microRNA-based diagnostic and therapeutic applications in cancer medicine

Recent advances in the role of miRNAs in bone disease

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

This review explores the potential of circulating miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers for osteoporosis and bone associated disease, highlighting challenges in translating miRNA findings into clinical practice, including variability in circulating miRNA levels, the need for robust assay methods, and the importance of preanalytical and postanalytical variables.

RECENT FINDING

Recent finding in miRNA research have identified miRNAs involved in bone cells differentiation, function, and in the regulation of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Novel miRNAs associated with osteoporosis, fracture risk, and bone turnover, as well as their utility in distinguishing between primary and secondary forms of osteoporosis have been recently identified. On the other hand, clinical implementation of miRNAs is still limited due to the lack of standardized analytical procedures.

SUMMARY

miRNAs are noncoding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression, making them key players in complex biological processes, such as bone metabolism. The altered expression of several miRNAs may contribute to bone disorders, including osteoporosis. While significant progress has been made in identifying circulating miRNAs associated with bone disorders, the clinical implementation of miRNA-based diagnostics requires further research and standardization of methods before becoming part of clinical practice.

A three-way junction-mediated SDA cascade CHA system for miRNA detection

The alterations in the miRNA expression profile play a crucial role in the onset and progression of various human malignancies. Consequently, the development of sensitive, specific, and precise methods for miRNA detection represents a promising tool for diagnosing and treating of cancers. In this study, we propose a highly sensitive detection strategy for tumor-associated miRNAs utilizing a three-way junction (TWJ) mediated strand displacement amplification (SDA) cascade coupled with catalyzed hairpin assembly (CHA). This approach enables the accurate discrimination of miRNAs from other RNA molecules through target recognition and proximity effects facilitated by the TWJ structure, which subsequently triggers SDA for initial amplification. In addition, the CHA underwent a second round of amplification, which ultimately enabled the successful detection of low-abundance miRNA. Leveraging the signal amplification method of dual isothermal amplification, this strategy demonstrates excellent linearity from 1 pM to 10 nM, with a detection limit of 0.24 pM. Notably, this approach holds significant potential for practical applications in real samples, offering a novel method to investigate the expression profiles of various miRNAs in different tumor cells and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of miRNAs in tumorigenesis and progression.

Identification of Deregulated miRNAs and mRNAs Involved in Tumorigenesis and Detection of Glioblastoma Patients Applying Next-Generation RNA Sequencing

(1) Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive brain tumors with a poor prognosis. Therefore, new insights into GBM diagnosis and treatment are required. In addition to differentially expressed mRNAs, miRNAs may have the potential to be applied as diagnostic biomarkers. (2) Methods: In this study, profiling of human miRNAs in combination with mRNAs was performed on total RNA isolated from tissue samples of five control and five GBM patients, using a high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) approach. (3) Results: A total of 35 miRNAs and 365 mRNAs were upregulated, while 82 miRNAs and 1225 mRNAs showed significant downregulation between tissue samples of GBM patients compared to the control samples using the iDEP tool to analyze RNA-Seq data. To validate our results, the expression of five miRNAs (hsa-miR-196a-5p, hsa-miR-21-3p, hsa-miR-10b-3p, hsa-miR-383-5p, and hsa-miR-490-3p) and fourteen mRNAs (E2F2, HOXD13, VEGFA, CDC45, AURKB, HOXC10, MYBL2, FABP6, PRLHR, NEUROD6, CBLN1, HRH3, HCN1, and RELN) was determined by RT-qPCR assay. The miRNet tool was used to build miRNA-target interaction. Furthermore, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was created from the miRNA targets by applying the NetworkAnalyst 3.0 tool. Based on the PPI network, a functional enrichment analysis of the target proteins was also carried out. (4) Conclusions: We identified an miRNA panel and several deregulated mRNAs that could play an important role in tumor development and distinguish GBM patients from healthy controls with high sensitivity and specificity using total RNA isolated from tissue samples.

The regulatory role of lncRNA in tumor drug resistance: refracting light through a narrow aperture

As living conditions improve and diagnostic capabilities advance, the incidence of tumors has increased, with cancer becoming a leading cause of death worldwide. Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are the most common treatments. Despite advances in treatment options, chemotherapy remains a routine first-line treatment for most tumors. Due to the continuous and extensive use of chemotherapy drugs, tumor resistance often develops, becoming a significant cause of treatment failure and poor prognosis. Recent research has increasingly focused on how long stranded non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) influence the development of malignant tumors and drug resistance by regulating gene expression and other biological mechanisms during cell growth. Studies have demonstrated that variations in lncRNA expression levels, influenced by both interpatient variability and intratumoral genetic and epigenetic differences, are closely linked to tumor drug resistance. Therefore, this review advocates using lncRNA as a framework to investigate the regulation of genes associated with drug resistance, proposing lncRNA-targeted therapeutic strategies to potentially increase the efficacy of chemotherapy, improve patient outcomes, and guide future research directions.

The Clinical Role of miRNAs in the Development and Treatment of Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common brain tumor and one of the most aggressive, with a median overall survival (OS) of only 15-18 months. These characteristics make it necessary to identify new targets for the improvement of prognosis and better prediction of response to therapies currently available for GBM patients. One possible candidate target could be the evaluation of miRNAs. miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that play important roles in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Due to their functions, miRNAs also control biological processes underlying the development of GBM and may be considered possible targets with a clinical role. This narrative review introduces the concept of miRNAs in GBM from a clinical and a molecular perspective and then addresses the specific miRNAs that are most described in the literature as relevant for the development, the prognosis, and the response to therapies for patients affected by GBM.

Epigenetic Regulation of Chromatin Functions by MicroRNAs and Long Noncoding RNAs and Implications in Human Diseases

The bulk of RNA produced from the genome of complex organisms consists of a very large number of transcripts lacking protein translational potential and collectively known as noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). Initially thought to be mere products of spurious transcriptional noise, ncRNAs are now universally recognized as pivotal players in cell regulatory networks across a broad spectrum of biological processes. Owing to their critical regulatory roles, ncRNA dysfunction is closely associated with the etiopathogenesis of various human malignancies, including cancer. As such, ncRNAs represent valuable diagnostic biomarkers as well as potential targets for innovative therapeutic intervention. In this review, we focus on microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), the two most extensively studied classes in the field of ncRNA biology. After outlining key concepts of miRNA and lncRNA biogenesis pathways, we examine their multiple roles in mediating epigenetic regulation of gene expression and chromatin organization. Finally, by providing numerous examples of specific miRNAs and lncRNAs, we discuss how dysregulation of these mechanisms contributes to the onset and/or progression of various human diseases.

MicroRNAs in disease States

This review highlights the role of miRNAs in various diseases affecting major organ systems. miRNAs are small, non-coding RNA molecules that regulate numerous genes. Dysregulation of miRNAs is linked to many pathological conditions due to their involvement in gene silencing and cellular pathways. We discuss miRNA expression patterns, their physiological and pathological roles, and how changes in miRNA levels contribute to disease. Notably, miRNAs like miR-499 and miR-21 are implicated in heart failure and atherosclerosis. miRNA dysregulation is also associated with colorectal and gastric cancers, influencing tumorigenesis and chemoresistance. In neurological diseases, miRNAs exhibit diverse profiles that affect neurodevelopment and degeneration. Additionally, miRNAs modulate cell function in reproductive organs, impacting fertility and cancer progression. miRNAs such as miR-192 and miR-204 serve as biomarkers for nephropathy and acute kidney injury. These miRNAs are involved in skeletal muscle diseases, contributing to conditions like osteoporosis and sarcopenia. miRNAs function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in cancer, highlighting their potential in diagnostics and therapy. Further research is needed to develop miRNA-based diagnostics and treatments.

