1
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Tribe AKW, Peng L, Teesdale-Spittle PH, McConnell MJ. BCL6 is a context-dependent mediator of the glioblastoma response to irradiation therapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:131782. [PMID: 38734343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a rapidly fatal brain cancer that does not respond to therapy. Previous research showed that the transcriptional repressor protein BCL6 is upregulated by chemo and radiotherapy in glioblastoma, and inhibition of BCL6 enhances the effectiveness of these therapies. Therefore, BCL6 is a promising target to improve the efficacy of current glioblastoma treatment. BCL6 acts as a transcriptional repressor in germinal centre B cells and as an oncogene in lymphoma and other cancers. However, in glioblastoma, BCL6 induced by therapy may not be able to repress transcription. Using a BCL6 inhibitor, the whole proteome response to irradiation was compared with and without BCL6 activity. Acute high dose irradiation caused BCL6 to switch from repressing the DNA damage response to promoting stress response signalling. Rapid immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry of endogenous proteins (RIME) enabled comparison of BCL6 partner proteins between untreated and irradiated glioblastoma cells. BCL6 was associated with transcriptional coregulators in untreated glioblastoma including the known partner NCOR2. However, this association was lost in response to acute irradiation, where BCL6 unexpectedly associated with synaptic and plasma membrane proteins. These results reveal the activity of BCL6 under therapy-induced stress is context-dependent, and potentially altered by the intensity of that stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K W Tribe
- School of Biological Sciences, Te Herenga Waka Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
| | - Lifeng Peng
- School of Biological Sciences, Te Herenga Waka Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
| | - Paul H Teesdale-Spittle
- School of Biological Sciences, Te Herenga Waka Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
| | - Melanie J McConnell
- School of Biological Sciences, Te Herenga Waka Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
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2
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Raveendran S, Giram A, Elmi M, Ray S, Ireson C, Alavijeh M, Savina IN. Combinatorial Therapy: Targeting CD133+ Glioma Stem-like Cells with a Polysaccharide-Prodrug Complex Functionalised Gold Nanocages. Biomedicines 2024; 12:934. [PMID: 38790896 PMCID: PMC11117750 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12050934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatments are advancing to harness the body's immune system against tumours, aiming for lasting effects. This progress involves combining potent chemotherapy drugs with immunogens to kill cancer cells and trigger lasting immunity. Developing new prodrugs that integrate both chemotherapy and immune-boosting elements could significantly improve anticancer outcomes by activating multiple mechanisms to kill cancer cells. While bacterial polysaccharides are typically not used in therapy due to their immune-stimulating properties, we propose a safe application of an extremophilic bacterial polysaccharide, Mauran (MR), modified with the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5FU) to create a novel prodrug. This obtained prodrug, chloracetyl-MR-5FU, is specifically targeted using gold nanocages to CD133+ glioma cells. Test results have shown a high encapsulation efficiency of the drug during the polysaccharide modification process; its anticancer activity was demonstrated in vitro and the release of the prodrug was demonstrated in ex vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreejith Raveendran
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Moulsecoomb, Lewes Road, Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Amit Giram
- Pharmidex Pharmaceutical Services Limited, 167-169 Great Portland Street, Fifth Floor, London W1W 5PF, UK
| | - Mehrnaz Elmi
- Pharmidex Pharmaceutical Services Limited, 167-169 Great Portland Street, Fifth Floor, London W1W 5PF, UK
| | - Santanu Ray
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Brighton, Moulsecoomb, Lewes Road, Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Christopher Ireson
- Pharmidex Pharmaceutical Services Limited, 167-169 Great Portland Street, Fifth Floor, London W1W 5PF, UK
| | - Mo Alavijeh
- Pharmidex Pharmaceutical Services Limited, 167-169 Great Portland Street, Fifth Floor, London W1W 5PF, UK
| | - Irina N. Savina
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Moulsecoomb, Lewes Road, Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
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3
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Lu Q, Lu X, Zhang Y, Huang W, Zhou H, Li T. Recent advances in ferroptosis and therapeutic strategies for glioblastoma. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 9:1068437. [PMID: 36710875 PMCID: PMC9880056 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1068437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an emerging form of cell death characterized by the over-accumulation of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Ferroptosis directly or indirectly disturbs glutathione peroxidases cycle through diverse pathways, impacting the cellular antioxidant capacities, aggravating accumulation of reactive oxygen species in lipid, and it finally causes oxidative overload and cell death. Ferroptosis plays a significant role in the pathophysiological processes of many diseases. Glioblastoma is one of the most common primary malignant brain tumors in the central nervous system in adults. Although there are many treatment plans for it, such as surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, they are currently ineffective and the recurrent rate is almost up to 100%. The therapies abovementioned have a strong relationship with ferroptosis at the cellular and molecular level according to the results reported by numerous researchers. The regulation of ferroptosis can significantly determine the outcome of the cells of glioblastoma. Thus ferroptosis, as a regulated form of programed cell death, has the possibility for treating glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixiong Lu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoyang Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuansheng Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China,*Correspondence: Hu Zhou, ; Tao Li,
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China,*Correspondence: Hu Zhou, ; Tao Li,
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4
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Huang R, Meens J, Yuzwa S, Ailles L, Ohh M, Robinson CM. Side population analysis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 585:196-202. [PMID: 34813980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells have an important role in tumour biology. While their identity in haematological malignancies is clearly defined, stem cell identity remains elusive in some solid tumours. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) represents the most common form of kidney cancer, but the identity or existence of ccRCC stem cells remains unknown. We aimed to discern their existence using the widely utilised side population approach in ccRCC cell lines. In all cells tested, a well-defined side population was identified, and cell-based assays suggested stem-like properties. However, limiting dilution assays revealed comparable tumour initiating abilities and tumour histology of side and non-side populations, and single cell RNA-sequencing revealed minimal differences between these populations. The results indicate that the side population approach is not sufficient for cancer stem cell discovery in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada.
| | - Jalna Meens
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada.
| | - Scott Yuzwa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada.
| | - Laurie Ailles
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada.
| | - Michael Ohh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada.
| | - Claire M Robinson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada; Apoptosis Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, H91 FD82, Ireland.
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5
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Yabo YA, Niclou SP, Golebiewska A. Cancer cell heterogeneity and plasticity: A paradigm shift in glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2021; 24:669-682. [PMID: 34932099 PMCID: PMC9071273 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity has emerged as a major contributor to intra-tumoral heterogeneity and treatment resistance in cancer. Increasing evidence shows that glioblastoma (GBM) cells display prominent intrinsic plasticity and reversibly adapt to dynamic microenvironmental conditions. Limited genetic evolution at recurrence further suggests that resistance mechanisms also largely operate at the phenotypic level. Here we review recent literature underpinning the role of GBM plasticity in creating gradients of heterogeneous cells including those that carry cancer stem cell (CSC) properties. A historical perspective from the hierarchical to the nonhierarchical concept of CSCs towards the recent appreciation of GBM plasticity is provided. Cellular states interact dynamically with each other and with the surrounding brain to shape a flexible tumor ecosystem, which enables swift adaptation to external pressure including treatment. We present the key components regulating intra-tumoral phenotypic heterogeneity and the equilibrium of phenotypic states, including genetic, epigenetic, and microenvironmental factors. We further discuss plasticity in the context of intrinsic tumor resistance, where a variable balance between preexisting resistant cells and adaptive persisters leads to reversible adaptation upon treatment. Innovative efforts targeting regulators of plasticity and mechanisms of state transitions towards treatment-resistant states are needed to restrict the adaptive capacities of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahaya A Yabo
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Simone P Niclou
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anna Golebiewska
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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6
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Maruyama M, Nakano Y, Nishimura T, Iwata R, Matsuda S, Hayashi M, Nakai Y, Nonaka M, Sugimoto T. PC3-Secreted Microprotein Is Expressed in Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cells and Human Glioma Tissues. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:910-919. [PMID: 33896885 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent malignant primary brain tumor with a high recurrence rate. Despite multimodal therapy including surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, the median survival time after the initial diagnosis of GBM is approximately 14 months. Since cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered the leading cause of cancer recurrence, glioblastoma stem cell-targeted therapy is a promising strategy for the treatment of GBM. However, because CSC heterogeneity has been implicated in the difficulties of CSC-target therapy, more in-depth knowledge of CSC biology is still required to develop novel therapies. In this study, we established single cell-derived tumorspheres from human glioblastoma U87MG cells. One of these tumorspheres, P4E8 clone, showed CSC-like phenotypes, such as self-renewal capacity, expression of CSC markers, resistance to anti-cancer agents, and in vivo tumorigenicity. Therefore, we used P4E8 cells as a cell-based model of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). Gene expression analysis using microarray indicated that the most highly expressed genes in P4E8 cells compared to the parental U87MG were PC3-secreted microprotein (MSMP). Furthermore, MSMP was expressed in patient-derived GSCs and human glioma tissues at the protein level, implying that MSMP might contribute to glioma development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Maruyama
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Science, Kansai Medical University
| | - Yousuke Nakano
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Science, Kansai Medical University
| | - Takuya Nishimura
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Science, Kansai Medical University
| | - Ryoichi Iwata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kansai Medical University
| | - Satoshi Matsuda
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University
| | | | - Yuki Nakai
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Science, Kansai Medical University
| | | | - Tetsuo Sugimoto
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Science, Kansai Medical University
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7
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The adaptive transition of glioblastoma stem cells and its implications on treatments. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:124. [PMID: 33753720 PMCID: PMC7985200 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00491-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most malignant tumor occurring in the human central nervous system with overall median survival time <14.6 months. Current treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy cannot reach an optimal remission since tumor resistance to therapy remains a challenge. Glioblastoma stem cells are considered to be responsible for tumor resistance in treating glioblastoma. Previous studies reported two subtypes, proneural and mesenchymal, of glioblastoma stem cells manifesting different sensitivity to radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Mesenchymal glioblastoma stem cells, as well as tumor cells generate from which, showed resistance to radiochemotherapies. Besides, two metabolic patterns, glutamine or glucose dependent, of mesenchymal glioblastoma stem cells also manifested different sensitivity to radiochemotherapies. Glutamine dependent mesenchymal glioblastoma stem cells are more sensitive to radiotherapy than glucose-dependent ones. Therefore, the transition between proneural and mesenchymal subtypes, or between glutamine-dependent and glucose-dependent, might lead to tumor resistance to radiochemotherapies. Moreover, neural stem cells were also hypothesized to participate in glioblastoma stem cells mediated tumor resistance to radiochemotherapies. In this review, we summarized the basic characteristics, adaptive transition and implications of glioblastoma stem cells in glioblastoma therapy.
