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Hu W, Sun J, Zhang Y, Chen T, He F, Zhao H, Tan W, Wang Z, Ouyang J, Tang Z, He J, Wang J, Li J, Zeng X, Xia J. Diallyl disulfide synergizes with melphalan to increase apoptosis and DNA damage through elevation of reactive oxygen species in multiple myeloma cells. Ann Hematol 2024; 103:1293-1303. [PMID: 38148345 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-023-05592-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Diallyl disulfide (DADS), one of the main components of garlic, is well known to have anticancer effects on multiple cancers. However, its efficacy in treating multiple myeloma (MM) is yet to be determined. We explored the effects of DADS on MM cells and investigated the synergistic effects of DADS when combined with five anti-MM drugs, including melphalan, bortezomib, carfilzomib, doxorubicin, and lenalidomide. We analyzed cell viability, cell apoptosis, and DNA damage to determine the efficacy of DADS and the drug combinations. Our findings revealed that DADS induces apoptosis in MM cells through the mitochondria-dependent pathway and increases the levels of γ-H2AX, a DNA damage marker. Combination index (CI) measurements indicated that the combination of DADS with melphalan has a significant synergistic effect on MM cells. This was further confirmed by the increases in apoptotic cells and DNA damage in MM cells treated with the two drug combinations compared with those cells treated with a single drug alone. The synergy between DADS and melphalan was also observed in primary MM cells. Furthermore, mechanistic investigations showed that DADS decreases reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in MM cells. The addition of GSH is effective in neutralizing DADS cytotoxicity and inhibiting the synergy between DADS and melphalan in MM cells. Taken together, our study highlights the effectiveness of DADS in treating MM cells and the promising therapeutic potential of combining DADS and melphalan for MM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changshengxi Road 28#, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Jingqi Sun
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changshengxi Road 28#, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changshengxi Road 28#, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changshengxi Road 28#, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Fen He
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changshengxi Road 28#, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changshengxi Road 28#, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changshengxi Road 28#, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Zhijian Wang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changshengxi Road 28#, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Jiaqi Ouyang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changshengxi Road 28#, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Zhanyou Tang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changshengxi Road 28#, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Jiarui He
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changshengxi Road 28#, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changshengxi Road 28#, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Junjun Li
- Department of Hematology, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
| | - Xi Zeng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changshengxi Road 28#, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Jiliang Xia
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changshengxi Road 28#, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
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2
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Bae J, Park SJ. The Combination of Oolonghomobisflavan B and Diallyl Disulfide Induces Apoptotic Cell Death via 67-kDa Laminin Receptor/Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:2444-2455. [PMID: 38534770 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46030154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Diallyl disulfide (DADS) is a well-known principal functional component derived from garlic (Allium sativum) that has various health benefits. Previously, we identified a 67-kDa laminin receptor, a receptor for oolong tea polyphenol oolonghomobisflavan B (OHBFB). However, its molecular mechanisms still remain to be elucidated. Here, we show that DADS synergistically enhanced the effect of the oolong tea polyphenol oolonghomobisflavan B (OHBFB), which induces apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cancer cells without affecting normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The underlying mechanism of OHBFB-induced anti-AML effects involves the upregulation of the 67-kDa laminin receptor/endothelial nitric oxide synthase/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)/protein kinase c delta (PKCδ)/acid sphingomyelinase (ASM)/cleaved caspase-3 signaling pathway. In conclusion, we show that the combination of OHBFB and DADS synergistically induced apoptotic cell death in AML cells through activation of 67LR/cGMP/PKCδ/ASM signaling pathway. Moreover, in this mechanism, we demonstrate DADS may reduce the enzyme activity of phosphodiesterase, which is a negative regulator of cGMP that potentiates OHBFB-induced AML apoptotic cell death without affecting normal PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehoon Bae
- Functional Biomaterial Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- Functional Biomaterial Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si 56212, Republic of Korea
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3
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Pócsi I, Szigeti ZM, Emri T, Boczonádi I, Vereb G, Szöllősi J. Use of red, far-red, and near-infrared light in imaging of yeasts and filamentous fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:3895-3912. [PMID: 35599256 PMCID: PMC9200671 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11967-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract While phototoxicity can be a useful therapeutic modality not only for eliminating malignant cells but also in treating fungal infections, mycologists aiming to observe morphological changes or molecular events in fungi, especially when long observation periods or high light fluxes are warranted, encounter problems owed to altered regulatory pathways or even cell death caused by various photosensing mechanisms. Consequently, the ever expanding repertoire of visible fluorescent protein toolboxes and high-resolution microscopy methods designed to investigate fungi in vitro and in vivo need to comply with an additional requirement: to decrease the unwanted side effects of illumination. In addition to optimizing exposure, an obvious solution is red-shifted illumination, which, however, does not come without compromises. This review summarizes the interactions of fungi with light and the various molecular biology and technology approaches developed for exploring their functions on the molecular, cellular, and in vivo microscopic levels, and outlines the progress towards reducing phototoxicity through applying far-red and near-infrared light. Key points • Fungal biological processes alter upon illumination, also under the microscope • Red shifted fluorescent protein toolboxes decrease interference by illumination • Innovations like two-photon, lightsheet, and near IR microscopy reduce phototoxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsa M Szigeti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Emri
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Imre Boczonádi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Vereb
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Szöllősi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
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4
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Shanholtzer CN, Rice C, Watson K, Carreon H, Long TE. Effect of copper on the antifungal activity of disulfiram (Antabuse®) in fluconazole-resistant Candida strains. Med Mycol 2022; 60:6533519. [PMID: 35188195 PMCID: PMC8929679 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Disulfiram (Antabuse®) is an alcohol use disorder medication that exhibits antifungal activity against Candida species. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if copper potentiates the antifungal effects of disulfiram based on prior observations that the combination demonstrates increased antitumor activity. Our findings revealed that copper addition conferred up to an eight-fold reduction in the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of disulfiram by broth microdilution assessment. Unexpectedly, copper was also found to nullify the fungicidal activity of disulfiram despite the significant reduction in MICs. It was therefore concluded that copper likely increased the antifungal potency of disulfiram through formation of a fungistatic chelation complex. LAY SUMMARY The effect of copper on the antifungal activity of disulfiram was evaluated against fluconazole-resistant Candida species. The study establishes that copper addition confers greater inhibition of disulfiram-treated Candida cultures, but the combination antagonizes the killing effects of disulfiram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire N Shanholtzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, School of Pharmacy, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755-2950, USA
| | - Cameron Rice
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, School of Pharmacy, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755-2950, USA
| | - Katherine Watson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, School of Pharmacy, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755-2950, USA
| | - Hannah Carreon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, School of Pharmacy, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755-2950, USA
| | - Timothy E Long
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Timothy E. Long, PhD, Pharmaceutical Science and Research, Marshall University School of Pharmacy, One John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV 25755-2950. Tel: 304-696-7393; Fax: 304-696-7309; E-mail:
