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Foucault L, Capeliez T, Angonin D, Lentini C, Bezin L, Heinrich C, Parras C, Donega V, Marcy G, Raineteau O. Neonatal brain injury unravels transcriptional and signaling changes underlying the reactivation of cortical progenitors. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113734. [PMID: 38349790 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Germinal activity persists throughout life within the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) of the postnatal forebrain due to the presence of neural stem cells (NSCs). Accumulating evidence points to a recruitment for these cells following early brain injuries and suggests their amenability to manipulations. We used chronic hypoxia as a rodent model of early brain injury to investigate the reactivation of cortical progenitors at postnatal times. Our results reveal an increased proliferation and production of glutamatergic progenitors within the dorsal V-SVZ. Fate mapping of V-SVZ NSCs demonstrates their contribution to de novo cortical neurogenesis. Transcriptional analysis of glutamatergic progenitors shows parallel changes in methyltransferase 14 (Mettl14) and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In agreement, manipulations through genetic and pharmacological activation of Mettl14 and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, respectively, induce neurogenesis and promote newly-formed cell maturation. Finally, labeling of young adult NSCs demonstrates that pharmacological NSC activation has no adverse effects on the reservoir of V-SVZ NSCs and on their germinal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Foucault
- University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France.
| | - Timothy Capeliez
- University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Diane Angonin
- University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Celia Lentini
- University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Laurent Bezin
- University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neuroscience de Lyon U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Christophe Heinrich
- University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Carlos Parras
- Paris Brain Institute, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Donega
- University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guillaume Marcy
- University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Olivier Raineteau
- University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France.
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2
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Moffat A, Schuurmans C. The Control of Cortical Folding: Multiple Mechanisms, Multiple Models. Neuroscientist 2023:10738584231190839. [PMID: 37621149 DOI: 10.1177/10738584231190839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex develops through a carefully conscripted series of cellular and molecular events that culminate in the production of highly specialized neuronal and glial cells. During development, cortical neurons and glia acquire a precise cellular arrangement and architecture to support higher-order cognitive functioning. Decades of study using rodent models, naturally gyrencephalic animal models, human pathology specimens, and, recently, human cerebral organoids, reveal that rodents recapitulate some but not all the cellular and molecular features of human cortices. Whereas rodent cortices are smooth-surfaced or lissencephalic, larger mammals, including humans and nonhuman primates, have highly folded/gyrencephalic cortices that accommodate an expansion in neuronal mass and increase in surface area. Several genes have evolved to drive cortical gyrification, arising from gene duplications or de novo origins, or by alterations to the structure/function of ancestral genes or their gene regulatory regions. Primary cortical folds arise in stereotypical locations, prefigured by a molecular "blueprint" that is set up by several signaling pathways (e.g., Notch, Fgf, Wnt, PI3K, Shh) and influenced by the extracellular matrix. Mutations that affect neural progenitor cell proliferation and/or neurogenesis, predominantly of upper-layer neurons, perturb cortical gyrification. Below we review the molecular drivers of cortical folding and their roles in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Moffat
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Biological Sciences Platform, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carol Schuurmans
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Biological Sciences Platform, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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3
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Da Silva F, Niehrs C. Multimodal Wnt signalling in the mouse neocortex. Cells Dev 2023; 174:203838. [PMID: 37060946 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2023.203838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
The neocortex is the site of higher cognitive functions and its development is tightly regulated by cell signalling pathways. Wnt signalling is inexorably linked with neocortex development but its precise role remains unclear. Most studies demonstrate that Wnt/β-catenin regulates neural progenitor self-renewal but others suggest it can also promote differentiation. Wnt/STOP signalling is a novel branch of the Wnt pathway that stabilizes proteins during G2/M by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)-mediated protein degradation. Recent data from Da Silva et al. (2021) demonstrate that Wnt/STOP is involved in neocortex development where, by stabilizing the neurogenic transcription factors Sox4 and Sox11, it promotes neural progenitor differentiation. The authors also show that Wnt/STOP regulates asymmetric cell division and cell cycle dynamics in apical and basal progenitors, respectively. This study reveals a division of labour in the Wnt signalling pathway by suggesting that Wnt/STOP is the primary driver of cortical neurogenesis while Wnt/β-catenin is mainly responsible for self-renewal. These results resolve a decades-old question on the role of Wnt signalling in cortical neural progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Da Silva
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christof Niehrs
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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4
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Zhang Z, Li Y, Chen N, Li H, Chen S, Cui X, Shao H, Wei L, Ma J, Zhang S, Li X, Zhang X. Pertussis toxin-induced inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in dendritic cells promotes an autoimmune response in experimental autoimmune uveitis. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:24. [PMID: 36739434 PMCID: PMC9898909 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02707-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous reports have indicated that disrupting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in dendritic cells (DCs) may affect the progression of autoimmune inflammation; however, the factors and timing that regulate Wnt/β-catenin signaling have not been clearly understood. METHODS Experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) mice and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKH) patient samples were used to detect the expression of Wnt/β-catenin pathway genes. Western blot, real-time PCR, flow cytometry, and ELISA were performed to examine the expression of components of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and inflammatory factors. DC-specific β-catenin knockout mice and 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime (BIO) administered mice were used to observe the effect of disrupting the Wnt pathway on EAU pathogenesis. RESULTS Wnt/β-catenin signaling was inhibited in DCs during the induction phase of EAU. The inhibition was mediated by pertussis toxin (PTX), which promoted DC maturation, in turn promoting pathogenic T cell proliferation and differentiation. In vivo experiments confirmed that deleting β-catenin in DCs enhanced EAU severity, and pre-injection of PTX advanced EAU onset. Administration of a Wnt activator (BIO) limited the effects of PTX, in turn ameliorating EAU. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that PTX plays a key role as a virulence factor in initiating autoimmune inflammation via DCs by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling in EAU, and highlight the potential mechanism by which infection can trigger apparent autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Zhang
- grid.412729.b0000 0004 1798 646XTianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongtao Li
- grid.412729.b0000 0004 1798 646XTianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Nu Chen
- grid.412729.b0000 0004 1798 646XTianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Huan Li
- grid.412729.b0000 0004 1798 646XTianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- grid.412729.b0000 0004 1798 646XTianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuexue Cui
- grid.412729.b0000 0004 1798 646XTianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Shao
- grid.266623.50000 0001 2113 1622Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY USA
| | - Lai Wei
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianxing Ma
- grid.241167.70000 0001 2185 3318Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC USA
| | - Song Zhang
- grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032Institute for Immunology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- grid.412729.b0000 0004 1798 646XTianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- grid.412729.b0000 0004 1798 646XTianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
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5
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Peserico A, Barboni B, Russo V, Bernabò N, El Khatib M, Prencipe G, Cerveró-Varona A, Haidar-Montes AA, Faydaver M, Citeroni MR, Berardinelli P, Mauro A. Mammal comparative tendon biology: advances in regulatory mechanisms through a computational modeling. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1175346. [PMID: 37180059 PMCID: PMC10174257 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1175346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There is high clinical demand for the resolution of tendinopathies, which affect mainly adult individuals and animals. Tendon damage resolution during the adult lifetime is not as effective as in earlier stages where complete restoration of tendon structure and property occurs. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying tendon regeneration remain unknown, limiting the development of targeted therapies. The research aim was to draw a comparative map of molecules that control tenogenesis and to exploit systems biology to model their signaling cascades and physiological paths. Using current literature data on molecular interactions in early tendon development, species-specific data collections were created. Then, computational analysis was used to construct Tendon NETworks in which information flow and molecular links were traced, prioritized, and enriched. Species-specific Tendon NETworks generated a data-driven computational framework based on three operative levels and a stage-dependent set of molecules and interactions (embryo-fetal or prepubertal) responsible, respectively, for signaling differentiation and morphogenesis, shaping tendon transcriptional program and downstream modeling of its fibrillogenesis toward a mature tissue. The computational network enrichment unveiled a more complex hierarchical organization of molecule interactions assigning a central role to neuro and endocrine axes which are novel and only partially explored systems for tenogenesis. Overall, this study emphasizes the value of system biology in linking the currently available disjointed molecular data, by establishing the direction and priority of signaling flows. Simultaneously, computational enrichment was critical in revealing new nodes and pathways to watch out for in promoting biomedical advances in tendon healing and developing targeted therapeutic strategies to improve current clinical interventions.
