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Karalija N, Jonassson L, Johansson J, Papenberg G, Salami A, Andersson M, Riklund K, Nyberg L, Boraxbekk CJ. High long-term test-retest reliability for extrastriatal 11C-raclopride binding in healthy older adults. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:1859-1868. [PMID: 31506011 PMCID: PMC7446562 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19874770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In vivo dopamine D2-receptor availability is frequently assessed with 11C-raclopride and positron emission tomography. Due to low signal-to-noise ratios for 11C-raclopride in areas with low D2 receptor densities, the ligand has been considered unreliable for measurements outside the dopamine-dense striatum. Intriguingly, recent studies show that extrastriatal 11C-raclopride binding potential (BPND) values are (i) reliably higher than in the cerebellum (where D2-receptor levels are negligible), (ii) correlate with behavior in the expected direction, and (iii) showed good test-retest reliability in a sample of younger adults. The present work demonstrates high seven-month test-retest reliability of striatal and extrastriatal 11C-raclopride BPND values in healthy, older adults (n = 27, age: 64-78 years). Mean 11C-raclopride BPND values were stable between test sessions in subcortical nuclei, and in frontal and temporal cortices (p > 0.05). Across all structures analyzed, intraclass correlation coefficients were high (0.85-0.96), absolute variability was low (mean: 4-8%), and coefficients of variance ranged between 9 and 25%. Furthermore, regional 11C-raclopride BPND values correlated with previously determined 18F-fallypride BPND values (ρ = 0.97 and 0.92 in correlations with and without striatal values, respectively, p < 0.01) and postmortem determined D2-receptor densities (including striatum: ρ = 0.92; p < 0.001; excluding striatum: ρ = 0.75; p = 0.067). These observations suggest that extrastriatal 11C-raclopride measurements represent a true D2 signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Karalija
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Jonassson
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jarkko Johansson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Goran Papenberg
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alireza Salami
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund, Sweden
| | - Micael Andersson
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Katrine Riklund
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Nyberg
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Carl-Johan Boraxbekk
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Danish Research Center for Magnetic Resonance, Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
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Maturation of the human striatal dopamine system revealed by PET and quantitative MRI. Nat Commun 2020; 11:846. [PMID: 32051403 PMCID: PMC7015913 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14693-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of the striatum dopamine (DA) system through human adolescence, a time of increased sensation seeking and vulnerability to the emergence of psychopathology, has been difficult to study due to pediatric restrictions on direct in vivo assessments of DA. Here, we applied neuroimaging in a longitudinal sample of n = 146 participants aged 12–30. R2′, an MR measure of tissue iron which co-localizes with DA vesicles and is necessary for DA synthesis, was assessed across the sample. In the 18–30 year-olds (n = 79) we also performed PET using [11C]dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ), a measure of presynaptic vesicular DA storage, and [11C]raclopride (RAC), an indicator of D2/D3 receptor availability. We observed decreases in D2/D3 receptor availability with age, while presynaptic vesicular DA storage (as measured by DTBZ), which was significantly associated with R2′ (standardized coefficient = 0.29, 95% CI = [0.11, 0.48]), was developmentally stable by age 18. Our results provide new evidence for maturational specialization of the striatal DA system through adolescence. How the human dopamine system changes during adolescence is still unclear. Here, the authors combine PET and quantitative MRI measures to show that dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability decreases with age while presynaptic dopamine vesicular storage was developmentally stable by age 18
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Yan S, Qian T, Maréchal B, Kober T, Zhang X, Zhu J, Lei J, Li M, Jin Z. Test-retest variability of brain morphometry analysis: an investigation of sequence and coil effects. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:12. [PMID: 32055603 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.11.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Precise and reliable brain morphometry analysis is critical for clinical and research purposes. The magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo (MPRAGE), multi-echo MPRAGE (MEMPRAGE) and magnetization-prepared 2 rapid acquisition gradient echo (MP2RAGE) sequences have all been used to acquire brain structural images, but it is unclear which of these sequences is the most suitable for brain morphometry and whether the number of coil channels (20 or 32) affects scan precision. This study aimed to assess the impact of T1-weighted image acquisition variables (sequence and head coil) on the repeatability of resultant automated volumetric measurements. Methods Twenty-four healthy volunteers underwent back-to-back scanning protocols with three sequences and two different coils (i.e., six scanning conditions in total) presented in a randomized order in a single session. MorphoBox prototype and FreeSurfer were used for brain segmentation. Brain structures were divided into cortical and subcortical regions for more precise analysis. The acquired volume and thickness values were used to calculate test-retest variability (TRV) values. TRV values from the six different combinations were compared for total brain structures, total cortical structures, total subcortical structures, and every single structure. Results The median