Migraine and stroke: correlation, coexistence, dependence - a modern perspective

BACKGROUND

Migraine is a chronic neurological condition that has a well-documented, yet not fully understood connection to stroke, particularly in patients who experience migraine with aura (MA). Although migraine can rarely be directly related to stroke, in the form of migrainous infarction, it serves as an independent risk factor, particularly when combined with other factors such as smoking or hypertension. This study will thoroughly review and summarize the existing literature regarding the relationship between migraine and stroke.

MAIN TEXT

Several key processes are common to both stroke and migraine. These include cortical spreading depression, particularly in MA, endothelial dysfunction, which activates local inflammatory responses, and vasculopathy, which often appears as white matter hyperintensities on neuroimaging. Furthermore, microRNAs also play a significant role in the pathogenesis of both migraine and stroke by targeting genes such as CALCA, which regulates calcitonin gene-related peptide, a factor involved in the pathophysiology of both conditions. There are also several genetic links between migraine and stroke, including both monogenic diseases and common risk loci. Moreover, various conditions are linked to both migraine and stroke, including patent foramen ovale (PFO), atrial fibrillation, carotid artery dissection, platelet dysfunction, dyslipidemia, obesity, hyperhomocysteinemia, and elevated estrogen levels, such as in combined hormonal contraceptives. Notably, PFO is often found in patients who have experienced a cryptogenic stroke, as well as in those with MA. While microemboli associated with PFO may provoke ischemic events and migraine attacks, the effectiveness of PFO closure in alleviating migraine symptoms has produced varying results. Migraine is linked to worse outcomes after ischemic stroke, including larger stroke volumes and poorer functional outcomes, while the connection between migraines and hemorrhagic stroke is less understood. Furthermore, migraine may serve as a stroke mimic (condition presenting with symptoms similar to ischemic stroke) or a stroke chameleon (unrecognized stroke misdiagnosed as migraine), leading to significant diagnostic and treatment errors.

CONCLUSIONS

The interplay between migraine and stroke is complex, involving shared pathophysiology and overlapping risk factors. While migraine can serve as both a cause and a risk factor for stroke, the precise mechanisms remain unclear, warranting further research to clarify their connection and enhance clinical management.

Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer: Structure, Function, and Clinical Application

We are on the brink of a paradigm shift in both theoretical and clinical oncology. Genomic and transcriptomic profiling, alongside personalized approaches that account for individual patient variability, are increasingly shaping discourse. Discussions on the future of personalized cancer medicine are mainly dominated by the potential of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which play a prominent role in cancer progression and metastasis formation by regulating the expression of oncogenic or tumor suppressor proteins at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels; furthermore, their cell-free counterparts might be involved in intercellular communication. Non-coding RNAs are considered to be promising biomarker candidates for early diagnosis of cancer as well as potential therapeutic agents. This review aims to provide clarity amidst the vast body of literature by focusing on diverse species of ncRNAs, exploring the structure, origin, function, and potential clinical applications of miRNAs, siRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs, snRNAs, snoRNAs, eRNAs, paRNAs, YRNAs, vtRNAs, and piRNAs. We discuss molecular methods used for their detection or functional studies both in vitro and in vivo. We also address the challenges that must be overcome to enter a new era of cancer diagnosis and therapy that will reshape the future of oncology.

A Systematic Review of Circulating miRNAs Validated by Multiple Independent Studies in Laryngeal Cancer

Background and Objectives: Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is a common head and neck cancer with significant morbidity and mortality. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as promising non-invasive biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. This systematic review aims to identify circulating miRNAs associated with LSCC, emphasizing those validated by at least two independent studies to improve reliability and clinical applicability. Methods: An extensive literature search was performed in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases up to October 2024, using keywords related to LSCC and circulating miRNAs. Studies involving human participants that provided quantitative data on circulating miRNA expression levels and their clinical correlations were included. Data extraction and quality assessment were conducted following standardized protocols, highlighting miRNAs reported in multiple studies. Results: Nine high-quality studies encompassing 660 patients with LSCC and 212 controls were included. Several miRNAs were consistently identified across these studies. miR-21-5p was upregulated in four studies and associated with advanced disease stages, lymph node metastasis, and decreased survival rates. miR-125b-5p and miR-126-3p were consistently downregulated, linked to advanced clinical stages and poor tumor differentiation. miR-27a-3p was upregulated in two studies and correlated with poor prognosis, promoting LSCC progression by targeting Smad4. Additionally, miR-33a-5p was identified as a potential diagnostic biomarker with high sensitivity and specificity. These miRNAs show potential as non-invasive biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of LSCC. Conclusions: This systematic review highlights specific circulating miRNAs-particularly miR-21-5p, miR-125b-5p, miR-126-3p, miR-27a-3p, and miR-33a-5p-as promising biomarkers for LSCC. The consistent findings across independent studies emphasize their potential clinical utility in early detection, prognostic assessment, and therapeutic targeting. However, further validation in larger and more diverse populations, along with the standardization of detection methods, is necessary before these biomarkers can be implemented in clinical practice.

Salivary miRNAs and cytokines associated with diagnosis and prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignant tumour in the oral and maxillofacial region. Early diagnosis can significantly improve the 5-year survival rate of patients with OSCC. Therefore, it is extremely important to differentiate OSCC patients early, easily and quickly. Human saliva contains a variety of components that can be used as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of OSCC. Studies have shown that salivary microRNAs (miRNAs) and cytokines are closely associated with the progression of OSCC. The aim of this review is to summarize the research progress of salivary biomarkers (miRNAs and cytokines) in the past 3 years, and to explore the possibility of using miRNAs and cytokines to improve the diagnosis and prognosis of OSCC.

miRTarBase 2025: updates to the collection of experimentally validated microRNA-target interactions

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs (18-26 nucleotides) that regulate gene expression by interacting with target mRNAs, affecting various physiological and pathological processes. miRTarBase, a database of experimentally validated miRNA-target interactions (MTIs), now features over 3 817 550 validated MTIs from 13 690 articles, significantly expanding its previous version. The updated database includes miRNA interactions with therapeutic agents, revealing roles in drug resistance and therapeutic strategies. It also highlights miRNAs as predictive, safety and monitoring biomarkers for toxicity assessment, clinical treatment guidance and therapeutic optimization. The expansion of miRNA-mRNA and miRNA-miRNA networks allows the identification of key regulatory genes and co-regulatory miRNAs, providing deeper insights into miRNA functions and critical target genes. Information on oxidized miRNA sequences has been added, shedding light on how oxidative modifications influence miRNA targeting and regulation. The integration of the LLAMA3 model into the NLP pipeline, alongside prompt engineering, enables the efficient identification of MTIs and miRNA-disease associations without large training datasets. An updated data integration and a redesigned user interface enhance accessibility, reinforcing miRTarBase as an essential resource for molecular oncology, drug development and related fields. The updated miRTarBase is available at https://mirtarbase.cuhk.edu.cn/∼miRTarBase/miRTarBase_2025.

Integrative analysis of miRNA expression data reveals a minimal signature for tumour cells classification

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are pivotal biomarkers for cancer screening. Identifying distinctive expression patterns of miRNAs in specific cancer types can serve as an effective strategy for classification and characterization. However, the development of a minimal signature of miRNAs for accurate cancer classification remains challenging, hindered by the lack of integrated approaches that systematically analyse miRNA expression levels of miRNAs alongside their associated biological pathways. In this study, we present a comprehensive integrative approach that utilizes transcriptomic data from lung, breast, and melanoma cancer cell lines to identify specific expression patterns. By combining bioinformatics, dimensionality reduction techniques, machine learning, and experimental validation, we pinpoint miRNAs linked to critical biological pathways. Our results demonstrate a highly significant differentiation of cancer types, achieving 100 % classification accuracy with minimal training time using a streamlined miRNA signature. Validation of the miRNA profile confirms that each of the three identified miRNAs regulates distinct biological pathways with minimal overlap. This specificity highlights their unique roles in tumour biology and set the stage for further exploration of miRNAs interactions and their contributions to tumourigenesis across diverse cancer types. Our work paves the way for multi-cancer classification, emphasizing the transformative potential of miRNA research in oncology. Beyond advancing the understanding of tumour biology, our step-by-step guide offers a robust tool for a wide range of users to investigate precise diagnostics and promising therapeutic strategies.