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6
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Alkailani MI, Aittaleb M, Tissir F. WNT signaling at the intersection between neurogenesis and brain tumorigenesis. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1017568. [PMID: 36267699 PMCID: PMC9577257 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1017568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis and tumorigenesis share signaling molecules/pathways involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and death. Self-renewal of neural stem cells is a tightly regulated process that secures the accuracy of cell division and eliminates cells that undergo mitotic errors. Abnormalities in the molecular mechanisms controlling this process can trigger aneuploidy and genome instability, leading to neoplastic transformation. Mutations that affect cell adhesion, polarity, or migration enhance the invasive potential and favor the progression of tumors. Here, we review recent evidence of the WNT pathway’s involvement in both neurogenesis and tumorigenesis and discuss the experimental progress on therapeutic opportunities targeting components of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisa I. Alkailani
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Aittaleb
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fadel Tissir
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Fadel Tissir,
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7
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Wang J, Wang A, Tian K, Hua X, Zhang B, Zheng Y, Kong X, Li W, Xu L, Wang J, Li Z, Liu Y, Zhou Y. A Ctnnb1 enhancer regulates neocortical neurogenesis by controlling the abundance of intermediate progenitors. Cell Discov 2022; 8:74. [PMID: 35915089 PMCID: PMC9343459 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-022-00421-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
β-catenin-dependent canonical Wnt signaling plays a plethora of roles in neocortex (Ncx) development, but its function in regulating the abundance of intermediate progenitors (IPs) is elusive. Here we identified neCtnnb1, an evolutionarily conserved cis-regulatory element with typical enhancer features in developing Ncx. neCtnnb1 locates 55 kilobase upstream of and spatially close to the promoter of Ctnnb1, the gene encoding β-catenin. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated activation or interference of the neCtnnb1 locus enhanced or inhibited transcription of Ctnnb1. neCtnnb1 drove transcription predominantly in the subventricular zone of developing Ncx. Knock-out of neCtnnb1 in mice resulted in compromised expression of Ctnnb1 and the Wnt reporter in developing Ncx. Importantly, knock-out of neCtnnb1 lead to reduced production and transit-amplification of IPs, which subsequently generated fewer upper-layer Ncx projection neurons (PNs). In contrast, enhancing the canonical Wnt signaling by stabilizing β-catenin in neCtnnb1-active cells promoted the production of IPs and upper-layer Ncx PNs. ASH2L was identified as the key trans-acting factor that associates with neCtnnb1 and Ctnnb1’s promoter to maintain Ctnnb1’s transcription in both mouse and human Ncx progenitors. These findings advance understanding of transcriptional regulation of Ctnnb1, and provide insights into mechanisms underlying Ncx expansion during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine; The RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Andi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine; The RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kuan Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine; The RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaojiao Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine; The RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine; The RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine; The RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangfei Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine; The RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine; The RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lichao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine; The RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine; The RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine; The RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine; The RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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8
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Current knowledge, challenges, new perspectives of the study, and treatments of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 106:82-93. [PMID: 34695561 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 70 years, the understanding of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) improved greatly and is characterized as a heterogeneous neuropsychiatric syndrome. ASD is characterized by difficulties in social communication, restricted and repetitive behavior, interests, or activities. And it is often described as a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. There are many treatments and approaches to ASD, including pharmacological therapies with antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood regulators, stimulants, and behavioral ones. However, no treatment is capable of reverting ASD. This review provides an overview of animal models of autism. We summarized genetic and environmental models and then valproic acid treatment as a useful model for ASD. As well as the main therapies and approaches used in the treatment, relating them to the neurochemical pathways altered in ASD, emphasizing the pharmacological potential of peptides and bioinspired compounds found in animal venoms as a possible future treatment for ASD.
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9
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Austin SHL, Gabarró-Solanas R, Rigo P, Paun O, Harris L, Guillemot F, Urbán N. Wnt/β-catenin signalling is dispensable for adult neural stem cell homeostasis and activation. Development 2021; 148:272521. [PMID: 34557919 PMCID: PMC8572000 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Adult mouse hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs) generate new neurons that integrate into existing hippocampal networks and modulate mood and memory. These NSCs are largely quiescent and are stimulated by niche signals to activate and produce neurons. Wnt/β-catenin signalling acts at different steps along the hippocampal neurogenic lineage, but whether it has a direct role in the regulation of NSCs remains unclear. Here, we used Wnt/β-catenin reporters and transcriptomic data from in vivo and in vitro models to show that adult NSCs respond to Wnt/β-catenin signalling. Wnt/β-catenin stimulation instructed the neuronal differentiation of proliferating NSCs and promoted the activation or differentiation of quiescent NSCs in a dose-dependent manner. However, deletion of β-catenin in NSCs did not affect either their activation or maintenance of their stem cell characteristics. Together, these results indicate that, although NSCs do respond to Wnt/β-catenin stimulation in a dose-dependent and state-specific manner, Wnt/β-catenin signalling is not cell-autonomously required to maintain NSC homeostasis, which reconciles some of the contradictions in the literature as to the role of Wnt/β-catenin signalling in adult hippocampal NSCs. Summary: Wnt/β-catenin signalling stimulation promotes the exit from quiescence and differentiation of adult hippocampal neural stem cells but is dispensable for homeostatic neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of young mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rut Gabarró-Solanas
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria.,Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1030, Austria
| | - Piero Rigo
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Oana Paun
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | | | - Noelia Urbán
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.,Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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10
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Da Silva F, Zhang K, Pinson A, Fatti E, Wilsch-Bräuninger M, Herbst J, Vidal V, Schedl A, Huttner WB, Niehrs C. Mitotic WNT signalling orchestrates neurogenesis in the developing neocortex. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108041. [PMID: 34431536 PMCID: PMC8488556 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of WNT/β‐catenin signalling in mouse neocortex development remains ambiguous. Most studies demonstrate that WNT/β‐catenin regulates progenitor self‐renewal but others suggest it can also promote differentiation. Here we explore the role of WNT/STOP signalling, which stabilizes proteins during G2/M by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase (GSK3)‐mediated protein degradation. We show that mice mutant for cyclin Y and cyclin Y‐like 1 (Ccny/l1), key regulators of WNT/STOP signalling, display reduced neurogenesis in the developing neocortex. Specifically, basal progenitors, which exhibit delayed cell cycle progression, were drastically decreased. Ccny/l1‐deficient apical progenitors show reduced asymmetric division due to an increase in apical–basal astral microtubules. We identify the neurogenic transcription factors Sox4 and Sox11 as direct GSK3 targets that are stabilized by WNT/STOP signalling in basal progenitors during mitosis and that promote neuron generation. Our work reveals that WNT/STOP signalling drives cortical neurogenesis and identifies mitosis as a critical phase for neural progenitor fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Da Silva
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kaiqing Zhang
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anneline Pinson
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Edoardo Fatti
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jessica Herbst
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Valerie Vidal
- INSERM, CNRS, iBV, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | | | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christof Niehrs
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
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11
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Mani S, Radhakrishnan S, Cheramangalam RN, Harkar S, Rajendran S, Ramanan N. Shh-Mediated Increase in β-Catenin Levels Maintains Cerebellar Granule Neuron Progenitors in Proliferation. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 19:645-664. [PMID: 32495183 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01138-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar granule neuron progenitors (CGNPs) give rise to the cerebellar granule neurons in the developing cerebellum. Generation of large number of these neurons is made possible by the high proliferation rate of CGNPs in the external granule layer (EGL) in the dorsal cerebellum. Here, we show that upregulation of β-catenin can maintain murine CGNPs in a state of proliferation. Further, we show that β-catenin mRNA and protein levels can be regulated by the mitogen Sonic hedgehog (Shh). Shh signaling led to an increase in the level of the transcription factor N-myc. N-myc was found to bind the β-catenin promoter, and the increase in β-catenin mRNA and protein levels could be prevented by blocking N-myc upregulation downstream of Shh signaling. Furthermore, blocking Wingless-type MMTV integration site (Wnt) signaling by Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor Dickkopf 1 (Dkk-1) in the presence of Shh did not prevent the upregulation of β-catenin. We propose that in culture, Shh signaling regulates β-catenin expression through N-myc and results in increased CGNP proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamala Mani
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India. .,Curadev Pharma, Pvt. Ltd., B-87, Sector 83, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201305, India. .,Université de Paris, Inserm UMR 1141 NeuroDiderot, F-75019, Paris, France.