TRV value for all brain regions was 1.23% with MorphoBox and 3.14% with FreeSurfer. When using FreeSurfer results to compare the six combinations, for total brain structures volume and total cortical structures volume and thickness, the MEMPRAGE-32 channel combination showed significantly lower TRV values than the others (P<0.01). Similar results were observed with MorphoBox. For total subcortical structures, the MP2RAGE-32 channel combination showed the lowest TRV values with both MorphoBox (lower about 0.01% to 0.17%) and FreeSurfer analyses (lower about 0.02% to 0.37%). Conclusions TRV values were generally low, indicating generally high reliability for every region. The MEMPRAGE sequence was the most reliable of the three sequences for total brain structures and cortical structures. However, MP2RAGE was the most reliable for subcortical structures. The 32-channel coil showed better repeatability results than the 20-channel coil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yan
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Tianyi Qian
- Department of MR Collaboration, Siemens Healthcare Ltd., Beijing 100102, China
| | - Bénédicte Maréchal
- Department of Advanced Clinical Imaging Technology, Siemens Healthcare, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,LTS5, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Kober
- Department of Advanced Clinical Imaging Technology, Siemens Healthcare, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,LTS5, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xianchang Zhang
- Department of MR Collaboration, Siemens Healthcare Ltd., Beijing 100102, China
| | - Jinxia Zhu
- Department of MR Collaboration, Siemens Healthcare Ltd., Beijing 100102, China
| | - Jing Lei
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Mingli Li
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhengyu Jin
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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McCutcheon R, Beck K, Jauhar S, Howes OD. Defining the Locus of Dopaminergic Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: A Meta-analysis and Test of the Mesolimbic Hypothesis. Schizophr Bull 2018; 44:1301-1311. [PMID: 29301039 PMCID: PMC5933516 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies using positron emission tomography to image striatal dopamine function, have demonstrated that individuals with schizophrenia display increases in presynaptic function. Mesolimbic dysfunction specifically, has previously been suggested to underlie psychotic symptoms. This has not been directly tested in vivo, and the precise anatomical locus of dopamine dysfunction within the striatum remains unclear. The current article investigates the magnitude of dopaminergic abnormalities in individuals with schizophrenia, and determines how the magnitude of abnormality varies across functional subdivisions of the striatum. METHODS EMBASE, PsychINFO, and MEDLINE were searched from January 1, 1960, to December 1, 2016. Inclusion criteria were molecular imaging studies that had measured presynaptic striatal dopamine functioning. Effects sizes for whole striatum and functional subdivisions were calculated separately. The magnitude of difference between functional subdivisions in patients and controls was meta-analyzed. RESULTS Twenty-one eligible studies were identified, including 269 patients and 313 controls. Individuals with schizophrenia (Hedges' g = 0.68, P < .001) demonstrated elevated presynaptic dopamine functioning compared to controls. Seven studies examined functional subdivisions. These demonstrated significant increases in patients compared to controls in associative (g = 0.73, P = .002) and sensorimotor (g = 0.54, P = .005) regions, but not limbic (g = 0.29, P = .09). The magnitude of the difference between associative and limbic subdivisions was significantly greater in patients compared to controls (g = 0.39, P = .003). CONCLUSION In individuals with schizophrenia dopaminergic dysfunction is greater in dorsal compared to limbic subdivisions of the striatum. This is inconsistent with the mesolimbic hypothesis and identifies the dorsal striatum as a target for novel treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert McCutcheon
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK,MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Katherine Beck
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK,MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sameer Jauhar
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK,MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Oliver D Howes
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK,MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience,King’s College London, Box 67, De Crespigny Park, Camberwell, London SE5 8AF, UK; tel: +44-207-848-0355, e-mail:
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Chumin EJ, Goñi J, Halcomb ME, Durazzo TC, Džemidžić M, Yoder KK. Differences in White Matter Microstructure and Connectivity in Nontreatment-Seeking Individuals with Alcohol Use Disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:889-896. [PMID: 29543332 PMCID: PMC5919256 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) has been widely used to investigate the integrity of white matter (WM; indexed by fractional anisotropy [FA]) in alcohol dependence and cigarette smoking. These disorders are highly comorbid, yet cigarette use has often not been adequately controlled in neuroimaging studies of alcohol-dependent populations. In addition, information on WM deficits in currently drinking, nontreatment-seeking (NTS) individuals with alcohol dependence is limited. Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate WM microstructural integrity in alcohol use disorder by comparing matched samples of cigarette smoking NTS and social drinkers (SD). METHODS Thirty-eight smoking NTS and 19 smoking SD subjects underwent DWI as well as structural magnetic resonance imaging. After an in-house preprocessing of the DWI data, FA images were analyzed with tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). FA obtained from the TBSS skeleton was tested for correlation with recent alcohol consumption. RESULTS Smoking NTS had lower FA relative to smoking SD, predominantly in the left hemisphere (p < 0.05, family-wise error rate corrected across FA skeleton). Across the full sample, FA and number of drinks per week were negatively related (ρ = -0.348, p = 0.008). Qualitative analyses of the structural connections through compromised WM as identified by TBSS showed differential connectivity of gray matter in NTS compared to SD subjects of left frontal, temporal, and parietal regions. CONCLUSIONS NTS subjects had lower WM FA than SD, indicating compromised WM integrity in the NTS population. The inverse relationship of entire WM skeleton FA with self-reported alcohol consumption supports previous evidence of a continuum of detrimental effects of alcohol consumption on WM. These results provide additional evidence that alcohol dependence is associated with reduced WM integrity in currently drinking NTS alcohol-dependent individuals, after controlling for the key variable of cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny J. Chumin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Joaquín Goñi
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Meredith E. Halcomb
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Timothy C. Durazzo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Mario Džemidžić
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Karmen K. Yoder
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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[ 18F]fallypride-PET/CT Analysis of the Dopamine D₂/D₃ Receptor in the Hemiparkinsonian Rat Brain Following Intrastriatal Botulinum Neurotoxin A Injection. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23030587. [PMID: 29509680 PMCID: PMC6017015 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrastriatal injection of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT-A) results in improved motor behavior of hemiparkinsonian (hemi-PD) rats, an animal model for Parkinson’s disease. The caudate–putamen (CPu), as the main input nucleus of the basal ganglia loop, is fundamentally involved in motor function and directly interacts with the dopaminergic system. To determine receptor-mediated explanations for the BoNT-A effect, we analyzed the dopamine D2/D3 receptor (D2/D3R) in the CPu of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced hemi-PD rats by [18F]fallypride-PET/CT scans one, three, and six months post-BoNT-A or -sham-BoNT-A injection. Male Wistar rats were assigned to three different groups: controls, sham-injected hemi-PD rats, and BoNT-A-injected hemi-PD rats. Disease-specific motor impairment was verified by apomorphine and amphetamine rotation testing. Animal-specific magnetic resonance imaging was performed for co-registration and anatomical reference. PET quantification was achieved using PMOD software with the simplified reference tissue model 2. Hemi-PD rats exhibited a constant increase of 23% in D2/D3R availability in the CPu, which was almost normalized by intrastriatal application of BoNT-A. Importantly, the BoNT-A effect on striatal D2/D3R significantly correlated with behavioral results in the apomorphine rotation test. Our results suggest a therapeutic effect of BoNT-A on the impaired motor behavior of hemi-PD rats by reducing interhemispheric changes of striatal D2/D3R.
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Altered adenosine 2A and dopamine D2 receptor availability in the 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats with and without levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Neuroimage 2017; 157:209-218. [PMID: 28583881 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence imply alterations in adenosine signaling in Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we investigated cerebral changes in adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR) availability in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats with and without levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) using positron-emission tomography (PET) with [11C]preladenant. In parallel dopamine type 2 receptor (D2R) imaging with [11C]raclopride PET and behavioral tests for motor and cognitive function were performed. METHODS Parametric A2AR and D2R binding potential (BPND) images were reconstructed using reference tissue models with midbrain and cerebellum as reference tissue, respectively. All images were anatomically standardized to Paxinos space and analyzed using volume-of-interest (VOI) and voxel-based approaches. The behavioral alternations were assessed with the open field test, Y-maze, novel object recognition test, cylinder test, and abnormal involuntary movement (AIM) score. In total, 28 female Wistar rats were included. RESULTS On the behavioral level, 6-OHDA-lesioned rats showed asymmetry in forepaw use and deficits in spatial memory and explorative behavior as compared to the sham-operated animals. 15-Days of levodopa (L-DOPA) treatment induced dyskinesia but did not alleviate motor deficits in PD rats. Intranigral 6-OHDA injection significantly increased D2R binding in the lesioned striatum (BPND: 2.69 ± 0.40 6-OHDA vs. 2.31 ± 0.18 sham, + 16.6%; p = 0.03), whereas L-DOPA treatment did not affect the D2R binding in the ipsilateral striatum of the PD rats. In addition, intranigral 6-OHDA injection tended to decrease the A2AR availability in the lesioned striatum. The decrease became significant when data were normalized to the non-affected side (BPND: 4.32 ± 0.41 6-OHDA vs. 4.58 ± 0.89 sham; NS, ratio: 0.94 ± 0.03 6-OHDA vs. 1.00 ± 0.02 sham; - 6.1%; p = 0.01). L-DOPA treatment significantly increased A2AR binding in the affected striatum (BPND: 6.02 ± 0.91 L-DOPA vs. 4.90 ± 0.76 saline; + 23.4%; p = 0.02). In PD rats with LID, positive correlations were found between D2R and A2AR BPND values in the ipsilateral striatum (r = 0.88, ppeak = 8.56.10-4 uncorr), and between AIM score and the D2R BPND in the contralateral striatum (r = 0.98; ppeak = 9.55.10-5 uncorr). CONCLUSION A2AR availability changed in drug-naïve and in L-DOPA-treated PD rats. The observed correlations of striatal D2R availability with A2AR availability and with AIM score may provide new knowledge on striatal physiology and new possibilities to further unravel the functions of these targets in the pathophysiology of PD.