Applications of Nanopore sequencing in precision cancer medicine

Oxford Nanopore Technologies sequencing, also referred to as Nanopore sequencing, stands at the forefront of a revolution in clinical genetics, offering the potential for rapid, long read, and real-time DNA and RNA sequencing. This technology is currently making sequencing more accessible and affordable. In this comprehensive review, we explore its potential regarding precision cancer diagnostics and treatment. We encompass a critical analysis of clinical cases where Nanopore sequencing was successfully applied to identify point mutations, splice variants, gene fusions, epigenetic modifications, non-coding RNAs, and other pivotal biomarkers that defined subsequent treatment strategies. Additionally, we address the challenges of clinical applications of Nanopore sequencing and discuss the current efforts to overcome them.

Elevating microRNA levels by targeting biogenesis with steric-blocking antisense oligonucleotides

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regulators of gene expression, and their dysregulation is linked to cancer and other diseases, making them important therapeutic targets. Several strategies for targeting and modulating miRNA activity are being explored. For example, steric-blocking antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) can reduce miRNA activity by either blocking binding sites on specific mRNAs or base-pairing to the miRNA itself to prevent its interaction with the target mRNAs. ASOs have been less explored as a tool to elevate miRNA levels, which could also be beneficial for treating disease. In this study, using the PKD1/miR-1225 gene locus as an example, where miR-1225 is located within a PKD1 intron, we demonstrate an ASO-based strategy that increases miRNA abundance by enhancing biogenesis from the primary miRNA transcript. Disruptions in PKD1 and miR-1225 are associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and various cancers, respectively, making them important therapeutic targets. We investigated PKD1 sequence variants reported in ADPKD that are located within the sequence shared by miR-1225 and PKD1, and identified one that causes a reduction in miR-1225 without affecting PKD1 We show that this reduction in miR-1225 can be recovered by treatment with a steric-blocking ASO. The ASO-induced increase in miR-1225 correlates with a decrease in the abundance of predicted miR-1225 cellular mRNA targets. This study demonstrates that miRNA abundance can be elevated using ASOs targeted to the primary transcript. This steric-blocking ASO-based approach has broad potential application as a therapeutic strategy for diseases that could be treated by modulating miRNA biogenesis.

Lnc NEAT1 facilitates the progression of melanoma by targeting the miR-152-3p/CDK6 axis: An observational study

Long noncoding (Lnc) RNAs are novel regulators in melanoma. Lnc nuclear enriched autosomal transcript 1 (NEAT1) was reportedly upregulated in melanoma; however, the functional roles and mechanisms of Lnc NEAT1 need further investigation. Therefore, we used quantitative real-time PCR to determine the mRNA levels of Lnc NEAT1, miR-152-3p, and cyclin-dependent protein kinase 6 (CDK6). The protein level of CDK6 was determined by Western blot. Cell counting kit 8 and colony formation assays were used to assess cell proliferation. Cell migration was measured by wound healing and Transwell assays. Direct binding of the indicated molecules was verified by an RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation assay and a dual luciferase reporter assay. The results revealed that Lnc NEAT1 and CDK6 were elevated, while miR-152-3p was downregulated in melanoma. Furthermore, Lnc NEAT1 was positively correlated with CDK6 expression and negatively correlated with miR-152-3p level. Furthermore, Lnc NEAT1 facilitated proliferation, migration, and invasion of melanoma cells. The underlying mechanism is that Lnc NEAT1 serves as a sponge for miR-152-3p to suppress the inhibitory effect of miR-152-3p on CDK6. Furthermore, the miR-152-3p/ CDK6 axis was implicated in the progression of melanoma accelerated by Lnc NEAT1. Taken together, Lnc NEAT1 may promote melanoma development by serving as an endogenous sponge of miR-152-3p, increasing CDK6 expression, and identifying a new target for the treatment of melanoma.

Deciphering the multifaceted role of microRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma: Integrating literature review and bioinformatics analysis for therapeutic insights

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) poses a significant global health challenge, necessitating innovative therapeutic strategies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as pivotal regulators of HCC pathogenesis, influencing key processes such as self-renewal, angiogenesis, glycolysis, autophagy, and metastasis. This article integrates findings from a comprehensive literature review and bioinformatics analysis to elucidate the role of miRNAs in HCC. We discuss how dysregulation of miRNAs can drive HCC initiation, progression, and metastasis by modulating various signaling pathways and target genes. Moreover, leveraging high-throughput technology and bioinformatics tools, we identify key miRNAs involved in multiple cancer hallmarks, offering insights into potential combinatorial therapeutic strategies. Through our analysis considering p-values and signaling pathways associated with key features, we unveil miRNAs with simultaneous roles across critical cancer characteristics, providing a basis for the development of high-performance biomarkers. The microRNAs, miR-34a-5p, miR-373-3p, miR-21-5p, miR-214-5p, miR-195-5p, miR-139-5p were identified to be shared microRNAs in stemness, angiogenesis, glycolysis, autophagy, EMT, and metastasis of HCC. However, challenges such as miRNA stability and delivery hinder the translation of miRNA-based therapeutics into clinical practice. This review underscores the importance of further research to overcome existing barriers and realize the full potential of miRNA-based interventions for HCC management.

miR-3065-5p and miR-26a-5p as Clinical Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer: A Translational Study

Background/Objectives: The prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) is mainly based on the clinical stage; however, CRC is considered a complex disease due to its molecular heterogeneity. The development of novel biomarkers to improve patients' diagnosis and prognosis remains fundamental. Methods: A cohort of forty-nine CRC patients from the National Cancer Institute of Mexico was included to collect clinical and miRNA expression data. The expression of a group of miRNAs was compared between CRC and non-tumoral adjacent tissues. Prognosis assessment considering each miRNA expression was tested using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox regressions. Statistical significance was defined as p ≤ 0.05. Trial registration: Retrospective study No.2021/046. Results: miR-3065-5p and miR-26a-5p expression differed between non-tumoral adjacent and tumoral tissues (p = 0.02). In terms of overall survival (OS), patients with low expression of miR-3065-5p had a median OS of 70 months, while patients with high levels did not reach the median OS (p = 0.041). Male patients with low expression of this miRNA had an OS of 70 months, whereas patients with high levels did not reach the median OS (p = 0.050). Under uni-multivariate analysis, clinical stage (HR: 1.30, CI 1.23-2.30; p: 0.001) and low levels of miR-3065-5p (HR: 1.30, CI 1.23-2.30; p: 0.001) were determined as predictor factors of OS. To this end, we designed the "Prognosis miRNAs assessment in cancer" (PROMIR-C) algorithm, which integrated clinical features with miR-3065-5p expression levels. Conclusions: These findings support the clinical utility of miR-26a-5p and miR-3065-5p in the diagnosis and prognosis of CRC. PROMIR-C is a fundamental tool for clinicians in treatment decision-making, prognosis assessment, and outcome of CRC.