| | | | | | - Shalini Harkar
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India
| | - Samyutha Rajendran
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India
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12
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Ruan X, Liu G, Zhou J, Chen P, Sun C, Liu W, Wu C, Hou L, Yin B, Qiang B, Shu P, Peng X. Zbed3 Is Indispensable for Wnt Signaling Regulation of Cortical Layers Formation in Developing Brain. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:4078-4091. [PMID: 33822906 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays multiple important roles during mammalian brain development, and it regulates the proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitors in a context-dependent manner and affects neocortex layer formation. However, the specific role of Wnt/β-catenin in neuronal layer fate determination in the neocortex is still unclear. Here, we report that Zbed3, which is a positive regulator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, colocalizes with β-catenin at the endfeet of radial glia in the ventricular zone of embryo mouse neocortex. Overexpression and knockdown of Zbed3 increased and decreased the activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the neocortex, respectively. Interestingly, knockdown of Zbed3 in vivo could significantly shift neuronal fates from deep layers to upper layers but is not required for the proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitors. Overexpression of Zbed3 led to increased generation of deep-layer neurons without impairing cell cycle exit of neural progenitors. More importantly, knockdown of Zbed3 could effectively block the effects of the ectopic expression of stabilized β-catenin on neocortex layer formation. Hence, our results demonstrate that Zbed3 is indispensable for Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulating neuronal layer fates in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbin Ruan
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Gaoao Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Jiafeng Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Pan Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Changjie Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Wei Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Chao Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Lin Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Bin Yin
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Boqin Qiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Pengcheng Shu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.,Institute of Medical Biology of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
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13
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Learning about cell lineage, cellular diversity and evolution of the human brain through stem cell models. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 66:166-177. [PMID: 33246264 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Here, we summarize the current knowledge on cell diversity in the cortex and other brain regions from in vivo mouse models and in vitro models based on pluripotent stem cells. We discuss the mechanisms underlying cell proliferation and temporal progression that leads to the sequential generation of neurons dedicated to different layers of the cortex. We highlight models of corticogenesis from stem cells that recapitulate specific transcriptional and connectivity patterns from different cortical areas. We overview state-of-the art of human brain organoids modeling different brain regions, and we discuss insights into human cortical evolution from stem cells. Finally, we interrogate human brain organoid models for their competence to recapitulate the essence of human brain development.
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14
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Söderholm S, Cantù C. The WNT/β‐catenin dependent transcription: A tissue‐specific business. WIREs Mech Dis 2020; 13:e1511. [PMID: 33085215 PMCID: PMC9285942 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
β‐catenin‐mediated Wnt signaling is an ancient cell‐communication pathway in which β‐catenin drives the expression of certain genes as a consequence of the trigger given by extracellular WNT molecules. The events occurring from signal to transcription are evolutionarily conserved, and their final output orchestrates countless processes during embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. Importantly, a dysfunctional Wnt/β‐catenin pathway causes developmental malformations, and its aberrant activation is the root of several types of cancer. A rich literature describes the multitude of nuclear players that cooperate with β‐catenin to generate a transcriptional program. However, a unified theory of how β‐catenin drives target gene expression is still missing. We will discuss two types of β‐catenin interactors: transcription factors that allow β‐catenin to localize at target regions on the DNA, and transcriptional co‐factors that ultimately activate gene expression. In contrast to the presumed universality of β‐catenin's action, the ensemble of available evidence suggests a view in which β‐catenin drives a complex system of responses in different cells and tissues. A malleable armamentarium of players might interact with β‐catenin in order to activate the right “canonical” targets in each tissue, developmental stage, or disease context. Discovering the mechanism by which each tissue‐specific β‐catenin response is executed will be crucial to comprehend how a seemingly universal pathway fosters a wide spectrum of processes during development and homeostasis. Perhaps more importantly, this could ultimately inform us about which are the tumor‐specific components that need to be targeted to dampen the activity of oncogenic β‐catenin. This article is categorized under:Cancer > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Cancer > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics Cancer > Stem Cells and Development
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Söderholm
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine Linköping University Linköping Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Faculty of Health Science Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Claudio Cantù
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine Linköping University Linköping Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Faculty of Health Science Linköping University Linköping Sweden
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15
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Ferent J, Zaidi D, Francis F. Extracellular Control of Radial Glia Proliferation and Scaffolding During Cortical Development and Pathology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:578341. [PMID: 33178693 PMCID: PMC7596222 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.578341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
During the development of the cortex, newly generated neurons migrate long-distances in the expanding tissue to reach their final positions. Pyramidal neurons are produced from dorsal progenitors, e.g., radial glia (RGs) in the ventricular zone, and then migrate along RG processes basally toward the cortex. These neurons are hence dependent upon RG extensions to support their migration from apical to basal regions. Several studies have investigated how intracellular determinants are required for RG polarity and subsequent formation and maintenance of their processes. Fewer studies have identified the influence of the extracellular environment on this architecture. This review will focus on extracellular factors which influence RG morphology and pyramidal neuronal migration during normal development and their perturbations in pathology. During cortical development, RGs are present in different strategic positions: apical RGs (aRGs) have their cell bodies located in the ventricular zone with an apical process contacting the ventricle, while they also have a basal process extending radially to reach the pial surface of the cortex. This particular conformation allows aRGs to be exposed to long range and short range signaling cues, whereas basal RGs (bRGs, also known as outer RGs, oRGs) have their cell bodies located throughout the cortical wall, limiting their access to ventricular factors. Long range signals impacting aRGs include secreted molecules present in the embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (e.g., Neuregulin, EGF, FGF, Wnt, BMP). Secreted molecules also contribute to the extracellular matrix (fibronectin, laminin, reelin). Classical short range factors include cell to cell signaling, adhesion molecules and mechano-transduction mechanisms (e.g., TAG1, Notch, cadherins, mechanical tension). Changes in one or several of these components influencing the RG extracellular environment can disrupt the development or maintenance of RG architecture on which neuronal migration relies, leading to a range of cortical malformations. First, we will detail the known long range signaling cues impacting RG. Then, we will review how short range cell contacts are also important to instruct the RG framework. Understanding how RG processes are structured by their environment to maintain and support radial migration is a critical part of the investigation of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Ferent
- Inserm, U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, IFM, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer á Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Donia Zaidi
- Inserm, U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, IFM, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer á Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Fiona Francis
- Inserm, U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, IFM, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer á Moulin, Paris, France
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16
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Neddylation is critical to cortical development by regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:26448-26459. [PMID: 33020269 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005395117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays a critical role in production and differentiation of neurons and undergoes a progressive reduction during cortical development. However, how Wnt signaling is regulated is not well understood. Here we provide evidence for an indispensable role of neddylation, a ubiquitylation-like protein modification, in inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling. We show that β-catenin is neddylated; and inhibiting β-catenin neddylation increases its nuclear accumulation and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. To test this hypothesis in vivo, we mutated Nae1, an obligative subunit of the E1 for neddylation in cortical progenitors. The mutation leads to eventual reduction in radial glia progenitors (RGPs). Consequently, the production of intermediate progenitors (IPs) and neurons is reduced, and neuron migration is impaired, resulting in disorganization of the cerebral cortex. These phenotypes are similar to those of β-catenin gain-of-function mice. Finally, suppressing β-catenin expression is able to rescue deficits of Nae1 mutant mice. Together, these observations identified a mechanism to regulate Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cortical development.
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17
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The COMPASS Family Protein ASH2L Mediates Corticogenesis via Transcriptional Regulation of Wnt Signaling. Cell Rep 2020; 28:698-711.e5. [PMID: 31315048 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone methylation is essential for regulating gene expression during organogenesis to maintain stem cells and execute a proper differentiation program for their descendants. Here we show that the COMPASS family histone methyltransferase co-factor ASH2L is required for maintaining neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and the production and positioning of projection neurons during neocortex development. Specifically, loss of Ash2l in NPCs results in malformation of the neocortex; the mutant neocortex has fewer neurons, which are also abnormal in composition and laminar position. Moreover, ASH2L loss impairs trimethylation of H3K4 and the transcriptional machinery specific for Wnt-β-catenin signaling, inhibiting the proliferation ability of NPCs at late stages of neurogenesis by disrupting S phase entry to inhibit cell cycle progression. Overexpressing β-catenin after ASH2L elimination rescues the proliferation deficiency. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that ASH2L is crucial for modulating Wnt signaling to maintain NPCs and generate a full complement of neurons during mammalian neocortex development.