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5
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Sun YC, Pang LF, Guo XF, Wang H. Synthesis of metal ion-tolerant Mn-doped fluorescence silicon quantum dots with green emission and its application for selective imaging of ·OH in living cells. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:60. [PMID: 35018504 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05082-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring hydroxyl radical (·OH) in living cells remains a big challenge on account of its high reactivity and short half-life. In this work, we designed a fluorescent probe based on manganese-doped silicon quantum dots (Mn-SiQDs) for detecting and imaging of ·OH with good water solubility. The manganese was doped in its ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) complex form and effectively improved the metal ion tolerance of fluorescence of SiQDs. And m-dihydroxybenzene was used as the reductant to extend the emission of SiQDs to the green region at 515 nm when the excitation wavelength was 424 nm. Basing on the fluorescence quenching of Mn-SiQDs, a linear response of ·OH was observed in the range 0.8-50 μM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 88.4 nM, which is lower than those reported with SiQDs. The interference from other ROS or RNS has been assessed and no impact was found. In fully aqueous systems, the Mn-SiQDs have been applied to monitor and image the endogenous ·OH in HeLa cells. Our work provided a new strategy for designing SiQDs with good biocompatibility, high selectivity and long monitoring wavelength. Synthesis of green-emitting silicon quantum dots with N-[3 -(trimethoxysilyl) propyl] ethylenediamine (DAMO), Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid disodium salt dehydrate (EDTA-2Na·2H2O), manganese acetate tetrahydrate (Mn(CH3COO)2·4H20) and m-dihydroxybenzene. The green fluorescence of the silicon quantum dots can be selectively quenched by hydroxyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Sun
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan-Fang Pang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Feng Guo
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Qiao M, Zheng H, Guo JS, Castañeda-Ruiz RF, Xu JP, Peng J, Zhang KQ, Yu ZF. Two new asexual genera and six new asexual species in the family Microthyriaceae (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota) from China. MycoKeys 2021; 85:1-30. [PMID: 34934384 PMCID: PMC8648689 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.85.70829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Microthyriaceae is represented by relatively few mycelial cultures and DNA sequences; as a result, the taxonomy and classification of this group of organisms remain poorly understood. During the investigation of the diversity of aquatic hyphomycetes from southern China, several isolates were collected. These isolates were cultured and sequenced and a BLAST search of its LSU sequences against data in GenBank revealed that the closest related taxa are in the genus Microthyrium. Phylogenetic analyses, based on the combined sequence data from the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and the large subunit (LSU), revealed that these isolates represent eight new taxa in Microthyriaceae, including two new genera, Antidactylariagen. nov. and Isthmomycesgen. nov. and six new species, Antidactylariaminifimbriatasp. nov., Isthmomycesoxysporussp. nov., I.dissimilissp. nov., I.macrosporussp. nov., Triscelophorusanisopterioideussp. nov. and T.sinensissp. nov. These new taxa are described, illustrated for their morphologies and compared with similar taxa. In addition, two new combinations are proposed in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Qiao
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Hua Zheng
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Ji-Shu Guo
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Rafael F Castañeda-Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical "Alejandro de Humboldt" (INIFAT), 17200, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Jian-Ping Xu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China.,Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Jie Peng
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Ze-Fen Yu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
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7
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Oxygen levels are key to understanding "Anaerobic" protozoan pathogens with micro-aerophilic lifestyles. Adv Microb Physiol 2021; 79:163-240. [PMID: 34836611 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Publications abound on the physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology of "anaerobic" protozoal parasites as usually grown under "anaerobic" culture conditions. The media routinely used are poised at low redox potentials using techniques that remove O2 to "undetectable" levels in sealed containers. However there is growing understanding that these culture conditions do not faithfully resemble the O2 environments these organisms inhabit. Here we review for protists lacking oxidative energy metabolism, the oxygen cascade from atmospheric to intracellular concentrations and relevant methods of measurements of O2, some well-studied parasitic or symbiotic protozoan lifestyles, their homeodynamic metabolic and redox balances, organism-drug-oxygen interactions, and the present and future prospects for improved drugs and treatment regimes.
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8
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Magryś A, Olender A, Tchórzewska D. Antibacterial properties of Allium sativum L. against the most emerging multidrug-resistant bacteria and its synergy with antibiotics. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:2257-2268. [PMID: 33638666 PMCID: PMC8205873 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02248-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Garlic has long been known as the most effective plant species in treatment of bacterial infections. Considering the vast potential of garlic as a source of antimicrobial drugs, this study is aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Allium sativum extracts and their interactions with selected antibiotics against drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant isolates of emerging bacterial pathogens that are frequently found in healthcare settings. As shown by the in vitro data obtained in this study, the whole Allium sativum extract inhibited the growth of a broad range of bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains with bactericidal or bacteriostatic effects. Depending on the organism, the susceptibility to fresh garlic extract was comparable to the conventional antibiotic gentamycin. Since the combinations of fresh garlic extract with gentamycin and ciprofloxacin inhibited both the drug sensitive and MDR bacteria, in most cases showing a synergistic or insignificant relationship, the potential use of such combinations may be beneficial, especially in inhibiting drug-resistant pathogens. The study results indicate the possibility of using garlic as e.g. a supplement used during antibiotic therapy, which may increase the effectiveness of gentamicin and ciprofloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Magryś
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1 Street, (Collegium Universum), 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Alina Olender
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1 Street, (Collegium Universum), 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dorota Tchórzewska
- Department of Cell Biology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 Street, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
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Kamli MR, Srivastava V, Hajrah NH, Sabir JSM, Hakeem KR, Ahmad A, Malik MA. Facile Bio-Fabrication of Ag-Cu-Co Trimetallic Nanoparticles and Its Fungicidal Activity against Candida auris. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7010062. [PMID: 33477480 PMCID: PMC7831063 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is an emergent multidrug-resistant pathogen that can lead to severe bloodstream infections associated with high mortality rates, especially in hospitalized individuals suffering from serious medical problems. As Candida auris is often multidrug-resistant, there is a persistent demand for new antimycotic drugs with novel antifungal action mechanisms. Here, we reported the facile, one-pot, one-step biosynthesis of biologically active Ag-Cu-Co trimetallic nanoparticles using the aqueous extract of Salvia officinalis rich in polyphenols and flavonoids. These medicinally important phytochemicals act as a reducing agent and stabilize/capping in the nanoparticles' fabrication process. Fourier Transform-Infrared, Scanning electron microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Energy dispersive X-Ray, X-ray powder diffraction and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements were used to classify the as-synthesized nanoparticles. Moreover, we evaluated the antifungal mechanism of as-synthesized nanoparticles against different clinical isolates of C. auris. The minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum fungicidal concentrations ranged from 0.39-0.78 μg/mL and 0.78-1.56 μg/mL. Cell count and viability assay further validated the fungicidal potential of Ag-Cu-Co trimetallic nanoparticles. The comprehensive analysis showed that these trimetallic nanoparticles could induce apoptosis and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest in C. auris. Furthermore, Ag-Cu-Co trimetallic nanoparticles exhibit enhanced antimicrobial properties compared to their monometallic counterparts attributed to the synergistic effect of Ag, Cu and Co present in the as-synthesized nanoparticles. Therefore, the present study suggests that the Ag-Cu-Co trimetallic nanoparticles hold the capacity to be a lead for antifungal drug development against C. auris infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Rasool Kamli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.R.K.); (N.H.H.); (J.S.M.S.); (K.R.H.)