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Lopes Alves I, Willemsen AT, Dierckx RA, da Silva AMM, Koole M. Dual time-point imaging for post-dose binding potential estimation applied to a [ 11C]raclopride PET dose occupancy study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:866-876. [PMID: 27073203 PMCID: PMC5363466 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16644463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Receptor occupancy studies performed with PET often require time-consuming dynamic imaging for baseline and post-dose scans. Shorter protocol approximations based on standard uptake value ratios have been proposed. However, such methods depend on the time-point chosen for the quantification and often lead to overestimation and bias. The aim of this study was to develop a shorter protocol for the quantification of post-dose scans using a dual time-point approximation, which employs kinetic parameters from the baseline scan. Dual time-point was evaluated for a [11C]raclopride PET dose occupancy study with the D2 antagonist JNJ-37822681, obtaining estimates for binding potential and receptor occupancy. Results were compared to standard simplified reference tissue model and standard uptake value ratios-based estimates. Linear regression and Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated excellent correlation and agreement between dual time-point and the standard simplified reference tissue model approach. Moreover, the stability of dual time-point-based estimates is shown to be independent of the time-point chosen for quantification. Therefore, a dual time-point imaging protocol can be applied to post-dose [11C]raclopride PET scans, resulting in a significant reduction in total acquisition time while maintaining accuracy in the quantification of both the binding potential and the receptor occupancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora Lopes Alves
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antoon Tm Willemsen
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi A Dierckx
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Maria M da Silva
- 2 Laboratory of Medical Imaging, School of Physics, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Michel Koole
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,3 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Yoder KK, Albrecht DS, Dzemidzic M, Normandin MD, Federici LM, Graves T, Herring CM, Hile KL, Walters JW, Liang T, Plawecki MH, O'Connor S, Kareken DA. Differences in IV alcohol-induced dopamine release in the ventral striatum of social drinkers and nontreatment-seeking alcoholics. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 160:163-9. [PMID: 26832934 PMCID: PMC5074339 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Striatal dopamine (DA) has been implicated in alcohol use disorders, but it is still unclear whether or not alcohol can induce dopamine release in social drinkers. Furthermore, no data exist on dopamine responses to alcohol in dependent drinkers. We sought to characterize the DA responses to alcohol intoxication in moderately large samples of social drinkers (SD) and nontreatment-seeking alcoholics (NTS). METHODS Twenty-four SD and twenty-one NTS received two [(11)C]raclopride (RAC) PET scans; one at rest, and one during an intravenous alcohol infusion, with a prescribed ascent to a target breath alcohol concentration (BrAC), at which it was then "clamped." The alcohol clamp was started 5min after scan start, with a linear increase in BrAC over 15min to the target of 80mg%, the legal threshold for intoxication. Target BrAC was maintained for 30min. Voxel-wise binding potential (BPND) was estimated with MRTM2. RESULTS IV EtOH induced significant increases in DA in the right ventral striatum in NTS, but not SD. No decreases in DA were observed in either group. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol intoxication results in distinct anatomic profiles of DA responses in SD and NTS, suggesting that in NTS, the striatal DA system may process effects of alcohol intoxication differently than in SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmen K. Yoder
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, R2-E124, 950 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN, USA (IUSM),Center for Neuroimaging, IUSM, GH Ste. 4100, 355 W. 16th St., Indianapolis, IN USA 46202,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, IUSM, NB Ste. 414, 320 W. 16th St., Indianapolis, IN USA 46202,Department of Psychology, Indiana University – Purdue University at Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford St., Indianapolis, IN USA 46202
| | - Daniel S. Albrecht
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, R2-E124, 950 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN, USA (IUSM),Center for Neuroimaging, IUSM, GH Ste. 4100, 355 W. 16th St., Indianapolis, IN USA 46202,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, IUSM, NB Ste. 414, 320 W. 16th St., Indianapolis, IN USA 46202
| | - Mario Dzemidzic
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, R2-E124, 950 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN, USA (IUSM),Center for Neuroimaging, IUSM, GH Ste. 4100, 355 W. 16th St., Indianapolis, IN USA 46202,Department of Neurology, IUSM; GH Ste. 4700, 355 W. 16th St., Indianapolis, IN USA 46202