Decoding the Promise and Challenges of miRNA-Based Cancer Therapies: An Essential Update on miR-21, miR-34, and miR-155

MicroRNAs (miRNAs)-based therapies hold great promise for cancer treatment, challenges such as expression variability, off-target effects, and limited clinical effectiveness have led to the withdrawal of many clinical trials. This review investigates the setbacks in miRNA-based therapies by examining miR-21, miR-34, and miR-155, highlighting their functional complexity, off-target effects, and the challenges in delivering these therapies effectively. Moreover, It highlights recent advances in delivery methods, combination therapies, and personalized treatment approaches to overcome these challenges. This review highlights the intricate molecular networks involving miRNAs, particularly their interactions with other non-coding RNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), emphasizing the pivotal role of miRNAs in cancer biology and therapeutic strategies. By addressing these hurdles, this review aims to steer future research toward harnessing the potential of miRNA therapies to target cancer pathways effectively, enhance anti-tumor responses, and ultimately improve patient outcomes in precision cancer therapy.

Exosomal microRNA let-7c-5p enhances cell malignant characteristics by inhibiting TAGLN in oral cancer

Background

Oral cancer, a malignancy that is prevalent worldwide, is often diagnosed at an advanced stage. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in circulating exosomes have emerged as promising cancer biomarkers. The role of miRNA let-7c-5p in oral cancer remains underexplored, and its potential involvement in tumorigenesis warrants comprehensive investigation.

Methods

Serum samples from 30 patients with oral cancer and 20 healthy controls were used to isolate exosomes and quantify their RNA content. Isolation of the exosomes was confirmed through transmission electron microscopy. Quantitative PCR was used to assess the miRNA profiles. The effects of let-7c-5p and TAGLN overexpression on oral cancer cell viability, migration, and invasion were analyzed via CCK-8 and Transwell assays. Moreover, we conducted mRNA sequencing of exosomal RNA from exosomes overexpressing let-7c-5p to delineate the gene expression profile and identify potential let-7c-5p target genes.

Results

let-7c-5p was upregulated in serum-derived exosomes of patients with oral cancer. Overexpression of let-7c-5p in the TCA8113 and CAL-27 cell lines enhanced their proliferative, migratory, and invasive capacities, and overexpression of let-7c-5p cell-derived exosomes promoted oral cancer cell invasiveness. Exosomal mRNA sequencing revealed 2,551 differentially expressed genes between control cell-derived exosomes and overexpressed let-7c-5p cell-derived exosomes. We further identified TAGLN as a direct target of let-7c-5p, which has been implicated in modulating the oncogenic potential of oral cancer cells. Overexpression of TAGLN reverses the promoting role of let-7c-5p on oral cancer cells.

Conclusion

Our findings highlight the role of exosomal let-7c-5p in enhancing oral cancer cell aggressiveness by downregulating TAGLN expression, highlighting its potential as a diagnostic and therapeutic strategy.

Higher microRNA-221 and lower microRNA-451 expression are associated with poor prognosis in patients with thyroid papillary carcinoma

BACKGROUND

To analyze the relationship between serum microRNA-221 and microRNA-451 expression and the pathological features and prognosis of patients with thyroid papillary carcinoma.

METHODS

Cross-sectional study that included 120 patients with papillary thyroid cancer treated at the hospital and 120 healthy volunteers selected as the control group who underwent physical examination. The relative expression levels of microRNA-221 and microRNA-451 were compared between the thyroid papillary carcinoma group (prior to treatment) and the control group. Additionally, microRNA-221 and microRNA-451 expression levels were analyzed in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma across different pathological characteristics.

RESULTS

Serum microRNA-221 relative levels were significantly higher (p<0.001) in the papillary carcinoma group compared to the control group, while microRNA-451 levels were higher in the control group (p<0.001). In the papillary carcinoma group, microRNA-221 expression was significantly higher in patients with extracapsular invasion (p<0.001), lymphatic metastasis (p=0.003), and poor prognosis (p<0.001). Conversely, microRNA-451 expression was significantly lower (p<0.001) in patients with extracapsular invasion, lymphatic metastasis and poor prognosis. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, morphological features suggestive of an aggressive clinical behavior (extracapsular invasion and lymphatic metastasis) were related to high expression of microRNA-221 and low expression of microRNA-451 in patients with thyroid papillary carcinoma (p<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Serum microRNA-221 and microRNA-451 expression levels are significantly higher and lower, respectively, in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma, particularly in patients with morphological features suggestive of an aggressive clinical behavior (extracapsular invasion and lymphatic metastasis) and, therefore, of a poor prognosis.

Sensitive Multiplexed MicroRNA Spatial Profiling and Data Classification Framework Applied to Murine Breast Tumors

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs that are often dysregulated in many diseases, including cancers. They are highly tissue-specific and stable, thus, making them particularly useful as biomarkers. As the spatial transcriptomics field advances, protocols that enable highly sensitive and spatially resolved detection become necessary to maximize the information gained from samples. This is especially true of miRNAs where the location their expression within tissue can provide prognostic value with regard to patient outcome. Equally as important as detection are ways to assess and visualize the miRNA's spatial information in order to leverage the power of spatial transcriptomics over that of traditional nonspatial bulk assays. We present a highly sensitive methodology that simultaneously quantitates and spatially detects seven miRNAs in situ on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections. This method utilizes rolling circle amplification (RCA) in conjunction with a dual scanning approach in nanoliter well arrays with embedded hydrogel posts. The hydrogel posts are functionalized with DNA probes that enable the detection of miRNAs across a large dynamic range (4 orders of magnitude) and a limit of detection of 0.17 zeptomoles (1.7 × 10-4 attomoles). We applied our methodology coupled with a data analysis pipeline to K14-Cre Brca1f/fTp53f/f murine breast tumors to showcase the information gained from this approach.

Research Progress of miRNA in Heart Failure: Prediction and Treatment

ABSTRACT

This review summarizes the multiple roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the prediction and treatment of heart failure (HF), including the molecular mechanisms regulating cell apoptosis, myocardial fibrosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and ventricular remodeling, and highlights the importance of miRNAs in the prognosis of HF. In addition, the strategies for alleviating HF with miRNA intervention are discussed. On the basis of the challenges and emerging directions in the research and clinical practice of HF miRNAs, it is proposed that miRNA-based therapy could be a new approach for prevention and treatment of HF.

Exosomal miRNA-92a derived from cancer-associated fibroblasts promote invasion and metastasis in breast cancer by regulating G3BP2

Cancer-associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) exert a tumor-promoting effect in various cancers, including breast cancer. CAFs secrete exosomes containing miRNA and proteins, influencing the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we identified CAF-derived exosomes that transport functional miR-92a from CAFs to tumor cells, thereby intensifying the aggressiveness of breast cancer. CAFs downregulate the expression of G3BP2 in breast cancer cells, and a significant elevation in miR-92a levels in CAF-derived exosomes was observed. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that miR-92a enhances breast cancer cell migration and invasion by directly targeting G3BP2, functioning as a tumor-promoting miRNA. We validated that the RNA-binding proteins SNRPA facilitate the transfer of CAF-derived exosomal miR-92a to breast cancer cells. The reduction of G3BP2 protein by CAF-derived exosomes releases TWIST1 into the nucleus, promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and further exacerbating breast cancer progression. Moreover, CAF-derived exosomal miR-92a induces tumor invasion and metastasis in mice. Overall, our study reveals that CAF-derived exosomal miR-92a serves as a promoter in the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells by reducing G3BP2 and may represent a potential novel tumor marker for breast cancer.

The cooperative regulatory effect of the miRNA-130 family on milk fat metabolism in dairy cows

OBJECTIVE

There is a strong relationship between the content of beneficial fatty acids in milk and milk fat metabolic activity in the mammary gland. To improve milk quality, it is therefore necessary to study fatty acid metabolism in bovine mammary gland tissue. In adipose tissue, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), the core transcription factor, regulates the fatty acid metabolism gene network and determines fatty acid deposition. However, its regulatory effects on mammary gland fatty acid metabolism during lactation have rarely been reported.