- Center of excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vartika Srivastava
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; (V.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Nahid H. Hajrah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.R.K.); (N.H.H.); (J.S.M.S.); (K.R.H.)
| | - Jamal S. M. Sabir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.R.K.); (N.H.H.); (J.S.M.S.); (K.R.H.)
- Center of excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Rehman Hakeem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.R.K.); (N.H.H.); (J.S.M.S.); (K.R.H.)
| | - Aijaz Ahmad
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; (V.S.); (A.A.)
- Infection Control Unit, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Maqsood Ahmad Malik
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
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10
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Srivastava V, Wani MY, Al-Bogami AS, Ahmad A. Piperidine based 1,2,3-triazolylacetamide derivatives induce cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death in Candida auris. J Adv Res 2020; 29:121-135. [PMID: 33842010 PMCID: PMC8020347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The fungal pathogen Candida auris, is a serious threat to public health and is associated with bloodstream infections causing high mortality particularly in patients with serious medical problems. As this pathogen is generally resistant to all the available classes of antifungals, there is a constant demand for novel antifungal drugs with new mechanisms of antifungal action. Objective: Therefore, in this study we synthesised six novel piperidine based 1,2,3-triazolylacetamide derivatives (pta1-pta6) and tested their antifungal activity and mechanism of action against clinical C. auris isolates. Methods: Antifungal susceptibility testing was done to estimate MIC values of piperidine derivatives following CLSI recommended guidelines. MUSE Cell Analyzer was used to check cell viability and cell cycle arrest in C. auris after exposure to piperidine derivatives using different kits. Additionally, fluorescence microscopy was done to check the effect of test compound on C. auris membrane integrity and related apoptotic assays were performed to confirm cellular apoptosis using different apoptosis markers. Results: Out of the six derivatives; pta1, pta2 and pta3 showed highest active with MIC values from 0.24 to 0.97 μg/mL and MFC ranging from 0.97 to 3.9 μg/mL. Fungicidal behaviour of these compounds was confirmed by cell count and viability assay. Exposure to test compounds at sub-inhibitory and inhibitory concentrations resulted in disruption of C. auris plasma membrane. Further in-depth studies showed that these derivatives were able to induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in S-phase. Furthermore, the compounds demonstrated lower toxicity profile. Conclusion: Present study suggests that the novel derivatives (pta1-pta3) induce apoptotic cell death and cell cycle arrest in C. auris and could be potential candidates against C. auris infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vartika Srivastava
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Mohmmad Younus Wani
- University of Jeddah, College of Science, Department of Chemistry, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Saad Al-Bogami
- University of Jeddah, College of Science, Department of Chemistry, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aijaz Ahmad
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.,Infection Control Unit, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
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11
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Malik MA, Lone SA, Wani MY, Talukdar MIA, Dar OA, Ahmad A, Hashmi AA. S-benzyldithiocarbazate imine coordinated metal complexes kill Candida albicans by causing cellular apoptosis and necrosis. Bioorg Chem 2020; 98:103771. [PMID: 32224354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Development of new chemotherapeutic agents and strategies are urgently needed to curb and halt the growing menace caused by hard-to-treat microbes. Coordination of metals to bioactive organic ligands is now considered to be an efficient strategy for delivering bioactive compounds inside the microbial cell membranes. Metal complexes have been effectively used to treat many dreadful diseases were other treatment modalities had failed. Use of metal complexes to treat microbial infections is now conceived to be an alternative and efficient strategy. Towards this, some new homoleptic transition metal complexes, obtained by coordination of metal ions to bioactive S-benzyldithiocarbazate Schiff-base ligands were evaluated for their anti-Candida activity and their potential to disrupt the membrane architecture. The complexes displayed remarkable antifungal activity against a wide spectrum of fluconazole susceptible and resistant Candida albicans isolates, with Ni complex (dtc3) being highly active with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 1 to 32 µg/mL. Cell viability assay confirmed the fungicidal activity of these metal complexes, especially the complex dtc3. These metal complexes kill Candida albicans by inducing cellular apoptosis and necrosis thereby causing phosphatidylserine externalization as revealed by Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide staining assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzoor Ahmad Malik
- Bioinorganic Chemistry Lab. Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Shabir Ahmad Lone
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mohmmad Younus Wani
- University of Jeddah, College of Science, Department of Chemistry, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Ikbal Ahmed Talukdar
- Bioinorganic Chemistry Lab. Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Ovas Ahmad Dar
- Bioinorganic Chemistry Lab. Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Aijaz Ahmad
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Division of Infection Control, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Athar Adil Hashmi
- Bioinorganic Chemistry Lab. Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
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12
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Gilbert K, Hammond KD, Brodsky VY, Lloyd D. An appreciation of the prescience of Don Gilbert (1930-2011): master of the theory and experimental unravelling of biochemical and cellular oscillatory dynamics. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:1283-1298. [PMID: 32162760 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We review Don Gilbert's pioneering seminal contributions that both detailed the mathematical principles and the experimental demonstration of several of the key dynamic characteristics of life. Long before it became evident to the wider biochemical community, Gilbert proposed that cellular growth and replication necessitate autodynamic occurrence of cycles of oscillations that initiate, coordinate and terminate the processes of growth, during which all components are duplicated and become spatially re-organised in the progeny. Initiation and suppression of replication exhibit switch-like characteristics, that is, bifurcations in the values of parameters that separate static and autodynamic behaviour. His limit cycle solutions present models developed in a series of papers reported between 1974 and 1984, and these showed that most or even all of the major facets of the cell division cycle could be accommodated. That the cell division cycle may be timed by a multiple of shorter period (ultradian) rhythms, gave further credence to the central importance of oscillatory phenomena and homeodynamics as evident on multiple time scales (seconds to hours). Further application of the concepts inherent in limit cycle operation as hypothesised by Gilbert more than 50 years ago are now validated as being applicable to oscillatory transcript, metabolite and enzyme levels, cellular differentiation, senescence, cancerous states and cell death. Now, we reiterate especially for students and young colleagues, that these early achievements were even more exceptional, as his own lifetime's work on modelling was continued with experimental work in parallel with his predictions of the major current enterprises of biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Gilbert