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8
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Werbowetski-Ogilvie TE. From sorting to sequencing in the molecular era: the evolution of the cancer stem cell model in medulloblastoma. FEBS J 2021; 289:1765-1778. [PMID: 33714236 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cancer stem cell (CSC) model posits that tumors contain subpopulations that display defining features of normal stem cells including self-renewal capacity and differentiation. Tumor cells exhibiting these features are now considered to be responsible for tumor propagation and drug resistance in a wide variety of cancers. Therefore, the identification of robust CSC markers and characterization of CSC-specific molecular signatures may lead to the identification of novel therapeutics that selectively abolish this clinically relevant cell population while preserving normal tissue. Brain tumor researchers have been at the forefront of the CSC field. From initial in vitro cell sorting experiments to the sophisticated bioinformatic technologies that now exquisitely resolve primary brain tumors at a single-cell level, recent glioma and medulloblastoma (MB) studies have integrated developmental state with genomic and transcriptome data to identify the spectrum of cell types that may drive tumor progression. This review will examine the last two decades of CSC studies in the field. Seminal discoveries, emerging controversies, and outstanding questions will be covered with a particular focus on MB, the most common malignant primary brain tumor in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamra E Werbowetski-Ogilvie
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Program, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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9
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Chien CH, Hsueh WT, Chuang JY, Chang KY. Dissecting the mechanism of temozolomide resistance and its association with the regulatory roles of intracellular reactive oxygen species in glioblastoma. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:18. [PMID: 33685470 PMCID: PMC7938520 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00717-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant brain tumor that is usually considered fatal even with treatment. This is often a result for tumor to develop resistance. Regarding the standard chemotherapy, the alkylating agent temozolomide is effective in disease control but the recurrence will still occur eventually. The mechanism of the resistance is various, and differs in terms of innate or acquired. To date, aberrations in O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase are the clear factor that determines drug susceptibility. Alterations of the other DNA damage repair genes such as DNA mismatch repair genes are also known to affect the drug effect. Together these genes have roles in the innate resistance, but are not sufficient for explaining the mechanism leading to acquired resistance. Recent identification of specific cellular subsets with features of stem-like cells may have role in this process. The glioma stem-like cells are known for its superior ability in withstanding the drug-induced cytotoxicity, and giving the chance to repopulate the tumor. The mechanism is complicated to administrate cellular protection, such as the enhancing ability against reactive oxygen species and altering energy metabolism, the important steps to survive. In this review, we discuss the possible mechanism for these specific cellular subsets to evade cancer treatment, and the possible impact to the following treatment courses. In addition, we also discuss the possibility that can overcome this obstacle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Chien
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, 367 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70456, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Hsueh
- Department of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Ying Chuang
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kwang-Yu Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, 367 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70456, Taiwan. .,Department of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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10
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Zhang X, Powell K, Li L. Breast Cancer Stem Cells: Biomarkers, Identification and Isolation Methods, Regulating Mechanisms, Cellular Origin, and Beyond. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3765. [PMID: 33327542 PMCID: PMC7765014 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in diagnosis and treatment, breast cancer (BC) is still a major cause of cancer-related mortality in women. Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are a small but significant subpopulation of heterogeneous breast cancer cells demonstrating strong self-renewal and proliferation properties. Accumulating evidence has proved that BCSCs are the driving force behind BC tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, drug resistance, and recurrence. As a heterogeneous disease, BC contains a full spectrum of different BC subtypes, and different subtypes of BC further exhibit distinct subtypes and proportions of BCSCs, which correspond to different treatment responses and disease-specific outcomes. This review summarized the current knowledge of BCSC biomarkers and their clinical relevance, the methods for the identification and isolation of BCSCs, and the mechanisms regulating BCSCs. We also discussed the cellular origin of BCSCs and the current advances in single-cell lineage tracing and transcriptomics and their potential in identifying the origin and lineage development of BCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 320B Lincoln Tower, 1800 Cannon Dr., Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | | | - Lang Li
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 320B Lincoln Tower, 1800 Cannon Dr., Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
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11
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Mechanisms of cancer stem cell therapy. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 510:581-592. [PMID: 32791136 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for carcinogenesis and tumorigenesis and are involved in drug and radiation resistance, metastasis, tumor relapse and initiation. Remarkably, they have other abilities such as inheritance of self-renewal and de-differentiation. Hence, targeting CSCs is considered a potential anti-cancer therapeutic strategy. Recent advances in the identification of biomarkers to recognize CSCs and the development of new techniques to evaluate tumorigenic and carcinogenic roles of CSCs are instrumental to this approach. Elucidation of signaling pathways that regulate CSCs colony progression and drug resistance are critical in establishing effective targeted therapies. CSCs play a central key role in immunomodulation, immune evasion and effector immunity, which alters immune system balancing. These include mTOR, SHH, NOTCH and Wnt/β-catering in cancer progression. In this review article, we discuss the importance of these CSCs pathways in cancer therapy.
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12
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The oncogene BCL6 is up-regulated in glioblastoma in response to DNA damage, and drives survival after therapy. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231470. [PMID: 32320427 PMCID: PMC7176076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis for people with the high-grade brain tumor glioblastoma is very poor, due largely to low cell death in response to genotoxic therapy. The transcription factor BCL6, a protein that normally suppresses the DNA damage response during immune cell maturation, and a known driver of B-cell lymphoma, was shown to mediate the survival of glioblastoma cells. Expression was observed in glioblastoma tumor specimens and cell lines. When BCL6 expression or activity was reduced in these lines, increased apoptosis and a profound loss of proliferation was observed, consistent with gene expression signatures suggestive of anti-apoptotic and pro-survival signaling role for BCL6 in glioblastoma. Further, treatment with the standard therapies for glioblastoma—ionizing radiation and temozolomide—both induced BCL6 expression in vitro, and an in vivo orthotopic animal model of glioblastoma. Importantly, inhibition of BCL6 in combination with genotoxic therapies enhanced the therapeutic effect. Together these data demonstrate that BCL6 is an active transcription factor in glioblastoma, that it drives survival of cells, and that it increased with DNA damage, which increased the survival rate of therapy-treated cells. This makes BCL6 an excellent therapeutic target in glioblastoma—by increasing sensitivity to standard DNA damaging therapy, BCL6 inhibitors have real potential to improve the outcome for people with this disease.
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13
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Masciale V, Grisendi G, Banchelli F, D'Amico R, Maiorana A, Sighinolfi P, Stefani A, Morandi U, Dominici M, Aramini B. Isolation and Identification of Cancer Stem-Like Cells in Adenocarcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung: A Pilot Study. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1394. [PMID: 31921651 PMCID: PMC6930193 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lung cancer stem cells (CSCs) share many characteristics with normal stem cells, such as self-renewal and multipotentiality. High expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) has been detected in many tumors, particularly in the CSC compartment, and it plays an important role in tumor proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance. CD44 is commonly used as a cell surface marker of cancer stem-like cells in epithelial tumors. The aim of this study was to isolate and analyze cancer stem-like cells from surgically removed specimens to compare lung adenocarcinoma (ADENO) and squamous (SQUAMO) cell carcinoma. Methods: The ALDEFLUOR assay was used to identify and sort ALDHhigh and ALDHlow human lung cancer cells following tissue digestion. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis for CD44 was performed with tumor cells. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to assess the expression of SOX2 and NANOG as stemness markers. ALDH1A1 expression was additionally determined by immunohistochemistry. Anchorage-independent ALDHhigh cell growth was also evaluated. ALDHhigh ADENO and SQUAMO cells were cultured to analyze spheroid formation. Results: All specimens contained 0.5-12.5% ALDHhigh cells with 3.8-18.9% CD44-positive cells. SOX2 and NANOG relative expression in ALDHhigh compared to ALDHlow cells in ADENO and SQUAMO was analyzed and compared between the histotypes. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of ALDH1A1 in the sections. SOX2 and NANOG were expressed at higher levels in the ALDHhigh subpopulation than in the ALDHlow subpopulation only in ADENO cells, and the opposite result was seen in SQUAMO cells. In vitro functional assays demonstrated that ALDHhigh cells exhibited migration capacity with distinct behaviors between ALDHhigh spheres in ADENO vs. SQUAMO samples. Conclusions: Our results highlight the importance of a better characterization of cancer stem-like cells in ADENO and SQUAMO histotypes. This may suggest new differential approaches for prognostic and therapeutic purposes in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Masciale
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Grisendi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Rigenerand SRL, Modena, Italy
| | - Federico Banchelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, Center of Medical Statistic, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Roberto D'Amico
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, Center of Medical Statistic, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Antonino Maiorana
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, Institute of Pathology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Pamela Sighinolfi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, Institute of Pathology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Stefani
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Uliano Morandi
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Beatrice Aramini
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Xu Y, Yang X, Mei S, Sun Y, Li J. Acquisition of temozolomide resistance by the rat C6 glioma cell line increases cell migration and side population phenotype. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:2355-2362. [PMID: 31578583 PMCID: PMC6826311 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are reportedly associated with drug resistance in glioma, but there are conflicting findings on the effects of cancer stem cells on drug resistance. The aim of the present study was to identify the underlying mechanisms of drug resistance in rat C6 glioma cells, through the use of Transwell invasion assays, flow cytometric and western blot analyses as well as immunohistochemical staining. The results revealed that acquisition of drug resistance by C6 cells enhanced migration ability in vivo and in vitro. Notably, drug resistance did not depend on the cancer stem cells of C6 cells, but on the increase of a side population phenotype. Blockade of the ABC transporter could increase sensitivity to temozolomide and temozolomide‑induced apoptosis in C6 cells. Collectively, these data indicated that drug resistance of C6 cells was mediated by the side population phenotype rather than by cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of KMUST, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Xiangcai Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of KMUST, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Shuting Mei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of KMUST, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of KMUST, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Jiejing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of KMUST, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
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15
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Fakiruddin KS, Lim MN, Nordin N, Rosli R, Zakaria Z, Abdullah S. Targeting of CD133+ Cancer Stem Cells by Mesenchymal Stem Cell Expressing TRAIL Reveals a Prospective Role of Apoptotic Gene Regulation in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091261. [PMID: 31466290 PMCID: PMC6770521 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are emerging as vehicles for anti-tumor cytotherapy; however, investigation on its efficacy to target a specific cancer stem cell (CSC) population in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is lacking. Using assays to evaluate cell proliferation, apoptosis, and gene expression, we investigated the efficacy of MSCs expressing tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis inducing ligand (MSC-TRAIL) to target and destroy CD133+ (prominin-1 positive) NSCLC-derived CSCs. Characterization of TRAIL death receptor 5 (DR5) revealed that it was highly expressed in the CD133+ CSCs of both H460 and H2170 cell lines. The human MSC-TRAIL generated in the study maintained its multipotent characteristics, and caused significant tumor cell inhibition in NSCLC-derived CSCs in a co-culture. The MSC-TRAIL induced an increase in annexin V expression, an indicator of apoptosis in H460 and H2170 derived CD133+ CSCs. Through investigation of mitochondria membrane potential, we found that MSC-TRAIL was capable of inducing intrinsic apoptosis to the CSCs. Using pathway-specific gene expression profiling, we uncovered candidate genes such as NFKB1, BAG3, MCL1, GADD45A, and HRK in CD133+ CSCs, which, if targeted, might increase the sensitivity of NSCLC to MSC-TRAIL-mediated inhibition. As such, our findings add credibility to the utilization of MSC-TRAIL for the treatment of NSCLC through targeting of CD133+ CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Shaik Fakiruddin
- UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia.