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18
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Liu F, Tian N, Zhang HQ, Li SH, Zhou QZ, Yang Y, Zheng J, Wang JZ. GSK-3β activation accelerates early-stage consumption of Hippocampal Neurogenesis in senescent mice. Theranostics 2020; 10:9674-9685. [PMID: 32863953 PMCID: PMC7449917 DOI: 10.7150/thno.43829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) deficits contribute to the progression of cognitive impairments during accelerated senescence, with the mechanistic causes poorly understood. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is a critical regulator in prenatal neurodevelopment. The present study aims to study whether and how GSK-3β regulates AHN during the accelerated senescence. Methods: AHN and AHN-dependent cognition and GSK-3β were evaluated in 3- and 6-month senescence-accelerated mice prone 8 (SAM-P8) and senescence resistant 1 (SAM-R1) mice, respectively. GSK-3β was selectively overexpressed in wild-type mice using adeno-associated virus, or knocked-out by crossbreeding with GSK-3β floxed mice in the neural stem cells (NSCs) of Nestin-Cre mice, or pharmacologically inhibited with SB216763 in SAM-P8 mice. AHN was evaluated by BrdU-, DCX-staining and retrovirus-labeling. Results: AHN transiently increased at 3-month, but dramatically dropped at 6-month of age in SAM-P8 mice with a simultaneous activation of GSK-3β at 3-month. Selective overexpression of GSK-3β in hippocampal NSCs of wildtype mice induced long-term AHN deficits due to an accelerated depletion of NSC pool, although it transiently increased the proliferation and survival of the newborn neurons. Pharmacologically inhibiting GSK-3β by SB216763 efficiently preserved AHN and improved contextual memory in 6-month SAM-P8 mice, while conditional knock-out of GSK-3β in NSCs impaired AHN. Conclusion: Early-stage activation of GSK-3β in NSCs impairs AHN by accelerating the depletion of NSC pool, and pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3β is efficient to preserve AHN during the accelerated aging. These results reveal novel mechanisms underlying the AHN impairments during accelerated senescence and provide new targets for pro-neurogenic therapies for related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Na Tian
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hua-Qiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shi-Hong Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qiu-Zhi Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
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19
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Esteve P, Crespo I, Kaimakis P, Sandonís A, Bovolenta P. Sfrp1 Modulates Cell-signaling Events Underlying Telencephalic Patterning, Growth and Differentiation. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:1059-1074. [PMID: 30084950 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian dorsal telencephalic neuroepithelium develops-from medial to lateral-into the choroid plaque, cortical hem, hippocampal primordium and isocortex under the influence of Bmp, Wnt and Notch signaling. Correct telencephalic development requires a tight coordination of the extent/duration of these signals, but the identification of possible molecular coordinators is still limited. Here, we postulated that Secreted Frizzled Related Protein 1 (Sfrp1), a multifunctional regulator of Bmp, Wnt and Notch signaling strongly expressed during early telencephalic development, may represent 1 of such molecules. We report that in E10.5-E12.5 Sfrp1-/- embryos, the hem and hippocampal domains are reduced in size whereas the prospective neocortex is medially extended. These changes are associated with a significant reduction of the medio-lateral telencephalic expression of Axin2, a read-out of Wnt/βcatenin signaling activation. Furthermore, in the absence of Sfrp1, Notch signaling is increased, cortical progenitor cell cycle is shorter, with expanded progenitor pools and enhanced generation of early-born neurons. Hence, in postnatal Sfrp1-/- animals the anterior hippocampus is reduced and the neocortex is shorter in the antero-posterior and medio-lateral axis but is thicker. We propose that, by controlling Wnt and Notch signaling in opposite directions, Sfrp1 promotes hippocampal patterning and balances medio-lateral and antero-posterior cortex expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Esteve
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Crespo
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Polynikis Kaimakis
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Africa Sandonís
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paola Bovolenta
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Moriano J, Boeckx C. Modern human changes in regulatory regions implicated in cortical development. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:304. [PMID: 32299352 PMCID: PMC7161147 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6706-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent paleogenomic studies have highlighted a very small set of proteins carrying modern human-specific missense changes in comparison to our closest extinct relatives. Despite being frequently alluded to as highly relevant, species-specific differences in regulatory regions remain understudied. Here, we integrate data from paleogenomics, chromatin modification and physical interaction, and single-cell gene expression of neural progenitor cells to identify derived regulatory changes in the modern human lineage in comparison to Neanderthals/Denisovans. We report a set of genes whose enhancers and/or promoters harbor modern human single nucleotide changes and are active at early stages of cortical development. RESULTS We identified 212 genes controlled by regulatory regions harboring modern human changes where Neanderthals/Denisovans carry the ancestral allele. These regulatory regions significantly overlap with putative modern human positively-selected regions and schizophrenia-related genetic loci. Among the 212 genes, we identified a substantial proportion of genes related to transcriptional regulation and, specifically, an enrichment for the SETD1A histone methyltransferase complex, known to regulate WNT signaling for the generation and proliferation of intermediate progenitor cells. CONCLUSIONS This study complements previous research focused on protein-coding changes distinguishing our species from Neanderthals/Denisovans and highlights chromatin regulation as a functional category so far overlooked in modern human evolution studies. We present a set of candidates that will help to illuminate the investigation of modern human-specific ontogenetic trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Moriano
- Universitat de Barcelona, Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems, Martı́ Franquès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cedric Boeckx
- Universitat de Barcelona, Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems, Martı́ Franquès, Barcelona, Spain.
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Passeig Lluı́s Companys, Barcelona, Spain.
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21
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The Ubiquitin System: a Regulatory Hub for Intellectual Disability and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2179-2193. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01881-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Early dorsomedial tissue interactions regulate gyrification of distal neocortex. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5192. [PMID: 31729356 PMCID: PMC6858446 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12913-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent of neocortical gyrification is an important determinant of a species’ cognitive abilities, yet the mechanisms regulating cortical gyrification are poorly understood. We uncover long-range regulation of this process originating at the telencephalic dorsal midline, where levels of secreted Bmps are maintained by factors in both the neuroepithelium and the overlying mesenchyme. In the mouse, the combined loss of transcription factors Lmx1a and Lmx1b, selectively expressed in the midline neuroepithelium and the mesenchyme respectively, causes dorsal midline Bmp signaling to drop at early neural tube stages. This alters the spatial and temporal Wnt signaling profile of the dorsal midline cortical hem, which in turn causes gyrification of the distal neocortex. Our study uncovers early mesenchymal-neuroepithelial interactions that have long-range effects on neocortical gyrification and shows that lissencephaly in mice is actively maintained via redundant genetic regulation of dorsal midline development and signaling. The contribution of long-range signaling to cortical gyrification remains poorly understood. In this study, authors demonstrate that the combined genetic loss of transcription factors Lmx1a and Lmx1b, expressed in the telencephalic dorsal midline neuroepithelium and head mesenchyme, respectively, induces gyrification in the mouse neocortex
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23
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Shahapal A, Cho EB, Yong HJ, Jeong I, Kwak H, Lee JK, Kim W, Kim B, Park HC, Lee WS, Kim H, Hwang JI, Seong JY. FAM19A5 Expression During Embryogenesis and in the Adult Traumatic Brain of FAM19A5-LacZ Knock-in Mice. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:917. [PMID: 31543758 PMCID: PMC6730007 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
FAM19A5 is a secretory protein that is predominantly expressed in the brain. Although the FAM19A5 gene has been found to be associated with neurological and/or psychiatric diseases, only limited information is available on its function in the brain. Using FAM19A5-LacZ knock-in mice, we determined the expression pattern of FAM19A5 in developing and adult brains and identified cell types that express FAM19A5 in naïve and traumatic brain injury (TBI)–induced brains. According to X-gal staining results, FAM19A5 is expressed in the ventricular zone and ganglionic eminence at a very early stage of brain development, suggesting its functions are related to the generation of neural stem cells and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). In the later stages of developing embryos and in adult mice, FAM19A5 expression expanded broadly to particular regions of the brain, including layers 2/3 and 5 of the cortex, cornu amonis (CA) region of the hippocampus, and the corpus callosum. X-gal staining combined with immunostaining for a variety of cell-type markers revealed that FAM19A5 is expressed in many different cell types, including neurons, OPCs, astrocytes, and microglia; however, only some populations of these cell types produce FAM19A5. In a subpopulation of neuronal cells, TBI led to increased X-gal staining that extended to the nucleus, marked by slightly condensed content and increased heterochromatin formation along the nuclear border. Similarly, nuclear extension of X-gal staining occurred in a subpopulation of OPCs in the corpus callosum of the TBI-induced brain. Together, these results suggest that FAM19A5 plays a role in nervous system development from an early stage and increases its expression in response to pathological conditions in subsets of neurons and OPCs of the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Shahapal
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Bee Cho
