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Elfving B, Liebenberg N, du Jardin K, Sanchez C, Wegener G, Müller HK. Single dose S-ketamine rescues transcriptional dysregulation of Mtor and Nrp2 in the prefrontal cortex of FSL rats 1 hour but not 14 days post dosing. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 65:56-67. [PMID: 36375239 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
There is a pressing need to identify biological indicators of major depression to help guide proper diagnosis and optimize treatment. Animal models mimicking aspects of depression constitute essential tools for early-stage exploration of relevant pathways. In this study, we used the Flinders Sensitive and Resistant Line (FSL/FRL) to explore central and peripheral transcriptional changes in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway genes and their temporal regulation after a single dose of S-ketamine (15 mg/kg). We found that S-ketamine induced both rapid (1 hour) and sustained (2 and 14 days) antidepressant-like effects in the FSL rats. Analysis of mRNA expression revealed significant strain effects of Vegf, Vegf164, Vegfr-1, Nrp1, Nrp2, Rictor, and Raptor in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and of Vegf164, GbetaL, and Tsc1 in the hippocampus (HIP), which indicates suppression of VEGF signaling in the FSL rats compared to FRL rats. This notion was further substantiated by reduced expression of Vegf and Mtor in plasma from FSL rats. In the brain, S-ketamine induced transcriptional changes in the acute phase, not the sustained phase. There were significant treatment effects of S-ketamine on Vegfr-2 in both PFC and HIP and on Vegf and Vegfr-1 in HIP. Moreover, we found that S-ketamine specifically restored reduced levels of Nrp2 and Mtor in the PFC of the FSL rats. In conclusion, this study substantiates the use of the FRL/FSL rats to explore the depressive-like behavior at the transcriptional level of the VEGF pathway genes and study their regulation in response to various treatment paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betina Elfving
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark.
| | - Nico Liebenberg
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Kristian du Jardin
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Connie Sanchez
- External Sourcing and Scientific Excellence, Lun Research USA, Inc., Paramus, NJ, United States of America
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Heidi Kaastrup Müller
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
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Sahin E, Orhan C, Erten F, Er B, Acharya M, Morde AA, Padigaru M, Sahin K. Next-Generation Ultrasol Curcumin Boosts Muscle Endurance and Reduces Muscle Damage in Treadmill-Exhausted Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111692. [PMID: 34829562 PMCID: PMC8614663 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin positively affects performance during exercise and subsequent recovery. However, curcumin has limited bioavailability unless consumed in larger doses. In the current study, we examined the impact of a new formulation of curcumin, Next-Generation Ultrasol Curcumin (NGUC), which is relatively more bioavailable than natural curcumin on exhaustion time, grip strength, muscle damage parameters, and serum and muscle proteins. A total of 28 rats were randomly grouped as control (C, non-supplemented), exercise (E, non-supplemented), E+NGUC100 (supplemented with 100 mg/kg BW NGUC), and E+NGUC200 (supplemented with 200 mg/kg NGUC). Grip strength and exhaustion time were increased with NGUC supplementation (p < 0.0001). Creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), lactic acid (LA), myoglobin, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were reduced in serum, and muscle tissue in NGUC supplemented groups (p < 0.05). In contrast, NGUC supplementation elevated the antioxidant enzyme levels compared to the non-supplemented exercise group (p < 0.01). Additionally, inflammatory cytokines were inhibited with NGUC administration (p < 0.05). NGUC decreased PGC-1α, p-4E-BP1, p-mTOR, MAFbx, and MuRF1 proteins in muscle tissue (p < 0.05). These results indicate that NGUC boosts exercise performance while reducing muscle damage by targeting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and muscle mass regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol 12000, Turkey;
| | - Cemal Orhan
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey;
| | - Fusun Erten
- Department of Veterinary Science, Pertek Sakine Genc Vocational School, Munzur University, Tunceli 62500, Turkey;
| | - Besir Er
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey;
| | - Manutosh Acharya
- Research and Development, OmniActive Health Technologies, Mumbai 400001, India; (M.A.); (A.A.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Abhijeet A. Morde
- Research and Development, OmniActive Health Technologies, Mumbai 400001, India; (M.A.); (A.A.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Muralidhara Padigaru
- Research and Development, OmniActive Health Technologies, Mumbai 400001, India; (M.A.); (A.A.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Kazim Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-532-747-3506 or +90-424-237-0000 (ext. 3938)