- Haematology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research (IMR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia.
| | - Moon Nian Lim
- Haematology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research (IMR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia
| | - Norshariza Nordin
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Rozita Rosli
- UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Zubaidah Zakaria
- Haematology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research (IMR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia
| | - Syahril Abdullah
- UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
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16
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Sudhalkar N, Rathod NP, Mathews A, Chopra S, Sriram H, Shrivastava SK, Goda JS. Potential role of cancer stem cells as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cervical cancer. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2019; 2:e1144. [PMID: 32721115 PMCID: PMC7941515 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eradicating cancer stem cells (CSCs) that are termed as the "beating heart" of various malignant tumors, including cervical cancer, holds great importance in cancer therapeutics. CSCs not only confer chemo-radio resistance but also play an important role in tumor metastasis and thereby pose a potential barrier for the cure of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer, a common malignancy among females, is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, and the study on CSCs residing in the niche is promising. RECENT FINDINGS Biomarker approach to screen the cervical CSCs has gained impetus since the past decade. Progress in identification and characterization of the stem cell biomarkers has led to many insights. For the diagnostic purpose, several biomarkers like viral (HPV16), stem cell markers, transcription factors (viz, SOX2, OCT 4, and c-Myc), and CSC surface markers (viz, ALDH1 and CD44) have been identified. The research so far has been directed to study the CSC stemness and demonstrates various gene expression signatures in cervical CSCs. Such studies hold a potential to improve diagnostic accuracy and predict therapeutic response and clinical outcome in patients. CONCLUSIONS Stem cell biomarkers have been validated and their therapeutic targets are being developed as "strategies to improve therapeutic ratio in personalized medicine." This review gives a brief overview of the cervical CSC biomarkers, their current and future diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyati Sudhalkar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial CentreHomi Bhaba National InstituteKharghar, Navi MumbaiIndia
| | - Nidul P. Rathod
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial CentreHomi Bhaba National InstituteKharghar, Navi MumbaiIndia
| | - Ashwathi Mathews
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial CentreHomi Bhaba National InstituteKharghar, Navi MumbaiIndia
| | - Supriya Chopra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial CentreHomi Bhaba National InstituteKharghar, Navi MumbaiIndia
| | - Harshini Sriram
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial CentreHomi Bhaba National InstituteKharghar, Navi MumbaiIndia
| | - Shyam K. Shrivastava
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial CentreHomi Bhaba National InstituteKharghar, Navi MumbaiIndia
| | - Jayant S. Goda
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial CentreHomi Bhaba National InstituteKharghar, Navi MumbaiIndia
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17
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Was H, Krol SK, Rotili D, Mai A, Wojtas B, Kaminska B, Maleszewska M. Histone deacetylase inhibitors exert anti-tumor effects on human adherent and stem-like glioma cells. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:11. [PMID: 30654849 PMCID: PMC6337817 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0598-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The diagnosis of glioblastoma (GBM), a most aggressive primary brain tumor with a median survival of 14.6 months, carries a dismal prognosis. GBMs are characterized by numerous genetic and epigenetic alterations, affecting patient survival and treatment response. Epigenetic mechanisms are deregulated in GBM as a result of aberrant expression/activity of epigenetic enzymes, including histone deacetylases (HDAC) which remove acetyl groups from histones regulating chromatin accessibility. Nevertheless, the impact of class/isoform-selective HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) on glioma cells, including glioma stem cells, had not been systematically determined. Results Comprehensive analysis of the public TCGA dataset revealed the increased expression of HDAC 1, 2, 3, and 7 in malignant gliomas. Knockdown of HDAC 1 and 2 in human GBM cells significantly decreased cell proliferation. We tested the activity of 2 new and 3 previously described HDACi with different class/isoform selectivity on human GBM cells. All tested compounds exerted antiproliferative properties on glioma cells. However, the HDACi 1 and 4 blocked proliferation of glioblastoma cells leading to G2/M growth arrest without affecting astrocyte survival. Moreover, 1 and 4 at low micromolar concentrations displayed cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects on sphere cultures enriched in glioma stem cells. Conclusions We identified two selective HDAC inhibitors that blocked proliferation of glioblastoma cells, but did not affect astrocyte survival. These new and highly effective inhibitors should be considered as promising candidates for further investigation in preclinical GBM models. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-018-0598-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Was
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Str, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, 128 Szaserow Str, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia K Krol
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Str, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dante Rotili
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.,Pasteur Institute, Cenci-Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Bartosz Wojtas
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Str, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Str, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Maleszewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Str, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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18
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Zhang D, Zhao S, Li X, Kirk JS, Tang DG. Prostate Luminal Progenitor Cells in Development and Cancer. Trends Cancer 2018; 4:769-783. [PMID: 30352679 PMCID: PMC6212301 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) has a predominantly luminal phenotype. Basal cells were previously identified as a cell of origin for PCa, but increasing evidence implicates luminal cells as a preferred cell of origin for PCa, as well as key drivers of tumor development and progression. Prostate luminal cells are understudied compared with basal cells. In this review, we describe the contribution of prostate luminal progenitor (LP) cells to luminal cell development and their role in prostate development, androgen-mediated regeneration of castrated prostate, and tumorigenesis. We also discuss the potential value of LP transcriptomics to identify new targets and therapies to treat aggressive PCa. Finally, we propose future research directions focusing on molecular mechanisms underlying LP cell biology and heterogeneity in normal and diseased prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Shuhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xinyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jason S Kirk
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Dean G Tang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; Cancer Stem Cell Institute, Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.
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19
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Cells isolated from residual intracranial tumors after treatment express iPSC genes and possess neural lineage differentiation plasticity. EBioMedicine 2018; 36:281-292. [PMID: 30269995 PMCID: PMC6197705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of this study is to identify and characterize treatment resistant tumor initiating cells (TRTICs) using orthotopic xenografts. METHODS TRTICs were enriched from GBM cell lines using mouse xenografts treated with fractionated doses of radiation and temozolomide. TRTICs were characterized by neurosphere clonogenicity and self-renewal, serial xenotransplantation, differentiation potential, and mRNA & miRNA transcriptomic profiling. We use an unbiased approach to identify antigens encoding TRTIC and glioma stem cells (GSC) populations. Co-culture experiments of TRTIC and differentiated cells were conducted to evaluate the reliance of TRTIC differentiation on the secretome of differentiated cells. FINDINGS TRTICs acquire stem-like gene expression signatures and increased side population staining resulting from the activation of multi-drug resistance genes. Genetic and functional characterization of TRTICs shows a striking resemblance with GSCs. TRTICs can differentiate towards specific progeny in the neural stem cell lineage. TRTIC-derived tumors display all the histological hallmarks of glioblastoma (GBM) and exhibit a miRNA-transcript and mRNA-transcriptomic profile associated with aggressiveness. We report that CD24+/CD44+ antigens are expressed in TRTICs and patient-derived GSCs. Double positive CD24+/CD44+ exhibit treatment resistance and enhanced tumorigenicity. Interestingly, co-culture experiments with TRTICs and differentiated cells indicated that the regulation of TRTIC differentiation could rely on the secretome in the tumor niche. INTERPRETATION Radiation and temozolomide treatment enriches a population of cells that have increased iPSC gene expression. As few as 500 cells produced aggressive intracranial tumors resembling patient GBM. CD24+/CD44+ antigens are increased in TRTICs and patient-derived GSCs. The enrichment for TRTICs may result in part from the secretome of differentiated cells. FUND: NIH/NCI 1RC2CA148190, 1R01CA108633, 1R01CA188228, and The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center.
