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Das D, Jothimani G, Banerjee A, Dey A, Duttaroy AK, Pathak S. A brief review on recent advances in diagnostic and therapeutic applications of extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2024; 173:106616. [PMID: 38992790 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2024.106616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important mediators of intercellular communication within the cardiovascular system, playing essential roles in physiological homeostasis and contributing to the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, their potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic agents in rare cardiovascular diseases, such as valvular heart disease (VHD) and cardiomyopathies, remains largely unexplored. This review comprehensively emphasizes recent advancements in extracellular vesicle research, explicitly highlighting their growing significance in diagnosing and potentially treating rare cardiovascular diseases, with a particular focus on valvular heart disease and cardiomyopathies. We highlight the potential of extracellular vesicle-based liquid biopsies as non-invasive tools for early disease detection and risk stratification, showcasing specific extracellular vesicle-associated biomarkers (proteins, microRNAs, lipids) with diagnostic and prognostic value. Furthermore, we discussed the therapeutic promise of extracellular vesicles derived from various sources, including stem cells and engineered extracellular vesicles, for cardiac repair and regeneration through their ability to modulate inflammation, promote angiogenesis, and reduce fibrosis. By integrating the findings and addressing critical knowledge gaps, this review aims to stimulate further research and innovation in extracellular vesicle-based diagnostics and therapeutics of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptimayee Das
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu 603103, India
| | - Ganesan Jothimani
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu 603103, India
| | - Antara Banerjee
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu 603103, India
| | - Amit Dey
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu 603103, India
| | - Asim K Duttaroy
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Surajit Pathak
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu 603103, India.
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2
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Kaur M, Fusco S, Van den Broek B, Aseervatham J, Rostami A, Iacovitti L, Grassi C, Lukomska B, Srivastava AK. Most recent advances and applications of extracellular vesicles in tackling neurological challenges. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1923-1966. [PMID: 38500405 DOI: 10.1002/med.22035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, there has been a notable increase in the global burden of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Despite advances in technology and therapeutic options, neurological and neurodegenerative disorders persist as significant challenges in treatment and cure. Recently, there has been a remarkable surge of interest in extracellular vesicles (EVs) as pivotal mediators of intercellular communication. As carriers of molecular cargo, EVs demonstrate the ability to traverse the blood-brain barrier, enabling bidirectional communication. As a result, they have garnered attention as potential biomarkers and therapeutic agents, whether in their natural form or after being engineered for use in the CNS. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to EVs, encompassing various aspects such as their diverse isolation methods, characterization, handling, storage, and different routes for EV administration. Additionally, it underscores the recent advances in their potential applications in neurodegenerative disorder therapeutics. By exploring their unique capabilities, this study sheds light on the promising future of EVs in clinical research. It considers the inherent challenges and limitations of these emerging applications while incorporating the most recent updates in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Salvatore Fusco
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Bram Van den Broek
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jaya Aseervatham
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Abdolmohamad Rostami
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lorraine Iacovitti
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Jefferson Stem Cell and Regenerative Neuroscience Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Lukomska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Amit K Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Valentino A, Conte R, Bousta D, Bekkari H, Di Salle A, Calarco A, Peluso G. Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Opuntia ficus-indica Fruit (OFI-EVs) Speed Up the Normal Wound Healing Processes by Modulating Cellular Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7103. [PMID: 39000212 PMCID: PMC11241772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized as important mediators of intercellular communication able to transfer active biomolecules across the plant and animal kingdoms. EVs have demonstrated an impressive array of biological activities, displaying preventive and therapeutic potential in mitigating various pathological processes. Indeed, the simplicity of delivering exogenous and endogenous bioactive molecules to mammalian cells with their low cytotoxicity makes EVs suitable agents for new therapeutic strategies for a variety of pathologies. In this study, EVs were isolated from Opuntia ficus-indica fruit (OFI-EVs) and characterized by particle size distribution, concentration, and bioactive molecule composition. OFI-EVs had no obvious toxicity and demonstrated a protective role in the inflammatory process and oxidative stress in vitro model of chronic skin wounds. The results demonstrated that pretreatment with OFI-EVs decreased the activity and gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) in the LPS-stimulated human leukemia monocytic cell line (THP-1). Furthermore, OFI-EVs promote the migration of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs), speeding up the normal wound healing processes. This study sheds light, for the first time, on the role of OFI-EVs in modulating important biological processes such as inflammation and oxidation, thereby identifying EVs as potential candidates for healing chronic cutaneous wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Valentino
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.C.); (A.D.S.); (G.P.)
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Raffaele Conte
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.C.); (A.D.S.); (G.P.)
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Dalila Bousta
- National Agency of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Tounate, Taounate 34000, Morocco;
| | - Hicham Bekkari
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agrofood and Health (LBEAS), Fez 30000, Morocco;
| | - Anna Di Salle
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.C.); (A.D.S.); (G.P.)
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Calarco
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.C.); (A.D.S.); (G.P.)
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Via di Sant’Alessandro 8, 00131 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Peluso
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.C.); (A.D.S.); (G.P.)
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Via di Sant’Alessandro 8, 00131 Rome, Italy
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Rezakhani L, Gharibshahian M, Zamani S, Kamalabadi-Farahani M, Masoumi S, Salehi M, Khazaei M, Masoudi A, Mehrabi M, Alizadeh M. Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles of Chick Embryo Blood. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024:10.1007/s12013-024-01357-y. [PMID: 38888872 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01357-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes from plants or animals are a cheap, available, and promising option in medicine, which can be used for the detection or treatment of various diseases. This study aims to evaluate the antitoxic and antioxidant properties of Extracellular vesicle (EVs) extracted from chicken embryo blood using a fibroblast cell line (NIH/3T3). EVs from chick embryos were extracted in this experimental investigation using the sedimentation method and examined using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and field emission electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The protein concentration and overall antioxidant capacity of the EVs were determined using bicinchoninic acid (BCA) and antioxidant capacity (FRAP). EVs were added to NIH/3T3 cells at varying concentrations (1, 2, and 10 mg/ml), and the MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay test was used to measure cell survival. The size of the isolated EVs was confirmed to be less than 100 nm by electron microscopy and DLS. The quantity of protein in these EVs was 3200 µg/ml, and their total antioxidant capacities were 3130.17, 1914.122, and 976.9 μMol/L. The MTT test findings demonstrated that NIH/3T3 cells survived treatment with EVs (P ≤ 0.001) compared to the control group. Antioxidant-rich and protein-rich exosomes in chicken embryos may be valuable in managing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Rezakhani
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Maliheh Gharibshahian
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Sepehr Zamani
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical science, Shahroud, Iran
| | | | - Sima Masoumi
- Graduate of Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Majid Salehi
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Mozafar Khazaei
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Alireza Masoudi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Mohsen Mehrabi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Morteza Alizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Aghajanloo B, Hadady H, Ejeian F, Inglis DW, Hughes MP, Tehrani AF, Nasr-Esfahani MH. Biomechanics of circulating cellular and subcellular bioparticles: beyond separation. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:331. [PMID: 38886776 PMCID: PMC11181607 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01707-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Biomechanical attributes have emerged as novel markers, providing a reliable means to characterize cellular and subcellular fractions. Numerous studies have identified correlations between these factors and patients' medical status. However, the absence of a thorough overview impedes their applicability in contemporary state-of-the-art therapeutic strategies. In this context, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the dimensions, configuration, rigidity, density, and electrical characteristics of normal and abnormal circulating cells. Subsequently, the discussion broadens to encompass subcellular bioparticles, such as extracellular vesicles (EVs) enriched either from blood cells or other tissues. Notably, cell sizes vary significantly, from 2 μm for platelets to 25 μm for circulating tumor cells (CTCs), enabling the development of size-based separation techniques, such as microfiltration, for specific diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Although cellular density is relatively constant among different circulating bioparticles, it allows for reliable density gradient centrifugation to isolate cells without altering their native state. Additionally, variations in EV surface charges (-6.3 to -45 mV) offer opportunities for electrophoretic and electrostatic separation methods. The distinctive mechanical properties of abnormal cells, compared to their normal counterparts, present an exceptional opportunity for diverse medical and biotechnological approaches. This review also aims to provide a holistic view of the current understanding of popular techniques in this domain that transcend conventional boundaries, focusing on early harvesting of malignant cells from body fluids, designing effective therapeutic options, cell targeting, and resonating with tissue and genetic engineering principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrouz Aghajanloo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Science, Research and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Hanieh Hadady
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ejeian
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - David W Inglis
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Michael Pycraft Hughes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
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Feix AS, Tabaie EZ, Singh AN, Wittenberg NJ, Wilson EH, Joachim A. An in-depth exploration of the multifaceted roles of EVs in the context of pathogenic single-cell microorganisms. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024:e0003724. [PMID: 38869292 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00037-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYExtracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized throughout scientific communities as potential vehicles of intercellular communication in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, thereby influencing various physiological and pathological functions of both parent and recipient cells. This review provides an in-depth exploration of the multifaceted roles of EVs in the context of bacteria and protozoan parasite EVs, shedding light on their contributions to physiological processes and disease pathogenesis. These studies highlight EVs as a conserved mechanism of cellular communication, which may lead us to important breakthroughs in our understanding of infection, mechanisms of pathogenesis, and as indicators of disease. Furthermore, EVs are involved in host-microbe interactions, offering insights into the strategies employed by bacteria and protozoan parasites to modulate host responses, evade the immune system, and establish infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sophia Feix
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emily Z Tabaie
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Aarshi N Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Emma H Wilson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Anja Joachim
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Kumar D, Sachdeva K, Tanwar R, Devi S. Review on novel targeted enzyme drug delivery systems: enzymosomes. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:4524-4543. [PMID: 38738579 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00301b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The goal of this review is to present enzymosomes as an innovative means for site-specific drug delivery. Enzymosomes make use of an enzyme's special characteristics, such as its capacity to accelerate the reaction rate and bind to a particular substrate at a regulated rate. Enzymosomes are created when an enzyme forms a covalent linkage with a liposome or lipid vesicle surface. To construct enzymosomes with specialized activities, enzymes are linked using acylation, direct conjugation, physical adsorption, and encapsulation techniques. By reducing the negative side effects of earlier treatment techniques and exhibiting efficient medication release, these cutting-edge drug delivery systems improve long-term sickness treatments. They could be a good substitute for antiplatelet medication, gout treatment, and other traditional medicines. Recently developed supramolecular vesicular delivery systems called enzymosomes have the potential to improve drug targeting, physicochemical characteristics, and ultimately bioavailability in the pharmaceutical industry. Enzymosomes have advantages over narrow-therapeutic index pharmaceuticals as focusing on their site of action enhances both their pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles. Additionally, it reduces changes in normal enzymatic activity, which enhances the half-life of an enzyme and accomplishes enzyme activity on specific locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Om Sterling Global University, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India.