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Barnett BR, Anderson JM, Torres-Velázquez M, Yi SY, Rowley PA, Yu JPJ. Exercise ameliorates deficits in neural microstructure in a Disc1 model of psychiatric illness. Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 61:90-96. [PMID: 31103832 PMCID: PMC6663582 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have investigated the effectiveness of aerobic exercise to improve physical and mental health outcomes in schizophrenia; however, few have explicitly explored the impact of aerobic exercise on neural microstructure, which is hypothesized to mediate the behavioral changes observed. Neural microstructure is influenced by numerous genetic factors including DISC1, which is a major molecular scaffold protein that interacts with partners like GSK3β, NDEL1, and PDE4. DISC1 has been shown to play a role in neurogenesis, neuronal migration, neuronal maturation, and synaptic signaling. As with other genetic variants that present an increased risk for disease, mutations of the DISC1 gene have been implicated in the molecular intersection of schizophrenia and numerous other major psychiatric illnesses. This study investigated whether short-term exercise recovers deficits in neural microstructure in a novel genetic Disc1 svΔ2 rat model. Disc1 svΔ2 animals and age- and sex-matched controls were subjected to a treadmill exercise protocol. Subsequent ex-vivo diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) compared neural microstructure in regions of interest (ROI) between sedentary and exercise wild-type animals and between sedentary and exercise Disc1 svΔ2 animals. Short-term exercise uncovered no significant differences in neural microstructure between sedentary and exercise control animals but did lead to significant differences between sedentary and exercise Disc1 svΔ2 animals in neocortex, basal ganglia, corpus callosum, and external capsule, suggesting a positive benefit derived from a short-term exercise regimen. Our findings suggest that Disc1 svΔ2 animals are more sensitive to the effects of short-term exercise and highlight the ameliorating potential of positive treatment interventions such as exercise on neural microstructure in genetic backgrounds of psychiatric disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Barnett
- Neuroscience Training Program, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Anderson
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Maribel Torres-Velázquez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sue Y Yi
- Neuroscience Training Program, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Paul A Rowley
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - John-Paul J Yu
- Neuroscience Training Program, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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Rosa JM, Pazini FL, Olescowicz G, Camargo A, Moretti M, Gil-Mohapel J, Rodrigues ALS. Prophylactic effect of physical exercise on Aβ 1-40-induced depressive-like behavior: Role of BDNF, mTOR signaling, cell proliferation and survival in the hippocampus. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 94:109646. [PMID: 31078612 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive cognitive impairments as well as non-cognitive symptoms such as depressed mood. Physical exercise has been proposed as a preventive strategy against AD and depression, an effect that may be related, at least partially, to its ability to prevent impairments on cell proliferation and neuronal survival in the hippocampus, a structure implicated in both cognition and affective behavior. Here, we investigated the ability of treadmill exercise (4 weeks) to counteract amyloid β1-40 peptide-induced depressive-like and anxiety-like behavior in mice. Moreover, we addressed the role of the BDNF/mTOR intracellular signaling pathway as well as hippocampal cell proliferation and survival in the effects of physical exercise and/or Aβ1-40. Aβ1-40 administration (400 pmol/mouse, i.c.v.) increased immobility time and reduced the latency to immobility in the forced swim test, a finding indicative of depressive-like behavior. In addition, Aβ1-40 administration also decreased time spent in the center of the open field and increased grooming and defecation, alterations indicative of anxiety-like behavior. These behavioral alterations were accompanied by a reduction in the levels of mature BDNF and mTOR (Ser2448) phosphorylation in the hippocampus. In addition, Aß1-40 administration reduced cell proliferation and survival in the ventral, dorsal and entire dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Importantly, most of these behavioral, neurochemical and structural impairments induced by Aβ1-40 were not observed in mice subjected to 4 weeks of treadmill exercise. These findings indicate that physical exercise has the potential to prevent the occurrence of early emotional disturbances associated with AD and this appears to be mediated, at least in part, by modulation of hippocampal BDNF and mTOR signaling as well as through promotion of cell proliferation and survival in the hippocampal DG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Rosa
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Francis L Pazini
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Olescowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Anderson Camargo
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Morgana Moretti
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Joana Gil-Mohapel
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Island Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil.