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20
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Tudrej P, Olbryt M, Zembala-Nożyńska E, Kujawa KA, Cortez AJ, Fiszer-Kierzkowska A, Pigłowski W, Nikiel B, Głowala-Kosińska M, Bartkowska-Chrobok A, Smagur A, Fidyk W, Lisowska KM. Establishment and Characterization of the Novel High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer Cell Line OVPA8. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2080. [PMID: 30018258 PMCID: PMC6073376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) is the most frequent histological type of ovarian cancer and the one with worst prognosis. Unfortunately, the majority of established ovarian cancer cell lines which are used in the research have unclear histological origin and probably do not represent HGSOC. Thus, new and reliable models of HGSOC are needed. Ascitic fluid from a patient with recurrent HGSOC was used to establish a stable cancer cell line. Cells were characterized by cytogenetic karyotyping and short tandem repeat (STR) profiling. New generation sequencing was applied to test for hot-spot mutations in 50 cancer-associated genes and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis was used to check for TP53 status. Cells were analyzed for expression of several marker genes/proteins by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and immunocytochemistry (ICC). Functional tests were performed to compare OVPA8 cells with five commercially available and frequently used ovarian cancer cell lines: SKOV3, A2780, OVCAR3, ES2, and OAW42. Our newly-established OVPA8 cell line shows morphologic and genetic features consistent with HGSOC, such as epithelial morphology, multiple chromosomal aberrations, TP53 mutation, BRCA1 mutation, and loss of one copy of BRCA2. The OVPA8 line has a stable STR profile. Cells are positive for EpCAM, CK19, and CD44; they have relatively low plating efficiency/ability to form spheroids, a low migration rate, and intermediate invasiveness in matrigel, as compared to other ovarian cancer lines. OVPA8 is sensitive to paclitaxel and resistant to cisplatin. We also tested two FGFR inhibitors; OVPA8 cells were resistant to AZD4547 (AstraZeneca, London, UK), but sensitive to the new inhibitor CPL304-110-01 (Celon Pharma, Łomianki/Kiełpin, Poland). We have established and characterized a novel cell line, OVPA8, which can be a valuable preclinical model for studies on high-grade serous ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Tudrej
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowskaj-Curie Institute-Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, ul. Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Olbryt
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowskaj-Curie Institute-Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, ul. Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Ewa Zembala-Nożyńska
- Thumor Pathology Department, Maria Skłodowskaj-Curie Institute-Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, ul. Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna A Kujawa
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowskaj-Curie Institute-Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, ul. Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Alexander J Cortez
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowskaj-Curie Institute-Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, ul. Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Anna Fiszer-Kierzkowska
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Maria Skłodowskaj-Curie Institute-Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, ul. Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Pigłowski
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Maria Skłodowskaj-Curie Institute-Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, ul. Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Barbara Nikiel
- Thumor Pathology Department, Maria Skłodowskaj-Curie Institute-Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, ul. Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Głowala-Kosińska
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Hematology-Oncology, Maria Skłodowskaj-Curie Institute-Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, ul. Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Bartkowska-Chrobok
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Andrzej Mielęcki Independent Public Hospital, ul. Dąbrowskiego 25, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Smagur
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Hematology-Oncology, Maria Skłodowskaj-Curie Institute-Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, ul. Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Fidyk
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Hematology-Oncology, Maria Skłodowskaj-Curie Institute-Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, ul. Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna M Lisowska
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowskaj-Curie Institute-Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, ul. Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland.
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Huang R, Rofstad EK. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), cervical CSCs and targeted therapies. Oncotarget 2018; 8:35351-35367. [PMID: 27343550 PMCID: PMC5471060 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that cancer stem cells (CSCs) have a tumour-initiating capacity and play crucial roles in tumour metastasis, relapse and chemo/radio-resistance. As tumour propagation initiators, CSCs are considered to be promising targets for obtaining a better therapeutic outcome. Cervical carcinoma is the most common gynaecological malignancy and has a high cancer mortality rate among females. As a result, the investigation of cervical cancer stem cells (CCSCs) is of great value. However, the numbers of cancer cells and corresponding CSCs in malignancy are dynamically balanced, and CSCs may reside in the CSC niche, about which little is known to date. Therefore, due to their complicated molecular phenotypes and biological behaviours, it remains challenging to obtain “purified” CSCs and continuously culture CSCs for further in vitro studies without the cells losing their stem properties. At present, CSC-related markers and functional assays are used to purify, identify and therapeutically target CSCs both in vitro and in vivo. Nevertheless, CSC-related markers are not universal to all tumour types, although some markers may be valid in multiple tumour types. Additionally, functional identifications based on CSC-specific properties are usually limited in in vivo studies. Furthermore, an optimal method for identifying potential CCSCs in CCSC studies has not been previously published, and these techniques are currently of great importance. This article updates our knowledge on CSCs and CCSCs, reviews potential stem cell markers and functional assays for identifying CCSCs, and describes the potential of targeting CCSCs in the treatment of cervical carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Huang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar K Rofstad
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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22
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Song L, Ye W, Cui Y, Lu J, Zhang Y, Ding N, Hu W, Pei H, Yue Z, Zhou G. Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) is a biomarker for clear cell renal carcinoma stem-like cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:31977-31992. [PMID: 28404888 PMCID: PMC5458263 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of a specific biomarker for cancer stem cells (CSCs) is of potential applications in the development of effective therapeutic strategies for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In this study, both the RCC cell line 786-O and surgically removed clear cell RCC (ccRCC) tissues were implemented to grew as spheroids in serum-free medium supplemented with mitogens. This subpopulation possessed key characteristics defining CSCs. We also identified that surgically removed ccRCC tissues were heterogenic and there was a subpopulation of cells that was highly stained with rhodamine-123. Based on membrane-proteomic analyses, CD73 was identified as a candidate biomarker. We further found that CD73high cells were highly tumorigenic. As few as 100 CD73high cells were capable of forming xenograft tumors in non obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency disease mice, whereas 1 × 105 CD73low cells did not initiate tumor formation. During successive culture, the CD73high population regenerated both CD73high and CD73low cells, whereas the CD73low population remained low expression level of CD73. Furthermore, the CD73high cells were more resistant to radiation and DNA-damaging agents than the CD73low cells, and expressed a panel of 'stemness' genes at a higher level than the CD73low cells. These findings suggest that a high level of CD73 expression is a bona fide biomarker of ccRCC stem-like cells. Future research will aim at the elucidation of the underlying mechanisms of CD73 in RCC development and the distinct aspects of ccRCC stem-like cells from other tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Song
- Medical College, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China.,Department of Space Radiobiology, Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modem Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wenling Ye
- Medical College, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China.,Department of Space Radiobiology, Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modem Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yong Cui
- Department of Urology Surgery, Shuyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suqian 223600, China.,Department of Space Radiobiology, Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modem Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianzhong Lu
- Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Department of Space Radiobiology, Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modem Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Nan Ding
- Department of Space Radiobiology, Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modem Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wentao Hu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hailong Pei
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhongjin Yue
- Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Guangming Zhou
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, China
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Vargová J, Mikeš J, Jendželovský R, Mikešová L, Kuchárová B, Čulka Ľ, Fedr R, Remšík J, Souček K, Kozubík A, Fedoročko P. Hypericin affects cancer side populations via competitive inhibition of BCRP. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 99:511-522. [PMID: 29665654 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cancer stem-like cells (CSLCs) are considered a root of tumorigenicity and resistance. However, their identification remains challenging. The use of the side population (SP) assay as a credible marker of CSLCs remains controversial. The SP assay relies on the elevated activity of ABC transporters that, in turn, can be modulated by hypericin (HYP), a photosensitizer and bioactive compound of St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum), a popular over-the-counter antidepressant. Here we aimed to comprehensively characterize the SP phenotype of cancer cells and to determine the impact of HYP on these cells. METHODS Flow cytometry and sorting-based assays were employed, including CD24-, CD44-, CD133-, and ALDH-positivity, clonogenicity, 3D-forming ability, ABC transporter expression and activity, and intracellular accumulation of HYP/Hoechst 33342. The tumorigenic ability of SP, nonSP, and HYP-treated cells was verified by xenotransplantation into immunodeficient mice. RESULTS The SP phenotype was associated with elevated expression of several investigated transporters and more intensive growth in non-adherent conditions but not with higher clonogenicity, tumorigenicity or ALDH-positivity. Despite stimulated BCRP level and MRP1 activity, HYP reversibly decreased the SP proportion, presumably via competitive inhibition of BCRP. HYP-selected SP cells acquired additional traits of resistance and extensively eliminated HYP. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that SP is not an unequivocal CSLC-marker. However, SP could play an important role in modulating HYP-treatment and serve as a negative predictive tool for HYP-based therapies. Moreover, the use of supplements containing HYP by cancer patients should be carefully considered, due to its proposed effect on drug efflux and complex impact on tumor cells, which have not yet been sufficiently characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Vargová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Jaromír Mikeš
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Rastislav Jendželovský
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Lucia Mikešová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Barbora Kuchárová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Ľubomír Čulka
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Radek Fedr
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic; Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Remšík
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic; Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Souček
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic; Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alois Kozubík
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Fedoročko
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54, Košice, Slovak Republic.
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24
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High Dose Ascorbate Causes Both Genotoxic and Metabolic Stress in Glioma Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6030058. [PMID: 28737676 PMCID: PMC5618086 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that exposure to high dose ascorbate causes double stranded breaks (DSBs) and a build-up in S-phase in glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines. Here we investigated whether or not this was due to genotoxic stress as well as metabolic stress generated by exposure to high dose ascorbate, radiation, ascorbate plus radiation and H₂O₂ in established and primary GBM cell lines. Genotoxic stress was measured as phosphorylation of the variant histone protein, H2AX, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8OH-dG) positive cells and cells with comet tails. Metabolic stress was measured as a decrease in NADH flux, mitochondrial membrane potential (by CMXRos), ATP levels (by ATP luminescence) and mitochondrial superoxide production (by mitoSOX). High dose ascorbate, ascorbate plus radiation, and H₂O₂ treatments induced both genotoxic and metabolic stress. Exposure to high dose ascorbate blocked DNA synthesis in both DNA damaged and undamaged cell of ascorbate sensitive GBM cell lines. H₂O₂ treatment blocked DNA synthesis in all cell lines with and without DNA damage. DNA synthesis arrest in cells with damaged DNA is likely due to both genotoxic and metabolic stress. However, arrest in DNA synthesis in cells with undamaged DNA is likely due to oxidative damage to components of the mitochondrial energy metabolism pathway.