| | - Komal Sachdeva
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Om Sterling Global University, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India.
| | - Rajni Tanwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Starex University, Gurugram, India
| | - Sunita Devi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Om Sterling Global University, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India.
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Muttiah B, Ng SL, Lokanathan Y, Ng MH, Law JX. Extracellular Vesicles in Breast Cancer: From Intercellular Communication to Therapeutic Opportunities. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:654. [PMID: 38794316 PMCID: PMC11125876 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer, a multifaceted and heterogeneous disease, poses significant challenges in terms of understanding its intricate resistance mechanisms and devising effective therapeutic strategies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the intricate landscape of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the context of breast cancer, highlighting their diverse subtypes, biogenesis, and roles in intercellular communication within the tumour microenvironment (TME). The discussion spans various aspects, from EVs and stromal cells in breast cancer to their influence on angiogenesis, immune response, and chemoresistance. The impact of EV production in different culture systems, including two dimensional (2D), three dimensional (3D), and organoid models, is explored. Furthermore, this review delves into the therapeutic potential of EVs in breast cancer, presenting emerging strategies such as engineered EVs for gene delivery, nanoplatforms for targeted chemotherapy, and disrupting tumour derived EVs as a treatment approach. Understanding these complex interactions of EV within the breast cancer milieu is crucial for identifying resistance mechanisms and developing new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barathan Muttiah
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (Y.L.); (M.H.N.)
| | - Sook Luan Ng
- Department of Craniofacial Diagnostics and Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
| | - Yogeswaran Lokanathan
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (Y.L.); (M.H.N.)
| | - Min Hwei Ng
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (Y.L.); (M.H.N.)
| | - Jia Xian Law
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (Y.L.); (M.H.N.)
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Martins B, Pires M, Ambrósio AF, Girão H, Fernandes R. Contribution of extracellular vesicles for the pathogenesis of retinal diseases: shedding light on blood-retinal barrier dysfunction. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:48. [PMID: 38730462 PMCID: PMC11088087 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases, including diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), loom as threats to vision, causing detrimental effects on the structure and function of the retina. Central to understanding these diseases, is the compromised state of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB), an effective barrier that regulates the influx of immune and inflammatory components. Whether BRB breakdown initiates retinal distress, or is a consequence of disease progression, remains enigmatic. Nevertheless, it is an indication of retinal dysfunction and potential vision loss.The intricate intercellular dialogues among retinal cell populations remain unintelligible in the complex retinal milieu, under conditions of inflammation and oxidative stress. The retina, a specialized neural tissue, sustains a ceaseless demand for oxygen and nutrients from two vascular networks. The BRB orchestrates the exchange of molecules and fluids within this specialized region, comprising the inner BRB (iBRB) and the outer BRB (oBRB). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membranous structures, and act as messengers facilitating intercellular communication in this milieu.EVs, both from retinal and peripheral immune cells, increase complexity to BRB dysfunction in DR and AMD. Laden with bioactive cargoes, these EVs can modulate the retinal microenvironment, influencing disease progression. Our review delves into the multifaceted role of EVs in retinal degenerative diseases, elucidating the molecular crosstalk they orchestrate, and their microRNA (miRNA) content. By shedding light on these nanoscale messengers, from their biogenesis, release, to interaction and uptake by target cells, we aim to deepen the comprehension of BRB dysfunction and explore their therapeutic potential, therefore increasing our understanding of DR and AMD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Martins
- University Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000- 548, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, 3004-531, Portugal
| | - Maria Pires
- University Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000- 548, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, 3004-531, Portugal
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- University Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000- 548, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, 3004-531, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, 3004-561, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
| | - Henrique Girão
- University Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000- 548, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, 3004-531, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, 3004-561, Portugal
| | - Rosa Fernandes
- University Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000- 548, Portugal.
- University of Coimbra, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal.
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, 3004-531, Portugal.
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, 3004-561, Portugal.
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal.
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10
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Garg P, Krishna M, Subbalakshmi AR, Ramisetty S, Mohanty A, Kulkarni P, Horne D, Salgia R, Singhal SS. Emerging biomarkers and molecular targets for precision medicine in cervical cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189106. [PMID: 38701936 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Cervical cancer remains a significant global health burden, necessitating innovative approaches for improved diagnostics and personalized treatment strategies. Precision medicine has emerged as a promising paradigm, leveraging biomarkers and molecular targets to tailor therapy to individual patients. This review explores the landscape of emerging biomarkers and molecular targets in cervical cancer, highlighting their potential implications for precision medicine. By integrating these biomarkers into comprehensive diagnostic algorithms, clinicians can identify high-risk patients at an earlier stage, enabling timely intervention and improved patient outcomes. Furthermore, the identification of specific molecular targets has paved the way for the development of targeted therapies aimed at disrupting key pathways implicated in cervical carcinogenesis. In conclusion, the evolving landscape of biomarkers and molecular targets presents exciting opportunities for advancing precision medicine in cervical cancer. By harnessing these insights, clinicians can optimize treatment selection, enhance patient outcomes, and ultimately transform the management of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Garg
- Department of Chemistry, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281406, India
| | - Madhu Krishna
- Departments of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Ayalur Raghu Subbalakshmi
- Departments of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Sravani Ramisetty
- Departments of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Atish Mohanty
- Departments of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Prakash Kulkarni
- Departments of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - David Horne
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Departments of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Sharad S Singhal
- Departments of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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11
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Gebeyehu GM, Rashidiani S, Farkas B, Szabadi A, Brandt B, Pap M, Rauch TA. Unveiling the Role of Exosomes in the Pathophysiology of Sepsis: Insights into Organ Dysfunction and Potential Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4898. [PMID: 38732114 PMCID: PMC11084308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are tools for intercellular communication, mediating molecular transport processes. Emerging studies have revealed that EVs are significantly involved in immune processes, including sepsis. Sepsis, a dysregulated immune response to infection, triggers systemic inflammation and multi-organ dysfunction, posing a life-threatening condition. Although extensive research has been conducted on animals, the complex inflammatory mechanisms that cause sepsis-induced organ failure in humans are still not fully understood. Recent studies have focused on secreted exosomes, which are small extracellular vesicles from various body cells, and have shed light on their involvement in the pathophysiology of sepsis. During sepsis, exosomes undergo changes in content, concentration, and function, which significantly affect the metabolism of endothelia, cardiovascular functions, and coagulation. Investigating the role of exosome content in the pathogenesis of sepsis shows promise for understanding the molecular basis of human sepsis. This review explores the contributions of activated immune cells and diverse body cells' secreted exosomes to vital organ dysfunction in sepsis, providing insights into potential molecular biomarkers for predicting organ failure in septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizaw Mamo Gebeyehu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (G.M.G.); (S.R.); (B.F.)
| | - Shima Rashidiani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (G.M.G.); (S.R.); (B.F.)
| | - Benjámin Farkas
- Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (G.M.G.); (S.R.); (B.F.)
| | - András Szabadi
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Barbara Brandt
- Hungary Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscope Laboratory, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Marianna Pap
- Hungary Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscope Laboratory, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Tibor A. Rauch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (G.M.G.); (S.R.); (B.F.)