METHODS

Transcriptome sequencing was performed during the prelactation period and the peak lactation period to examine mRNA expression. The significant upregulation of PPARG drew our attention and led us to conduct further research.

RESULTS

According to bioinformatics prediction, dual-luciferase reporter system detection, real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, miR-130a and miR-130b could directly target PPARG and inhibit its expression. Furthermore, triglyceride and oil red O staining proved that miR-130a and miR-130b inhibited milk fat metabolism in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs), while PPARG promoted this metabolism. In addition, we also found that the coexpression of miR-130a and miR-130b significantly enhanced their ability to regulate milk fat metabolism.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, our findings indicated that miR-130a and miR-130b could target and repress PPARG and that they also have a functional superposition effect. miR-130a and miR-130b seem to synergistically regulate lipid catabolism via the control of PPARG in BMECs. In the long-term, these findings might be helpful in developing practical means to improve high-quality milk.

The impact of COVID-19 on microRNA and CD marker expression in AML patients

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is an aggressive leukaemia characterised by uncontrolled blast cell proliferation. miRNAs and Clusters of Differentiation (CD) molecules play essential roles in AML progression. This study aims to investigate the effect of COVID-19 on the expression of circulating miRNA and CD molecules in AML. This cross-sectional study recruited 32 AML patients and 20 controls. Blood samples were collected and analysed using molecular cytogenetic, miRNA/mRNA expression, and flow cytometry techniques. The expression of miRNAs varied significantly between patients with AML and control individuals. The co-expression of these miRNAs was higher (P < 0.05), indicating that the presence of one miRNA led to increased expression of other miRNAs. A differential correlation was observed between miRNAs and CD markers. Additionally, miRNA 16, miRNA 21, and miRNA 221 showed significant downregulation (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) in AML patients with COVID-19 infection compared to those without a disease. Interestingly, this study identified a higher expression level (P < 0.01) of miRNA 137 as a novel biomarker for AML patients. Moreover, the expression of miRNA 137 showed a high correlation (P < 0.05) with most of the CD markers examined in this study and FISH features data. Furthermore, a strong correlation (P < 0.01) was observed between CD markers and miRNA among AML patients with positive and negative COVID-19 infection. These data demonstrated that COVID-19 contributed to increased expression of microRNAs in AML patients. MicroRNA 137 was identified as a novel microRNA that exhibited significant differences between patients and healthy individuals, highlighting its role in AML pathogenesis.

miR-181c-5p/DERL1 pathway controls breast cancer progression mediated by TRAF6-linked K63 ubiquitination of AKT

BACKGROUND

Aberrant Derlin-1 (DERL1) expression is associated with an overactivation of p-AKT, whose involvement in breast cancer (BRCA) development has been widely speculated. However, the precise mechanism that links DERL1 expression and AKT activation is less well-studied.

METHODS

Bioinformatic analyses hold a promising approach by which to detect genes' expression levels and their association with disease prognoses in patients. In the present work, a dual-luciferase assay was employed to investigate the relationship between DERL1 expression and the candidate miRNA by both in vitro and in vivo methods. Further in-depth studies involving immunoprecipitation-mass spectrum (IP-MS), co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), as well as Zdock prediction were performed.

RESULTS

Overexpression of DERL1 was detected in all phenotypes of BRCA, and its knockdown showed an inhibitory effect on BRCA cells both in vitro and in vivo. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database reported that DERL1 overexpression was correlated with poor overall survival in BRCA cases, and so the quantification of DERL1 expression could be a potential marker for the clinical diagnosis of BRCA. On the other hand, miR-181c-5p was downregulated in BRCA, suggesting that its overexpression could be a potent therapeutic route to improve the overall survival of BRCA cases. Prior bioinformatic analyses indicated a somewhat positive correlation between DERL1 and TRAF6 as well as between TRAF6 and AKT, but not between miR-181c-5p and DERL1. In retrospect, DERL1 overexpression promoted p-AKT activation through K63 ubiquitination. DERL1 was believed to directly interact with the E3 ligase TRAF6. As Tyr77Ala or Tyr77Ala/Gln81Ala/Arg85Ala/Val158Ala attempts to prevent the interaction between DERL1 and TRAF domain of TRAF6, resulted in a significant reduction in K63-ubiquitinated p-AKT production. However, mutations in Gln81Ala, Arg85Ala, or Val158Ala could possibly interrupt with these processes.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data confirm that mediation of the miR-181c-5p/DERL1 pathway by TRAF6-linked AKT K63 ubiquitination holds one of the clues to set our focus on toward meeting the therapeutic goals of BRCA.

Osteosarcoma in a ceRNET perspective

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most prevalent and fatal type of bone tumor. It is characterized by great heterogeneity of genomic aberrations, mutated genes, and cell types contribution, making therapy and patients management particularly challenging. A unifying picture of molecular mechanisms underlying the disease could help to transform those challenges into opportunities.This review deeply explores the occurrence in OS of large-scale RNA regulatory networks, denominated "competing endogenous RNA network" (ceRNET), wherein different RNA biotypes, such as long non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs and mRNAs can functionally interact each other by competitively binding to shared microRNAs. Here, we discuss how the unbalancing of any network component can derail the entire circuit, driving OS onset and progression by impacting on cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tumor growth and metastasis, and even chemotherapeutic resistance, as distilled from many studies. Intriguingly, the aberrant expression of the networks components in OS cells can be triggered also by the surroundings, through cytokines and vesicles, with their bioactive cargo of proteins and non-coding RNAs, highlighting the relevance of tumor microenvironment. A comprehensive picture of RNA regulatory networks underlying OS could pave the way for the development of innovative RNA-targeted and RNA-based therapies and new diagnostic tools, also in the perspective of precision oncology.

Quantum sensing of microRNAs with nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond

Label-free detection of nucleic acids such as microRNAs holds great potential for early diagnostics of various types of cancers. Measuring intrinsic biomolecular charge using methods based on field effect has been a promising way to accomplish label-free detection. However, the charges of biomolecules are screened by counter ions in solutions over a short distance (Debye length), thereby limiting the sensitivity of these methods. Here, we measure the intrinsic magnetic noise of paramagnetic counter ions, such as Mn2+, interacting with microRNAs using nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations show that microRNA interacts with the diamond surface resulting in excess accumulation of Mn ions and stronger magnetic noise. We confirm this prediction by observing an increase in spin relaxation contrast of the NV centers, indicating higher Mn2+ local concentration. This opens new possibilities for next-generation quantum sensing of charged biomolecules, overcoming limitations due to the Debye screening.

The emerging roles of miRNA-mediated autophagy in ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer is one of the common tumors of the female reproductive organs. It has a high mortality rate, is highly heterogeneous, and early detection and primary prevention are very complex. Autophagy is a cellular process in which cytoplasmic substrates are targeted for degradation in lysosomes through membrane structures called autophagosomes. The periodic elimination of damaged, aged, and redundant cellular molecules or organelles through the sequential translation between amino acids and proteins by two biological processes, protein synthesis, and autophagic protein degradation, helps maintain cellular homeostasis. A growing number of studies have found that autophagy plays a key regulatory role in ovarian cancer. Interestingly, microRNAs regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level and thus can regulate the development and progression of ovarian cancer through the regulation of autophagy in ovarian cancer. Certain miRNAs have recently emerged as important regulators of autophagy-related gene expression in cancer cells. Moreover, miRNA analysis studies have now identified a sea of aberrantly expressed miRNAs in ovarian cancer tissues that can affect autophagy in ovarian cancer cells. In addition, miRNAs in plasma and stromal cells in tumor patients can affect the expression of autophagy-related genes and can be used as biomarkers of ovarian cancer progression. This review focuses on the potential significance of miRNA-regulated autophagy in the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer.