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25
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Konrad CV, Murali R, Varghese BA, Nair R. The role of cancer stem cells in tumor heterogeneity and resistance to therapy. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:1-15. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a heterogenous disease displaying marked inter- and intra-tumoral diversity. The existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) has been experimentally demonstrated in a number of cancer types as a subpopulation of tumor cells that drives the tumorigenic and metastatic properties of the entire cancer. Thus, eradication of the CSC population is critical for the complete ablation of a tumor. This is, however, confounded by the inherent resistance of CSCs to standard anticancer therapies, eventually leading to the outgrowth of resistant tumor cells and relapse in patients. The cellular mechanisms of therapy resistance in CSCs are ascribed to several factors including a state of quiescence, an enhanced DNA damage response and active repair mechanisms, up-regulated expression of drug efflux transporters, as well as the activation of pro-survival signaling pathways and inactivation of apoptotic signaling. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the acquisition of resistance to therapy may hold the key to targeting the CSC population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Valbirk Konrad
- Cancer Research Division & Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Reshma Murali
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Kerala, India
| | | | - Radhika Nair
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Kerala, India
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26
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Zhang X, Hua R, Wang X, Huang M, Gan L, Wu Z, Zhang J, Wang H, Cheng Y, Li J, Guo W. Identification of stem-like cells and clinical significance of candidate stem cell markers in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:9815-31. [PMID: 26769843 PMCID: PMC4891086 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of gastric cancer stem cells (CSCs) has not been definitively proven and specific cell surface markers for identifying gastric CSCs have largely not been identified. Our research aimed to isolate potential gastric CSCs and clarify their clinical significance, while defining markers for GCSC identification and verification. Here, we report that spheroid cells possess stem cell-like properties, and overexpress certain stem cell markers. CD133 or CD44-positive cells also exhibit properties of CSCs. The expression of Oct4, Sox2, Gli1, CD44, CD133, p-AKT, and p-ERK was significantly higher in metastatic lesions compared to that in primary lesions. Elevated expression of some of these proteins was correlated with a more aggressive phenotype and poorer prognosis, including Oct4, Sox2, Gli1, CD44, and p-ERK. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model analysis showed that only CD44 is an independent factor. Knockdown of CD44 down-regulated the stem cell-like properties, which was accompanied by the down-regulation of p-ERK and Oct4. Oct4 overexpression could reverse the decreased CSCs properties induced by CD44 knockdown. Taken together, our research revealed that spheroid cell culture, and CD133 or CD44-labeled FACS methods can be used to isolate gastric CSCs. Some CSC markers have clinical significance in predicting the prognosis. CD44 is an independent prognostic factor and maintains the properties of CSCs in CD44-p-ERK-Oct4 positive feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Cancer Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruixi Hua
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Cancer Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingzhu Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Cancer Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Gan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Cancer Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenhua Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Cancer Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiejun Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Cancer Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongqiang Wang
- Department of Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yufan Cheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Cancer Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Cancer Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijian Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Cancer Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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27
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An active IGF-1R-AKT signaling imparts functional heterogeneity in ovarian CSC population. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36612. [PMID: 27819360 PMCID: PMC5098199 DOI: 10.1038/srep36612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulated IGF-1R-AKT signaling influences multiple nodes of cancer cell physiology and assists in migration, metastasis and acquirement of radio/chemoresistance. Enrichment of cancer stem cells (CSC) positively correlates with radio/chemoresistance development in various malignancies. It is unclear though, how IGF-1R-AKT signalling shapes CSC functionality especially in ovarian cancer. Previously we showed that upregulated IGF-1R expression is essential to initiate platinum-taxol resistance at early stage which declines with elevated levels of activated AKT at late resistant stage in ovarian cancer cells. Here, we investigated the effect of this oscillatory IGF-1R-AKT signalling upon CSC functionality during generation of chemoresistance. While gradual increase in CSC properties from early (ER) to late (LR) resistant stages was observed in three different (cisplatin/paclitaxel/cisplatin-paclitaxel) cellular models created in two ovarian cancer cell lines, the stemness gene expressions (oct4/sox2/nanog) reached a plateau at early resistant stages. Inhibition of IGF-1R only at ER and AKT inhibition only at LR stages significantly abrogated the CSC phenotype. Interestingly, real time bioluminescence imaging showed CSCs of ER stages possessed faster tumorigenic potential than CSCs belonging to LR stages. Together, our data suggest that IGF-1R-AKT signalling imparts functional heterogeneity in CSCs during acquirement of chemoresistance in ovarian carcinoma.
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28
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Prasanphanich AF, White DE, Gran MA, Kemp ML. Kinetic Modeling of ABCG2 Transporter Heterogeneity: A Quantitative, Single-Cell Analysis of the Side Population Assay. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005188. [PMID: 27851764 PMCID: PMC5113006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The side population (SP) assay, a technique used in cancer and stem cell research, assesses the activity of ABC transporters on Hoechst staining in the presence and absence of transporter inhibition, identifying SP and non-SP cell (NSP) subpopulations by differential staining intensity. The interpretation of the assay is complicated because the transporter-mediated mechanisms fail to account for cell-to-cell variability within a population or adequately control the direct role of transporter activity on staining intensity. We hypothesized that differences in dye kinetics at the single-cell level, such as ABCG2 transporter-mediated efflux and DNA binding, are responsible for the differential cell staining that demarcates SP/NSP identity. We report changes in A549 phenotype during time in culture and with TGFβ treatment that correlate with SP size. Clonal expansion of individually sorted cells re-established both SP and NSPs, indicating that SP membership is dynamic. To assess the validity of a purely kinetics-based interpretation of SP/NSP identity, we developed a computational approach that simulated cell staining within a heterogeneous cell population; this exercise allowed for the direct inference of the role of transporter activity and inhibition on cell staining. Our simulated SP assay yielded appropriate SP responses for kinetic scenarios in which high transporter activity existed in a portion of the cells and little differential staining occurred in the majority of the population. With our approach for single-cell analysis, we observed SP and NSP cells at both ends of a transporter activity continuum, demonstrating that features of transporter activity as well as DNA content are determinants of SP/NSP identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam F. Prasanphanich
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Douglas E. White
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Gran
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Melissa L. Kemp
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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29
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Li F, Zhou K, Gao L, Zhang B, Li W, Yan W, Song X, Yu H, Wang S, Yu N, Jiang Q. Radiation induces the generation of cancer stem cells: A novel mechanism for cancer radioresistance. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:3059-3065. [PMID: 27899964 PMCID: PMC5103903 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioresistance remains a major obstacle for the radiotherapy treatment of cancer. Previous studies have demonstrated that the radioresistance of cancer is due to the existence of intrinsic cancer stem cells (CSCs), which represent a small, but radioresistant cell subpopulation that exist in heterogeneous tumors. By contrast, non-stem cancer cells are considered to be radiosensitive and thus, easy to kill. However, recent studies have revealed that under conditions of radiation-induced stress, theoretically radiosensitive non-stem cancer cells may undergo dedifferentiation subsequently obtaining the phenotypes and functions of CSCs, including high resistance to radiotherapy, which indicates that radiation may directly result in the generation of novel CSCs from non-stem cancer cells. These findings suggest that in addition to intrinsic CSCs, non-stem cancer cells may also contribute to the relapse and metastasis of cancer following transformation into CSCs. This review aims to investigate the radiation-induced generation of CSCs, its association with epithelial-mesenchymal transition and its significance with regard to the radioresistance of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengsheng Li
- Central Laboratories, The Second Artillery General Hospital, Beijing 100088, P.R. China
| | - Kunming Zhou
- Central Laboratories, The Second Artillery General Hospital, Beijing 100088, P.R. China
| | - Ling Gao
- Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100088, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Disease Surgery, The Second Artillery General Hospital, Beijing 100088, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Central Laboratories, The Second Artillery General Hospital, Beijing 100088, P.R. China
| | - Weijuan Yan
- Central Laboratories, The Second Artillery General Hospital, Beijing 100088, P.R. China
| | - Xiujun Song
- Central Laboratories, The Second Artillery General Hospital, Beijing 100088, P.R. China
| | - Huijie Yu
- Central Laboratories, The Second Artillery General Hospital, Beijing 100088, P.R. China
| | - Sinian Wang
- Central Laboratories, The Second Artillery General Hospital, Beijing 100088, P.R. China
| | - Nan Yu
- Central Laboratories, The Second Artillery General Hospital, Beijing 100088, P.R. China
| | - Qisheng Jiang
- Central Laboratories, The Second Artillery General Hospital, Beijing 100088, P.R. China
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30
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Myszczyszyn A, Czarnecka AM, Matak D, Szymanski L, Lian F, Kornakiewicz A, Bartnik E, Kukwa W, Kieda C, Szczylik C. The Role of Hypoxia and Cancer Stem Cells in Renal Cell Carcinoma Pathogenesis. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2016. [PMID: 26210994 PMCID: PMC4653234 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-015-9611-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The cancer stem cell (CSC) model has recently been approached also in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). A few populations of putative renal tumor-initiating cells (TICs) were identified, but they are indifferently understood; however, the first and most thoroughly investigated are CD105-positive CSCs. The article presents a detailed comparison of all renal CSC-like populations identified by now as well as their presumable origin. Hypoxic activation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) contributes to tumor aggressiveness by multiple molecular pathways, including the governance of immature stem cell-like phenotype and related epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)/de-differentiation, and, as a result, poor prognosis. Due to intrinsic von Hippel-Lindau protein (pVHL) loss of function, clear-cell RCC (ccRCC) develops unique pathological intra-cellular pseudo-hypoxic phenotype with a constant HIF activation, regardless of oxygen level. Despite satisfactory evidence concerning pseudo-hypoxia importance in RCC biology, its influence on putative renal CSC-like largely remains unknown. Thus, the article discusses a current knowledge of HIF-1α/2α signaling pathways in the promotion of undifferentiated tumor phenotype in general, including some experimental findings specific for pseudo-hypoxic ccRCC, mostly dependent from HIF-2α oncogenic functions. Existing gaps in understanding both putative renal CSCs and their potential connection with hypoxia need to be filled in order to propose breakthrough strategies for RCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Myszczyszyn
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna M Czarnecka
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Damian Matak
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland.,School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Szymanski
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Fei Lian
- Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anna Kornakiewicz
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland.,School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of General Surgery and Transplantology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Bartnik
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kukwa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Czerniakowski Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Claudine Kieda
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Orléans, France
| | - Cezary Szczylik
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
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31
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Renal Cancer Stem Cells: Characterization and Targeted Therapies. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:8342625. [PMID: 27293448 PMCID: PMC4884584 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8342625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a major neoplasm with high incidence in western countries. Tumors are heterogeneous and are composed of differentiated cancer cells, stromal cells, and cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs possess two main properties: self-renewal and proliferation. Additionally, they can generate new tumors once transplanted into immunodeficient mice. Several approaches have been described to identify them, through the expression of cell markers, functional assays, or a combination of both. As CSCs are involved in the resistance mechanisms to radio- and chemotherapies, several new strategies have been proposed to directly target CSCs in RCC. One approach drives CSCs to differentiate into cancer cells sensitive to conventional treatments, while the other proposes to eradicate them selectively. A series of innovative therapies aiming at eliminating CSCs have been designed to treat other types of cancer and have not been experimented with on RCC yet, but they reveal themselves to be promising. In conclusion, CSCs are an important player in carcinogenesis and represent a valid target for therapy in RCC patients.