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12
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Mim JJ, Hasan M, Chowdhury MS, Ghosh J, Mobarak MH, Khanom F, Hossain N. A comprehensive review on the biomedical frontiers of nanowire applications. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29244. [PMID: 38628721 PMCID: PMC11016983 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review examines the immense capacity of nanowires, nanostructures characterized by unbounded dimensions, to profoundly transform the field of biomedicine. Nanowires, which are created by combining several materials using techniques such as electrospinning and vapor deposition, possess distinct mechanical, optical, and electrical properties. As a result, they are well-suited for use in nanoscale electronic devices, drug delivery systems, chemical sensors, and other applications. The utilization of techniques such as the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) approach and template-assisted approaches enables the achievement of precision in synthesis. This precision allows for the customization of characteristics, which in turn enables the capability of intracellular sensing and accurate drug administration. Nanowires exhibit potential in biomedical imaging, neural interfacing, and tissue engineering, despite obstacles related to biocompatibility and scalable manufacturing. They possess multifunctional capabilities that have the potential to greatly influence the intersection of nanotechnology and healthcare. Surmounting present obstacles has the potential to unleash the complete capabilities of nanowires, leading to significant improvements in diagnostics, biosensing, regenerative medicine, and next-generation point-of-care medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Jannat Mim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Bangladesh
| | - Mehedi Hasan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shakil Chowdhury
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Bangladesh
| | - Jubaraz Ghosh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Bangladesh
| | - Md Hosne Mobarak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Bangladesh
| | - Fahmida Khanom
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Bangladesh
| | - Nayem Hossain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Bangladesh
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13
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Wang H, Wang R, Shen K, Huang R, Wang Z. Biological Roles and Clinical Applications of Exosomes in Breast Cancer: A Brief Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4620. [PMID: 38731840 PMCID: PMC11083446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a global health risk for women and has a high prevalence rate. The drug resistance, recurrence, and metastasis of BC affect patient prognosis, thus posing a challenge to scientists. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) that originate from various cells; they have a double-layered lipid membrane structure and contain rich biological information. They mediate intercellular communication and have pivotal roles in tumor development, progression, and metastasis and drug resistance. Exosomes are important cell communication mediators in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Exosomes are utilized as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for estimating the treatment efficacy of BC and have the potential to function as tools to enable the targeted delivery of antitumor drugs. This review introduces recent progress in research on how exosomes influence tumor development and the TME. We also present the research progress on the application of exosomes as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers and drug delivery tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Renhong Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (H.W.); (R.W.); (K.S.)
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (H.W.); (R.W.); (K.S.)
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14
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Meissner JM, Chmielińska A, Ofri R, Cisło-Sankowska A, Marycz K. Extracellular Vesicles Isolated from Equine Adipose-Derived Stromal Stem Cells (ASCs) Mitigate Tunicamycin-Induced ER Stress in Equine Corneal Stromal Stem Cells (CSSCs). Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3251-3277. [PMID: 38666934 PMCID: PMC11048834 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46040204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Corneal ulcers, characterized by severe inflammation of the cornea, can lead to serious, debilitating complications and may be vision-threatening for horses. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in corneal stem progenitor cell (CSSC) dysfunction and explore the potential of equine adipose-derived stromal stem cell (ASC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) to improve corneal wound healing. We showed that CSSCs expressed high levels of CD44, CD45, and CD90 surface markers, indicating their stemness. Supplementation of the ER-stress-inducer tunicamycin to CSSCs resulted in reduced proliferative and migratory potential, accumulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stressed cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, increased expression of proinflammatory genes, induced oxidative stress and sustained ER stress, and unfolded protein response (UPR). Importantly, treatment with EVs increased the proliferative activity and number of cells in the G2/Mitosis phase, enhanced migratory ability, suppressed the overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines, and upregulated the anti-inflammatory miRNA-146a-5p, compared to control and/or ER-stressed cells. Additionally, EVs lowered the expression of ER-stress master regulators and effectors (PERK, IRE1, ATF6, and XBP1), increased the number of mitochondria, and reduced the expression of Fis-1 and Parkin, thereby promoting metabolic homeostasis and protecting against apoptosis in equine CSSCs. Our findings demonstrate that MSCs-derived EVs represent an innovative and promising therapeutic strategy for the transfer of bioactive mediators which regulate various cellular and molecular signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna M. Meissner
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Chmielińska
- International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa 11, Malin, 55-114 Wisznia Mala, Poland; (A.C.); (A.C.-S.)
| | - Ron Ofri
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;
| | - Anna Cisło-Sankowska
- International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa 11, Malin, 55-114 Wisznia Mala, Poland; (A.C.); (A.C.-S.)
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland;
- International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa 11, Malin, 55-114 Wisznia Mala, Poland; (A.C.); (A.C.-S.)
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95516, USA
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15
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Shiju TM, Yuan A. Extracellular vesicle biomarkers in ocular fluids associated with ophthalmic diseases. Exp Eye Res 2024; 241:109831. [PMID: 38401855 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released as highly stable lipid bilayer particles carrying proteins, lipids, glycans and miRNAs. The contents of EVs vary based on the cellular origin, biogenesis route and the functional state of the cell suggesting certain diseased conditions. A growing body of evidence show that EVs carry important molecules implicated in the development and progression of ophthalmic diseases. EVs associated with ophthalmic diseases are mainly carried by one of the three ocular biofluids which include tears, aqueous humor and vitreous humor. This review summarizes the list of EV derived biomarkers identified thus far in ocular fluids for ophthalmic disease diagnosis. Further, the methods used for sample collection, sample volume and the sample numbers used in these studies have been highlighted. Emphasis has been given to describe the EV isolation and the characterization methods used, EV size profiled and the EV concentrations analyzed by these studies, thus providing a roadmap for future EV biomarker studies in ocular fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Yuan
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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16
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Yung C, Zhang Y, Kuhn M, Armstrong RJ, Olyaei A, Aloia M, Scottoline B, Andres SF. Neonatal enteroids absorb extracellular vesicles from human milk-fed infant digestive fluid. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12422. [PMID: 38602306 PMCID: PMC11007820 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Human milk contains extracellular vesicles (HMEVs). Pre-clinical models suggest that HMEVs may enhance intestinal function and limit inflammation; however, it is unknown if HMEVs or their cargo survive neonatal human digestion. This limits the ability to leverage HMEV cargo as additives to infant nutrition or as therapeutics. This study aimed to develop an EV isolation pipeline from small volumes of human milk and neonatal intestinal contents after milk feeding (digesta) to address the hypothesis that HMEVs survive in vivo neonatal digestion to be taken up intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Digesta was collected from nasoduodenal sampling tubes or ostomies. EVs were isolated from raw and pasteurized human milk and digesta by density-gradient ultracentrifugation following two-step skimming, acid precipitation of caseins, and multi-step filtration. EVs were validated by electron microscopy, western blotting, nanoparticle tracking analysis, resistive pulse sensing, and super-resolution microscopy. EV uptake was tested in human neonatal enteroids. HMEVs and digesta EVs (dEVs) show typical EV morphology and are enriched in CD81 and CD9, but depleted of β-casein and lactalbumin. HMEV and some dEV fractions contain mammary gland-derived protein BTN1A1. Neonatal human enteroids rapidly take up dEVs in part via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Our data suggest that EVs can be isolated from digestive fluid and that these dEVs can be absorbed by IECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Yung
- Department of PediatricsPediatric GI Division, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of PediatricsPediatric GI Division, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Madeline Kuhn
- Department of PediatricsPediatric GI Division, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Randall J. Armstrong
- Knight Cancer InstituteOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR)Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Amy Olyaei
- Division of Neonatology, Department of PediatricsOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Molly Aloia
- Division of Neonatology, Department of PediatricsOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Brian Scottoline
- Department of PediatricsPediatric GI Division, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
- Division of Neonatology, Department of PediatricsOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Sarah F. Andres
- Department of PediatricsPediatric GI Division, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
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17
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Aliakbari F, Stocek NB, Cole-André M, Gomes J, Fanchini G, Pasternak SH, Christiansen G, Morshedi D, Volkening K, Strong MJ. A methodological primer of extracellular vesicles isolation and characterization via different techniques. Biol Methods Protoc 2024; 9:bpae009. [PMID: 38425334 PMCID: PMC10902684 DOI: 10.1093/biomethods/bpae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