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5
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Zhang L, So KF. Exercise, spinogenesis and cognitive functions. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 147:323-360. [PMID: 31607360 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training improves mental and cognitive functions by enhancing neurogenesis and neuroprotection. Recent studies suggest the facilitation of spinogenesis across different brain regions including hippocampus and cerebral cortex by physical activity. In this article we will summarize major findings for exercise effects on synaptogenesis and spinogenesis, in order to provide mechanisms for exercise intervention of both psychiatric diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. We will also revisit major findings for molecular mechanism governing exercise-related spinogenesis, and will discuss the screening for novel factors, or exerkines, whose levels are correlated with endurance training and affect neural plasticity. We believe that further studies focusing on the molecular mechanism of exercise-mediate spinogenesis should benefit the optimization of exercise therapy in clinics and the evaluation of treatment efficiency using specific biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, PR China; Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, PR China; Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China.
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Hemisphere-dependent endocannabinoid system activity in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of the Flinders Sensitive Line rodent model of depression. Neurochem Int 2019; 125:7-15. [PMID: 30716357 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Altered endocannabinoid (eCB) signalling is suggested as an important contributor to the pathophysiology of depression. To further elucidate this, we conducted a study using a genetic rat model of depression, the Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL), and their controls, the Flinders Resistant Line (FRL) rats. Plasma, right and left prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus were isolated from FSL and FRL rats. We analyzed each region for the eCB anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) levels by liquid chromatography/multiple reaction monitoring (LC/MRM), mRNA and protein levels of the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R), fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacyl glycerol lipase (MAGL) by real time qPCR and Western blotting. Content of 2-AG was lower in the left side of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in FSL rats compared to FRL rats. Inversely, levels of AEA were higher in right hippocampus than in left hippocampus. In plasma, AEA levels were increased and 2-AG decreased. Cannabinoid receptor 1 (Cnr1), Faah and Magl mRNA levels were prominently decreased in right prefrontal cortex of FSL rats as compared to FRL rats. Protein expression of CB1R and FAAH were decreased in left hippocampus. In summary, our data suggest a decreased eCB signalling in the FSL rats, which could contribute to the depressive-like behaviour. Interestingly, the altered eCB system activity appear to be hemisphere-specific in the limbic regions. Our study support the existing literature and showed altered eCB system activity in this particular animal model of depression.
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7
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Bettio L, Thacker JS, Hutton C, Christie BR. Modulation of synaptic plasticity by exercise. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 147:295-322. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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8
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Johansson HKL, Hansen JS, Elfving B, Lund SP, Kyjovska ZO, Loft S, Barfod KK, Jackson P, Vogel U, Hougaard KS. Airway exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes disrupts the female reproductive cycle without affecting pregnancy outcomes in mice. Part Fibre Toxicol 2017; 14:17. [PMID: 28558787 PMCID: PMC5450058 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-017-0197-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) is increasing due to a growing use in a variety of products across several industries. Thus, occupational exposure is also of increasing concern, particularly since airway exposure to MWCNTs can induce sustained pulmonary acute phase response and inflammation in experimental animals, which may affect female reproduction. This proof-of-principle study therefore aimed to investigate if lung exposure by intratracheal instillation of the MWCNT NM-400 would affect the estrous cycle and reproductive function in female mice. RESULTS Estrous cycle regularity was investigated by comparing vaginal smears before and after exposure to 67 μg of NM-400, whereas reproductive function was analyzed by measuring time to delivery of litters after instillation of 2, 18 or 67 μg of NM-400. Compared to normal estrous cycling determined prior to exposure, exposure to MWCNT significantly prolonged the estrous cycle during which exposure took place, but significantly shortened the estrous cycle immediately after the exposed cycle. No consistent effects were seen on time to delivery of litter or other gestational or litter parameters, such as litter size, sex ratio, implantations and implantation loss. CONCLUSION Lung exposure to MWCNT interfered with estrous cycling. Effects caused by MWCNTs depended on the time of exposure: the estrous stage was particularly sensitive to exposure, as animals exposed during this stage showed a higher incidence of irregular cycling after exposure. Our data indicates that MWCNT exposure may interfere with events leading to ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. K. L. Johansson
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, DK-2100 Denmark
- Present Address: Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, DK-2860 Denmark
| | - J. S. Hansen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, DK-2100 Denmark
| | - B. Elfving
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, DK-8240 Denmark
| | - S. P. Lund
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, DK-2100 Denmark
| | - Z. O. Kyjovska
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, DK-2100 Denmark
| | - S. Loft