| | - Marc D. Normandin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, R2-E124, 950 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN, USA (IUSM)
| | - Lauren M. Federici
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, R2-E124, 950 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN, USA (IUSM),Center for Neuroimaging, IUSM, GH Ste. 4100, 355 W. 16th St., Indianapolis, IN USA 46202
| | - Tammy Graves
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, R2-E124, 950 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN, USA (IUSM),Department of Medicine, IUSM; 340 W. 10th St., STe. 6200, Indianapolis, IN USA 46202
| | - Christine M. Herring
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, R2-E124, 950 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN, USA (IUSM),Center for Neuroimaging, IUSM, GH Ste. 4100, 355 W. 16th St., Indianapolis, IN USA 46202
| | - Karen L. Hile
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, R2-E124, 950 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN, USA (IUSM),Center for Neuroimaging, IUSM, GH Ste. 4100, 355 W. 16th St., Indianapolis, IN USA 46202
| | - James W. Walters
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, R2-E124, 950 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN, USA (IUSM),Center for Neuroimaging, IUSM, GH Ste. 4100, 355 W. 16th St., Indianapolis, IN USA 46202
| | - Tiebing Liang
- Department of Medicine, IUSM; 340 W. 10th St., STe. 6200, Indianapolis, IN USA 46202
| | - Martin H. Plawecki
- Department of Psychiatry, IUSM; GH Ste. 4800, 355 W. 16th St., Indianapolis, IN USA 46202
| | - Sean O'Connor
- Department of Psychiatry, IUSM; GH Ste. 4800, 355 W. 16th St., Indianapolis, IN USA 46202,Roudebush Veteran's Administration Medical Center, 1481 W. 10th St., Indianapolis, IN USA 46202
| | - David A. Kareken
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, R2-E124, 950 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN, USA (IUSM),Center for Neuroimaging, IUSM, GH Ste. 4100, 355 W. 16th St., Indianapolis, IN USA 46202,Department of Neurology, IUSM; GH Ste. 4700, 355 W. 16th St., Indianapolis, IN USA 46202,Department of Psychiatry, IUSM; GH Ste. 4800, 355 W. 16th St., Indianapolis, IN USA 46202
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Okubo G, Okada T, Yamamoto A, Kanagaki M, Fushimi Y, Okada T, Murata K, Togashi K. MP2RAGE for deep gray matter measurement of the brain: A comparative study with MPRAGE. J Magn Reson Imaging 2015; 43:55-62. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gosuke Okubo
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Tomohisa Okada
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Akira Yamamoto
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Mitsunori Kanagaki
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Yasutaka Fushimi
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Tsutomu Okada
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | | | - Kaori Togashi
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
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Voxel-based morphometry at ultra-high fields. a comparison of 7T and 3T MRI data. Neuroimage 2015; 113:207-16. [PMID: 25791781 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent technological progress enables MRI recordings at ultra-high fields of 7 T and above leading to brain images of higher resolution and increased signal-to-noise ratio. Despite these benefits, imaging at 7 T exhibits distinct challenges due to B1 field inhomogeneities, causing decreased image quality and problems in data analysis. Although several strategies have been proposed, a systematic investigation of bias-corrected 7 T data for voxel-based morphometry (VBM) is still missing and it is an ongoing matter of debate if VBM at 7 T can be carried out properly. Here, an optimized VBM study was conducted, evaluating the impact of field strength (3T vs. 7 T) and pulse sequence (MPRAGE vs. MP2RAGE) on gray matter volume (GMV) estimates. More specifically, twenty-two participants were measured under the conditions 3T MPRAGE, 7 T MPRAGE and 7 T MP2RAGE. Due to the fact that 7 T MPRAGE data exhibited strong intensity inhomogeneities, an alternative preprocessing pipeline was proposed and applied for that data. VBM analysis revealed higher GMV estimates for 7 T predominantly in superior cortical areas, caudate nucleus, cingulate cortex and the hippocampus. On the other hand, 3T yielded higher estimates especially in inferior cortical areas of the brain, cerebellum, thalamus and putamen compared to 7 T. Besides minor exceptions, these results were observed for 7 T MPRAGE as well for the 7 T MP2RAGE measurements. Results gained in the inferior parts of the brain should be taken with caution, as native GM segmentations displayed misclassifications in these regions for both 7 T sequences. This was supported by the test-retest measurements showing highest variability in these inferior regions of the brain for 7 T and also for the advanced MP2RAGE sequence. Hence, our data support the use of 7 T MRI for VBM analysis in cortical areas, but direct comparison between field strengths and sequences requires careful assessment. Similarly, analysis of the inferior cortical regions, cerebellum and subcortical regions still remains challenging at 7 T even if the advanced MP2RAGE sequence is used.