The role of miR-155 in urologic malignancies

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short non-coding RNAs that play a crucial role in regulating gene expression across multiple levels. They are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and cell cycle control. In recent years, miRNAs have emerged as pivotal regulatory molecules in the development and progression of tumors. Among these, miR-155 has garnered significant attention due to its high expression in various diseases, particularly urologic malignancies. Since an extensive corpus of studies having focused on the roles of miR-155 in various urologic malignancies, it is essential to summarize the current evidence on this topic through a comprehensive review. Altered miR-155 expression is related to various physiological and pathological processes, including immune response, inflammation, tumor development and treatment resistance. Notably, alterations in miR-155 expression have been observed in urologic malignancies as well. The up-regulation of miR-155 expression is commonly observed in urologic malignancies, contributing to their progression by targeting specific proteins and signaling pathways. This article provides a comprehensive review of the significant role played by miR-155 in the development of urologic malignancies. Furthermore, the potential of miR-155 as a biomarker and therapeutic target in urologic malignancies is also discussed.

Chemical modification patterns for microRNA therapeutic mimics: a structure-activity relationship (SAR) case-study on miR-200c

microRNA (miRNA) mimics are an emerging class of oligonucleotide therapeutics, with a few compounds already in clinical stages. Synthetic miRNAs are able to restore downregulated levels of intrinsic miRNAs, allowing for parallel regulation of multiple genes involved in a particular disease. In this work, we examined the influence of chemical modifications patterns in miR-200c mimics, assessing the regulation of a selection of target messenger RNAs (mRNA) and, subsequently, of the whole transcriptome in A549 cells. We have probed 37 mimics and provided an initial set of instructions for designing miRNA mimics with potency and selectivity similar to an unmodified miRNA duplex. Additionally, we have examined the stability of selected mimics in serum. Finally, the selected two modification patterns were translated to two other miRNAs, miR-34a and miR-155. To differing degrees, these designs acted on target mRNAs in a similar manner to the unmodified mimic. Here, for the first time, we describe a structured overview of 'miRNA mimics modification templates' that are chemically stabilised and optimised for use in an in vitro set up and highlight the need of further sequence specific optimization when mimics are to be used beyond in vitro tool experiments.

MicroRNA biosensors for detection of glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common type of malignant brain tumor.The discovery of microRNAs and their unique properties have made them suitable tools as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of therapeutic response using different types of nanomaterials as sensitive and specific biosensors. In this review, we discuss microRNA-based electrochemical biosensing systems and the use of nanoparticles in the evolving development of microRNA-based biosensors in glioblastoma.

Metabolism-regulating non-coding RNAs in breast cancer: roles, mechanisms and clinical applications

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies that pose a serious threat to women's health. Reprogramming of energy metabolism is a major feature of the malignant transformation of breast cancer. Compared to normal cells, tumor cells reprogram metabolic processes more efficiently, converting nutrient supplies into glucose, amino acid and lipid required for malignant proliferation and progression. Non-coding RNAs(ncRNAs) are a class of functional RNA molecules that are not translated into proteins but regulate the expression of target genes. NcRNAs have been demonstrated to be involved in various aspects of energy metabolism, including glycolysis, glutaminolysis, and fatty acid synthesis. This review focuses on the metabolic regulatory mechanisms and clinical applications of metabolism-regulating ncRNAs involved in breast cancer. We summarize the vital roles played by metabolism-regulating ncRNAs for endocrine therapy, targeted therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy resistance in breast cancer, as well as their potential as therapeutic targets and biomarkers. Difficulties and perspectives of current targeted metabolism and non-coding RNA therapeutic strategies are discussed.

miR-539-5p targets BMP2 to regulate Treg activation in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia through TGF-β/Smads/MAPK

MicroRNAs (mRNAs) were believed to play an important role in cancers, and this study aimed to explore the mechanism of miRNA regulating Treg in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Firstly, the differentially expressed miRNAs and target genes significantly associated with Tregs were screened out by high-throughput sequencing, and their enrichment pathways were analyzed. The binding relationship between miRNA and target genes was further verified, and the effects of miRNA on the proliferation and apoptosis of B-ALL Nalm-6 cells and Treg activation were analyzed. Results showed that differentially expressed miR-539-5p was significantly under-expressed, and its target gene BMP2 was significantly over-expressed in B-ALL, and significantly enriched in the TGF-β1 pathway. In addition, both miR-539-5p and BMP2 were significantly correlated with Treg activity in B-ALL. In vitro experiments further confirmed that miR-539-5p could directly target BMP2. The low expression of miR-539-5p in B-ALL significantly promoted BMP2 expression to promote the proliferation and inhibit apoptosis of Nalm-6 cells. Furthermore, the high expression of BMP2 in B-ALL could cooperate with TGF-β1 to promote the activation of human CD4+CD25-T cells to Treg, and significantly activate the TGF-β/Smads/MAPK pathway. In vivo experiments also confirmed that overexpression of miR-539-5p significantly inhibited BMP2 to suppress Treg activation and Smad1 and Smad2 phosphorylation, and finally inhibit the B-ALL process. In conclusion, miR-539-5p was significantly under-expressed in B-ALL and could target BMP2 to promote its expression, and the overexpressed BMP2 further promoted Treg activation in B-ALL by regulating TGF-β/Smads/MAPK pathway.

A novel nanoprobe for visually investigating the controversial role of miRNA-34a as an oncogene or tumor suppressor in cancer cells

MiRNA-targeted therapy has become a hot topic in current cancer research. The key to this treatment strategy is to clarify the specific role of miRNA in cancer. However, the roles of some miRNAs acting as oncogenic or tumor suppressors are still controversial, which are influenced by different tumor types, even in the same cancer type. Hence, we designed a novel fluorescent nanoprobe based on polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA NPs) for simultaneously detecting caspase-3 and miRNA-34a within living cells. The specific role of miRNA-34a in different cancer cells could be further identified by studying the expression alterations of caspase-3 and miRNA-34a. Confocal imaging indicated that miRNA-34a indeed acted as a tumor suppressor in anticancer drug-treated MCF-7 and HeLa cells, where the effect of miRNA-34a remains controversial. The designed nanoprobe can offer a promising approach to ascertain the oncogenic or tumor-suppressing role of miRNA in different cancer cells with a simple visualization method, which has valuable implications for exploring the practicability of precision therapy focused on miRNA and evaluating the efficacy of new miRNA-targeted anticancer medications.

microRNAs and their therapeutic strategy in phase I and phase II clinical trials

miRNAs play a crucial therapeutic role in diseases such as cancer, diabetes and viral infections, with around 1900 identified in the human genome. Some have progressed to clinical trials, and miRNA mimics and miRNA inhibitors are pivotal therapeutic molecules undergoing evaluation. The review delves into various miRNA-associated clinical trials, emphasizing their precision in targeting specific genes, modulating disease pathways and diagnostic potential. This underscores the importance of miRNA therapy, foreseeing innovations in precision medicine techniques for diverse diseases. The future envisions improved delivery systems addressing challenges like immunogenicity and digestion, while a comprehensive miRNA-based omics database could guide the development of tailored antisense miRNAs, further advancing precision medicine strategies.