- Neuracle Science Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Yong
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Inyoung Jeong
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Hoyun Kwak
- Neuracle Science Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Wonkyum Kim
- Neuracle Science Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Hae-Chul Park
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Won Suk Lee
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Ik Hwang
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Young Seong
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Bem J, Brożko N, Chakraborty C, Lipiec MA, Koziński K, Nagalski A, Szewczyk ŁM, Wiśniewska MB. Wnt/β-catenin signaling in brain development and mental disorders: keeping TCF7L2 in mind. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:1654-1674. [PMID: 31218672 PMCID: PMC6772062 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Canonical Wnt signaling, which is transduced by β-catenin and lymphoid enhancer factor 1/T cell-specific transcription factors (LEF1/TCFs), regulates many aspects of metazoan development and tissue renewal. Although much evidence has associated canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling with mood disorders, the mechanistic links are still unknown. Many components of the canonical Wnt pathway are involved in cellular processes that are unrelated to classical canonical Wnt signaling, thus further blurring the picture. The present review critically evaluates the involvement of classical Wnt/β-catenin signaling in developmental processes that putatively underlie the pathology of mental illnesses. Particular attention is given to the roles of LEF1/TCFs, which have been discussed surprisingly rarely in this context. Highlighting recent discoveries, we propose that alterations in the activity of LEF1/TCFs, and particularly of transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2), result in defects previously associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, including imbalances in neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis, the functional disruption of thalamocortical circuitry and dysfunction of the habenula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Bem
- Centre of New TechnologiesUniversity of WarsawPoland
| | - Nikola Brożko
- Centre of New TechnologiesUniversity of WarsawPoland
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25
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Zhang F, Liu CL, Tong MM, Zhao Z, Chen SQ. Both Wnt/β-catenin and ERK5 signaling pathways are involved in BDNF-induced differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into neural stem cells. Neurosci Lett 2019; 708:134345. [PMID: 31229623 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Although brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) induces the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into neural stem cells (NSCs), its exact mechanism remains unelucidated. Wnt/β-catenin and ERK5 are two important signalling pathways of the Wnt and MAPK signalling cascades and are speculated to be closely related to the differentiation of cells. In this study, we reported the role of the Wnt/β-catenin and ERK5 signalling pathways on the BDNF-induced differentiation of iPSCs into NSCs. We examined the expression of β-catenin and p-ERK5 using small interfering RNA (siRNA)-induced silencing of β-catenin and ERK genes. We found that BDNF significantly improved the efficiency of iPSC differentiation and that the expression of β-catenin and p-ERK5 in the BDNF culture medium was significantly upregulated. Furthermore, we found that the expression of the β-catenin component was downregulated by siRNA-β-catenin, and the expression of the p-ERK5 component was downregulated by siRNA-ERK5. Flow cytometry showed that the differentiation rate of iPSCs was also significantly decreased by RNA interference. The results suggested that the Wnt/β-catenin and ERK5 signalling pathways are activated in the process of BDNF-induced iPSC differentiation. Interestingly, our study showed that siRNA-ERK5 not only inhibits the activity of the ERK5 signalling pathway but also partially controls the activity of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. The results suggested that the Wnt/β-catenin and ERK5 signalling pathways are not independently involved in the process of BDNF-induced iPSC differentiation. Our study showed that BDNF promotes the differentiation of iPSCs into NSCs by activating the Wnt/β-catenin and ERK5 signalling pathways, and an interconnected relationship may exist between the Wnt/β-catenin and ERK5 signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Stem cells research center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215001, China
| | - Chen-Lu Liu
- Stem cells research center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215001, China
| | - Ming-Min Tong
- Stem cells research center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215001, China
| | - Zhong Zhao
- Neurology department, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215001, China
| | - Shuang-Qing Chen
- Stem cells research center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215001, China.
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26
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Zurkirchen L, Varum S, Giger S, Klug A, Häusel J, Bossart R, Zemke M, Cantù C, Atak ZK, Zamboni N, Basler K, Sommer L. Yin Yang 1 sustains biosynthetic demands during brain development in a stage-specific manner. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2192. [PMID: 31097699 PMCID: PMC6522535 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09823-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) plays an important role in human disease. It is often overexpressed in cancers and mutations can lead to a congenital haploinsufficiency syndrome characterized by craniofacial dysmorphisms and neurological dysfunctions, consistent with a role in brain development. Here, we show that Yy1 controls murine cerebral cortex development in a stage-dependent manner. By regulating a wide range of metabolic pathways and protein translation, Yy1 maintains proliferation and survival of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) at early stages of brain development. Despite its constitutive expression, however, the dependence on Yy1 declines over the course of corticogenesis. This is associated with decreasing importance of processes controlled by Yy1 during development, as reflected by diminished protein synthesis rates at later developmental stages. Thus, our study unravels a novel role for Yy1 as a stage-dependent regulator of brain development and shows that biosynthetic demands of NPCs dynamically change throughout development. The transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) plays an important role in human disease, yet little is known about its role in brain development. This study shows that YY1 controls cerebral cortex development by maintaining proliferation and survival of neural progenitor cells via transcriptional regulation of genes involved in metabolism and protein translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Zurkirchen
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Varum
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Giger
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annika Klug
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Häusel
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raphaël Bossart
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Zemke
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Cantù
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Linköping University, Linköping, 58183, Sweden
| | - Zeynep Kalender Atak
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Nicola Zamboni
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Basler
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Sommer
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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27
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Zhao XE, Yang Z, Zhang H, Yao G, Liu J, Wei Q, Ma B. Resveratrol Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation of Canine Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Through Wnt/Beta-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Cell Reprogram 2018; 20:371-381. [DOI: 10.1089/cell.2018.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-e Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhenshan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ge Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Baohua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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28
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Increased Synthesis of Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan Promotes Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Response to Enriched Environment. J Neurosci 2018; 38:8496-8513. [PMID: 30126967 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0632-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) is a candidate regulator of embryonic neurogenesis. The aim of this study was to specify the functional significance of CSPG in adult hippocampal neurogenesis using male mice. Here, we showed that neural stem cells and neuronal progenitors in the dentate gyrus were covered in part by CSPG. Pharmacological depletion of CSPG in the dentate gyrus reduced the densities of neuronal progenitors and newborn granule cells. 3D reconstruction of newborn granule cells showed that their maturation was inhibited by CSPG digestion. The novel object recognition test revealed that CSPG digestion caused cognitive memory impairment. Western blot analysis showed that expression of β-catenin in the dentate gyrus was decreased by CSPG digestion. The amount of CSPG in the dentate gyrus was increased by enriched environment (EE) and was decreased by forced swim stress. In addition, EE accelerated the recovery of CSPG expression in the dentate gyrus from the pharmacological depletion and promoted the restoration of granule cell production. Conversely, the densities of newborn granule cells were also decreased in mice that lacked chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 (CSGalNAcT1), a key enzyme for CSPG synthesis (T1KO mice). The capacity of EE to promote granule cell production and improve cognitive memory was impaired in T1KO mice. These findings indicate that CSPG is involved in the regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and suggest that increased synthesis of CSPG by CSGalNacT1 may mediate promotion of granule cell production and improvement of cognitive memory in response to EE.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) is a candidate regulator of embryonic neurogenesis. Here, we specified the role of CSPG in adult neurogenesis in the mouse hippocampus. Digestion of CSPG in the dentate gyrus impaired granule cell production and cognitive memory. Enriched environment (EE) promoted the recovery of CSPG expression and granule cell production from the CSPG digestion. Additionally, adult neurogenesis was impaired in mice that lacked a key enzyme for CSPG synthesis (T1KO mice). The capacity of EE to promote granule cell production and cognitive memory was impaired in T1KO mice. Altogether, these findings indicate that CSPG underlies adult hippocampal neurogenesis and suggest that increased synthesis of CSPG may mediate promotion of granule cell production in response to EE.