We present four different protocols of varying complexity for the isolation of cell culture-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs)/exosome-enriched fractions with the objective of providing researchers with easily conducted methods that can be adapted for many different uses in various laboratory settings and locations. These protocols are primarily based on polymer precipitation, filtration and/or ultracentrifugation, as well as size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and include: (i) polyethylene glycol and sodium chloride supplementation of the conditioned medium followed by low-speed centrifugation; (ii) ultracentrifugation of conditioned medium; (iii) filtration of conditioned media through a 100-kDa exclusion filter; and (iv) isolation using a standard commercial kit. These techniques can be followed by further purification by ultracentrifugation, sucrose density gradient centrifugation, or SEC if needed and the equipment is available. HEK293 and SH-SY5Y cell cultures were used to generate conditioned medium containing exosomes. This medium was then depleted of cells and debris, filtered through a 0.2-µM filter, and supplemented with protease and RNAse inhibitors prior to exosomal isolation. The purified EVs can be used immediately or stably stored at 4°C (up to a week for imaging or using intact EVS downstream) or at -80°C for extended periods and then used for biochemical study. Our aim is not to compare these methodologies but to present them with descriptors so that researchers can choose the "best method" for their work under their individual conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhang Aliakbari
- Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Noah B Stocek
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Maxximuss Cole-André
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Janice Gomes
- Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Giovanni Fanchini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Stephen H Pasternak
- Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Gunna Christiansen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, The Faculty of Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Aalborg University, Aalborg Ø 9220, Denmark
| | - Dina Morshedi
- Bioprocess Engineering Department, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, P.O. Box 14965/161, Iran
| | - Kathryn Volkening
- Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Michael J Strong
- Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
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18
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Yung C, Zhang Y, Kuhn M, Armstrong RJ, Olyaei A, Aloia M, Scottoline B, Andres SF. Neonatal enteroids absorb extracellular vesicles from human milk-fed infant digestive fluid. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.03.556067. [PMID: 38187651 PMCID: PMC10769189 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.03.556067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Human milk contains extracellular vesicles (HMEVs). Pre-clinical models suggest that HMEVs may enhance intestinal function and limit inflammation; however, it is unknown if HMEVs or their cargo survive neonatal human digestion. This limits the ability to leverage HMEV cargo as additives to infant nutrition or as therapeutics. This study aimed to develop an EV isolation pipeline from small volumes of human milk and neonatal intestinal contents after milk feeding (digesta) to address the hypothesis that HMEVs survive in vivo neonatal digestion to be taken up intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Digesta was collected from nasoduodenal sampling tubes or ostomies. EVs were isolated from raw and pasteurized human milk and digesta by density-gradient ultracentrifugation following two-step skimming, acid precipitation of caseins, and multi-step filtration. EVs were validated by electron microscopy, western blotting, nanoparticle tracking analysis, resistive pulse sensing, and super-resolution microscopy. EV uptake was tested in human neonatal enteroids. HMEVs and digesta EVs (dEVs) show typical EV morphology and are enriched in CD81 and CD9, but depleted of β-casein and lactalbumin. HMEV and some dEV fractions contain mammary gland-derived protein BTN1A1. Neonatal human enteroids rapidly take up dEVs in part via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Our data suggest that EVs can be isolated from digestive fluid and that these dEVs can be absorbed by IECs.
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19
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Mobarak H, Javid F, Narmi MT, Mardi N, Sadeghsoltani F, Khanicheragh P, Narimani S, Mahdipour M, Sokullu E, Valioglu F, Rahbarghazi R. Prokaryotic microvesicles Ortholog of eukaryotic extracellular vesicles in biomedical fields. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:80. [PMID: 38291458 PMCID: PMC10826215 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Every single cell can communicate with other cells in a paracrine manner via the production of nano-sized extracellular vesicles. This phenomenon is conserved between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, exosomes (Exos) are the main inter-cellular bioshuttles with the potential to carry different signaling molecules. Likewise, bacteria can produce and release Exo-like particles, namely microvesicles (MVs) into the extracellular matrix. Bacterial MVs function with diverse biological properties and are at the center of attention due to their inherent therapeutic properties. Here, in this review article, the comparable biological properties between the eukaryotic Exos and bacterial MVs were highlighted in terms of biomedical application. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halimeh Mobarak
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farzin Javid
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Taghavi Narmi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Narges Mardi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadeghsoltani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parisa Khanicheragh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samaneh Narimani
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mahdipour
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Emel Sokullu
- Biophysics Department, Koç University School of Medicine, Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ferzane Valioglu
- Technology Development Zones Management CO, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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20
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Fang F, Yang J, Wang J, Li T, Wang E, Zhang D, Liu X, Zhou C. The role and applications of extracellular vesicles in osteoporosis. Bone Res 2024; 12:4. [PMID: 38263267 PMCID: PMC10806231 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-023-00313-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a widely observed condition characterized by the systemic deterioration of bone mass and microarchitecture, which increases patient susceptibility to fragile fractures. The intricate mechanisms governing bone homeostasis are substantially impacted by extracellular vesicles (EVs), which play crucial roles in both pathological and physiological contexts. EVs derived from various sources exert distinct effects on osteoporosis. Specifically, EVs released by osteoblasts, endothelial cells, myocytes, and mesenchymal stem cells contribute to bone formation due to their unique cargo of proteins, miRNAs, and cytokines. Conversely, EVs secreted by osteoclasts and immune cells promote bone resorption and inhibit bone formation. Furthermore, the use of EVs as therapeutic modalities or biomaterials for diagnosing and managing osteoporosis is promising. Here, we review the current understanding of the impact of EVs on bone homeostasis, including the classification and biogenesis of EVs and the intricate regulatory mechanisms of EVs in osteoporosis. Furthermore, we present an overview of the latest research progress on diagnosing and treating osteoporosis by using EVs. Finally, we discuss the challenges and prospects of translational research on the use of EVs in osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Fang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiahe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Erxiang Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Demao Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaoheng Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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21
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Pirouzpanah MB, Babaie S, Pourzeinali S, Valizadeh H, Malekeh S, Şahin F, Farshbaf-Khalili A. Harnessing tumor-derived exosomes: A promising approach for the expansion of clinical diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic outcome of prostate cancer. Biofactors 2024. [PMID: 38205673 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of men's death worldwide. Although early diagnosis and therapy for localized prostate cancer have improved, the majority of men with metastatic disease die from prostate cancer annually. Therefore, identification of the cellular-molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of prostate cancer is essential for overcoming controlled proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that mediate most cells' interactions and contain membrane proteins, cytosolic and nuclear proteins, extracellular matrix proteins, lipids, metabolites, and nucleic acids. Exosomes play an essential role in paracrine pathways, potentially influencing Prostate cancer progression through a wide variety of mechanisms. In the present review, we outline and discuss recent progress in our understanding of the role of exosomes in the Prostate cancer microenvironment, like their involvement in prostate cancer occurrence, progression, angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis, and drug resistance. We also present the latest findings regarding the function of exosomes as biomarkers, direct therapeutic targets in prostate cancer, and the challenges and advantages associated with using exosomes as natural carriers and in exosome-based immunotherapy. These findings are a promising avenue for the expansion of potential clinical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soraya Babaie
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samira Pourzeinali
- Amiralmomenin Hospital of Charoimagh, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Valizadeh
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samira Malekeh
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fikrettin Şahin
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Azizeh Farshbaf-Khalili
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
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22
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Robinson SD, de Boisanger J, Pearl FMG, Critchley G, Rosenfelder N, Giamas G. A brain metastasis liquid biopsy: Where are we now? Neurooncol Adv 2024; 6:vdae066. [PMID: 38770219 PMCID: PMC11102938 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdae066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases remain a challenging and feared complication for patients with cancer and research in this area has lagged behind research into metastases to other organs. Due to their location and the risks associated with neurosurgical biopsies, the biology underpinning brain metastases response to treatment and evolution over time remains poorly understood. Liquid biopsies are proposed to overcome many of the limitations present with tissue biopsies, providing a better representation of tumor heterogeneity, facilitating repeated sampling, and providing a noninvasive assessment of tumor biology. Several different liquid biopsy approaches have been investigated including circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA, extracellular vesicles, and tumor-educated platelets; however, these have generally been less effective in assessing brain metastases compared to metastases to other organs requiring improved techniques to investigate these approaches, studies combining different liquid biopsy approaches and/or novel liquid biopsy approaches. Through this review, we highlight the current state of the art and define key unanswered questions related to brain metastases liquid biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen David Robinson
- Sussex Cancer Centre, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - James de Boisanger