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Black KJ, Piccirillo ML, Koller JM, Hseih T, Wang L, Mintun MA. Levodopa effects on [ (11)C]raclopride binding in the resting human brain. F1000Res 2015; 4:23. [PMID: 26180632 PMCID: PMC4490799 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.5672.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Synaptic dopamine (DA) release induced by amphetamine or other experimental manipulations can displace [
11C]raclopride (RAC*) from dopamine D2-like receptors. We hypothesized that exogenous levodopa might increase dopamine release at striatal synapses under some conditions but not others, allowing a more naturalistic assessment of presynaptic dopaminergic function. Presynaptic dopaminergic abnormalities have been reported in Tourette syndrome (TS). Objective: Test whether levodopa induces measurable synaptic DA release in healthy people at rest, and gather pilot data in TS. Methods: This double-blind crossover study used RAC* and positron emission tomography (PET) to measure synaptic dopamine release 4 times in each of 10 carbidopa-pretreated, neuroleptic-naïve adults: before and during an infusion of levodopa on one day and placebo on another (in random order). Five subjects had TS and 5 were matched controls. RAC* binding potential (BP
ND) was quantified in predefined anatomical volumes of interest (VOIs). A separate analysis compared BP
ND voxel by voxel over the entire brain. Results: DA release declined between the first and second scan of each day (p=0.012), including on the placebo day. Levodopa did not significantly reduce striatal RAC* binding and striatal binding did not differ significantly between TS and control groups. However, levodopa’s effect on DA release differed significantly in a right midbrain region (p=0.002, corrected), where levodopa displaced RAC* by 59% in control subjects but
increased BP
ND by 74% in TS subjects. Discussion: Decreased DA release on the second scan of the day is consistent with the few previous studies with a similar design, and may indicate habituation to study procedures. We hypothesize that mesostriatal DA neurons fire relatively little while subjects rest, possibly explaining the non-significant effect of levodopa on striatal RAC* binding. The modest sample size argues for caution in interpreting the group difference in midbrain DA release with levodopa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Black
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Radiology, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Marilyn L Piccirillo
- School of Arts and Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA ; Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Koller
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Tiffany Hseih
- School of Arts and Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, and Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Mark A Mintun
- Departments of Radiology, Psychiatry, Bioengineering, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA ; Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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13
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Gao M, Gao AC, Wang M, Zheng QH. Synthesis of carbon-11-labeled aminoalkylindole derivatives as new candidates of cannabinoid receptor radioligands for PET imaging of alcohol abuse. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5581-5586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Albrecht DS, Kareken DA, Yoder KK. Effects of smoking on D₂/D₃ striatal receptor availability in alcoholics and social drinkers. Brain Imaging Behav 2014; 7:326-34. [PMID: 23649848 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-013-9233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies have reported lower striatal D₂/D₃ receptor availability in both alcoholics and cigarette smokers relative to healthy controls. These substances are commonly co-abused, yet the relationship between comorbid alcohol/tobacco abuse and striatal D₂/D₃ receptor availability has not been examined. We sought to determine the degree to which dual abuse of alcohol and tobacco is associated with lower D₂/D₃ receptor availability. Eighty-one subjects (34 nontreatment-seeking alcoholic smokers [NTS-S], 21 social-drinking smokers [SD-S], and 26 social-drinking non-smokers [SD-NS]) received baseline [(11)C]raclopride scans. D₂/D₃ binding potential (BPND ≡ Bavail/KD) was estimated for ten anatomically defined striatal regions of interest (ROIs). Significant group effects were detected in bilateral pre-commissural dorsal putamen, bilateral pre-commissural dorsal caudate; and bilateral post-commissural dorsal putamen. Post-hoc testing revealed that, regardless of drinking status, smokers had lower D₂/D₃ receptor availability than non-smoking controls. Chronic tobacco smokers have lower striatal D₂/D₃ receptor availability than non-smokers, independent of alcohol use. Additional studies are needed to identify the mechanisms by which chronic tobacco smoking is associated with striatal dopamine receptor availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Albrecht
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, R2 E124, 950 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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15
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McLoughlin G, Makeig S, Tsuang MT. In search of biomarkers in psychiatry: EEG-based measures of brain function. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2014; 165B:111-21. [PMID: 24273134 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Current clinical parameters used for diagnosis and phenotypic definitions of psychopathology are both highly variable and subjective. Intensive research efforts for specific and sensitive biological markers, or biomarkers, for psychopathology as objective alternatives to the current paradigm are ongoing. While biomarker research in psychiatry has focused largely on functional neuroimaging methods for identifying the neural functions that associate with psychopathology, scalp electroencephalography (EEG) has been viewed, historically, as offering little specific brain source information, as scalp appearance is only loosely correlated to its brain source dynamics. However, ongoing advances in signal processing of EEG data can now deliver functional EEG brain-imaging with distinctly improved spatial, as well as fine temporal, resolution. One computational approach proving particularly useful for EEG cortical brain imaging is independent component analysis (ICA). ICA decomposition can be used to identify distinct cortical source activities that are sensitive and specific to the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Given its practical research advantages, relatively low cost, and ease of use, EEG-imaging is now both feasible and attractive, in particular for studies involving the large samples required by genetically informative designs to characterize causal pathways to psychopathology. The completely non-invasive nature of EEG data acquisition, coupled with ongoing advances in dry, wireless, and wearable EEG technology, makes EEG-imaging increasingly attractive and appropriate for psychiatric research, including the study of developmentally young samples. Applied to large genetically and developmentally informative samples, EEG imaging can advance the search for robust diagnostic biomarkers and phenotypes in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gráinne McLoughlin