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29
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Miao N, Bian S, Lee T, Mubarak T, Huang S, Wen Z, Hussain G, Sun T. Opposite Roles of Wnt7a and Sfrp1 in Modulating Proper Development of Neural Progenitors in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:247. [PMID: 30065628 PMCID: PMC6056652 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wingless (Wnt)-mediated signals are involved in many important aspects of development of the mammalian cerebral cortex. How Wnts interact with their modulators in cortical development is still unclear. Here, we show that Wnt7a and secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (Sfrp1), a soluble modulator of Wnts, are co-expressed in mouse embryonic cortical neural progenitors (NPs). Knockout of Wnt7a in mice causes microcephaly due to reduced NP population and neurogenesis, and Sfrp1 has an opposing effect compared to Wnt7a. Similar to Dkk1, Sfrp1 decreases the Wnt1 and Wnt7a activity in vitro. Our results suggest that Wnt7a and Sfrp1 play opposite roles to ensure proper NP progeny in the developing cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Miao
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shan Bian
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Trevor Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Taufif Mubarak
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shiying Huang
- College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Zhihong Wen
- Marine Biomedical Laboratory and Center for Translational Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ghulam Hussain
- Department of Physiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tao Sun
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
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30
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Uzquiano A, Gladwyn-Ng I, Nguyen L, Reiner O, Götz M, Matsuzaki F, Francis F. Cortical progenitor biology: key features mediating proliferation versus differentiation. J Neurochem 2018; 146:500-525. [PMID: 29570795 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is a highly organized structure whose development depends on diverse progenitor cell types, namely apical radial glia, intermediate progenitors, and basal radial glia cells, which are responsible for the production of the correct neuronal output. In recent years, these progenitor cell types have been deeply studied, particularly basal radial glia and their role in cortical expansion and gyrification. We review here a broad series of factors that regulate progenitor behavior and daughter cell fate. We first describe the different neuronal progenitor types, emphasizing the differences between lissencephalic and gyrencephalic species. We then review key factors shown to influence progenitor proliferation versus differentiation, discussing their roles in progenitor dynamics, neuronal production, and potentially brain size and complexity. Although spindle orientation has been considered a critical factor for mode of division and daughter cell output, we discuss other features that are emerging as crucial for these processes such as organelle and cell cycle dynamics. Additionally, we highlight the importance of adhesion molecules and the polarity complex for correct cortical development. Finally, we briefly discuss studies assessing progenitor multipotency and its possible contribution to the production of specific neuronal populations. This review hence summarizes recent aspects of cortical progenitor cell biology, and pinpoints emerging features critical for their behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Uzquiano
- INSERM, UMR-S 839, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Ivan Gladwyn-Ng
- GIGA-Neurosciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurent Nguyen
- GIGA-Neurosciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Orly Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Planegg/Munich, Germany.,Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Planegg/Munich, Germany
| | - Fumio Matsuzaki
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN Kobe Institute, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Fiona Francis
- INSERM, UMR-S 839, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
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31
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Neural stem cell therapies and hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 173:1-17. [PMID: 29758244 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the adult as well as in the neonate. Extensive pre-clinical studies have shown promising therapeutic effects of neural stem cell-based treatments for hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. There are two major strategies of neural stem cell-based therapies: transplanting exogenous neural stem cells and boosting self-repair of endogenous neural stem cells. Neural stem cell transplantation has been proved to improve functional recovery after brain injury through multiple by-stander mechanisms (e.g., neuroprotection, immunomodulation), rather than simple cell-replacement. Endogenous neural stem cells reside in certain neurogenic niches of the brain and response to brain injury. Many molecules (e.g., neurotrophic factors) can stimulate or enhance proliferation and differentiation of endogenous neural stem cells after injury. In this review, we first present an overview of neural stem cells during normal brain development and the effect of hypoxic-ischemic injury on the activation and function of endogenous neural stem cells in the brain. We then summarize and discuss the current knowledge of strategies and mechanisms for neural stem cell-based therapies on brain hypoxic-ischemic injury, including neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury and adult ischemic stroke.
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32
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Nguyen H, Kerimoglu C, Pirouz M, Pham L, Kiszka KA, Sokpor G, Sakib MS, Rosenbusch J, Teichmann U, Seong RH, Stoykova A, Fischer A, Staiger JF, Tuoc T. Epigenetic Regulation by BAF Complexes Limits Neural Stem Cell Proliferation by Suppressing Wnt Signaling in Late Embryonic Development. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 10:1734-1750. [PMID: 29779894 PMCID: PMC5993560 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During early cortical development, neural stem cells (NSCs) divide symmetrically to expand the progenitor pool, whereas, in later stages, NSCs divide asymmetrically to self-renew and produce other cell types. The timely switch from such proliferative to differentiative division critically determines progenitor and neuron numbers. However, the mechanisms that limit proliferative division in late cortical development are not fully understood. Here, we show that the BAF (mSWI/SNF) complexes restrict proliferative competence and promote neuronal differentiation in late corticogenesis. Inactivation of BAF complexes leads to H3K27me3-linked silencing of neuronal differentiation-related genes, with concurrent H3K4me2-mediated activation of proliferation-associated genes via de-repression of Wnt signaling. Notably, the deletion of BAF complexes increased proliferation of neuroepithelial cell-like NSCs, impaired neuronal differentiation, and exerted a Wnt-dependent effect on neocortical and hippocampal development. Thus, these results demonstrate that BAF complexes act as both activators and repressors to control global epigenetic and gene expression programs in late corticogenesis. Loss of BAF complexes increases H3K27me3 and H3K4me2 marks in late corticogenesis BAF complexes epigenetically regulate neural proliferation and differentiation BAF complexes suppress neuroepithelial cell fate and Wnt signaling BAF complexes control cortical development in a Wnt signaling-dependent manner
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Nguyen
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August- University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Cemil Kerimoglu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg- August-University Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; Department for Systems Medicine and Epigenetics, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Mehdi Pirouz
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Linh Pham
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August- University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kamila A Kiszka
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August- University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy & Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Godwin Sokpor
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August- University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - M Sadman Sakib
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg- August-University Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; Department for Systems Medicine and Epigenetics, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Joachim Rosenbusch
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August- University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Teichmann
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Rho H Seong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Research Center for Functional Cellulomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151- 742, Korea
| | - Anastassia Stoykova
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy & Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Andre Fischer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg- August-University Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; Department for Systems Medicine and Epigenetics, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August- University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy & Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August- University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy & Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075 Goettingen, Germany.
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33
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Chodelkova O, Masek J, Korinek V, Kozmik Z, Machon O. Tcf7L2 is essential for neurogenesis in the developing mouse neocortex. Neural Dev 2018; 13:8. [PMID: 29751817 PMCID: PMC5946422 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-018-0107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of neurons in the embryonic neocortex is a balanced process of proliferation and differentiation of neuronal progenitor cells. Canonical Wnt signalling is crucial for expansion of radial glial cells in the ventricular zone and for differentiation of intermediate progenitors in the subventricular zone. We detected abundant expression of two transcrtiption factors mediating canonical Wnt signalling, Tcf7L1 and Tcf7L2, in the ventricular zone of the embryonic neocortex. Conditional knock-out analysis showed that Tcf7L2, but not Tcf7L1, is the principal Wnt mediator important for maintenance of progenitor cell identity in the ventricular zone. In the absence of Tcf7L2, the Wnt activity is reduced, ventricular zone markers Pax6 and Sox2 are downregulated and the neuroepithelial structure is severed due to the loss of apical adherens junctions. This results in decreased proliferation of radial glial cells, the reduced number of intermediate progenitors in the subventricular zone and hypoplastic forebrain. Our data show that canonical Wnt signalling, which is essential for determining the neuroepithelial character of the neocortical ventricular zone, is mediated by Tcf7L2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Chodelkova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1084, 14200, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Masek
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1084, 14200, Prague, Czech Republic.,Present address: Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-14183, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Korinek
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1084, 14200, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Kozmik
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1084, 14200, Prague, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Eye Biology, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Machon
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1084, 14200, Prague, Czech Republic. .,Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1084, 14200, Prague, Czech Republic.