- Neuro-Oncology Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Frances M G Pearl
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Giles Critchley
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nicola Rosenfelder
- Neuro-Oncology Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Georgios Giamas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
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23
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Al-Jipouri A, Eritja À, Bozic M. Unraveling the Multifaceted Roles of Extracellular Vesicles: Insights into Biology, Pharmacology, and Pharmaceutical Applications for Drug Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:485. [PMID: 38203656 PMCID: PMC10779093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoparticles released from various cell types that have emerged as powerful new therapeutic option for a variety of diseases. EVs are involved in the transmission of biological signals between cells and in the regulation of a variety of biological processes, highlighting them as potential novel targets/platforms for therapeutics intervention and/or delivery. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate new aspects of EVs' biogenesis, biodistribution, metabolism, and excretion as well as safety/compatibility of both unmodified and engineered EVs upon administration in different pharmaceutical dosage forms and delivery systems. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of essential physiological and pathological roles of EVs in different organs and organ systems. We provide an overview regarding application of EVs as therapeutic targets, therapeutics, and drug delivery platforms. We also explore various approaches implemented over the years to improve the dosage of specific EV products for different administration routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al-Jipouri
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Àuria Eritja
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida Dr. Pifarré Foundation (IRBLLEIDA), 25196 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Milica Bozic
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany;
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida Dr. Pifarré Foundation (IRBLLEIDA), 25196 Lleida, Spain;
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24
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Wang Y, Xiao T, Zhao C, Li G. The Regulation of Exosome Generation and Function in Physiological and Pathological Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:255. [PMID: 38203424 PMCID: PMC10779122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicle with a diameter of approximately 100 nm that is secreted by all cells, regulate the phenotype and function of recipient cells by carrying molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids and are important mediators of intercellular communication. Exosomes are involved in various physiological and pathological processes such as immunomodulation, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, metastasis, and chemoresistance. Due to their excellent properties, exosomes have shown their potential application in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of disease. The functions of exosomes depend on their biogenesis, uptake, and composition. Thus, a deeper understanding of these processes and regulatory mechanisms can help to find new targets for disease diagnosis and therapy. Therefore, this review summarizes and integrates the recent advances in the regulatory mechanisms of the entire biological process of exosomes, starting from the formation of early-sorting endosomes (ESCs) by plasma membrane invagination to the release of exosomes by fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the plasma membrane, as well as the regulatory process of the interactions between exosomes and recipient cells. We also describe and discuss the regulatory mechanisms of exosome production in tumor cells and the potential of exosomes used in cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guiying Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (Y.W.); (T.X.); (C.Z.)
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25
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Didamoony MA, Soubh AA, Atwa AM, Ahmed LA. Innovative preconditioning strategies for improving the therapeutic efficacy of extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells in gastrointestinal diseases. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:2973-2993. [PMID: 37874430 PMCID: PMC10692273 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01350-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases have become a global health issue and an economic burden due to their wide distribution, late prognosis, and the inefficacy of recent available medications. Therefore, it is crucial to search for new strategies for their management. In the recent decades, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy has attracted attention as a viable option for treating a myriad of GI disorders such as hepatic fibrosis (HF), ulcerative colitis (UC), acute liver injury (ALI), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) due to their regenerative and paracrine properties. Importantly, recent studies have shown that MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) are responsible for most of the therapeutic effects of MSCs. In addition, EVs have revealed several benefits over their parent MSCs, such as being less immunogenic, having a lower risk of tumour formation, being able to cross biological barriers, and being easier to store. MSC-EVs exhibited regenerative, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-fibrotic effects in different experimental models of GI diseases. However, a key issue with their clinical application is the maintenance of their stability and efficacy following in vivo transplantation. Preconditioning of MSC-EVs or their parent cells is one of the novel methods used to improve their effectiveness and stability. Herein, we discuss the application of MSC-EVs in several GI disorders taking into account their mechanism of action. We also summarise the challenges and restrictions that need to be overcome to promote their clinical application in the treatment of various GI diseases as well as the recent developments to improve their effectiveness. A representation of the innovative preconditioning techniques that have been suggested for improving the therapeutic efficacy of MSC-EVs in GI diseases. The pathological conditions in various GI disorders (ALI, UC, HF and NAFLD) create a harsh environment for EVs and their parents, increasing the risk of apoptosis and senescence of MSCs and thereby diminishing MSC-EVs yield and restricting their large-scale applications. Preconditioning with pharmacological agents or biological mediators can improve the therapeutic efficacy of MSC-EVs through their adaption to the lethal environment to which they are subjected. This can result in establishment of a more conducive environment and activation of numerous vital trajectories that act to improve the immunomodulatory, reparative and regenerative activities of the derived EVs, as a part of MSCs paracrine system. ALI, acute liver injury; GI diseases, gastrointestinal diseases; HF, hepatic fibrosis; HSP, heat shock protein; miRNA, microRNA; mRNA, messenger RNA; MSC-EVs, mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; UC, ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar A Didamoony
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, 11829, Egypt.
| | - Ayman A Soubh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Ahram Canadian University, 4th Industrial Zone, Banks Complex, 6th of October City, Giza, 12451, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Atwa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, 11829, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa A Ahmed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
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26
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Yasin YS, Jumaa AH, Jabbar S, Abdulkareem AH. Effect of Laetrile Vinblastine Combination on the Proliferation of the Hela Cancer Cell Line. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2023; 24:4329-4337. [PMID: 38156870 PMCID: PMC10909105 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2023.24.12.4329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of laetrile, vinblastine, and their mixture on cervical cancer cells and probe potential synergistic consequences. METHOD The study scrutinized the inhibitory impact of laetrile vinblastine and their mixture on the growth of human cervical cancer cells (Hela cancer cell line). The cells were incubated for 24, 48, and 72 hours with concentrations varying from 1 microgram to 10,000 micrograms of each substance. RESULT study results showed, the combination of vinblastine and laetrile effectively reduced the viability of human cervical cancer cells. This effect was stronger than the individual cytotoxic effects of each compound. The results suggest that the cytotoxicity of the vinblastine and laetrile combination increases with higher concentrations of the compounds. Additionally, the study revealed a synergistic effect between the mixture ingredients, particularly at the lowest and highest concentrations during the 24 and 72-hour incubation periods. CONCLUSION The antiproliferative effect of (the combination of laetrile and vinblastine) was greater than the antiproliferative effect of either compound used alone, suggesting a synergistic relationship between the two.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azal Hamoody Jumaa
- Iraqi National Cancer Research Center/ University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
| | - Shilan Jabbar
- Department of Biology ,College of Science, University of Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq.
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27
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Desai N, Katare P, Makwana V, Salave S, Vora LK, Giri J. Tumor-derived systems as novel biomedical tools-turning the enemy into an ally. Biomater Res 2023; 27:113. [PMID: 37946275 PMCID: PMC10633998 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00445-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex illness that presents significant challenges in its understanding and treatment. The classic definition, "a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells in the body," fails to convey the intricate interaction between the many entities involved in cancer. Recent advancements in the field of cancer research have shed light on the role played by individual cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment as a whole in tumor development and progression. This breakthrough enables the utilization of the tumor and its components as biological tools, opening new possibilities. This article delves deeply into the concept of "tumor-derived systems", an umbrella term for tools sourced from the tumor that aid in combatting it. It includes cancer cell membrane-coated nanoparticles (for tumor theranostics), extracellular vesicles (for tumor diagnosis/therapy), tumor cell lysates (for cancer vaccine development), and engineered cancer cells/organoids (for cancer research). This review seeks to offer a complete overview of the tumor-derived materials that are utilized in cancer research, as well as their current stages of development and implementation. It is aimed primarily at researchers working at the interface of cancer biology and biomedical engineering, and it provides vital insights into this fast-growing topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimeet Desai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, India
| | - Pratik Katare
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, India
| | - Vaishali Makwana
- Center for Interdisciplinary Programs, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, India
| | - Sagar Salave
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gujarat, India
| | - Lalitkumar K Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Jyotsnendu Giri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, India.
