Reelin. In parallel VPA caused an increased gene expression of Map2 and Mapt which is possibly related to the neural protective effect of VPA. These findings illustrate the added value of gene expression analysis for detecting compound specific effects in hESTn. Our findings were in line with and could explain effects observed in animal studies. This study demonstrates the potential of this assay protocol for mechanistic analysis of specific compound-induced inhibition of human neural cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjors H W Schulpen
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Esther de Jong
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Liset J J de la Fonteyne
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Arja de Klerk
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Aldert H Piersma
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
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An integrated approach for detecting embryotoxicity and developmental toxicity of environmental contaminants using in vitro alternative methods. Toxicol Lett 2014; 230:356-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Liu S, Li Z, Fu J, Sun L, Xu F, Harada T, Lou Y, Chu M, Sun Q, Xu K, Zhang R, Jin L, Xiao H, Wu S. The effects of harvesting media on biological characteristics and repair potential of neural stem cells after traumatic brain injury. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107865. [PMID: 25247595 PMCID: PMC4172630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Various solutions are utilized widely for the isolation, harvesting, sorting, testing and transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs), whereas the effects of harvesting media on the biological characteristics and repair potential of NSCs remain unclear. To examine some of these effects, NSCs were isolated from cortex of E14.5 mice and exposed to the conventional harvesting media [0.9% saline (Saline), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF)] or the proliferation culture medium (PCM) for different durations at 4°C. Treated NSCs were grafted by in situ injection into the lesion sites of traumatic brain injury (TBI) mice. In vitro, harvesting media-exposed NSCs displayed time-dependent reduction of viability and proliferation. S phase entry decreased in harvesting media-exposed cells, which was associated with upregulation of p53 protein and downregulation of cyclin E1 protein. Moreover, harvesting media exposure induced the necrosis and apoptosis of NSCs. The levels of Fas-L, cleaved caspase 3 and 8 were increased, which suggests that the death receptor signaling pathway is involved in the apoptosis of NSCs. In addition, exposure to Saline did not facilitate the neuronal differentiation of NSCs, suggesting that Saline exposure may be disadvantageous for neurogenesis. In vivo, NSC-mediated functional recovery in harvesting media-exposed NSC groups was notably attenuated in comparison with the PCM-exposed NSC group. In conclusion, harvesting media exposure modulates the biological characteristics and repair potential of NSCs after TBI. Our results suggest that insight of the effects of harvesting media exposure on NSCs is critical for developing strategies to assure the successful long-term engraftment of NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengliang Liu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Zhuying Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jin Fu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Fengyan Xu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | | | - Yu Lou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Ming Chu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Kun Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Lianhong Jin
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- * E-mail: (SW); (LJ); (HX)
| | - Hui Xiao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- * E-mail: (SW); (LJ); (HX)
| | - Shuliang Wu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- * E-mail: (SW); (LJ); (HX)
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Estevan C, Fuster E, Del Río E, Pamies D, Vilanova E, Sogorb MA. Organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos and its metabolites alter the expression of biomarker genes of differentiation in D3 mouse embryonic stem cells in a comparable way to other model neurodevelopmental toxicants. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1487-95. [PMID: 25137620 DOI: 10.1021/tx500051k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There are discrepancies about whether chlorpyrifos is able to induce neurodevelopmental toxicity or not. We previously reported alterations in the pattern of expression of biomarker genes of differentiation in D3 mouse embryonic stem cells caused by chlorpyrifos and its metabolites chlorpyrifos-oxon and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol. Now, we reanalyze these data comparing the effects on these genes with those caused in the same genes by retinoic acid, valproic acid, and penicillin-G (model compounds considered as strong, weak, and non-neurodevelopmental toxicants, respectively). We also compare the effects of chlorpyrifos and its metabolites on the cell viability of D3 cells and 3T3 mouse fibroblasts with the effects caused in the same cells by the three model compounds. We conclude that chlorpyrifos and its metabolites act, regarding these end-points, as the weak neurodevelopmental toxicant valproic acid, and consequently, a principle of caution should be applied avoiding occupational exposures in pregnant women. A second independent experiment run with different cellular batches coming from the same clone obtained the same result as the first one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Estevan
- Unidad de Toxicología y Seguridad Química, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche , Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202-Elche, Spain
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49
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Changes in miRNA Expression Profiling during Neuronal Differentiation and Methyl Mercury-Induced Toxicity in Human in Vitro Models. TOXICS 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/toxics2030443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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50
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Exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation impairs neurite outgrowth of embryonic neural stem cells. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5103. [PMID: 24869783 PMCID: PMC4037711 DOI: 10.1038/srep05103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) of 1800 MHz is widely used in mobile communications. However, the effects of RF-EMFs on cell biology are unclear. Embryonic neural stem cells (eNSCs) play a critical role in brain development. Thus, detecting the effects of RF-EMF on eNSCs is important for exploring the effects of RF-EMF on brain development. Here, we exposed eNSCs to 1800 MHz RF-EMF at specific absorption rate (SAR) values of 1, 2, and 4 W/kg for 1, 2, and 3 days. We found that 1800 MHz RF-EMF exposure did not influence eNSC apoptosis, proliferation, cell cycle or the mRNA expressions of related genes. RF-EMF exposure also did not alter the ratio of eNSC differentiated neurons and astrocytes. However, neurite outgrowth of eNSC differentiated neurons was inhibited after 4 W/kg RF-EMF exposure for 3 days. Additionally, the mRNA and protein expression of the proneural genes Ngn1 and NeuroD, which are crucial for neurite outgrowth, were decreased after RF-EMF exposure. The expression of their inhibitor Hes1 was upregulated by RF-EMF exposure. These results together suggested that 1800 MHz RF-EMF exposure impairs neurite outgrowth of eNSCs. More attention should be given to the potential adverse effects of RF-EMF exposure on brain development.
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