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34
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Andreopoulou E, Arampatzis A, Patsoni M, Kazanis I. Being a Neural Stem Cell: A Matter of Character But Defined by the Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1041:81-118. [PMID: 29204830 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-69194-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cells that build the nervous system, either this is a small network of ganglia or a complicated primate brain, are called neural stem and progenitor cells. Even though the very primitive and the very recent neural stem cells (NSCs) share common basic characteristics that are hard-wired within their character, such as the expression of transcription factors of the SoxB family, their capacity to give rise to extremely different neural tissues depends significantly on instructions from the microenvironment. In this chapter we explore the nature of the NSC microenvironment, looking through evolution, embryonic development, maturity and even disease. Experimental work undertaken over the last 20 years has revealed exciting insight into the NSC microcosmos. NSCs are very capable in producing their own extracellular matrix and in regulating their behaviour in an autocrine and paracrine manner. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence indicates an important role for the vasculature, especially within the NSC niches of the postnatal brain; while novel results reveal direct links between the metabolic state of the organism and the function of NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Andreopoulou
- Lab of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Asterios Arampatzis
- Wellcome Trust- MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Biology Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Melina Patsoni
- Lab of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Ilias Kazanis
- Lab of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
- Wellcome Trust- MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Biology Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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35
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Singh S, Mishra A, Bharti S, Tiwari V, Singh J, Shukla S. Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Regulates Equilibrium Between Neurogenesis and Gliogenesis in Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease: a Crosstalk with Wnt and Notch Signaling. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6500-6517. [PMID: 29327199 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0860-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis involves generation of functional newborn neurons from neural stem cells (NSCs). Insufficient formation or accelerated degeneration of newborn neurons may contribute to the severity of motor/nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the functional role of adult neurogenesis in PD is yet not explored and whether glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) affects multiple steps of adult neurogenesis in PD is still unknown. We investigated the possible underlying molecular mechanism of impaired adult neurogenesis associated with PD. Herein, we show that single intra-medial forebrain bundle (MFB) injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) efficiently induced long-term activation of GSK-3β and reduced NSC self-renewal, proliferation, neuronal migration, and neuronal differentiation accompanied with increased astrogenesis in subventricular zone (SVZ) and hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). Indeed, 6-OHDA also delayed maturation of neuroblasts in the DG as witnessed by their reduced dendritic length and arborization. Using a pharmacological approach to inhibit GSK-3β activation by specific inhibitor SB216763, we show that GSK-3β inhibition enhances radial glial cells, NSC proliferation, self-renewal in the SVZ, and the subgranular zone (SGZ) in the rat PD model. Pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3β activity enhances neuroblast population in SVZ and SGZ and promotes migration of neuroblasts towards the rostral migratory stream and lesioned striatum from dorsal SVZ and lateral SVZ, respectively, in PD model. GSK-3β inhibition enhances dendritic arborization and survival of granular neurons and stimulates NSC differentiation towards the neuronal phenotype in DG of PD model. The aforementioned effects of GSK-3β involve a crosstalk between Wnt/β-catenin and Notch signaling pathways that are known to regulate NSC dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Singh
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
| | - Akanksha Mishra
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sachi Bharti
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
| | - Virendra Tiwari
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
| | - Jitendra Singh
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
| | - Shubha Shukla
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India.
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36
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Agirman G, Broix L, Nguyen L. Cerebral cortex development: an outside‐in perspective. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3978-3992. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gulistan Agirman
- GIGA‐Neurosciences Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA‐R) Liège Belgium
| | - Loïc Broix
- GIGA‐Neurosciences Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA‐R) Liège Belgium
| | - Laurent Nguyen
- GIGA‐Neurosciences Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA‐R) Liège Belgium
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Haushalter C, Asselin L, Fraulob V, Dollé P, Rhinn M. Retinoic acid controls early neurogenesis in the developing mouse cerebral cortex. Dev Biol 2017; 430:129-141. [PMID: 28790015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A tight regulation of neuron production is required to generate a functional cerebral cortex and is achieved by a proper balance between proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells. Though the vitamin A (retinol) active derivative retinoic acid (RA) has been implicated as one of the signals acting during mammalian forebrain neurogenesis, its function at the onset of neurogenesis as well as during establishment of cortical layers and neuronal subtypes remains elusive. One limitation is that murine mutants for genes encoding key enzymes involved in RA synthesis die during early embryonic development. We analysed corticogenesis in Rdh10 null mutants, in which an RA deficiency is generated as the intracellular retinol to retinaldehyde conversion is abolished. When analysed at the latest stage before lethality occurs (embryonic day [E]13.5), the mutants show smaller telencephalic vesicles and the thickness of their cortical plate is strongly reduced. The first progenitors formed in the cortical plate are radial glial (RG) cells which generate neurons either directly, or through an indirect mechanism involving the production of intermediate neuronal progenitors (INPs) which then give rise to neurons. We show that in absence of RA, the RG progenitors proliferate less and prematurely produce neurons, leading to their depletion at E11.5. Furthermore, we could demonstrate that lack of RA impairs the generation of INPs at E13.5 and affects the cell cycle exit of progenitor cells during corticogenesis, altogether leading to a deficit in projection neurons and to microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Haushalter
- Development and Stem Cells Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 964, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Laure Asselin
- Development and Stem Cells Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 964, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Valérie Fraulob
- Development and Stem Cells Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 964, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Pascal Dollé
- Development and Stem Cells Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 964, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
| | - Muriel Rhinn
- Development and Stem Cells Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 964, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
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38
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Neural Stem Cells to Cerebral Cortex: Emerging Mechanisms Regulating Progenitor Behavior and Productivity. J Neurosci 2017; 36:11394-11401. [PMID: 27911741 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2359-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review accompanies a 2016 SFN mini-symposium presenting examples of current studies that address a central question: How do neural stem cells (NSCs) divide in different ways to produce heterogeneous daughter types at the right time and in proper numbers to build a cerebral cortex with the appropriate size and structure? We will focus on four aspects of corticogenesis: cytokinesis events that follow apical mitoses of NSCs; coordinating abscission with delamination from the apical membrane; timing of neurogenesis and its indirect regulation through emergence of intermediate progenitors; and capacity of single NSCs to generate the correct number and laminar fate of cortical neurons. Defects in these mechanisms can cause microcephaly and other brain malformations, and understanding them is critical to designing diagnostic tools and preventive and corrective therapies.
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Cho IT, Lim Y, Golden JA, Cho G. Aristaless Related Homeobox (ARX) Interacts with β-Catenin, BCL9, and P300 to Regulate Canonical Wnt Signaling. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170282. [PMID: 28103279 PMCID: PMC5245867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Aristaless Related Homeobox (ARX) gene are associated with a spectrum of structural (lissencephaly) and functional (epilepsy and intellectual disabilities) neurodevelopmental disorders. How mutations in this single transcription factor can result in such a broad range of phenotypes remains poorly understood. We hypothesized that ARX functions through distinct interactions with specific transcription factors/cofactors to regulate unique target genes in different cell types. To identify ARX interacting proteins, we performed an unbiased proteomics screen and identified several components of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, including β-catenin (CTNNB1), B-cell CLL/lymphoma 9 (BCL9) and leucine rich repeat flightless interacting protein 2 (LRRFIP2), in cortical progenitor cells. Our data show that ARX positively regulates Wnt/ β-catenin signaling and that the C-terminal domain of ARX interacts with the armadillo repeats in β-catenin to promote Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In addition, we found BCL9 and P300 also interact with ARX to modulate Wnt/β-catenin signaling. These data provide new insights into how ARX can uniquely regulate cortical neurogenesis, and connect the function of ARX with Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Taeg Cho
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Youngshin Lim
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A. Golden
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ginam Cho
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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40
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Abstract
Many food-derived phytochemical compounds and their derivatives represent a cornucopia of new anticancer compounds. Despite extensive study of luteolin, the literature has no information on the exact mechanisms or molecular targets through which it deters cancer progression. This review discusses existing data on luteolin's anticancer activities and then offers possible explanations for and molecular targets of its cancer-preventive action. Luteolin prevents tumor development largely by inactivating several signals and transcription pathways essential for cancer cells. This review also offers insights into the molecular mechanisms and targets through which luteolin either prevents cancer or mediates cancer cell death.