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, DK-1014 Denmark
| | - K. K. Barfod
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, DK-2100 Denmark
| | - P. Jackson
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, DK-2100 Denmark
| | - U. Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, DK-2100 Denmark
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, DTU-Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, DK-2800 Denmark
| | - K. S. Hougaard
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, DK-2100 Denmark
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, DK-1014 Denmark
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Kim HN, Pak ME, Shin MJ, Kim SY, Shin YB, Yun YJ, Shin HK, Choi BT. Comparative analysis of the beneficial effects of treadmill training and electroacupuncture in a rat model of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:1393-1402. [PMID: 28487967 PMCID: PMC5428954 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated whether treadmill training and electroacupuncture (EA) have autonomous or synergistic beneficial effects on deficits caused by neonatal hypoxia-ischemia in Sprague-Dawley rats. For this purpose, rats subjected to hypoxia-ischemia underwent treadmill training and EA stimulation from 4 to 8 weeks of age. Conventional EA (CEA) and scalp EA (SEA) were delivered by electrical stimulation (2 Hz, 1 mA) at traditional acupoints and at the scalp to the primary motor area, respectively. In the behavioral examination, markedly improved performances in the rotarod test were observed in the rats that underwent treadmill exercise, and in the rats that underwent treadmill exercise and CEA compared to the untreated rats subjected to hypoxia-ischemia. An improvement was also observed in the passive avoidance test in the rats that underwent treadmill training and EA. As shown by western blot analysis, the expression levels of neuronal nuclei (NeuN), 2′,3′-cyclic-nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase and myelin basic protein (MBP) exhibited a significant decrease in the contralateral subventricular zone (SVZ) of the rats subjected to hypoxia-ischemia compared to the controls; however, these expression levels increased following treadmill exercise and EA stimulation. As shown by immunohistochemical analyses, the thickness of the corpus callosum and the integrated optical density (IOD) of MBP were significantly increased in the rats subjected to treadmill exercise and EA compared to the untreated rats subjected to hypoxiaa-ischemia. The synergistic effects of treadmill training and EA were also observed in the protein levels and IOD of MBP. A marked increase in the number of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)- and BrdU/NeuN-positive cells in the contralateral SVZ was also observed in the rats that underwent treadmill training and EA; the number of BrdU-positive cells was synergistically affected by treadmill training and EA. These results suggest that treadmill training and EA stimulation contribute to the enhancement of behavioral recovery following hypoxia-ischemia via the upregulation of myelin components and neurogenesis. Thus, treatment with EA stimulation, as well as treadmill training offers another treatment option to promote functional recovery in cerebral palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Neui Kim
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam‑do 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Malk Eun Pak
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam‑do 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Jun Shin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Yeon Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Beom Shin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ju Yun
- Department of Integrative Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Kyoung Shin
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam‑do 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Tae Choi
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam‑do 50612, Republic of Korea
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Lloyd BA, Hake HS, Ishiwata T, Farmer CE, Loetz EC, Fleshner M, Bland ST, Greenwood BN. Exercise increases mTOR signaling in brain regions involved in cognition and emotional behavior. Behav Brain Res 2017; 323:56-67. [PMID: 28130174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exercise can enhance learning and memory and produce resistance against stress-related psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety. In rats, these beneficial effects of exercise occur regardless of exercise controllability: both voluntary and forced wheel running produce stress-protective effects. The mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects of exercise remain unknown. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a translation regulator important for cell growth, proliferation, and survival. mTOR has been implicated in enhancing learning and memory as well as antidepressant effects. Moreover, mTOR is sensitive to exercise signals such as metabolic factors. The effects of exercise on mTOR signaling, however, remain unknown. The goal of the present study was to test the hypothesis that exercise, regardless of controllability, increases levels of phosphorylated mTOR (p-mTOR) in brain regions important for learning and emotional behavior. Rats were exposed to 6 weeks of either sedentary (locked wheel), voluntary, or forced wheel running conditions. At 6 weeks, rats were sacrificed during peak running and levels of p-mTOR were measured using immunohistochemistry. Overall, both voluntary and forced exercise increased p-mTOR-positive neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex, striatum, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and amygdala compared to locked wheel controls. Exercise, regardless of controllability, also increased numbers of p-mTOR-positive glia in the striatum, hippocampus, and amygdala. For both neurons and glia, the largest increase in p-mTOR positive cells was observed after voluntary running, with forced exercise causing a more modest increase. Interestingly, voluntary exercise preferentially increased p-mTOR in astrocytes (GFAP+), while forced running increased p-mTOR in microglia (CD11+) in the inferior dentate gyrus. Results suggest that mTOR signaling is sensitive to exercise, but subtle differences exist depending on exercise controllability. Increases in mTOR signaling could contribute to the beneficial effects of exercise on cognitive function and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Lloyd