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28
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Mosby CA, Perez Devia N, Jones MK. Comparison of Methods for Quantifying Extracellular Vesicles of Gram-Negative Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15096. [PMID: 37894776 PMCID: PMC10606555 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There are a variety of methods employed by laboratories for quantifying extracellular vesicles isolated from bacteria. As a result, the ability to compare results across published studies can lead to questions regarding the suitability of methods and buffers for accurately quantifying these vesicles. Within the literature, there are several common methods for vesicle quantification. These include lipid quantification using the lipophilic dye FM 4-64, protein quantification using microBCA, Qubit, and NanoOrange assays, or direct vesicle enumeration using nanoparticle tracking analysis. In addition, various diluents and lysis buffers are also used to resuspend and treat vesicles. In this study, we directly compared the quantification of a bacterial outer membrane vesicle using several commonly used methods. We also tested the impact of different buffers, buffer age, lysis method, and vesicle diluent on vesicle quantification. The results showed that buffer age had no significant effect on vesicle quantification, but the lysis method impacted the reliability of measurements using Qubit and NanoOrange. The microBCA assay displayed the least variability in protein concentration values and was the most consistent, regardless of the buffer or diluent used. MicroBCA also demonstrated the strongest correlation to the NTA-determined particle number across a range of vesicle concentrations. Overall, these results indicate that with appropriate diluent and buffer choice, microBCA vs. NTA standard curves could be generated and the microBCA assay used to estimate the particle number when NTA instrumentation is not readily available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Melissa K. Jones
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (C.A.M.); (N.P.D.)
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29
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Sabatke B, Rossi IV, Sana A, Bonato LB, Ramirez MI. Extracellular vesicles biogenesis and uptake concepts: A comprehensive guide to studying host-pathogen communication. Mol Microbiol 2023. [PMID: 37758682 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The study of host-pathogen interactions has increased considerably in recent decades. This intercellular communication has been mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs) that play an important role during the interaction. EVs are particles of lipid bilayer and described in different types of cells, eukaryotic or prokaryotic. Depending on their biogenesis they are described as exosomes (derived from multivesicular bodies) and microvesicles (derived from the plasma membrane). The EVs carry biomolecules, including nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins that can be released or internalized by other cells in different pathways (endocytosis, macropinocytosis, phagocytosis, or membrane fusion) in the process described as uptake. The balance between biogenesis and uptake of EVs could modify physiological and pathophysiological processes of the cell. This review is focusing on the dynamic roles of release and capture of EVs during host-pathogen interaction. We also do a critical analysis of methodologies for obtaining and analyzing EVs. Finally, we draw attention to critical points to be considered in EV biogenesis and uptake studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Sabatke
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- EVAHPI - Extracellular Vesicles and Host-Parasite Interactions Research Group, Carlos Chagas Institute (Fiocruz-PR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Izadora Volpato Rossi
- EVAHPI - Extracellular Vesicles and Host-Parasite Interactions Research Group, Carlos Chagas Institute (Fiocruz-PR), Curitiba, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Abel Sana
- EVAHPI - Extracellular Vesicles and Host-Parasite Interactions Research Group, Carlos Chagas Institute (Fiocruz-PR), Curitiba, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Leticia Bassani Bonato
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- EVAHPI - Extracellular Vesicles and Host-Parasite Interactions Research Group, Carlos Chagas Institute (Fiocruz-PR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marcel I Ramirez
- EVAHPI - Extracellular Vesicles and Host-Parasite Interactions Research Group, Carlos Chagas Institute (Fiocruz-PR), Curitiba, Brazil
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30
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Jorfi S, Ansa-Addo EA, Mariniello K, Warde P, Bin Senian AA, Stratton D, Bax BE, Levene M, Lange S, Inal JM. A Coxsackievirus B1-mediated nonlytic Extracellular Vesicle-to-cell mechanism of virus transmission and its possible control through modulation of EV release. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37665326 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Like most non-enveloped viruses, CVB1 mainly uses cell lysis to spread. Details of a nonlytic virus transmission remain unclear. Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) transfer biomolecules between cells. We show that CVB1 entry into HeLa cells results in apoptosis and release of CVB1-induced 'medium-sized' EVs (CVB1i-mEVs). These mEVs (100-300 nm) harbour CVB1 as shown by immunoblotting with anti-CVB1-antibody; viral capsids were detected by transmission electron microscopy and RT-PCR revealed CVB1 RNA. The percentage of mEVs released from CVB1-infected HeLa cells harbouring virus was estimated from TEM at 34 %. Inhibition of CVB1i-mEV production, with calpeptin or siRNA knockdown of CAPNS1 in HeLa cells limited spread of CVB1 suggesting these vesicles disseminate CVB1 virions to new host cells by a nonlytic EV-to-cell mechanism. This was confirmed by detecting CVB1 virions inside HeLa cells after co-culture with CVB1i-mEVs; EV release may also prevent apoptosis of infected cells whilst spreading apoptosis to secondary sites of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samireh Jorfi
- Cell Communication in Disease Pathology, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, UK
| | - Ephraim Abrokwa Ansa-Addo
- Cell Communication in Disease Pathology, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, UK
- Present address: Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Katia Mariniello
- Cell Communication in Disease Pathology, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, UK
- Present address: William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Purva Warde
- Biosciences Research Group, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK
| | - Ahmad Asyraf Bin Senian
- Biosciences Research Group, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK
- Present address: Clinical Research Centre, Sarawak General Hospital, Kuching, Malaysia
| | - Dan Stratton
- School of Life, Health & Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AE, UK
| | - Bridget E Bax
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Michelle Levene
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 116, New Cavendish St., London, UK
- University College London School of Pharmacy, Brunswick Sq., London, UK
| | - Jameel Malhador Inal
- Cell Communication in Disease Pathology, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, UK
- Biosciences Research Group, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK
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31
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Danilushkina AA, Emene CC, Barlev NA, Gomzikova MO. Strategies for Engineering of Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13247. [PMID: 37686050 PMCID: PMC10488046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane vesicles released by cells into the extracellular space. EVs mediate cell-to-cell communication through local and systemic transportation of biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, transcription factors, cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, lipids, and organelles within the human body. EVs gained a particular interest from cancer biology scientists because of their role in the modulation of the tumor microenvironment through delivering bioactive molecules. In this respect, EVs represent an attractive therapeutic target and a means for drug delivery. The advantages of EVs include their biocompatibility, small size, and low immunogenicity. However, there are several limitations that restrict the widespread use of EVs in therapy, namely, their low specificity and payload capacity. Thus, in order to enhance the therapeutic efficacy and delivery specificity, the surface and composition of extracellular vesicles should be modified accordingly. In this review, we describe various approaches to engineering EVs, and further discuss their advantages and disadvantages to promote the application of EVs in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Danilushkina
- Laboratory of Intercellular Communications, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420021 Kazan, Russia
| | - Charles C. Emene
- Laboratory of Intercellular Communications, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420021 Kazan, Russia
| | - Nicolai A. Barlev
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Department of Biomedicine, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana 001000, Kazakhstan
| | - Marina O. Gomzikova
- Laboratory of Intercellular Communications, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420021 Kazan, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
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32
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Sana A, Rossi IV, Sabatke B, Bonato LB, Medeiros LCS, Ramirez MI. An Improved Method to Enrich Large Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Giardia intestinalis through Differential Centrifugation. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1799. [PMID: 37763203 PMCID: PMC10532800 DOI: 10.3390/life13091799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis is a flagellated unicellular protozoan that colonizes the small intestine, causing the diarrheal disease called giardiasis. The production of extracellular vesicles (EVs) by G. intestinalis and the role of these EVs in the parasite's interaction with the host have been described. According to biogenesis, EVs are grouped mainly into large (microvesicles-derived from the plasma membrane) and small (exosomes-derived from multivesicular bodies). Populations of EVs are heterogeneous, and improved methods to separate and study them are needed to understand their roles in cell physiology and pathologies. This work aimed to enrich the large extracellular vesicles (LEVs) of G. intestinalis in order to better understand the roles of these vesicles in the interaction of the parasite with the host. To achieve the enrichment of the LEVs, we have modified our previously described method and compared it by protein dosage and using Nano tracking analysis. Giardia intestinalis vesiculation was induced by incubation in a TYI-S-33 medium without serum, to which 1 mM of CaCl2 was added at 37 °C for 1 h. Then, the supernatant was centrifuged at 15,000× g for 1 h (15 K 1 h pellet), 15,000× g for 4 h (15 K 4 h pellet) and 100,000× g for 1.5 h (100 K 1h30 pellet). The pellet (containing EVs) was resuspended in 1× PBS and stored at 4 °C for later analysis. The EVs were quantified based on their protein concentrations using the Pierce BCA assay, and by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), which reports the concentration and size distribution of the particles. The NTA showed that direct ultracentrifugation at 100,000× g for 1.5 h and centrifugation at 15,000× g for 4 h concentrated more EVs compared to centrifugation at 15,000× g for 1 h. Additionally, it revealed that centrifugation at 15,000× g 4 h was able to concentrate at the same particle concentration levels as a direct ultracentrifugation at 100,000× g for 1.5 h. As for the enrichment of LEVs, the NTA has shown a higher concentration of LEVs in direct ultracentrifugation at 100,000× g for 1.5 h, and in centrifugation at 15,000× g for 4 h, compared to centrifugation at 15,000× g for 1 h. Our results have shown that the most used method at 15,000× g for 1 h is not enough to obtain a representative population of large EVs, and we suggest that LEVs released by G. intestinalis can be better enriched by direct ultracentrifugation at 100,000× g for 1.5 h, or by centrifugation at 15,000× g for 4 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Sana
- EVAHPI—Extracellular Vesicles and Host–Parasite Interactions Research Group, Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Carlos Chagas-Fiocruz, Curitiba 81310-020, Brazil; (A.S.); (I.V.R.); (B.S.); (L.B.B.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, UFPR, Curitiba 81531-970, Brazil
| | - Izadora Volpato Rossi