The crosstalk between miRNAs and signaling pathways in human cancers: Potential therapeutic implications

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are increasingly recognized as central players in the regulation of eukaryotic physiological processes. These small double stranded RNA molecules have emerged as pivotal regulators in the intricate network of cellular signaling pathways, playing significant roles in the development and progression of human cancers. The central theme in miRNA-mediated regulation of signaling pathways involves their ability to target and modulate the expression of pathway components. Aberrant expression of miRNAs can either promote or suppress key signaling events, influencing critical cellular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. For example, oncogenic miRNAs often promote cancer progression by targeting tumor suppressors or negative regulators of signaling pathways, thereby enhancing pathway activity. Conversely, tumor-suppressive miRNAs frequently inhibit oncogenic signaling by targeting key components within these pathways. This complex regulatory crosstalk underscores the significance of miRNAs as central players in shaping the signaling landscape of cancer cells. Furthermore, the therapeutic implications of targeting miRNAs in cancer are substantial. miRNAs can be manipulated to restore normal signaling pathway activity, offering a potential avenue for precision medicine. The development of miRNA-based therapeutics, including synthetic miRNA mimics and miRNA inhibitors, has shown promise in preclinical and clinical studies. These strategies aim to either enhance the activity of tumor-suppressive miRNAs or inhibit the function of oncogenic miRNAs, thereby restoring balanced signaling and impeding cancer progression. In conclusion, the crosstalk between miRNAs and signaling pathways in human cancers is a dynamic and influential aspect of cancer biology. Understanding this interplay provides valuable insights into cancer development and progression. Harnessing the therapeutic potential of miRNAs as regulators of signaling pathways opens up exciting opportunities for the development of innovative cancer treatments with the potential to improve patient outcomes. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the crosstalk between miRNAs and signaling pathways in the context of cancer and highlight the potential therapeutic implications of targeting this regulatory interplay.

miR-4739 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis in "driver gene-negative" non-small cell lung cancer via activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling

PURPOSE

"Driver gene-negative" non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) currently has no approved targeted drug, due to the lack of common actionable driver molecules. Even though miRNAs play crucial roles in various malignancies, their roles in "driver gene-negative" NSCLC keep unclear.

METHODS

miRNA expression microarrays were utilized to screen miRNAs associated with "driver gene-negative" NSCLC malignant progression. Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH) were employed to validate the expression of miR-4739, and its correlation with clinicopathological characteristics was analyzed in tumor specimens using univariate and multivariate analyses. The biological functions and underlying mechanisms of miR-4739 were investigated both in vitro and in vivo.

RESULTS

our research demonstrated, for the first time, that miR-4739 was substantially increased in "driver gene-negative" NSCLC tumor tissues and cell lines, and overexpression of miR-4739 was related to clinical staging, metastasis, and unfavorable outcomes. Functional experiments discovered that miR-4739 dramatically enhanced tumor cell proliferation, migration, and metastasis by promoting the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Meanwhile, miR-4739 can be transported from cancer cells to the site of vascular epithelial cells through exosomes, consequently facilitating the proliferation and migration of vascular epithelial cells and inducing angiogenesis. Mechanistically, miR-4739 can activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling both in tumor cells and vascular epithelial cells by targeting Wnt/β-catenin signaling antagonists APC2 and DKK3, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Our work identifies a valuable oncogene, miR-4739, that accelerates malignant progression in "driver gene-negative" NSCLC and serves as a potential therapeutic target for this group of tumors.

microRNA-184 in the landscape of human malignancies: a review to roles and clinical significance

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) with a short length of 19-22 nucleotides. miRNAs are posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression involved in various biological processes like cell growth, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. miR-184 is a well-studied miRNA, for which most studies report its downregulation in cancer cells and tissues and experiments support its role as a tumor suppressor inhibiting malignant biological behaviors of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. To exert its functions, miR-184 affects some signaling pathways involved in tumorigenesis like Wnt and β-catenin, and AKT/mTORC1 pathway, oncogenic factors (e.g., c-Myc) or apoptotic proteins, such as Bcl-2. Interestingly, clinical investigations have shown miR-184 with good performance as a prognostic/diagnostic biomarker for various cancers. Additionally, exogenous miR-184 in cell and xenograft animal studies suggest it as a therapeutic anticancer target. In this review, we outline the studies that evaluated the roles of miR-184 in tumorigenesis as well as its clinical significance.

Methodology for Isolation of miRNA From the Serum of Women Investigated for Pre-eclampsia

Background Pre-eclampsia remains a leading cause of maternal and foetal mortality with a poorly understood pathophysiology. It can lead to a range of clinical presentations, but proteinuria and hypertension are key components of the diagnosis. These signs arise due to disordered placental implantation due to poor trophoblastic invasion, resulting in placental oxidative stress due to hypoxia. Oxidative stress triggers the release of syncytiotrophoblast microvesicles (STMBs), of which placenta-derived exosomes may be a key component. The high specificity of exosomes for their cell of origin makes them ideal candidates as diagnostic biomarkers. We are particularly interested in the miRNAs (microRNAs) contained within these exosomes, as they may give us an insight into the genomic regulation within the pre-eclamptic placenta that leads to the disease state. The development of workflows for miRNA quantitation may enable us to identify novel biomarkers. Methods We extracted exosomes and purified total RNA from 23 serum samples using the Norgen Plasma/Serum Exosome Purification and RNA Isolation Midi Kit. We then used the bioanalyser to determine the concentration and quality of the RNA obtained. It uses rapid electrophoresis, requires minimal sample sizes, and can assess the quality of genetic material as small as 25 bases. Results We have successfully isolated RNA from these samples; however, the concentration of the total RNA was too low for downstream molecular analysis. We did gain insight into how to optimise and develop the workflow so that, with each attempt, the yield increased. Our greatest concentrations were obtained by combining serum samples from multiple patients, demonstrating that we needed a higher volume to optimise the yield. Future studies should aim to obtain samples specifically for use in this research so that we can process a larger volume of serum. Conclusions We have also noted that there is a positive correlation between the overall concentration of total RNA and a high sFlt-1/PlGF ratio. Preliminary analysis from Illumina identified with a high degree of confidence the presence of three miRNAs, namely, mir-498(46), mir-122(1), and mir-134(41). Further work is necessary to validate these findings and should focus on the possible future role of these miRNAs as biomarkers for the early diagnosis of pre-eclampsia.

MicroRNA regulation of AMPK in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Obesity-associated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease and is the leading cause of liver failure and death. The function of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a master energy sensor, is aberrantly reduced in NAFLD, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Increasing evidence indicates that aberrantly expressed microRNAs (miRs) are associated with impaired AMPK function in obesity and NAFLD. In this review, we discuss the emerging evidence that miRs have a role in reducing AMPK activity in NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a severe form of NAFLD. We also discuss the underlying mechanisms of the aberrant expression of miRs that can negatively impact AMPK, as well as the therapeutic potential of targeting the miR-AMPK pathway for NAFLD/NASH.

Targeting miRNA and using miRNA as potential therapeutic options to bypass resistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive disease with poor prognosis due to early metastasis, low diagnostic rates at early stages, and resistance to current therapeutic regimens. Despite numerous studies and clinical trials, the mortality rate for PDAC has shown limited improvement. Therefore, there is a pressing need to attain. a more comprehensive molecular characterization to identify biomarkers enabling early detection and evaluation of treatment response. MicroRNA (miRNAs) are critical regulators of gene expression on the post-transcriptional level, and seem particularly interesting as biomarkers due to their relative stability, and the ability to detect them in fixed tissue specimens and biofluids. Deregulation of miRNAs is common and affects several hallmarks of cancer and contribute to the oncogenesis and metastasis of PDAC. Unique combinations of upregulated oncogenic miRNAs (oncomiRs) and downregulated tumor suppressor miRNAs (TsmiRs), promote metastasis, characterize the tumor and interfere with chemosensitivity of PDAC cells. Here, we review several oncomiRs and TsmiRs involved in chemoresistance to gemcitabine and FOLFIRINOX in PDAC and highlighted successful/effective miRNA-based therapy approaches in vivo. Integrating miRNAs in PDAC treatment represents a promising therapeutic avenue that can be used as guidance for personalized medicine for PDAC patients.