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, United States
| | - Holly S Hake
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, United States
| | | | - Caroline E Farmer
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, United States
| | - Esteban C Loetz
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, United States
| | - Monika Fleshner
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Sondra T Bland
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, United States
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11
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Nava N, Treccani G, Müller HK, Popoli M, Wegener G, Elfving B. The expression of plasticity-related genes in an acute model of stress is modulated by chronic desipramine in a time-dependent manner within medial prefrontal cortex. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 27:19-28. [PMID: 27890541 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases. Stress-induced alteration of synaptic plasticity has been hypothesized to underlie the morphological changes observed by neuroimaging in psychiatric patients in key regions such as hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC). We have recently shown that a single acute stress exposure produces significant short-term alterations of structural plasticity within medial PFC. These alterations were partially prevented by previous treatment with chronic desipramine (DMI). In the present study we evaluated the effects of acute Foot-shock (FS)-stress and pre-treatment with the traditional antidepressant DMI on the gene expression of key regulators of synaptic plasticity and structure. Expression of Homer, Shank, Spinophilin, Densin-180, and the small RhoGTPase related gene Rac1 and downstream target genes, Limk1, Cofilin1 and Rock1 were investigated 1 day (1d), 7 d and 14d after FS-stress exposure. We found that DMI specifically increases the short-term expression of Spinophilin, as well as Homer and Shank family genes, and that both acute stress and DMI exert significant long-term effects on mRNA levels of genes involved in spine plasticity. These findings support the knowledge that acute FS stress and antidepressant treatment induce both rapid and sustained time-dependent alterations in structural components of synaptic plasticity in rodent medial PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Nava
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark.
| | - Giulia Treccani
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark; Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Universita´ di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Popoli
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Universita´ di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark; Pharmaceutical Research Centre of Excellence, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Betina Elfving
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
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12
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Chen KT, Wu CH, Tsai MH, Wu YC, Jou MJ, Huang CC, Wei IH. Antidepressant-like effects of long-term sarcosine treatment in rats with or without chronic unpredictable stress. Behav Brain Res 2016; 316:1-10. [PMID: 27555541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sarcosine, an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor enhancer, can improve depression-like behavior in rodent models and depression in humans. We found that a single dose of sarcosine exerted antidepressant-like effects with rapid concomitant increases in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway activation and enhancement of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate receptor (AMPAR) membrane insertion. Sarcosine may play a crucial role in developing novel therapy for depression. For a detailed understanding of sarcosine, this study examined the effects of long-term sarcosine treatment on the forced swim test (FST), mTOR signaling, and AMPAR membrane insertion in rats. The effects of long-term sarcosine treatment were examined in naive rats and rats exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). Long-term sarcosine treatment (560mg/kg/d for 21 d) significantly ameliorated the increased immobility induced by CUS in the FST, reaffirming the potential role of sarcosine as an antidepressant for depressed patients. The same long-term treatment exhibited no such effect in naive rats despite increased mTOR activation and AMPAR membrane insertion in both groups. Our findings clearly show CUS-exposed rats are sensitive to long-term sarcosine treatment in FST and the response at the same dose is absent in naïve rats. Nevertheless, the distinct sensitivity to long-term sarcosine treatment in rats with or without CUS is not associated with the activated mTOR signaling pathway or increased AMPAR membrane insertion. Additionally, understanding the behavioral and molecular basis of distinct responses is vital important for developing personalized treatment programs to increase the probability of success when treating depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Ti Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiang Wu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mang-Hung Tsai
- Department of Anatomy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chieh Wu
- Department of Nursing, Ching-Kuo Institute of Management and Health, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jia Jou
- School of Chinese medicine for post baccalaureate, I Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chia Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - I-Hua Wei
- Department of Anatomy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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13