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32
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Jones NM, Rowe MR, Shepherd PR, McConnell MJ. Targeted inhibition of dominant PI3-kinase catalytic isoforms increase expression of stem cell genes in glioblastoma cancer stem cell models. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:207-16. [PMID: 27176780 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) exhibit therapy resistance and drive self-renewal of the tumour, making cancer stem cells an important target for therapy. The PI3K signalling pathway has been the focus of considerable research effort, including in glioblastoma (GBM), a cancer that is notoriously resistant to conventional therapy. Different isoforms of the catalytic sub-unit have been associated with proliferation, migration and differentiation in stem cells and cancer stem cells. Blocking these processes in CSC would improve patient outcome. We examined the effect of isoform specific PI3K inhibitors in two models of GBM CSC, an established GBM stem cell line 08/04 and a neurosphere formation model. We identified the dominant catalytic PI3K isoform for each model, and inhibition of the dominant isoform blocked AKT phosphorylation, as did pan-PI3K/mTOR inhibition. Analysis of SOX2, OCT4 and MSI1 expression revealed that inhibition of the dominant p110 subunit increased expression of cancer stem cell genes, while pan-PI3K/mTOR inhibition caused a similar, though not identical, increase in cancer stem cell gene expression. This suggested that PI3K inhibition enhanced, rather than blocked, CSC activity. Careful analysis of the response to specific isoform inhibition will be necessary before specific subunit inhibitors can be successfully deployed against GBM CSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Matthew R Rowe
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Peter R Shepherd
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Melanie J McConnell
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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33
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PKCε inhibits isolation and stemness of side population cells via the suppression of ABCB1 transporter and PI3K/Akt, MAPK/ERK signaling in renal cell carcinoma cell line 769P. Cancer Lett 2016; 376:148-54. [PMID: 27037060 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε), a member of the novel PKC family, is known to be a transforming oncogene and tumor biomarker for many human solid cancers including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We isolated side population (SP) cells from the RCC 769P cell line, and proved that those cells possess cancer stem cell (CSC) characteristics. In this study, to identify the function of PKCε in cancer stemness of 769P SP cells, we reduced the expression of PKCε in those cells, following the results demonstrated that PKCε depletion had a negative correlation with the existence of SP cells in 769P cell line. Down-regulation of PKCε also suppresses the CSC potential of sorted 769P SP cells in several ways: proliferation potential, resistance to chemotherapeutics and in vivo tumor formation ability. Our study also reveals that PKCε is associated with ABCB1 and this association probably contributed to the SP cells isolation from 769P cell line. Furthermore, the expression of ABCB1 is directly regulated by PKCε. Additionally, after the depletion of PKCε, the phosphorylation of pAkt, pStat3 and pERK was apparently suppressed in 769P SP cells, whereas PKCε overexpression could promote the phosphorylation of AKT, STAT3 and ERK in 769P Non-SP cells. Overall, PKCε down-regulation suppresses sorting and the cancer stem-like phenotype of RCC 769P SP cells through the regulation of ABCB1 transporter and the PI3K/Akt, Stat3 and MAPK/ERK pathways that are dependent on the phosphorylation effects. Thus, PKCε may work as an important mediator in cancer stem cell pathogenesis of renal cell cancer.
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34
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Honokiol inhibits sphere formation and xenograft growth of oral cancer side population cells accompanied with JAK/STAT signaling pathway suppression and apoptosis induction. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:245. [PMID: 27012679 PMCID: PMC4806492 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eliminating cancer stem cells (CSCs) has been suggested for prevention of tumor recurrence and metastasis. Honokiol, an active compound of Magnolia officinalis, had been proposed to be a potential candidate drug for cancer treatment. We explored its effects on the elimination of oral CSCs both in vitro and in vivo. Methods By using the Hoechst side population (SP) technique, CSCs-like SP cells were isolated from human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines, SAS and OECM-1. Effects of honokiol on the apoptosis and signaling pathways of SP-derived spheres were examined by Annexin V/Propidium iodide staining and Western blotting, respectively. The in vivo effectiveness was examined by xenograft mouse model and immunohistochemical tissue staining. Results The SP cells possessed higher stemness marker expression (ABCG2, Ep-CAM, Oct-4 and Nestin), clonogenicity, sphere formation capacity as well as tumorigenicity when compared to the parental cells. Treatment of these SP-derived spheres with honokiol resulted in apoptosis induction via Bax/Bcl-2 and caspase-3-dependent pathway. This apoptosis induction was associated with marked suppression of JAK2/STAT3, Akt and Erk signaling pathways in honokiol-treated SAS spheres. Consistent with its effect on JAK2/STAT3 suppression, honokiol also markedly inhibited IL-6-mediated migration of SAS cells. Accordingly, honokiol dose-dependently inhibited the growth of SAS SP xenograft and markedly reduced the immunohistochemical staining of PCNA and endothelial marker CD31 in the xenograft tumor. Conclusions Honokiol suppressed the sphere formation and xenograft growth of oral CSC-like cells in association with apoptosis induction and inhibition of survival/proliferation signaling pathways as well as angiogenesis. These results suggest its potential as an integrative medicine for combating oral cancer through targeting on CSCs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2265-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Ren ZH, Zhang CP, Ji T. Expression of SOX2 in oral squamous cell carcinoma and the association with lymph node metastasis. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:1973-1979. [PMID: 26998109 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) are a growing problem in the world. The various existing treatments have not markedly improved the survival rate of patients with OSCC during the past three decades. Novel treatment strategies are required. Sex determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) is a transcription factor that is involved in the maintenance of embryonic stem cell pluripotency and in multiple developmental processes. SOX2 expression was indicated to act as a prognostic factor in various types of tumors, including breast, colorectal, gastric and lung cancer and glioblastoma, and as a link between malignancy and stemness. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) may be responsible for the genesis, growth and metastatic spread of tumors. The poor survival outcomes for OSCC patients may be attributable to a poor selection of target cells for treatment, as current oral cancer therapies are generally aimed at the global mass of tumor. Therefore, the consideration that novel approaches to oral cancer may be targeted using SOX2 and CSCs appears reasonable. In order to better understand the oncogenic roles and the corresponding signal transduction pathways of the SOX2 protein, the present study emphasizes the role of SOX2 in OSCC, including the proteins associated with OSCC, and reviews the literature regarding the role of SOX2 in lymph node metastasis. The aim of the present study is to provide a reference for future studies that engage in research on the aforementioned subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hu Ren
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Chen-Ping Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Tong Ji
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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Lee CH, Yu CC, Wang BY, Chang WW. Tumorsphere as an effective in vitro platform for screening anti-cancer stem cell drugs. Oncotarget 2016; 7:1215-26. [PMID: 26527320 PMCID: PMC4811455 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a sub-population of cells within cancer tissues with tumor initiation, drug resistance and metastasis properties. CSCs also have been considered as the main cause of cancer recurrence. Targeting CSCs have been suggested as the key for successful treatment against cancer. Tumorsphere cultivation is based on culturing cancer cells onto ultralow attachment surface in serum-free media under the supplementation with growth factors such as epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor. Tumorsphere cultivation is widely used to analyze the self-renewal capability of CSCs and to enrich these cells from bulk cancer cells. This method also provides a reliable platform for screening potential anti-CSC agents. The in vitro anti-proliferation activity of potential agents selected from tumorsphere assay is more translatable into in vivo anti-tumorigenic activity compared with general monolayer culture. Tumorsphere assay can also measure the outcome of clinical trials for potential anti-cancer agents. In addition, tumorsphere assay may be a promising strategy in the innovation of future cancer therapeutica and may help in the screening of anti-cancer small-molecule chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Hsin Lee
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chia Yu
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Yen Wang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, ChangHua Christian Hospital, ChangHua County, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Wei Chang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
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Khan MI, Czarnecka AM, Helbrecht I, Bartnik E, Lian F, Szczylik C. Current approaches in identification and isolation of human renal cell carcinoma cancer stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:178. [PMID: 26377541 PMCID: PMC4574074 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0177-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, cancer stem cells (CSCs)/tumor initiating cells (TICs) have been identified inside different tumors. However, currently used anti-cancer therapies are mostly directed against somatic tumor cells without targeting CSCs/TICs. CSCs/TICs also gain resistance to chemotherapies/radiotherapies. For the development of efficient treatment strategies, choosing the best method for isolation and characterization of CSCs/TICs is still debated among the scientific community. In this review, we summarize recent data concerning isolation techniques for CSCs using magnetic cell sorting and flow cytometry. The review focuses on the strategies for sample preparation during flow cytometric analysis, elaborating biomarkers such as CXCR4, CD105, and CD133. In addition, functional properties characteristic of CSCs/TICs using side population selection through Hoechst 33342 dye, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1, dye-cycle violet, and rhodamine 123 are also discussed. We also include a special focus on enriching CSCs/TICs using three-dimensional cell culture models such as agarose–agarose microbeads and sphere formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed I Khan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Clinic of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, ul. Szaserów 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna M Czarnecka
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Clinic of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, ul. Szaserów 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Igor Helbrecht
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Clinic of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, ul. Szaserów 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Bartnik
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Fei Lian
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Cezary Szczylik