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Wales, UK
| | | | - Vsevolod Y Brodsky
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117808, Russia
| | - David Lloyd
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Wales, UK
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13
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Robles-Martínez M, González JFC, Pérez-Vázquez FJ, Montejano-Carrizales JM, Pérez E, Patiño-Herrera R. Antimycotic Activity Potentiation of Allium sativum Extract and Silver Nanoparticles against Trichophyton rubrum. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1800525. [PMID: 30614195 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A natural and biocompatible extract of garlic as a support, decorated with silver nanoparticles, is a proposal to generate an effective antifungal agent against dermatophytes at low concentrations. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with a diameter of 26±7 nm were synthesized and their antimycotic activity was examined against Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum), inhibiting 94 % of growth at a concentration of 0.08 mg ml-1 . Allium sativum (garlic) extract was also obtained (AsExt), and its MIC was 0.04 mg ml-1 . To increase the antifungal capacity of those systems, AsExt was decorated with AgNPs, obtaining AsExt-AgNPs. Using an AsExt concentration of 0.04 mg ml-1 in independent experiments with concentrations from 0.01 to 0.08 mg ml-1 of AgNPs, it was possible to inhibit T. rubrum at all AgNPs concentrations; it proves a synergistic effect between AgNPs and AsExt. Even if 1 % of the minimum inhibitory concentration of AsExt (0.0004 mg ml-1 ) is used, it was possible to inhibit T. rubrum at all concentrations of AgNPs, demonstrating the successful antimycotic activity potentiation when combining AsExt and AgNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Robles-Martínez
- Doctorado en Ingeniería y Ciencia de Materiales de la UASLP, Sierra Leona 530, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 78210, México
| | | | - Francisco Javier Pérez-Vázquez
- Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), UASLP, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 78210, México
| | | | - Elías Pérez
- Instituto de Física, UASLP, Álvaro Obregón 64, San Luis Potosí 78000, México
| | - Rosalba Patiño-Herrera
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya, Antonio García Cubas Pte #600 esq. Av. Tecnológico. Celaya, Guanajuato, 38010, México
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14
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Lloyd D, Murray DB, Aon MA, Cortassa S, Roussel MR, Beckmann M, Poole RK. Temporal metabolic partitioning of the yeast and protist cellular networks: the cell is a global scale-invariant (fractal or self-similar) multioscillator. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 24:1-17. [PMID: 30516036 PMCID: PMC6992908 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.5.051404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Britton Chance, electronics expert when a teenager, became an enthusiastic student of biological oscillations, passing on this enthusiasm to many students and colleagues, including one of us (DL). This historical essay traces BC's influence through the accumulated work of DL to DL's many collaborators. The overall temporal organization of mass-energy, information, and signaling networks in yeast in self-synchronized continuous cultures represents, until now, the most characterized example of in vivo elucidation of time structure. Continuous online monitoring of dissolved gases by direct measurement (membrane-inlet mass spectrometry, together with NAD(P)H and flavin fluorescence) gives strain-specific dynamic information from timescales of minutes to hours as does two-photon imaging. The predominantly oscillatory behavior of network components becomes evident, with spontaneously synchronized cellular respiration cycles between discrete periods of increased oxygen consumption (oxidative phase) and decreased oxygen consumption (reductive phase). This temperature-compensated ultradian clock provides coordination, linking temporally partitioned functions by direct feedback loops between the energetic and redox state of the cell and its growing ultrastructure. Multioscillatory outputs in dissolved gases with 13 h, 40 min, and 4 min periods gave statistical self-similarity in power spectral and relative dispersional analyses: i.e., complex nonlinear (chaotic) behavior and a functional scale-free (fractal) network operating simultaneously over several timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lloyd
- Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas B. Murray
- Keio University, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Miguel A. Aon
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Sonia Cortassa
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Marc R. Roussel
- University of Lethbridge, Alberta RNA Research and Training Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Alberta, Canada
| | - Manfred Beckmann
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural, Sciences, Aberystwyth, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Robert K. Poole
- University of Sheffield, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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15
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Petrou AL, Petrou PL, Ntanos T, Liapis A. A Possible Role for Singlet Oxygen in the Degradation of Various Antioxidants. A Meta-Analysis and Review of Literature Data. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:E35. [PMID: 29495515 PMCID: PMC5874521 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermodynamic parameters Eact, ΔH≠, ΔS≠, and ΔG≠ for various processes involving antioxidants were calculated using literature kinetic data (k, T). The ΔG≠ values of the antioxidants' processes vary in the range 91.27-116.46 kJmol-1 at 310 K. The similarity of the ΔG≠ values (for all of the antioxidants studied) is supported to be an indication that a common mechanism in the above antioxidant processes may be taking place. A value of about 10-30 kJmol-1 is the activation energy for the diffusion of reactants depending on the reaction and the medium. The energy 92 kJmol-1 is needed for the excitation of O₂ from the ground to the first excited state (¹Δg, singlet oxygen). We suggest the same role of the oxidative stress and specifically of singlet oxygen to the processes of antioxidants as in the processes of proteinaceous diseases. We therefore suggest a competition between the various antioxidants and the proteins of proteinaceous diseases in capturing singlet oxygen's empty π* orbital. The concentration of the antioxidants could be a crucial factor for the competition. Also, the structures of the antioxidant molecules play a significant role since the various structures have a different number of regions of high electron density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athinoula L Petrou
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| | - Petros L Petrou
- Private practice in Cardiology, 6-8 Acheans Street, Nicosia 1101, Cyprus.
| | - Theodoros Ntanos
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| | - Antonis Liapis
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Athens, Greece.