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Calabrese F, Riva MA, Molteni R. Synaptic alterations associated with depression and schizophrenia: potential as a therapeutic target. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:1195-207. [PMID: 27167520 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2016.1188080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, the concept of 'synaptopathy' has been extended from neurodegenerative and neurological disorders to psychiatric diseases. According to this nascent line of research, disruption in synaptic structure and function acts as the main determinant of mental illness. Therefore, molecular systems and processes crucial for synaptic activity may represent promising therapeutic targets. AREAS COVERED We review data on synaptic structural alterations in depression and schizophrenia and on specific molecular systems and/or mechanisms important for the maintenance of proper synaptic function. Specifically, we examine the involvement of the neuroligin system, the local protein translation, and the neurotrophin BDNF by reviewing clinical and preclinical studies, with particular attention to results provided by using animal models based on the role of stress in psychiatric diseases. Finally, we also discuss the impact of pharmacological treatment on these molecular systems/mechanisms. EXPERT OPINION The relevance of synaptic dysfunctions in psychiatric diseases is undoubted and the potential to normalize, ameliorate, and shape such alterations by acting on molecular systems crucial to ensure synaptic function property is fascinating. However, future studies are required to elucidate several open issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Calabrese
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Marco A Riva
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Raffaella Molteni
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
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14
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Deutschenbaur L, Beck J, Kiyhankhadiv A, Mühlhauser M, Borgwardt S, Walter M, Hasler G, Sollberger D, Lang UE. Role of calcium, glutamate and NMDA in major depression and therapeutic application. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 64:325-33. [PMID: 25747801 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Major depression is a common, recurrent mental illness that affects millions of people worldwide. Recently, a unique fast neuroprotective and antidepressant treatment effect has been observed by ketamine, which acts via the glutamatergic system. Hence, a steady accumulation of evidence supporting a role for the excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter (EAA) glutamate in the treatment of depression has been observed in the last years. Emerging evidence indicates that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) agonists have antidepressant properties. Indeed, treatment with NMDA receptor antagonists has shown the ability to sprout new synaptic connections and reverse stress-induced neuronal changes. Based on glutamatergic signaling, a number of therapeutic drugs might gain interest in the future. Several compounds such as ketamine, memantine, amantadine, tianeptine, pioglitazone, riluzole, lamotrigine, AZD6765, magnesium, zinc, guanosine, adenosine aniracetam, traxoprodil (CP-101,606), MK-0657, GLYX-13, NRX-1047, Ro25-6981, LY392098, LY341495, D-cycloserine, D-serine, dextromethorphan, sarcosine, scopolamine, pomaglumetad methionil, LY2140023, LY404039, MGS0039, MPEP, 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid, all of which target this system, have already been brought up, some of them recently. Drugs targeting the glutamatergic system might open up a promising new territory for the development of drugs to meet the needs of patients with major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Deutschenbaur
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (UPK), University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Beck
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (UPK), University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Kiyhankhadiv
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (UPK), University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Mühlhauser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (UPK), University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (UPK), University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (UPK), University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Hasler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (UPK), University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Sollberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (UPK), University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Undine E Lang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (UPK), University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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15
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Lee S, Park S, Won J, Lee SR, Chang KT, Hong Y. The Incremental Induction of Neuroprotective Properties by Multiple Therapeutic Strategies for Primary and Secondary Neural Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:19657-70. [PMID: 26295390 PMCID: PMC4581318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160819657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural diseases including injury by endogenous factors, traumatic brain injury, and degenerative neural injury are eventually due to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus ROS generation in neural tissues is a hallmark feature of numerous forms of neural diseases. Neural degeneration and the neural damage process is complex, involving a vast array of tissue structure, transcriptional/translational, electrochemical, metabolic, and functional events within the intact neighbors surrounding injured neural tissues. During aging, multiple changes involving physical, chemical, and biochemical processes occur from the molecular to the morphological levels in neural tissues. Among many recommended therapeutic candidates, melatonin also plays a role in protecting the nervous system from anti-inflammation and efficiently safeguards neuronal cells via antioxidants and other endogenous/exogenous beneficial factors. Therefore, given the wide range of mechanisms responsible for neuronal damage, multi-action drugs or therapies for the treatment of neural injury that make use of two or more agents and target several pathways may have greater efficacy in promoting functional recovery than a single therapy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghoon Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Sookyoung Park
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Life Sciences, Kyungnam University, Changwon 51767, Korea.