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Clinic of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, ul. Szaserów 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most prevalent and malignant primary brain tumor, containing self-renewing, tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) that contribute to tumor initiation and therapeutic resistance. In this review, Lathia et al. discuss how the integration of genetics, epigenetics, and metabolism has shaped our understanding of how CSCs function to drive GBM growth. Tissues with defined cellular hierarchies in development and homeostasis give rise to tumors with cellular hierarchies, suggesting that tumors recapitulate specific tissues and mimic their origins. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent and malignant primary brain tumor and contains self-renewing, tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) that contribute to tumor initiation and therapeutic resistance. As normal stem and progenitor cells participate in tissue development and repair, these developmental programs re-emerge in CSCs to support the development and progressive growth of tumors. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that govern CSCs has informed the development of novel targeted therapeutics for GBM and other brain cancers. CSCs are not self-autonomous units; rather, they function within an ecological system, both actively remodeling the microenvironment and receiving critical maintenance cues from their niches. To fulfill the future goal of developing novel therapies to collapse CSC dynamics, drawing parallels to other normal and pathological states that are highly interactive with their microenvironments and that use developmental signaling pathways will be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Lathia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Stephen C Mack
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Erin E Mulkearns-Hubert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Claudia L L Valentim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA; Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Yang Y, Fan Y, Qi Y, Liu D, Wu K, Wen F, Zhao S. Side population cells separated from A549 lung cancer cell line possess cancer stem cell-like properties and inhibition of autophagy potentiates the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:929-35. [PMID: 26081992 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that cancer stem cells (CSCs) may be responsible for tumorigenesis and contribute to resistance to chemotherapy. Side population (SP) cells are thought to be enriched for CSCs in most types of human tumors. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to sort SP cells using an A549 lung cancer cell line, identify the cancer stem cell-like properties of SP and determine the role of autophagy in the survival of SP cells of lung cancer. SP cells were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) from A549 lung cancer cells, and the CSC-like properties were verified through confocal fluorescence imaging, sphere formation assays, cell proliferation and colony formation assay, gene expression in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. The role of autophagy in the survival of SP cells was assessed by western blotting and flow cytometric analysis. A549 lung cancer cells contained 1.10% SP cells. SP cells showed higher abilities of sphere and colony formation, cell proliferation and self-renewal. Moreover, compared to non-SP, SP cells demonstrated a higher mRNA expression of stem cell markers (MDR1, ABCG2 and OCT-4). The clone formation efficiency of SP cells was significantly higher than that non-SP cells under the same conditions. Expression of autophagosomes in SP cells was markedly lower than that in non-SP cells. However, the level of autophagy in SP cells was found to be markedly increased in the presence of cisplatin. In addition, inhibition of autophagy enhanced the effects of apoptosis induced by cisplatin. SP cells from the A549 lung cancer cell line possessed the properties of CSCs and were used to investigate the further characteristics of lung CSCs. SP cells were more resistant to chemotherapy and inhibition of autophagy enhanced the effects of apoptosis induced by the chemotherapeutic agent, cisplatin. These results may provide insight into novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Yuxia Fan
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Yu Qi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Donglei Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Fengbiao Wen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Song Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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40
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EGFR Amplification and Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cells. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:427518. [PMID: 26136784 PMCID: PMC4468289 DOI: 10.1155/2015/427518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common malignant brain tumor in adults, contains a subpopulation of cells with a stem-like phenotype (GS-cells). GS-cells can be maintained in vitro using serum-free medium supplemented with epidermal growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor-2, and heparin. However, this method does not conserve amplification of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) gene, which is present in over 50% of all newly diagnosed GBM cases. GS-cells with retained EGFR amplification could overcome the limitations of current in vitro model systems and contribute significantly to preclinical research on EGFR-targeted therapy. This review recapitulates recent methodological approaches to expand stem-like cells from GBM with different EGFR status in order to maintain EGFR-dependent intratumoral heterogeneity in vitro. Further, it will summarize the current knowledge about the impact of EGFR amplification and overexpression on the stem-like phenotype of GBM-derived GS-cells and different approaches to target the EGFR-dependent GS-cell compartment of GBM.
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Zhou X, Zheng C, Shi Q, Li X, Shen Z, Yu R. Isolation, cultivation and identification of brain glioma stem cells by magnetic bead sorting. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:985-92. [PMID: 25722686 PMCID: PMC4341279 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.13.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes a detailed process for obtaining brain glioma stem cells from freshly dissected human brain glioma samples using an immunomagnetic bead technique combined with serum-free media pressure screening. Furthermore, the proliferation, differentiation and self-renewal biological features of brain glioma stem cells were identified. Results showed that a small number of CD133 positive tumor cells isolated from brain glioma samples survived as a cell suspension in serum-free media and proliferated. Subcultured CD133 positive cells maintained a potent self-renewal and proliferative ability, and expressed the stem cell-specific markers CD133 and nestin. After incubation with fetal bovine serum, the number of glial fibrillary acidic protein and microtubule associated protein 2 positive cells increased significantly, indicating that the cultured brain glioma stem cells can differentiate into astrocytes and neurons. Western blot analysis showed that tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog was highly expressed in tumor spheres compared with the differentiated tumor cells. These experimental findings indicate that the immunomagnetic beads technique is a useful method to obtain brain glioma stem cells from human brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China ; Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu Province, China ; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Biology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qiong Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China ; Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu Province, China ; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Biology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhigang Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rutong Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China ; Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu Province, China ; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Biology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
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42
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Yang Y, Xu H, Huang W, Ding M, Xiao J, Yang D, Li H, Liu XY, Chu L. Targeting lung cancer stem-like cells with TRAIL gene armed oncolytic adenovirus. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:915-23. [PMID: 25683371 PMCID: PMC4420595 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer stem cell (LCSC) is critical in cancer initiation, progression, drug resistance and relapse. Disadvantages showed in conventional lung cancer therapy probably because of its existence. In this study, lung cancer cell line A549 cells propagated as spheroid bodies (named as A549 sphere cells) in growth factors-defined serum-free medium. A549 sphere cells displayed CSC properties, including chemo-resistance, increased proportion of G0/G1 cells, slower proliferation rate, ability of differentiation and enhanced tumour formation ability in vivo. Oncolytic adenovirus ZD55 carrying EGFP gene, ZD55-EGFP, infected A549 sphere cells and inhibited cell growth. Tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) armed oncolytic adenovirus, ZD55-TRAIL, exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity and induced A549 sphere cells apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway. Moreover, small molecules embelin, LY294002 and resveratrol improved the cytotoxicity of ZD55-TRAIL. In the A549 sphere cells xenograft models, ZD55-TRAIL significantly inhibited tumour growth and improved survival status of mice. These results suggested that gene armed oncolytic adenovirus is a potential approach for lung cancer therapy through targeting LCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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43
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Khan IS, Ehtesham M. Isolation and characterization of stem cells from human central nervous system malignancies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 853:33-47. [PMID: 25895706 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16537-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors include some of the most invasive and lethal tumors in humans. The poor prognosis in patients with CNS tumors is ascribed to their invasive nature. After the description of a stem cell-like cohort in hematopoietic cancers, tumor stem cells (TSCs) have been isolated from a variety of solid tumors, including brain tumors. Further research has uncovered the crucial role these cells play in the initiation and propagation of brain tumors. More importantly, TSCs have also been shown to be relatively resistant to conventional cytotoxic therapeutics, which may also account for the alarmingly high rate of CNS tumor recurrence. In order to elucidate prospective therapeutic targets it is imperative to study these cells in detail and to accomplish this, we need to be able to reliably isolate and characterize these cells. This chapter will therefore, provide an overview of the methods used to isolate and characterize stem cells from human CNS malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Saeed Khan
- Section of Neurosurgery, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
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44
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Grasso C, Fabre MS, Collis SV, Castro ML, Field CS, Schleich N, McConnell MJ, Herst PM. Pharmacological doses of daily ascorbate protect tumors from radiation damage after a single dose of radiation in an intracranial mouse glioma model. Front Oncol 2014; 4:356. [PMID: 25566497 PMCID: PMC4266032 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological ascorbate is currently used as an anti-cancer treatment, potentially in combination with radiation therapy, by integrative medicine practitioners. In the acidic, metal-rich tumor environment, ascorbate acts as a pro-oxidant, with a mode of action similar to that of ionizing radiation; both treatments kill cells predominantly by free radical-mediated DNA damage. The brain tumor, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is very resistant to radiation; radiosensitizing GBM cells will improve survival of GBM patients. Here, we demonstrate that a single fraction (6 Gy) of radiation combined with a 1 h exposure to ascorbate (5 mM) sensitized murine glioma GL261 cells to radiation in survival and colony-forming assays in vitro. In addition, we report the effect of a single fraction (4.5 Gy) of whole brain radiation combined with daily intraperitoneal injections of ascorbate (1 mg/kg) in an intracranial GL261 glioma mouse model. Tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups: one group received a single dose of 4.5 Gy to the brain 8 days after tumor implantation, a second group received daily intraperitoneal injections of ascorbate (day 8-45) after implantation, a third group received both treatments and a fourth control group received no treatment. While radiation delayed tumor progression, intraperitoneal ascorbate alone had no effect on tumor progression. Tumor progression was faster in tumor-bearing mice treated with radiation and daily ascorbate than in those treated with radiation alone. Histological analysis showed less necrosis in tumors treated with both radiation and ascorbate, consistent with a radio-protective effect of ascorbate in vivo. Discrepancies between our in vitro and in vivo results may be explained by differences in the tumor microenvironment, which determines whether ascorbate remains outside the cell, acting as a pro-oxidant, or whether it enters the cells and acts as an anti-oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Grasso
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Marie-Sophie Fabre