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16
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Avci P, Freire F, Banvolgyi A, Mylonakis E, Wikonkal NM, Hamblin MR. Sodium ascorbate kills Candida albicans in vitro via iron-catalyzed Fenton reaction: importance of oxygenation and metabolism. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:1535-1547. [PMID: 27855492 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Ascorbate can inhibit growth and even decrease viability of various microbial species including Candida albicans. However the optimum conditions and the mechanism of action are unclear. Materials/methodology: Candida albicans shaken for 90 min in a buffered solution of ascorbate (90 mM) gave a 5-log reduction of cell viability, while there was no killing without shaking, in growth media with different carbon sources or at 4°C. Killing was inhibited by the iron chelator 2,2'-bipyridyl. Hydroxyphenyl fluorescein probe showed the intracellular generation of hydroxyl radicals. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Ascorbate-mediated killing of C. albicans depends on oxygenation and metabolism, involves iron-catalyzed generation of hydroxyl radicals via Fenton reaction and depletion of intracellular NADH. Ascorbate could serve as a component of a topical antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Avci
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Venerology & Dermato-Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1085, Hungary
| | - Fernanda Freire
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Biosciences & Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science & Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Andras Banvolgyi
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology & Dermato-Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1085, Hungary
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Norbert M Wikonkal
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology & Dermato-Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1085, Hungary
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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17
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Thangamani S, Eldesouky HE, Mohammad H, Pascuzzi PE, Avramova L, Hazbun TR, Seleem MN. Ebselen exerts antifungal activity by regulating glutathione (GSH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in fungal cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:3002-3010. [PMID: 27712973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebselen, an organoselenium compound and a clinically safe molecule has been reported to possess potent antifungal activity, but its antifungal mechanism of action and in vivo antifungal activity remain unclear. METHODS The antifungal effect of ebselen was tested against Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, and C. gattii clinical isolates. Chemogenomic profiling and biochemical assays were employed to identify the antifungal target of ebselen. Ebselen's antifungal activity in vivo was investigated in a Caenorhabditis elegans animal model. RESULTS Ebselen exhibits potent antifungal activity against both Candida spp. and Cryptococcus spp., at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2μg/ml. Ebselen rapidly eradicates a high fungal inoculum within 2h of treatment. Investigation of the drug's antifungal mechanism of action indicates that ebselen depletes intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels, leading to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and thereby disturbs the redox homeostasis in fungal cells. Examination of ebselen's in vivo antifungal activity in two Caenorhabditis elegans models of infection demonstrate that ebselen is superior to conventional antifungal drugs (fluconazole, flucytosine and amphotericin) in reducing Candida and Cryptococcus fungal load. CONCLUSION Ebselen possesses potent antifungal activity against clinically relevant isolates of both Candida and Cryptococcus by regulating GSH and ROS production. The potent in vivo antifungal activity of ebselen supports further investigation for repurposing it for use as an antifungal agent. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The present study shows that ebselen targets glutathione and also support that glutathione as a potential target for antifungal drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Thangamani
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Hassan E Eldesouky
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Haroon Mohammad
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Pete E Pascuzzi
- Faculty in Libraries, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Larisa Avramova
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Tony R Hazbun
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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18
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Gerő D, Torregrossa R, Perry A, Waters A, Le-Trionnaire S, Whatmore JL, Wood M, Whiteman M. The novel mitochondria-targeted hydrogen sulfide (H 2S) donors AP123 and AP39 protect against hyperglycemic injury in microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:186-198. [PMID: 27565382 PMCID: PMC5113977 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of diabetic vascular complications is initiated, at least in part, by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in endothelial cells. Hyperglycemia induces superoxide production in the mitochondria and initiates changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential that leads to mitochondrial dysfunction. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) supplementation has been shown to reduce the mitochondrial oxidant production and shows efficacy against diabetic vascular damage in vivo. However, the half-life of H2S is very short and it is not specific for the mitochondria. We have therefore evaluated two novel mitochondria-targeted anethole dithiolethione and hydroxythiobenzamide H2S donors (AP39 and AP123 respectively) at preventing hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and metabolic changes in microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. Hyperglycemia (HG) induced significant increase in the activity of the citric acid cycle and led to elevated mitochondrial membrane potential. Mitochondrial oxidant production was increased and the mitochondrial electron transport decreased in hyperglycemic cells. AP39 and AP123 (30–300 nM) decreased HG-induced hyperpolarisation of the mitochondrial membrane and inhibited the mitochondrial oxidant production. Both H2S donors (30–300 nM) increased the electron transport at respiratory complex III and improved the cellular metabolism. Targeting H2S to mitochondria retained the cytoprotective effect of H2S against glucose-induced damage in endothelial cells suggesting that the molecular target of H2S action is within the mitochondria. Mitochondrial targeting of H2S also induced >1000-fold increase in the potency of H2S against hyperglycemia-induced injury. The high potency and long-lasting effect elicited by these H2S donors strongly suggests that these compounds could be useful against diabetic vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domokos Gerő
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
| | - Roberta Torregrossa
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK; Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Alexis Perry
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | | | - Sophie Le-Trionnaire
- IRSET-UMR INSERM U1085, Equipe 3-Stress, Membrane et Signalisation, Rennes Cedex, France
| | | | - Mark Wood
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
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19