| | - Jinyoung Won
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Sang-Rae Lee
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang 28116, Korea.
| | - Kyu-Tae Chang
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang 28116, Korea.
| | - Yonggeun Hong
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
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16
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Lucas SJE, Cotter JD, Brassard P, Bailey DM. High-intensity interval exercise and cerebrovascular health: curiosity, cause, and consequence. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:902-11. [PMID: 25833341 PMCID: PMC4640257 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is a uniquely effective and pluripotent medicine against several noncommunicable diseases of westernised lifestyles, including protection against neurodegenerative disorders. High-intensity interval exercise training (HIT) is emerging as an effective alternative to current health-related exercise guidelines. Compared with traditional moderate-intensity continuous exercise training, HIT confers equivalent if not indeed superior metabolic, cardiac, and systemic vascular adaptation. Consequently, HIT is being promoted as a more time-efficient and practical approach to optimize health thereby reducing the burden of disease associated with physical inactivity. However, no studies to date have examined the impact of HIT on the cerebrovasculature and corresponding implications for cognitive function. This review critiques the implications of HIT for cerebrovascular function, with a focus on the mechanisms and translational impact for patient health and well-being. It also introduces similarly novel interventions currently under investigation as alternative means of accelerating exercise-induced cerebrovascular adaptation. We highlight a need for studies of the mechanisms and thereby also the optimal dose-response strategies to guide exercise prescription, and for studies to explore alternative approaches to optimize exercise outcomes in brain-related health and disease prevention. From a clinical perspective, interventions that selectively target the aging brain have the potential to prevent stroke and associated neurovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J E Lucas
- 1] School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK [2] Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - James D Cotter
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Patrice Brassard
- 1] Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada [2] Research Center of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Damian M Bailey
- 1] Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, South Wales, UK [2] Université de Provence Marseille, Sondes Moléculaires en Biologie, Laboratoire Chimie Provence UMR 6264 CNRS, Marseille, France
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17
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Are microRNAs the Molecular Link Between Metabolic Syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease? Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2320-38. [PMID: 25976367 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in people over 65 years of age. At present, treatment options for AD address only its symptoms, and there are no available treatments for the prevention or delay of the disease process. Several preclinical and epidemiological studies have linked metabolic risk factors such as hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, and diabetes to the pathogenesis of AD. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie this relationship are not fully understood. Considering that less than 1% of cases of AD are attributable to genetic factors, the identification of new molecular targets linking metabolic risk factors to neuropathological processes is necessary for improving the diagnosis and treatment of AD. The dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs that regulate several biological processes, has been implicated in the development of different pathologies. In this review, we summarize some of the relevant evidence that points to the role of miRNAs in metabolic syndrome (MetS) and AD and propose that miRNAs may be a molecular link in the complex relationship between both diseases.