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Sarah V Collis
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - M Leticia Castro
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Cameron S Field
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand ; School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Nanette Schleich
- Department of Radiation Therapy, University of Otago , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Melanie J McConnell
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand ; School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Patries M Herst
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand ; Department of Radiation Therapy, University of Otago , Wellington , New Zealand
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Authier A, Farrand KJ, Broadley KW, Ancelet LR, Hunn MK, Stone S, McConnell MJ, Hermans IF. Enhanced immunosuppression by therapy-exposed glioblastoma multiforme tumor cells. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:2566-78. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Authier
- Vaccine Research Group; Malaghan Institute of Medical Research; Wellington 6242 New Zealand
| | - Kathryn J. Farrand
- Vaccine Research Group; Malaghan Institute of Medical Research; Wellington 6242 New Zealand
| | - Kate W.R. Broadley
- Vaccine Research Group; Malaghan Institute of Medical Research; Wellington 6242 New Zealand
| | - Lindsay R. Ancelet
- Vaccine Research Group; Malaghan Institute of Medical Research; Wellington 6242 New Zealand
| | - Martin K. Hunn
- Vaccine Research Group; Malaghan Institute of Medical Research; Wellington 6242 New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences; Victoria University of Wellington; Wellington 6012 New Zealand
| | - Sarrabeth Stone
- School of Biological Sciences; Victoria University of Wellington; Wellington 6012 New Zealand
| | - Melanie J. McConnell
- School of Biological Sciences; Victoria University of Wellington; Wellington 6012 New Zealand
| | - Ian F. Hermans
- Vaccine Research Group; Malaghan Institute of Medical Research; Wellington 6242 New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences; Victoria University of Wellington; Wellington 6012 New Zealand
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Miranda-Lorenzo I, Dorado J, Lonardo E, Alcala S, Serrano AG, Clausell-Tormos J, Cioffi M, Megias D, Zagorac S, Balic A, Hidalgo M, Erkan M, Kleeff J, Scarpa A, Sainz B, Heeschen C. Intracellular autofluorescence: a biomarker for epithelial cancer stem cells. Nat Methods 2014; 11:1161-9. [PMID: 25262208 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to drive tumor growth, metastasis and chemoresistance. Although surface markers such as CD133 and CD44 have been successfully used to isolate CSCs, their expression is not exclusively linked to the CSC phenotype and is prone to environmental alteration. We identified cells with an autofluorescent subcellular compartment that exclusively showed CSC features across different human tumor types. Primary tumor-derived autofluorescent cells did not overlap with side-population (SP) cells, were enriched in sphere culture and during chemotherapy, strongly expressed pluripotency-associated genes, were highly metastatic and showed long-term in vivo tumorigenicity, even at the single-cell level. Autofluorescence was due to riboflavin accumulation in membrane-bounded cytoplasmic structures bearing ATP-dependent ABCG2 transporters. In summary, we identified and characterized an intrinsic autofluorescent phenotype in CSCs of diverse epithelial cancers and used this marker to isolate and characterize these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Miranda-Lorenzo
- Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Dorado
- Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Enza Lonardo
- Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Alcala
- Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia G Serrano
- Melanoma Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jenifer Clausell-Tormos
- Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Michele Cioffi
- Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Megias
- Confocal Microscopy Unit, Biotechnology Programme, CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sladjana Zagorac
- Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anamaria Balic
- Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Hidalgo
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Clinical Research Programme, CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mert Erkan
- Chirurgische Klinik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Joerg Kleeff
- Chirurgische Klinik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- Università degli Studi di Verona, Centro Ricerca Applicata ARC-NET, Verona, Italy
| | - Bruno Sainz
- Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Christopher Heeschen
- 1] Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain. [2] Centre for Stem Cells in Cancer &Ageing, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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47
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Díaz-Carballo D, Gustmann S, Jastrow H, Acikelli AH, Dammann P, Klein J, Dembinski U, Bardenheuer W, Malak S, Araúzo-Bravo MJ, Schultheis B, Aldinger C, Strumberg D. Atypical cell populations associated with acquired resistance to cytostatics and cancer stem cell features: the role of mitochondria in nuclear encapsulation. DNA Cell Biol 2014; 33:749-74. [PMID: 25126674 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2014.2375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, acquired resistance to cytostatics had mostly been attributed to biochemical mechanisms such as decreased intake and/or increased efflux of therapeutics, enhanced DNA repair, and altered activity or deregulation of target proteins. Although these mechanisms have been widely investigated, little is known about membrane barriers responsible for the chemical imperviousness of cell compartments and cellular segregation in cytostatic-treated tumors. In highly heterogeneous cross-resistant and radiorefractory cell populations selected by exposure to anticancer agents, we found a number of atypical recurrent cell types in (1) tumor cell cultures of different embryonic origins, (2) mouse xenografts, and (3) paraffin sections from patient tumors. Alongside morphologic peculiarities, these populations presented cancer stem cell markers, aberrant signaling pathways, and a set of deregulated miRNAs known to confer both stem-cell phenotypes and highly aggressive tumor behavior. The first type, named spiral cells, is marked by a spiral arrangement of nuclei. The second type, monastery cells, is characterized by prominent walls inside which daughter cells can be seen maturing amid a rich mitochondrial environment. The third type, called pregnant cells, is a giant cell with a syncytium-like morphology, a main nucleus, and many endoreplicative functional progeny cells. A rare fourth cell type identified in leukemia was christened shepherd cells, as it was always associated with clusters of smaller cells. Furthermore, a portion of resistant tumor cells displayed nuclear encapsulation via mitochondrial aggregation in the nuclear perimeter in response to cytostatic insults, probably conferring imperviousness to drugs and long periods of dormancy until nuclear eclosion takes place. This phenomenon was correlated with an increase in both intracellular and intercellular mitochondrial traffic as well as with the uptake of free extracellular mitochondria. All these cellular disorders could, in fact, be found in untreated tumor cells but were more pronounced in resistant entities, suggesting a natural mechanism of cell survival triggered by chemical injury, or a primitive strategy to ensure stemming, self-renewal, and differentiation under adverse conditions, a fact that may play a significant role in chemotherapy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Díaz-Carballo
- 1 Institute of Molecular Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics, Marienhospital Herne, Ruhr University of Bochum Medical School , Herne, Germany
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48
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GFP Stable Transfection Facilitated the Characterization of Lung Cancer Stem Cells. Mol Biotechnol 2014; 56:1079-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-014-9788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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49
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Zhang L, Xia Y, Li L, Wang Y, Liu Y, Li C, Yu T. Cancer stem cell-like cells exist in mucoepidermoid carcinoma cell line MC3. Oncol Res 2014; 20:589-600. [PMID: 24139417 DOI: 10.3727/096504013x13775486749452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Strong evidence for the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in tumors exists. CSCs play an important role in the development, invasion, and drug resistance of carcinoma. Poorly differentiated mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is a lethal malignancy of human salivary gland tumors. However, whether there are CSCs in MEC and their phenotypes remains unclear. We isolated side population (SP) and sphere-forming cells from the MEC cell line MC3 and identified their characteristics. The results showed that sphere-forming assays could enrich stem cell-like cells, with this group of cells exhibiting high cloning efficiency, possessing strong tumorigenic ability, and highly expressing Oct4 based on PCR and immunocytochemistry assays. They also highly expressed CD44 and lowly expressed CD24 according to PCR, immunocytochemistry assays, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. Higher cloning efficiency was observed in the SP cells, but PCR revealed that the SP and non-SP cells did not statistically differ in their expression of ABCG2, Oct4, CD44, and CD24. In spite of these, the findings were not conclusive on whether SP cells are stem cell-like cells. In conclusion, CSC-like cells do exist in the MC3 cell line, and sphere-forming assays could enrich them, sphere-forming and SP cells are not the same kind of cell subpopulations, and the characteristics of SP cells need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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50
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Leuchte K, Altvater B, Hoffschlag S, Potratz J, Meltzer J, Clemens D, Luecke A, Hardes J, Dirksen U, Juergens H, Kailayangiri S, Rossig C. Anchorage-independent growth of Ewing sarcoma cells under serum-free conditions is not associated with stem-cell like phenotype and function. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:845-52. [PMID: 24927333 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel treatment strategies for Ewing sarcoma aim to eliminate residual tumor cells that have maintained the capacity to reinitiate tumor growth after intensive conventional therapy. Preclinical models that more closely mimic in vivo tumor growth than standard monolayer cultures are needed. Sphere formation under anchorage-independent, serum-free conditions has been proposed to enrich for cells with tumor-initiating, stem cell-like properties in various solid cancers. In the present study, we assessed the phenotype and functional stem cell characteristics of Ewing sarcoma spheres. Spheres were generated under serum-free culture conditions from four Ewing sarcoma cell lines and four relapse tumor biopsies. Standard monolayer cultures were established as controls. Median levels of surface expression of the Ewing sarcoma marker CD99 as well as the supposed stem cell marker CD133 and the neural crest marker CD57 were comparable between spheres and monolayers. Ewing sarcoma spheres from individual tumors failed to continuously self-renew by secondary sphere formation. They contained variable proportions of side populations (SPs). Sphere culture did not enhance the in vivo tumorigenicity of Ewing sarcoma cells in a murine xenograft model. We conclude that sphere formation under serum-free conditions is not a reliable tool to enrich for cells with stem cell characteristics in Ewing sarcoma. By mimicking the anchorage-independent, multicellular growth of Ewing sarcoma micrometastases, in vitro sphere growth may still add value as a preclinical tool to evaluate the efficacy of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Leuchte
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Bianca Altvater
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Simeon Hoffschlag
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Jenny Potratz
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Jutta Meltzer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Dagmar Clemens
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Andrea Luecke
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Jendrik Hardes
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Uta Dirksen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Heribert Juergens
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Sareetha Kailayangiri
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Claudia Rossig
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
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