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DeLeon ER, Gao Y, Huang E, Olson KR. Garlic oil polysulfides: H2S- and O2-independent prooxidants in buffer and antioxidants in cells. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R1212-25. [PMID: 27101293 PMCID: PMC4935497 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00061.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The health benefits of garlic and other organosulfur-containing foods are well recognized and have been attributed to both prooxidant and antioxidant activities. The effects of garlic are surprisingly similar to those of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which is also known to be released from garlic under certain conditions. However, recent evidence suggests that polysulfides, not H2S, may be the actual mediator of physiological signaling. In this study, we monitored formation of H2S and polysulfides from garlic oil in buffer and in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells with fluorescent dyes, 7-azido-4-methylcoumarin and SSP4, respectively and redox activity with two redox indicators redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein (roGFP) and DCF. Our results show that H2S release from garlic oil in buffer requires other low-molecular-weight thiols, such as cysteine (Cys) or glutathione (GSH), whereas polysulfides are readily detected in garlic oil alone. Administration of garlic oil to cells rapidly increases intracellular polysulfide but has minimal effects on H2S unless Cys or GSH are also present in the extracellular medium. We also observed that garlic oil and diallyltrisulfide (DATS) potently oxidized roGFP in buffer but did not affect DCF. This appears to be a direct polysulfide-mediated oxidation that does not require a reactive oxygen species intermediate. Conversely, when applied to cells, garlic oil became a significant intracellular reductant independent of extracellular Cys or GSH. This suggests that intracellular metabolism and further processing of the sulfur moieties are necessary to confer antioxidant properties to garlic oil in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R DeLeon
- Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend Center, South Bend, Indiana; and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Yan Gao
- Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend Center, South Bend, Indiana; and
| | - Evelyn Huang
- Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend Center, South Bend, Indiana; and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Kenneth R Olson
- Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend Center, South Bend, Indiana; and
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20
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Corona O, Randazzo W, Miceli A, Guarcello R, Francesca N, Erten H, Moschetti G, Settanni L. Characterization of kefir-like beverages produced from vegetable juices. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Mallela SK, Almeida R, Ejsing CS, Conzelmann A. Functions of Ceramide Synthase Paralogs YPR114w and YJR116w of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145831. [PMID: 26752183 PMCID: PMC4713442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramide is synthesized in yeast by two redundant acyl-CoA dependent synthases, Lag1 and Lac1. In lag1∆ lac1∆ cells, free fatty acids and sphingoid bases are elevated, and ceramides are produced through the redundant alkaline ceramidases Ypc1 and Ydc1, working backwards. Even with all four of these genes deleted, cells are surviving and continue to contain small amounts of complex sphingolipids. Here we show that these residual sphingolipids are not synthesized by YPR114w or YJR116w, proteins of unknown function showing a high degree of homology to Lag1 and Lac1. Indeed, the hextuple lag1∆ lac1∆ ypc1∆ ydc1∆ ypr114w∆ yjr116w∆ mutant still contains ceramides and complex sphingolipids. Yjr116w∆ exhibit an oxygen-dependent hypersensitivity to Cu2+ due to an increased mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a mitochondrially orchestrated programmed cell death in presence of copper, but also a general copper hypersensitivity that cannot be counteracted by the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC). Myriocin efficiently represses the synthesis of sphingoid bases of ypr114w∆, but not its growth. Both yjr116w∆ and ypr114w∆ have fragmented vacuoles and produce less ROS than wild type, before and after diauxic shift. Ypr114w∆/ypr114w∆ have an increased chronological life span. Thus, Yjr116w and Ypr114w are related, but not functionally redundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamroop K. Mallela
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Reinaldo Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Christer S. Ejsing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Andreas Conzelmann
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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22
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Watson CJ, Grando D, Fairley CK, Chondros P, Garland SM, Myers SP, Pirotta M. The effects of oral garlic on vaginal candida colony counts: a randomised placebo controlled double-blind trial. BJOG 2013; 121:498-506. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- CJ Watson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care Academic Centre; University of Melbourne; Carlton Vic. Australia
- Gynaecology Assessment Clinic; Royal Women's Hospital; Flemington Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - D Grando
- School of Applied Sciences; RMIT University; Bundoora Vic. Australia
| | - CK Fairley
- School of Population Health; University of Melbourne; Carlton Vic. Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre; Alfred Health; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - P Chondros
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care Academic Centre; University of Melbourne; Carlton Vic. Australia
| | - SM Garland
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; Royal Women's Hospital; Flemington Melbourne Vic. Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; University of Melbourne; Carlton Vic. Australia
| | - SP Myers
- NatMed-Research; Southern Cross University; East Lismore NSW Australia
| | - M Pirotta
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care Academic Centre; University of Melbourne; Carlton Vic. Australia
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23
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Abegg MA, Alabarse PVG, Schüller AK, Benfato MS. Glutathione levels in and total antioxidant capacity of Candida sp. cells exposed to oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2013; 45:620-6. [PMID: 23152347 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822012000500015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The capacity to overcome the oxidative stress imposed by phagocytes seems to be critical for Candida species to cause invasive candidiasis. METHODS To better characterize the oxidative stress response (OSR) of 8 clinically relevant Candida sp., glutathione, a vital component of the intracellular redox balance, was measured using the 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB)-glutathione disulfide (GSSG) reductase reconversion method; the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was measured using a modified method based on the decolorization of the 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid radical cation (ABTS*+). Both methods were used with cellular Candida sp. extracts treated or not with hydrogen peroxide (0.5 mM). RESULTS Oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide clearly reduced intracellular glutathione levels. This depletion was stronger in Candida albicans and the levels of glutathione in untreated cells were also higher in this species. The TAC demonstrated intra-specific variation. CONCLUSIONS Glutathione levels did not correlate with the measured TAC values, despite this being the most important non-enzymatic intracellular antioxidant molecule. The results indicate that the isolated measurement of TAC does not give a clear picture of the ability of a given Candida sp. to respond to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwel Adriano Abegg