- EVAHPI—Extracellular Vesicles and Host–Parasite Interactions Research Group, Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Carlos Chagas-Fiocruz, Curitiba 81310-020, Brazil; (A.S.); (I.V.R.); (B.S.); (L.B.B.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, UFPR, Curitiba 81531-970, Brazil
| | - Bruna Sabatke
- EVAHPI—Extracellular Vesicles and Host–Parasite Interactions Research Group, Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Carlos Chagas-Fiocruz, Curitiba 81310-020, Brazil; (A.S.); (I.V.R.); (B.S.); (L.B.B.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Parasitologia e Patologia, UFPR, Curitiba 81531-970, Brazil
| | - Letícia Bassani Bonato
- EVAHPI—Extracellular Vesicles and Host–Parasite Interactions Research Group, Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Carlos Chagas-Fiocruz, Curitiba 81310-020, Brazil; (A.S.); (I.V.R.); (B.S.); (L.B.B.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Parasitologia e Patologia, UFPR, Curitiba 81531-970, Brazil
| | | | - Marcel Ivan Ramirez
- EVAHPI—Extracellular Vesicles and Host–Parasite Interactions Research Group, Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Carlos Chagas-Fiocruz, Curitiba 81310-020, Brazil; (A.S.); (I.V.R.); (B.S.); (L.B.B.)
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Carlos Chagas-Fiocruz, Curitiba 81350-010, Brazil;
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Cieślik M, Bryniarski K, Nazimek K. Biodelivery of therapeutic extracellular vesicles: should mononuclear phagocytes always be feared? Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1211833. [PMID: 37476156 PMCID: PMC10354279 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1211833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are considered key candidates for cell-free therapies, including treatment of allergic and autoimmune diseases. However, their therapeutic effectiveness, dependent on proper targeting to the desired cells, is significantly limited due to the reduced bioavailability resulting from their rapid clearance by the cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). Thus, developing strategies to avoid EV elimination is essential when applying them in clinical practice. On the other hand, malfunctioning MPS contributes to various immune-related pathologies. Therapeutic reversal of these effects with EVs would be beneficial and could be achieved, for example, by modulating the macrophage phenotype or regulating antigen presentation by dendritic cells. Additionally, intended targeting of EVs to MPS macrophages for replication and repackaging of their molecules into new vesicle subtype can allow for their specific targeting to appropriate populations of acceptor cells. Herein, we briefly discuss the under-explored aspects of the MPS-EV interactions that undoubtedly require further research in order to accelerate the therapeutic use of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katarzyna Nazimek
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Wu S, Benny M, Duara J, Williams K, Tan A, Schmidt A, Young KC. Extracellular vesicles: pathogenic messengers and potential therapy for neonatal lung diseases. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1205882. [PMID: 37397144 PMCID: PMC10311919 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1205882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of nano-sized membranous structures increasingly recognized as mediators of intercellular and inter-organ communication. EVs contain a cargo of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, and their cargo composition is highly dependent on the biological function of the parental cells. Their cargo is protected from the extracellular environment by the phospholipid membrane, thus allowing for safe transport and delivery of their intact cargo to nearby or distant target cells, resulting in modification of the target cell's gene expression, signaling pathways and overall function. The highly selective, sophisticated network through which EVs facilitate cell signaling and modulate cellular processes make studying EVs a major focus of interest in understanding various biological functions and mechanisms of disease. Tracheal aspirate EV-miRNA profiling has been suggested as a potential biomarker for respiratory outcome in preterm infants and there is strong preclinical evidence showing that EVs released from stem cells protect the developing lung from the deleterious effects of hyperoxia and infection. This article will review the role of EVs as pathogenic messengers, biomarkers, and potential therapies for neonatal lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Batchelor Children’s Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Holtz Children’s Hospital, Jackson Memorial Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Merline Benny
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Batchelor Children’s Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Holtz Children’s Hospital, Jackson Memorial Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Joanne Duara
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Batchelor Children’s Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Holtz Children’s Hospital, Jackson Memorial Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Kevin Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Batchelor Children’s Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Holtz Children’s Hospital, Jackson Memorial Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - April Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Batchelor Children’s Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Holtz Children’s Hospital, Jackson Memorial Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Augusto Schmidt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Batchelor Children’s Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Holtz Children’s Hospital, Jackson Memorial Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Karen C. Young
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Batchelor Children’s Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Holtz Children’s Hospital, Jackson Memorial Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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Kelwick RJR, Webb AJ, Heliot A, Segura CT, Freemont PS. Opportunities to accelerate extracellular vesicle research with cell-free synthetic biology. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 2:e90. [PMID: 38938277 PMCID: PMC11080881 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-membrane nanoparticles that are shed or secreted by many different cell types. The EV research community has rapidly expanded in recent years and is leading efforts to deepen our understanding of EV biological functions in human physiology and pathology. These insights are also providing a foundation on which future EV-based diagnostics and therapeutics are poised to positively impact human health. However, current limitations in our understanding of EV heterogeneity, cargo loading mechanisms and the nascent development of EV metrology are all areas that have been identified as important scientific challenges. The field of synthetic biology is also contending with the challenge of understanding biological complexity as it seeks to combine multidisciplinary scientific knowledge with engineering principles, to build useful and robust biotechnologies in a responsible manner. Within this context, cell-free systems have emerged as a powerful suite of in vitro biotechnologies that can be employed to interrogate fundamental biological mechanisms, including the study of aspects of EV biogenesis, or to act as a platform technology for medical biosensors and therapeutic biomanufacturing. Cell-free gene expression (CFE) systems also enable in vitro protein production, including membrane proteins, and could conceivably be exploited to rationally engineer, or manufacture, EVs loaded with bespoke molecular cargoes for use in foundational or translational EV research. Our pilot data herein, also demonstrates the feasibility of cell-free EV engineering. In this perspective, we discuss the opportunities and challenges for accelerating EV research and healthcare applications with cell-free synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. R. Kelwick
- Section of Structural and Synthetic BiologyDepartment of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Alexander J. Webb
- Section of Structural and Synthetic BiologyDepartment of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Amelie Heliot
- Section of Structural and Synthetic BiologyDepartment of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Paul S. Freemont
- Section of Structural and Synthetic BiologyDepartment of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
- The London BiofoundryImperial College Translation & Innovation HubLondonUK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Care Research and Technology CentreImperial College London, Hammersmith CampusLondonUK
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Haghighitalab A, Dominici M, Matin MM, Shekari F, Ebrahimi Warkiani M, Lim R, Ahmadiankia N, Mirahmadi M, Bahrami AR, Bidkhori HR. Extracellular vesicles and their cells of origin: Open issues in autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1090416. [PMID: 36969255 PMCID: PMC10031021 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1090416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The conventional therapeutic approaches to treat autoimmune diseases through suppressing the immune system, such as steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, are not adequately practical. Moreover, these regimens are associated with considerable complications. Designing tolerogenic therapeutic strategies based on stem cells, immune cells, and their extracellular vesicles (EVs) seems to open a promising path to managing autoimmune diseases' vast burden. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), dendritic cells, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) are the main cell types applied to restore a tolerogenic immune status; MSCs play a more beneficial role due to their amenable properties and extensive cross-talks with different immune cells. With existing concerns about the employment of cells, new cell-free therapeutic paradigms, such as EV-based therapies, are gaining attention in this field. Additionally, EVs' unique properties have made them to be known as smart immunomodulators and are considered as a potential substitute for cell therapy. This review provides an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of cell-based and EV-based methods for treating autoimmune diseases. The study also presents an outlook on the future of EVs to be implemented in clinics for autoimmune patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Haghighitalab
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Maryam M. Matin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Faezeh Shekari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product Technology Development Center (ATMP-TDC), Cell Sciences Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Rebecca Lim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia
| | - Naghmeh Ahmadiankia
- Cancer Prevention Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mirahmadi
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Bahrami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Industrial Biotechnology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- *Correspondence: Ahmad Reza Bahrami, ; Hamid Reza Bidkhori,
| | - Hamid Reza Bidkhori
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
- Blood Borne Infections Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
- *Correspondence: Ahmad Reza Bahrami, ; Hamid Reza Bidkhori,
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Importance and implications of exosomes in nephrology and urology. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:153-166. [PMID: 36399151 PMCID: PMC9849294 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02771-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that are formed by two invaginations of the plasma membrane and can be released by all eukaryotic cells. Because of their bioactive contents, including nucleic acids and proteins, exosomes can activate a variety of functions in their recipient cells. Due to the plethora of physiological and pathophysiological functions, exosomes have received a lot of attention from researchers over the past few years. However, there is still no consensus regarding isolation and characterization protocols of exosomes and their subtypes. This heterogeneity poses a lot of methodical challenges but also offers new clinical opportunities simultaneously. So far, exosome-based research is still mostly limited to preclinical experiments and early-stage clinical trials since the translation of experimental findings remains difficult. Exosomes could potentially play an important role as future diagnostic and prognostic agents and might also be part of the development of new treatment strategies. Therefore, they have previously been investigated in a variety of nephrological and urological conditions such as acute kidney injury or prostate cancer.