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Psychiatry, Center for Behavioral Genomics, Institute for Genomic Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
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16
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Striepens N, Matusch A, Kendrick KM, Mihov Y, Elmenhorst D, Becker B, Lang M, Coenen HH, Maier W, Hurlemann R, Bauer A. Oxytocin enhances attractiveness of unfamiliar female faces independent of the dopamine reward system. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 39:74-87. [PMID: 24275006 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from animal studies suggests that the social attraction and bonding effects of the neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) are mediated by its modulation of dopamine (DA) release in brain reward centers, but this has not yet been demonstrated in humans. DA release can be measured by positron emission tomography (PET) using the radioligand [11C]raclopride. Its binding to DA D2 receptors (D2R) is sensitive and reciprocally related to endogenous DA, especially in the striatum. In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled within-subjects trial on 18 adult male volunteers we combined [11C]raclopride PET and a facial attractiveness rating task to establish whether intranasal OXT (24 IU) increased both the perceived attractiveness of unfamiliar female faces and striatal DA release compared with placebo administration. While our behavioral data confirmed that subjects rated unfamiliar female faces as more attractive following OXT treatment, and this correlated with an increased perfusion rate in the striatum, there was no evidence for altered [11C]raclopride binding in the striatum or pallidum. Instead under OXT we rather observed an increased [11C]raclopride binding and reduced perfusion rate in subregions of the right dorsomedial prefrontal gyrus and superior parietal gyrus. The absence of OXT effects on dopamine release and D2 receptors in brain reward centers, despite increased striatal activity, implies that the peptide may facilitate perceived attraction via non-dopaminergic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Striepens
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Matusch
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-2, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Keith M Kendrick
- Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), 610054 Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yoan Mihov
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - David Elmenhorst
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-2, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Benjamin Becker
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Lang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-5, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Heinz H Coenen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-5, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - René Hurlemann
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Andreas Bauer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-2, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Yoder KK, Nho K, Risacher SL, Kim S, Shen L, Saykin AJ. Influence of TSPO genotype on 11C-PBR28 standardized uptake values. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:1320-2. [PMID: 23785173 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.118885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED (11)C-PBR28 binds to the high-affinity state of the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO). A single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs6971) within the human TSPO gene determines the affinity state of the TSPO. The rs6971 genotype determines whether individuals express the high-, low-, or mixed-affinity phenotype of TSPO. The rs6971 genotype corresponds to in vivo (11)C-PBR28 binding, as measured quantitatively by total volume of distribution. However, it is not known whether standardized uptake value (SUV) can detect differences in brain (11)C-PBR28 uptake by TSPO genotype. METHODS Thirty-two older adults (71.8 ± 7.94 y old) underwent (11)C-PBR28 PET scanning; rs6971 genotype was imputed after genomewide genotyping. SUV was extracted for several brain regions. The sample included 19 C/C carriers (high-affinity phenotype), 12 T/C carriers (mixed-affinity), and 1 T/T carrier (low-affinity) for rs6971. RESULTS SUV was 30% lower in T/C subjects than in C/C subjects. CONCLUSION The results indicate that brain (11)C-PBR28 SUV is sensitive to TSPO genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmen K Yoder
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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18
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Sullivan JM, Kim SJ, Cosgrove KP, Morris ED. Limitations of SRTM, Logan graphical method, and equilibrium analysis for measuring transient dopamine release with [(11)C]raclopride PET. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING 2013; 3:247-260. [PMID: 23638336 PMCID: PMC3627521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Conventional PET methods to estimate [(11)C]raclopride binding potential (BP ND) assume that endogenous dopamine concentration does not change during the scan time. However, this assumption is purposely violated in studies using pharmacological or behavioral stimuli to invoke acute dopamine release. When the assumption of steady-state dopamine is violated, conventional analysis methods may produce biased or even unusable estimates of BP ND. To illustrate this problem, we examined the effect of scan duration on ΔBP ND estimated by three common analysis methods (simplified reference tissue model, Logan graphical reference method, and equilibrium analysis) applied to simulated and experimental single-scan activation studies. The activation - dopamine release - in both the simulated and experimental studies was brief. Simulations showed ΔBP ND to be highly dependent on the window of data used to determine BP ND in the activation state. A similar pattern was seen in the data from human smoking studies. No such pattern of ΔBP ND dependence on the window of data used was apparent in simulations where dopamine was held constant. The dependence of ΔBP ND on the duration of data analyzed illustrates the inability of conventional methods to reliably quantify short-lived increases in endogenous dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Sullivan