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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Alam M, Zubair S, Farazuddin M, Ahmad E, Khan A, Zia Q, Malik A, Mohammad O. Development, characterization and efficacy of niosomal diallyl disulfide in treatment of disseminated murine candidiasis. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 9:247-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kato IT, Prates RA, Sabino CP, Fuchs BB, Tegos GP, Mylonakis E, Hamblin MR, Ribeiro MS. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation inhibits Candida albicans virulence factors and reduces in vivo pathogenicity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:445-51. [PMID: 23129051 PMCID: PMC3535901 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01451-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate whether Candida albicans exhibits altered pathogenicity characteristics following sublethal antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (APDI) and if such alterations are maintained in the daughter cells. C. albicans was exposed to sublethal APDI by using methylene blue (MB) as a photosensitizer (0.05 mM) combined with a GaAlAs diode laser (λ 660 nm, 75 mW/cm(2), 9 to 27 J/cm(2)). In vitro, we evaluated APDI effects on C. albicans growth, germ tube formation, sensitivity to oxidative and osmotic stress, cell wall integrity, and fluconazole susceptibility. In vivo, we evaluated C. albicans pathogenicity with a mouse model of systemic infection. Animal survival was evaluated daily. Sublethal MB-mediated APDI reduced the growth rate and the ability of C. albicans to form germ tubes compared to untreated cells (P < 0.05). Survival of mice systemically infected with C. albicans pretreated with APDI was significantly increased compared to mice infected with untreated yeast (P < 0.05). APDI increased C. albicans sensitivity to sodium dodecyl sulfate, caffeine, and hydrogen peroxide. The MIC for fluconazole for C. albicans was also reduced following sublethal MB-mediated APDI. However, none of those pathogenic parameters was altered in daughter cells of C. albicans submitted to APDI. These data suggest that APDI may inhibit virulence factors and reduce in vivo pathogenicity of C. albicans. The absence of alterations in daughter cells indicates that APDI effects are transitory. The MIC reduction for fluconazole following APDI suggests that this antifungal could be combined with APDI to treat C. albicans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Tiemy Kato
- Center for Lasers and Applications, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Araujo Prates
- Center for Lasers and Applications, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo, Brazil
- Dentistry School, Health Division and Biophotonics Program of UNINOVE, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Beth Burgwyn Fuchs
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George P. Tegos
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, and Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard—MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Williams C, Lloyd D, Kolarich D, Alagesan K, Duchêne M, Cable J, Williams D, Leitsch D. Disrupted intracellular redox balance of the diplomonad fish parasite Spironucleus vortens by 5-nitroimidazoles and garlic-derived compounds. Vet Parasitol 2012; 190:62-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Caspofungin kills Candida albicans by causing both cellular apoptosis and necrosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 57:326-32. [PMID: 23114781 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01366-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspofungin exerts candidacidal activity by inhibiting cell wall (1,3)-β-d-glucan synthesis. We investigated the physiologic mechanisms of caspofungin-induced Candida albicans cell death. Apoptosis (programmed cell death) and necrosis were studied after C. albicans SC5314 cells were exposed to caspofungin at 0.06, 0.125, and 0.5 μg/ml (0.5×, 1×, and 4× the MIC, respectively) for 3 h. Caspofungin at 0.125 and 0.5 μg/ml reduced cellular viability by >50%, as measured by colony counts and methylene blue exclusion. Apoptosis and necrosis were demonstrated by annexin V and propidium iodide staining for phosphatidylserine externalization and loss of membrane integrity, respectively. At all concentrations of caspofungin, 20 to 25% and 5 to 7% of C. albicans cells exhibited early apoptosis and late apoptosis/necrosis, respectively (P value was not significant [NS]). Necrosis, on the other hand, was significantly greater at 0.125 (43%) and 0.5 (48%) μg/ml than at 0.06 μg/ml (26%) (P values of 0.003 and 0.003, respectively). The induction of apoptosis at concentrations less than or equal to the MIC was corroborated by dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR-123) and dihydroethidium (DHE) staining (reactive oxygen species production), JC-1 staining (mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation), and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) staining (DNA damage and nuclear fragmentation). Moreover, electron microscopy of cells exposed to 0.125 μg/ml of caspofungin showed hallmark apoptotic features like chromatin margination and condensation and nuclear blebs. Apoptosis was associated with metacaspase 1 activation, as demonstrated by D2R staining. Caspofungin exerts activity against C. albicans by directly killing cells (resulting in necrosis) and causing others to undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis). Apoptosis is initiated at subinhibitory concentrations, suggesting that strategies to target this process may augment the benefits of antifungal agents.
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In vitro efficacy of diallyl sulfides against the periodontopathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:2397-407. [PMID: 22330917 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00020-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro antibacterial effects of diallyl sulfide (DAS) against the Gram-negative periodontopathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, the key etiologic agent of the severe form of localized aggressive periodontitis and other nonoral infections, were studied. A. actinomycetemcomitans was treated with garlic extract, allicin, or DAS, and the anti-A. actinomycetemcomitans effects of the treatment were evaluated. Garlic extract, allicin, and DAS significantly inhibited the growth of A. actinomycetemcomitans (greater than 3 log; P < 0.01) compared to control cells. Heat inactivation of the garlic extracts significantly reduced the protein concentration; however, the antimicrobial effect was retained. Purified proteins from garlic extract did not exhibit antimicrobial activity. Allicin lost all its antimicrobial effect when it was subjected to heat treatment, whereas DAS demonstrated an antimicrobial effect similar to that of the garlic extract, suggesting that the antimicrobial activity of garlic extract is mainly due to DAS. An A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm-killing assay performed with DAS showed a significant reduction in biofilm cell numbers, as evidenced by both confocal microscopy and culture. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of DAS-treated A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilms showed alterations of colony architecture indicating severe stress. Flow cytometry analysis of OBA9 cells did not demonstrate apoptosis or cell cycle arrest at therapeutic concentrations of DAS (0.01 and 0.1 μg/ml). DAS-treated A. actinomycetemcomitans cells demonstrated complete inhibition of glutathione (GSH) S-transferase (GST) activity. However, OBA9 cells, when exposed to DAS at similar concentrations, showed no significant differences in GST activity, suggesting that DAS-induced GST inhibition might be involved in A. actinomycetemcomitans cell death. These findings demonstrate that DAS exhibits significant antibacterial activity against A. actinomycetemcomitans and that this property might be utilized for exploring its therapeutic potential in treatment of A. actinomycetemcomitans-associated oral and nonoral infections.
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Lloyd D, Cortassa S, O'Rourke B, Aon MA. What yeast and cardiomyocytes share: ultradian oscillatory redox mechanisms of cellular coherence and survival. Integr Biol (Camb) 2012; 4:65-74. [PMID: 22143867 PMCID: PMC3348865 DOI: 10.1039/c1ib00124h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The coherent and robust, yet sensitively adaptable, nature of organisms is an astonishing phenomenon that involves massive parallel processing and concerted network performance at the molecular level. Unravelling the dynamic complexities of the living state underlines the essential operation of ultradian oscillations, rhythms and clocks for the establishment and maintenance of functional order simultaneously on fast and slower timescales. Non-invasive monitoring of respiration, mitochondrial inner membrane potentials, and redox states (especially those of NAD(P)H, flavin, and the monochlorobimane complex of glutathione), even after more than 50 years research, continue to provide both new insights and biomedical applications. Experiments with yeast and in cardiac cells reveal astonishing parallels and similarities in their dynamic biochemical organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lloyd
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AT Wales, UK.