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41
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Zanni G, Di Martino E, Omelyanenko A, Andäng M, Delle U, Elmroth K, Blomgren K. Lithium increases proliferation of hippocampal neural stem/progenitor cells and rescues irradiation-induced cell cycle arrest in vitro. Oncotarget 2016; 6:37083-97. [PMID: 26397227 PMCID: PMC4741917 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy in children causes debilitating cognitive decline, partly linked to impaired neurogenesis. Irradiation targets primarily cancer cells but also endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) leading to cell death or cell cycle arrest. Here we evaluated the effects of lithium on proliferation, cell cycle and DNA damage after irradiation of young NSPCs in vitro. NSPCs were treated with 1 or 3 mM LiCl and we investigated proliferation capacity (neurosphere volume and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation). Using flow cytometry, we analysed apoptosis (annexin V), cell cycle (propidium iodide) and DNA damage (γH2AX) after irradiation (3.5 Gy) of lithium-treated NSPCs. Lithium increased BrdU incorporation and, dose-dependently, the number of cells in replicative phase as well as neurosphere growth. Irradiation induced cell cycle arrest in G1 and G2/M phases. Treatment with 3 mM LiCl was sufficient to increase NSPCs in S phase, boost neurosphere growth and reduce DNA damage. Lithium did not affect the levels of apoptosis, suggesting that it does not rescue NSPCs committed to apoptosis due to accumulated DNA damage. Lithium is a very promising candidate for protection of the juvenile brain from radiotherapy and for its potential to thereby improve the quality of life for those children who survive their cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Zanni
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Di Martino
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Omelyanenko
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Andäng
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ulla Delle
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kecke Elmroth
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Stockholm, Sweden
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42
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Packer A. Neocortical neurogenesis and the etiology of autism spectrum disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 64:185-95. [PMID: 26949225 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have now identified many highly penetrant genetic risk factors for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Some of these genes encode synaptic proteins, lending support to the hypothesis that ASD is a disorder of synaptic homeostasis. Less attention, however, has been paid to the genetic risk factors that converge on events that precede synaptogenesis, including the proliferation of neural progenitor cells and the migration of neurons to the appropriate layers of the developing neocortex. Here I review this evidence, focusing on studies of mutant mouse phenotypes, human postmortem data, systems biological analyses, and non-genetic risk factors. These findings highlight embryonic neurogenesis as a potentially important locus of pathology in ASD. In some instances, this pathology may be driven by alterations in chromatin biology and canonical Wnt signaling, which in turn affect fundamental cellular processes such as cell-cycle length and cell migration. This view of ASD suggests the need for a better understanding of the relationship between variation in neuron number, laminar composition, and the neural circuitry most relevant to the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Packer
- Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative, 160 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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43
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Zemke M, Draganova K, Klug A, Schöler A, Zurkirchen L, Gay MHP, Cheng P, Koseki H, Valenta T, Schübeler D, Basler K, Sommer L. Loss of Ezh2 promotes a midbrain-to-forebrain identity switch by direct gene derepression and Wnt-dependent regulation. BMC Biol 2015; 13:103. [PMID: 26621269 PMCID: PMC4665911 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-015-0210-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Precise spatiotemporal control of gene expression is essential for the establishment of correct cell numbers and identities during brain development. This process involves epigenetic control mechanisms, such as those mediated by the polycomb group protein Ezh2, which catalyzes trimethylation of histone H3K27 (H3K27me3) and thereby represses gene expression. RESULTS Herein, we show that Ezh2 plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of the midbrain. Conditional deletion of Ezh2 in the developing midbrain resulted in decreased neural progenitor proliferation, which is associated with derepression of cell cycle inhibitors and negative regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Of note, Ezh2 ablation also promoted ectopic expression of a forebrain transcriptional program involving derepression of the forebrain determinants Foxg1 and Pax6. This was accompanied by reduced expression of midbrain markers, including Pax3 and Pax7, as a consequence of decreased Wnt/β-catenin signaling. CONCLUSION Ezh2 is required for appropriate brain growth and maintenance of regional identity by H3K27me3-mediated gene repression and control of canonical Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Zemke
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Kalina Draganova
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Annika Klug
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Anne Schöler
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Luis Zurkirchen
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Phil Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Haruhiko Koseki
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Tomas Valenta
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Dirk Schübeler
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Konrad Basler
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Lukas Sommer
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Lhx2 regulates the timing of β-catenin-dependent cortical neurogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:12199-204. [PMID: 26371318 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1507145112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The timing of cortical neurogenesis has a major effect on the size and organization of the mature cortex. The deletion of the LIM-homeodomain transcription factor Lhx2 in cortical progenitors by Nestin-cre leads to a dramatically smaller cortex. Here we report that Lhx2 regulates the cortex size by maintaining the cortical progenitor proliferation and delaying the initiation of neurogenesis. The loss of Lhx2 in cortical progenitors results in precocious radial glia differentiation and a temporal shift of cortical neurogenesis. We further investigated the underlying mechanisms at play and demonstrated that in the absence of Lhx2, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway failed to maintain progenitor proliferation. We developed and applied a mathematical model that reveals how precocious neurogenesis affected cortical surface and thickness. Thus, we concluded that Lhx2 is required for β-catenin function in maintaining cortical progenitor proliferation and controls the timing of cortical neurogenesis.
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45
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Stouffer MA, Golden JA, Francis F. Neuronal migration disorders: Focus on the cytoskeleton and epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 92:18-45. [PMID: 26299390 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide spectrum of focal, regional, or diffuse structural brain abnormalities, collectively known as malformations of cortical development (MCDs), frequently manifest with intellectual disability (ID), epilepsy, and/or autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). As the acronym suggests, MCDs are perturbations of the normal architecture of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The pathogenesis of these disorders remains incompletely understood; however, one area that has provided important insights has been the study of neuronal migration. The amalgamation of human genetics and experimental studies in animal models has led to the recognition that common genetic causes of neurodevelopmental disorders, including many severe epilepsy syndromes, are due to mutations in genes regulating the migration of newly born post-mitotic neurons. Neuronal migration genes often, though not exclusively, code for proteins involved in the function of the cytoskeleton. Other cellular processes, such as cell division and axon/dendrite formation, which similarly depend on cytoskeletal functions, may also be affected. We focus here on how the susceptibility of the highly organized neocortex and hippocampus may be due to their laminar organization, which involves the tight regulation, both temporally and spatially, of gene expression, specialized progenitor cells, the migration of neurons over large distances and a birthdate-specific layering of neurons. Perturbations in neuronal migration result in abnormal lamination, neuronal differentiation defects, abnormal cellular morphology and circuit formation. Ultimately this results in disorganized excitatory and inhibitory activity leading to the symptoms observed in individuals with these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Stouffer
- INSERM UMRS 839, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Jeffrey A Golden
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fiona Francis
- INSERM UMRS 839, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France.
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Miyamoto Y, Sakane F, Hashimoto K. N-cadherin-based adherens junction regulates the maintenance, proliferation, and differentiation of neural progenitor cells during development. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 9:183-92. [PMID: 25869655 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2015.1005466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review addresses our current understanding of the regulatory mechanism by which N-cadherin, a classical cadherin, affects neural progenitor cells (NPCs) during development. N-cadherin is responsible for the integrity of adherens junctions (AJs), which develop in the sub-apical region of NPCs in the neural tube and brain cortex. The apical domain, which contains the sub-apical region, is involved in the switching from symmetric proliferative division to asymmetric neurogenic division of NPCs. In addition, N-cadherin-based AJ is deeply involved in the apico-basal polarity of NPCs and the regulation of Wnt-β-catenin, hedgehog (Hh), and Notch signaling. In this review, we discuss the roles of N-cadherin in the maintenance, proliferation, and differentiation of NPCs through components of AJ, β-catenin and αE-catenin.
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Key Words
- AJ, adherens junction
- EC, extracellular
- Fox, forkhead box
- Frz, frizzled
- GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β
- Hes, hairly/enhancer of split
- Hh, hedgehog
- IP, intermediate progenitor
- KO, knockout
- LEF, lymphocyte enhancer factor
- N-cadherin
- NPC, neural progenitor cell
- Par, partition defective complex protein
- Ptc, Pached
- Smo, smoothened
- Sox2, sry (sex determining region Y)-box containing gene 2
- TA cell, transient amplifying cell; ZO-1, Zonula Occludens-1.
- TCF, T-cell factor
- aPKC, atypical protein kinase C
- adherens junction
- apico-basal polarity
- iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cell
- neural progenitor cells
- ngn2, neurogenin 2
- shRNA, short hairpin RNA
- β-catenin
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Miyamoto
- a The Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences; Ochanomizu University ; Tokyo , Japan
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47
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Gay MHP, Valenta T, Herr P, Paratore-Hari L, Basler K, Sommer L. Distinct adhesion-independent functions of β-catenin control stage-specific sensory neurogenesis and proliferation. BMC Biol 2015; 13:24. [PMID: 25885041 PMCID: PMC4416270 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-015-0134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background β-catenin plays a central role in multiple developmental processes. However, it has been difficult to study its pleiotropic effects, because of the dual capacity of β-catenin to coordinate cadherin-dependent cell adhesion and to act as a component of Wnt signal transduction. To distinguish between the divergent functions of β-catenin during peripheral nervous system development, we made use of a mutant allele of β-catenin that can mediate adhesion but not Wnt-induced TCF transcriptional activation. This allele was combined with various conditional inactivation approaches. Results We show that of all peripheral nervous system structures, only sensory dorsal root ganglia require β-catenin for proper formation and growth. Surprisingly, however, dorsal root ganglia development is independent of cadherin-mediated cell adhesion. Rather, both progenitor cell proliferation and fate specification are controlled by β-catenin signaling. These can be divided into temporally sequential processes, each of which depends on a different function of β-catenin. Conclusions While early stage proliferation and specific Neurog2- and Krox20-dependent waves of neuronal subtype specification involve activation of TCF transcription, late stage progenitor proliferation and Neurog1-marked sensory neurogenesis are regulated by a function of β-catenin independent of TCF activation and adhesion. Thus, switching modes of β-catenin function are associated with consecutive cell fate specification and stage-specific progenitor proliferation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-015-0134-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Hans-Peter Gay
- Cell and Developmental Biology Division, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Tomas Valenta
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Patrick Herr
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Present address: SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lisette Paratore-Hari
- Cell and Developmental Biology Division, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Present address: University Hospital Zurich, Clinical Trials Center, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Konrad Basler
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Lukas Sommer
- Cell and Developmental Biology Division, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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