- Yale PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
| | - Su Jin Kim
- Yale PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of MedicineNew Have, CT, USA
| | - Kelly P Cosgrove
- Yale PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of MedicineNew Have, CT, USA
| | - Evan D Morris
- Yale PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of MedicineNew Have, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
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Striatal D(2)/D(3) receptor availability is inversely correlated with cannabis consumption in chronic marijuana users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 128:52-7. [PMID: 22909787 PMCID: PMC3532956 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the incidence of cannabis abuse/dependence in Americans is rising, the neurobiology of cannabis addiction is not well understood. Imaging studies have demonstrated deficits in striatal D(2)/D(3) receptor availability in several substance-dependent populations. However, this has not been studied in currently using chronic cannabis users. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare striatal D(2)/D(3) receptor availability between currently using chronic cannabis users and healthy controls. METHODS Eighteen right-handed males age 18-34 were studied. Ten subjects were chronic cannabis users; eight were demographically matched controls. Subjects underwent a [(11)C]raclopride (RAC) PET scan. Striatal RAC binding potential (BP(ND)) was calculated on a voxel-wise basis. Prior to scanning, urine samples were obtained from cannabis users for quantification of urine Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and THC metabolites (11-nor-Δ-9-THC-9-carboxylic acid; THC-COOH and 11-hydroxy-THC;OH-THC). RESULTS There were no differences in D(2)/D(3) receptor availability between cannabis users and controls. Voxel-wise analyses revealed that RAC BP(ND) values were negatively associated with both urine levels of cannabis metabolites and self-report of recent cannabis consumption. CONCLUSIONS In this sample, current cannabis use was not associated with deficits in striatal D(2)/D(3) receptor availability. There was an inverse relationship between chronic cannabis use and striatal RAC BP(ND). Additional studies are needed to identify the neurochemical consequences of chronic cannabis use on the dopamine system.
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20
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Linden DEJ. The challenges and promise of neuroimaging in psychiatry. Neuron 2012; 73:8-22. [PMID: 22243743 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging is central to the quest for a biological foundation of psychiatric diagnosis but so far has not yielded clinically relevant biomarkers for mental disorders. This review addresses potential reasons for this limitation and discusses refinements of paradigms and analytic techniques that may yield improved diagnostic and prognostic accuracy. Neuroimaging can also be used to probe genetically defined biological pathways underlying mental disorders, for example through the genetic imaging of variants discovered in genome-wide association studies. These approaches may ultimately reveal mechanisms through which genes contribute to psychiatric symptoms and how pharmacological and psychological interventions exert their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E J Linden
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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Reliability of striatal [¹¹C]raclopride binding in smokers wearing transdermal nicotine patches. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011; 39:220-5. [PMID: 22009382 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-011-1965-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In studies where [(11)C]raclopride (RAC) positron emission tomography (PET) is used to assess changes in striatal dopamine, it is important to control for cognitive states, such as drug craving, that could alter dopamine levels. In cigarette smokers, transdermal nicotine patches (TNP) can control nicotine craving, but the effects of nicotine patches on RAC binding are unknown. Thus, we sought to determine the test-retest reliability of RAC binding in the presence of nicotine patches. METHODS Eleven male smokers were scanned twice with RAC on separate days while wearing TNP. RESULTS Across the striatum, test-retest variability was 7.63 ± 5.88; percent change in binding potential was 1.11 ± 9.83; and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.91 (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Baseline RAC binding is highly reproducible in smokers wearing nicotine patches. This suggests that TNP are an acceptable method for controlling cigarette craving during studies that utilize RAC to examine changes in dopamine.
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22
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Anand A, Barkay G, Dzemidzic M, Albrecht D, Karne H, Zheng QH, Hutchins GD, Normandin MD, Yoder KK. Striatal dopamine transporter availability in unmedicated bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2011; 13:406-13. [PMID: 21843280 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00936.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dopamine transmission abnormalities have been implicated in the etiology of bipolar disorder (BPD). However, there is a paucity of receptor imaging studies in BPD, and little information is available about the dopamine system in BPD. Reuptake of synaptic dopamine by the dopamine transporter (DAT) is the principal mechanism regulating dopamine neurotransmission, and is often used as a marker for presynaptic dopamine function. This positron emission tomography (PET) study investigated whether DAT availability differed between BPD and healthy control subjects. METHODS A total of 11 unmedicated BPD patients in either the euthymic or depressed phase and 13 closely matched healthy subjects underwent PET imaging with the DAT-selective radiotracer [(11) C]CFT and a structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. Striatal binding potential (BP(ND) ) was estimated using the multilinear reference tissue model. Region of interest and analyses were conducted to test for differences in [(11) C]CFT BP(ND) between groups. RESULTS Unmedicated BPD subjects had significantly lower DAT availability relative to healthy controls in bilateral dorsal caudate. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study support the hypothesis that there are abnormalities in the dopaminergic system in BPD, and suggest that DAT availability may be related to the neuropathology of BPD. Future studies are needed to determine if DAT availability cycles with disease phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Anand
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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