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18
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Elfving B, Jakobsen JL, Madsen JCB, Wegener G, Müller HK. Chronic restraint stress increases the protein expression of VEGF and its receptor VEGFR-2 in the prefrontal cortex. Synapse 2015; 69:190-4. [PMID: 25655083 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the present study the central and peripheral regulation of VEGF, its cognate receptors, and regulators were examined after acute and chronic restraint stress in rats. After chronic restraint stress (6 h per day for 21 days) the protein levels of VEGF (175 ± 24%) and its receptor VEGFR-2 (169 ± 17%) increased significantly in the prefrontal cortex (A and B). mRNA levels of VEGFR-2 (132 ± 11%) were also significantly increased (D). In the hippocampus no significant changes were observed at the mRNA or protein levels. In serum there was a tendency towards increased VEGF protein expression after both acute and chronic restraint stress (C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Betina Elfving
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, DK-8240, Risskov, Denmark
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19
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Cosín-Tomás M, Alvarez-López MJ, Sanchez-Roige S, Lalanza JF, Bayod S, Sanfeliu C, Pallàs M, Escorihuela RM, Kaliman P. Epigenetic alterations in hippocampus of SAMP8 senescent mice and modulation by voluntary physical exercise. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:51. [PMID: 24688469 PMCID: PMC3960508 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The senescence-accelerated SAMP8 mouse model displays features of cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. With the purpose of identifying potential epigenetic markers involved in aging and neurodegeneration, here we analyzed the expression of 84 mature miRNAs, the expression of histone-acetylation regulatory genes and the global histone acetylation in the hippocampus of 8-month-old SAMP8 mice, using SAMR1 mice as control. We also examined the modulation of these parameters by 8 weeks of voluntary exercise. Twenty-one miRNAs were differentially expressed between sedentary SAMP8 and SAMR1 mice and seven miRNAs were responsive to exercise in both strains. SAMP8 mice showed alterations in genes involved in protein acetylation homeostasis such as Sirt1 and Hdac6 and modulation of Hdac3 and Hdac5 gene expression by exercise. Global histone H3 acetylation levels were reduced in SAMP8 compared with SAMR1 mice and reached control levels in response to exercise. In sum, data presented here provide new candidate epigenetic markers for aging and neurodegeneration and suggest that exercise training may prevent or delay some epigenetic alterations associated with accelerated aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cosín-Tomás
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia Institut de Biomedicina Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Barcelona, Spain
| | - María J Alvarez-López
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia Institut de Biomedicina Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Sanchez-Roige
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Medicina Legal, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume F Lalanza
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Medicina Legal, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Bayod
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia Institut de Biomedicina Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes Barcelona, Spain
| | - Coral Sanfeliu
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Barcelona, Spain
| | - Merce Pallàs
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia Institut de Biomedicina Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Escorihuela
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Medicina Legal, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Perla Kaliman
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Browne CA, Lucki I. Antidepressant effects of ketamine: mechanisms underlying fast-acting novel antidepressants. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:161. [PMID: 24409146 PMCID: PMC3873522 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Newer antidepressants are needed for the many individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) that do not respond adequately to treatment and because of a delay of weeks before the emergence of therapeutic effects. Recent evidence from clinical trials shows that the NMDA antagonist ketamine is a revolutionary novel antidepressant because it acts rapidly and is effective for treatment-resistant patients. A single infusion of ketamine alleviates depressive symptoms in treatment-resistant depressed patients within hours and these effects may be sustained for up to 2 weeks. Although the discovery of ketamine's effects has reshaped drug discovery for antidepressants, the psychotomimetic properties of this compound limit the use of this therapy to the most severely ill patients. In order to develop additional antidepressants like ketamine, adequate preclinical behavioral screening paradigms for fast-acting antidepressants need to be established and used to identify the underlying neural mechanisms. This review examines the preclinical literature attempting to model the antidepressant-like effects of ketamine. Acute administration of ketamine has produced effects in behavioral screens for antidepressants like the forced swim test, novelty suppression of feeding and in rodent models for depression. Protracted behavioral effects of ketamine have been reported to appear after a single treatment that last for days. This temporal pattern is similar to its clinical effects and may serve as a new animal paradigm for rapid antidepressant effects in humans. In addition, protracted changes in molecules mediating synaptic plasticity have been implicated in mediating the antidepressant-like behavioral effects of ketamine. Current preclinical studies are examining compounds with more specific pharmacological effects at glutamate receptors and synapses in order to develop additional rapidly acting antidepressants without the hallucinogenic side effects or abuse potential of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Browne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Irwin Lucki
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
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21
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Radak Z, Ihasz F, Koltai E, Goto S, Taylor AW, Boldogh I. The redox-associated adaptive response of brain to physical exercise. Free Radic Res 2013; 48:84-92. [PMID: 23870001 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.826352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously generated during metabolism. ROS are involved in redox signaling, but in significant concentrations they can greatly elevate oxidative damage leading to neurodegeneration. Because of the enhanced sensitivity of brain to ROS, it is especially important to maintain a normal redox state in brain and spinal cord cell types. The complex effects of exercise benefit brain function, including functional enhancement as well as its preventive and therapeutic roles. Exercise can induce neurogenesis via neurotrophic factors, increase capillarization, decrease oxidative damage, and enhance repair of oxidative damage. Exercise is also effective in attenuating age-associated loss in brain function, which suggests that physical activity-related complex metabolic and redox changes are important for a healthy neural system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Radak
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Institute of Sport Science, Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
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