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Matsuzaka Y, Yashiro R. Advances in Purification, Modification, and Application of Extracellular Vesicles for Novel Clinical Treatments. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12121244. [PMID: 36557150 PMCID: PMC9787595 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12121244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are membrane vesicles surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and include microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, exosomes, and exomeres. Exosome-encapsulated microRNAs (miRNAs) released from cancer cells are involved in the proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells via angiogenesis. On the other hand, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy, which is being employed in regenerative medicine owing to the ability of MSCs to differentiate into various cells, is due to humoral factors, including messenger RNA (mRNA), miRNAs, proteins, and lipids, which are encapsulated in exosomes derived from transplanted cells. New treatments that advocate cell-free therapy using MSC-derived exosomes will significantly improve clinical practice. Therefore, using highly purified exosomes that perform their original functions is desirable. In this review, we summarized advances in the purification, modification, and application of EVs as novel strategies to treat some diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Matsuzaka
- Division of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Administrative Section of Radiation Protection, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0031, Japan
| | - Ryu Yashiro
- Administrative Section of Radiation Protection, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0031, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-0004, Japan
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Provenzano F, Nyberg S, Giunti D, Torazza C, Parodi B, Bonifacino T, Usai C, Kerlero de Rosbo N, Milanese M, Uccelli A, Shaw PJ, Ferraiuolo L, Bonanno G. Micro-RNAs Shuttled by Extracellular Vesicles Secreted from Mesenchymal Stem Cells Dampen Astrocyte Pathological Activation and Support Neuroprotection in In-Vitro Models of ALS. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233923. [PMID: 36497181 PMCID: PMC9741322 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease with no effective cure. Astrocytes display a toxic phenotype in ALS and contribute to motoneuron (MN) degeneration. Modulating astrocytes' neurotoxicity can reduce MN death. Our previous studies showed the beneficial effect of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) administration in SOD1G93A ALS mice, but the mechanisms are still unclear. We postulated that the effects could be mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by MSCs. We investigated, by immunohistochemical, molecular, and in vitro functional analyses, the activity of MSC-derived EVs on the pathological phenotype and neurotoxicity of astrocytes isolated from the spinal cord of symptomatic SOD1G93A mice and human astrocytes (iAstrocytes) differentiated from inducible neural progenitor cells (iNPCs) of ALS patients. In vitro EV exposure rescued mouse and human ALS astrocytes' neurotoxicity towards MNs. EVs significantly dampened the pathological phenotype and neuroinflammation in SOD1G93A astrocytes. In iAstrocytes, exposure to EVs increased the antioxidant factor Nrf2 and reduced reactive oxygen species. We previously found nine miRNAs upregulated in MSC-derived EVs. Here, the transfection of SOD1G93A astrocytes with single miRNA mimics reduced astrocytes' activation and the expression of neuroinflammatory factors. Moreover, miR-466q and miR-467f mimics downregulate Mapk11, while miR-466m-5p and miR-466i-3p mimics promote the nuclear translocation of Nrf2. In iAstrocytes, transfection with miR-29b-3p mimic upregulated NQO1 antioxidant activity and reduced neurotoxicity towards MNs. MSC-derived EVs modulate astrocytes' reactive phenotype and neurotoxicity through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant-shuttled miRNAs, thus representing a therapeutic strategy in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Provenzano
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Sophie Nyberg
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385A Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Debora Giunti
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Largo Paolo Daneo, 316132 Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Carola Torazza
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Benedetta Parodi
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Largo Paolo Daneo, 316132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bonifacino
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cesare Usai
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicole Kerlero de Rosbo
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- TomaLab, Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR), Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 0018 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Milanese
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (L.F.); Tel.: +39-01-0335-2046 (M.M.); +44-(0)114-222-2257 (L.F.)
| | - Antonio Uccelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Largo Paolo Daneo, 316132 Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Pamela J. Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385A Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Laura Ferraiuolo
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385A Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (L.F.); Tel.: +39-01-0335-2046 (M.M.); +44-(0)114-222-2257 (L.F.)
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Di Liegro CM, Schiera G, Schirò G, Di Liegro I. RNA-Binding Proteins as Epigenetic Regulators of Brain Functions and Their Involvement in Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314622. [PMID: 36498959 PMCID: PMC9739182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A central aspect of nervous system development and function is the post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA fate, which implies time- and site-dependent translation, in response to cues originating from cell-to-cell crosstalk. Such events are fundamental for the establishment of brain cell asymmetry, as well as of long-lasting modifications of synapses (long-term potentiation: LTP), responsible for learning, memory, and higher cognitive functions. Post-transcriptional regulation is in turn dependent on RNA-binding proteins that, by recognizing and binding brief RNA sequences, base modifications, or secondary/tertiary structures, are able to control maturation, localization, stability, and translation of the transcripts. Notably, most RBPs contain intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) that are thought to be involved in the formation of membrane-less structures, probably due to liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Such structures are evidenced as a variety of granules that contain proteins and different classes of RNAs. The other side of the peculiar properties of IDRs is, however, that, under altered cellular conditions, they are also prone to form aggregates, as observed in neurodegeneration. Interestingly, RBPs, as part of both normal and aggregated complexes, are also able to enter extracellular vesicles (EVs), and in doing so, they can also reach cells other than those that produced them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Maria Di Liegro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche) (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gabriella Schiera
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche) (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Schirò
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica Avanzata) (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Italia Di Liegro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica Avanzata) (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-091-238-97 (ext. 415/446)
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Therapeutic use of calpeptin in COVID-19 infection. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1439-1447. [PMID: 36268783 PMCID: PMC9594985 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This perspective considers the benefits of the potential future use of the cell permeant calpain inhibitor, calpeptin, as a drug to treat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Recent work has reported calpeptin’s capacity to inhibit entry of the virus into cells. Elsewhere, several drugs, including calpeptin, were found to be able to inhibit extracellular vesicle (EV) biogenesis. Unsurprisingly, because of similarities between viral and EV release mechanisms, calpeptin has also been shown to inhibit viral egress. This approach, identifying calpeptin, through large-scale screening studies as a candidate drug to treat COVID-19, however, has not considered the longer term likely benefits of calpain inhibition, post-COVID-19. This perspective will reflect on the capacity of calpeptin for treating long COVID by inhibiting the overproduction of neutrophil extracellular traps potentially damaging lung cells and promoting clotting, together with limiting associated chronic inflammation, tissue damage and pulmonary fibrosis. It will also reflect on the tolerated and detrimental in vivo side-effects of calpain inhibition from various preclinical studies.
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