Overview of miR-106a Regulatory Roles: from Cancer to Aging

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) comprise a class of non-coding RNA with extensive regulatory functions within cells. MiR-106a is recognized for its super-regulatory roles in vital processes. Hence, the analysis of its expression in association with diseases has attracted considerable attention for molecular diagnosis and drug development. Numerous studies have investigated miR-106 target genes and shown that this miRNA regulates the expression of some critical cell cycle and apoptosis factors, suggesting miR-106a as an ideal diagnostic and prognostic biomarker with therapeutic potential. Furthermore, the reported correlation between miR-106a expression level and cancer drug resistance has demonstrated the complexity of its functions within different tissues. In this study, we have conducted a comprehensive review on the expression levels of miR-106a in various cancers and other diseases, emphasizing its target genes. The promising findings surrounding miR-106a suggest its potential as a valuable biomolecule. However, further validation assessments and overcoming existing limitations are crucial steps before its clinical implementation can be realized.

Cytotoxicity of curcumin against CD44± prostate cancer cells: Roles of miR-383 and miR-708

Objective

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) remaining in the tumor tissues after applying treatments may cause recurrence or metastasis of prostate cancer (PC). Curcumin has the promising potential to target CSCs. Here, we aim to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of curcumin on the expression of miR-383-5p and miR-708-5p and their target genes in CD44+ CSCs and CD44- non-CSCs isolated from the PC3 prostate cancer cell line.

Materials and Methods

We used MTT assay to determine the optimal cytotoxic dose of curcumin on CD44± PC cells. Then, we assessed nuclear morphological changes using DAPi staining. We used Annexin V-FITC/PI to quantify apoptotic cell death. qRT-PCR was also used to detect miRNA and gene expression levels after curcumin treatment.

Results

Curcumin significantly enhanced the apoptosis in both CD44- and CD44+ PC cells in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). The cytotoxicity of curcumin against CD44- cells (IC50 40.30±2.32 μM) was found to be greater than that against CD44+ cells (IC50 83.31±2.91 μM). Also, curcumin promoted miR-383-5p and miR-708-5p overexpression while downregulating their target genes LDHA, PRDX3, and RAP1B, LSD1, respectively.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that curcumin, by promoting the expression of tumor suppressors, miR-383-5p and miR-708-5p, and inhibiting their target genes, induced its cytotoxicity against CD44± PC cells. We trust that curcumin could be established as a promising adjuvant therapy to current PC treatment options following more research in clinical settings.

Red Blood Cell Membrane-coated Functionalized Au Nanocage as a Biomimetic Platform for Improved MicroRNA Delivery in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) expression is closely related to cancers and managing miRNA expression holds great promise for cancer therapy. However, their wide clinical application has been hampered by their poor stability, short half-life and non-specific biodistribution in vivo. Herein, a novel biomimetic platform designated as RHAuNCs-miRNA for improved miRNA delivery was prepared through wrapping miRNA-loaded functionalized Au nanocages (AuNCs) with red blood cell (RBC) membrane. RHAuNCs-miRNA not only successfully loaded miRNAs but also effectively protected them from enzymatic degradation. With good stability, RHAuNCs-miRNA had the characteristics of photothermal conversion and sustained release. Cellular uptake of RHAuNCs-miRNA by SMMC-7721 cells was in a time-dependent manner via clathrin- and caveolin-mediated endocytosis. The uptake of RHAuNCs-miRNAs was affected by cell types and improved by mild near infrared (NIR) laser irradiation. More importantly, RHAuNCs-miRNA exhibited a prolonged circulation time without the occurrence of accelerated blood clearance (ABC) in vivo, resulting in efficient delivery to tumor tissues. This study may demonstrate the great potential of RHAuNCs-miRNA for improved miRNAs delivery.

Glycemia-Induced miRNA Changes: A Review

Diabetes is a rapidly increasing global health concern that significantly strains the health system due to its downstream complications. Dysregulation in glycemia represents one of the fundamental obstacles to achieving glycemic control in diabetic patients. Frequent hyperglycemia and/or hypoglycemia events contribute to pathologies that disrupt cellular and metabolic processes, which may contribute to the development of macrovascular and microvascular complications, worsening the disease burden and mortality. miRNAs are small single-stranded non-coding RNAs that regulate cellular protein expression and have been linked to various diseases, including diabetes mellitus. miRNAs have proven useful in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of diabetes and its complications. There is a vast body of literature examining the role of miRNA biomarkers in diabetes, aiming for earlier diagnoses and improved treatment for diabetic patients. This article reviews the most recent literature discussing the role of specific miRNAs in glycemic control, platelet activity, and macrovascular and microvascular complications. Our review examines the different miRNAs involved in the pathological processes leading to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, such as endothelial dysfunction, pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction, and insulin resistance. Furthermore, we discuss the potential applications of miRNAs as next-generation biomarkers in diabetes with the aim of preventing, treating, and reversing diabetes.

MicroRNAs as master regulators of FOXO transcription factors in cancer management

MicroRNAs are critical regulators of the plethora of genes, including FOXO "forkhead" dependent transcription factors, which are bonafide tumour suppressors. The FOXO family members modulate a hub of cellular processes like apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, differentiation, ROS detoxification, and longevity. Aberrant expression of FOXOs in human cancers has been observed due to their down-regulation by diverse microRNAs, which are predominantly involved in tumour initiation, chemo-resistance and tumour progression. Chemo-resistance is a major obstacle in cancer treatment. Over 90% of casualties in cancer patients are reportedly associated with chemo-resistance. Here, we have primarily discussed the structure, functions of FOXO and also their post-translational modifications which influence the activities of these FOXO family members. Further, we have addressed the role of microRNAs in carcinogenesis by regulating the FOXOs at post-transcriptional level. Therefore, microRNAs-FOXO axis can be exploited as a novel cancer therapy. The administration of microRNA-based cancer therapy is likely to be beneficial to curb chemo-resistance in cancers.

Epi-miRNAs: Modern mediators of methylation status in human cancers

Methylation of the fundamental macromolecules, DNA/RNA, and proteins, is remarkably abundant, evolutionarily conserved, and functionally significant in cellular homeostasis and normal tissue/organism development. Disrupted methylation imprinting is strongly linked to loss of the physiological equilibrium and numerous human pathologies, and most importantly to carcinogenesis, tumor heterogeneity, and cancer progression. Mounting recent evidence has documented the active implication of miRNAs in the orchestration of the multicomponent cellular methylation machineries and the deregulation of methylation profile in the epigenetic, epitranscriptomic, and epiproteomic levels during cancer onset and progression. The elucidation of such regulatory networks between the miRNome and the cellular methylation machineries has led to the emergence of a novel subclass of miRNAs, namely "epi-miRNAs" or "epi-miRs." Herein, we have summarized the existing knowledge on the functional role of epi-miRs in the methylation dynamic landscape of human cancers and their clinical utility in modern cancer diagnostics and tailored therapeutics. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease.

microRNAs (miRNAs) in Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM)-Recent Literature Review

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common, malignant, poorly promising primary brain tumor. GBM is characterized by an infiltrating growth nature, abundant vascularization, and a rapid and aggressive clinical course. For many years, the standard treatment of gliomas has invariably been surgical treatment supported by radio- and chemotherapy. Due to the location and significant resistance of gliomas to conventional therapies, the prognosis of glioblastoma patients is very poor and the cure rate is low. The search for new therapy targets and effective therapeutic tools for cancer treatment is a current challenge for medicine and science. microRNAs (miRNAs) play a key role in many cellular processes, such as growth, differentiation, cell division, apoptosis, and cell signaling. Their discovery was a breakthrough in the diagnosis and prognosis of many diseases. Understanding the structure of miRNAs may contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of cellular regulation dependent on miRNA and the pathogenesis of diseases underlying these short non-coding RNAs, including glial brain tumors. This paper provides a detailed review of the latest reports on the relationship between changes in the expression of individual microRNAs and the formation and development of gliomas. The use of miRNAs in the treatment of this cancer is also discussed.