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Khodavandi A, Harmal NS, Alizadeh F, Scully OJ, Sidik SM, Othman F, Sekawi Z, Ng KP, Chong PP. Comparison between allicin and fluconazole in Candida albicans biofilm inhibition and in suppression of HWP1 gene expression. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 19:56-63. [PMID: 21924600 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic human pathogen with the ability to differentiate and grow in filamentous forms and exist as biofilms. The biofilms are a barrier to treatment as they are often resistant to the antifungal drugs. In this study, we investigated the antifungal activity of allicin, an active compound of garlic on various isolates of C. albicans. The effect of allicin on biofilm production in C. albicans as compared to fluconazole, an antifungal drug, was investigated using the tetrazolium (XTT) reduction-dependent growth and crystal violet assays as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Allicin-treated cells exhibited significant reduction in biofilm growth (p<0.05) compared to fluconazole-treated and also growth control cells. Moreover, observation by SEM of allicin and fluconazole-treated cells confirmed a dose-dependent membrane disruption and decreased production of organisms. Finally, the expression of selected genes involved in biofilm formation such as HWP1 was evaluated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and relative real time RT-PCR. Allicin was shown to down-regulate the expression of HWP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Khodavandi
- Department of Paramedical Sciences, Gachsaran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gachsaran, Iran
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Abstract
The present article reviews the historical and popular uses of garlic, its antioxidant, haematological, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective and antineoplastic properties and its potential toxicity (from sulfoxide). Garlic has been suggested to affect several cardiovascular risk factors. It has also been shown that garlic and its organic allyl sulfur components are effective inhibitors of the cancer process. Since garlic and its constituents can suppress carcinogen formation, bioactivation and tumour proliferation, it is imperative that biomarkers be established to identify which individuals might benefit most. Garlic powder, aged garlic and garlic oil have demonstrated antiplatelet and anticoagulant effects by interfering with cyclo-oxygenase-mediated thromboxane synthesis. Garlic has also been found to have synergistic effects against Helicobacter pylori with a proton pump inhibitor. The active compound allicin may affect atherosclerosis not only by acting as an antioxidant, but also by other mechanisms, such as lipoprotein modification and inhibition of LDL uptake and degradation by macrophages. Freshly prepared garlic homogenate protects against isoniazid+rifampicin-induced liver injury in experimental animal models. Several mechanisms are likely to account for this protection.
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Gruhlke MCH, Portz D, Stitz M, Anwar A, Schneider T, Jacob C, Schlaich NL, Slusarenko AJ. Allicin disrupts the cell's electrochemical potential and induces apoptosis in yeast. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:1916-24. [PMID: 20883774 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The volatile substance allicin gives crushed garlic (Allium sativum) its characteristic odor and is a pro-oxidant that undergoes thiol-disulfide exchange reactions with -SH groups in proteins and glutathione. The antimicrobial activity of allicin is suspected to be due to the oxidative inactivation of essential thiol-containing enzymes. We investigated the hypothesis that at threshold inhibitory levels allicin can shunt yeast cells into apoptosis by altering their overall redox status. Yeast cells were treated either with chemically synthesized, pure allicin or with allicin in garlic juice. Allicin-dependent cell oxidation was demonstrated with a redox-sensitive GFP construct and the shift in cellular electrochemical potential (E(hc)) from less than -215 to -181mV was calculated using the Nernst equation after the glutathione/glutathione disulfide couple (2GSH/GSSG) in the cell was quantified. Caspase activation occurred after allicin treatment, and yeast expressing a human antiapoptotic Bcl-XL construct was rendered more resistant to allicin. Also, a yeast apoptosis-inducing factor deletion mutant was more resistant to allicin than wild-type cells. We conclude that allicin in garlic juice can activate apoptosis in yeast cells through its oxidizing properties and that this presents an alternative cell-killing mechanism to the previously proposed specific oxidative inactivation of essential enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C H Gruhlke
- Department of Plant Physiology (Bio III), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Yadav AK, Desai PR, Rai MN, Kaur R, Ganesan K, Bachhawat AK. Glutathione biosynthesis in the yeast pathogens Candida glabrata and Candida albicans: essential in C. glabrata, and essential for virulence in C. albicans. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2010; 157:484-495. [PMID: 20966090 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.045054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Redox pathways play a key role in pathogenesis. Glutathione, a central molecule in redox homeostasis in yeasts, is an essential metabolite, but its requirements can be met either from endogenous biosynthesis or from the extracellular milieu. In this report we have examined the importance of glutathione biosynthesis in two major human opportunistic fungal pathogens, Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. As the genome sequence of C. glabrata had suggested the absence of glutathione transporters, we initially investigated exogenous glutathione utilization in C. glabrata by disruption of the MET15 gene, involved in methionine biosynthesis. We observed an organic sulphur auxotrophy in a C. glabrata met15Δ strain; however, unlike its Saccharomyces cerevisiae counterpart, the C. glabrata met15Δ strain was unable to grow on exogenous glutathione. This inability to grow on exogenous glutathione was demonstrated to be due to the lack of a functional glutathione transporter, despite the presence of a functional glutathione degradation machinery (the Dug pathway). In the absence of the ability to obtain glutathione from the extracellular medium, we examined and could demonstrate that γ-glutamyl cysteine synthase, the first enzyme of glutathione biosynthesis, was essential in C. glabrata. Further, although γ-glutamyl cysteine synthase has been reported to be non-essential in C. albicans, we report here for what is believed to be the first time that the enzyme is required for survival in human macrophages in vitro, as well as for virulence in a murine model of disseminated candidiasis. The essentiality of γ-glutamyl cysteine synthase in C. glabrata, and its essentiality for virulence in C. albicans, make the enzyme a strong candidate for antifungal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Yadav
- Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 160 036, India
| | | | - Maruti Nandan Rai
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Building 7, Gruhakalpa 5-4-399/B, Nampally, Hyderabad-500001, India
| | - Rupinder Kaur
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Building 7, Gruhakalpa 5-4-399/B, Nampally, Hyderabad-500001, India
| | - Kaliannan Ganesan
- Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 160 036, India
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Kim JH, Campbell BC, Mahoney N, Chan KL, Molyneux RJ, Balajee A. Augmenting the activity of antifungal agents against aspergilli using structural analogues of benzoic acid as chemosensitizing agents. Fungal Biol 2010; 114:817-24. [PMID: 20943191 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A number of benzoic acid analogues showed antifungal activity against strains of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus terreus, causative agents of human aspergillosis, in in vitro bioassays. Structure-activity analysis revealed that antifungal activities of benzoic and gallic acids were increased by addition of a methyl, methoxyl or chloro group at position 4 of the aromatic ring, or by esterification of the carboxylic acid with an alkyl group, respectively. Thymol, a natural phenolic compound, was a potent chemosensitizing agent when co-applied with the antifungal azole drugs fluconazole and ketoconazole. The thymol-azole drug combination demonstrated complete inhibition of fungal growth at dosages far lower than the drugs alone. Co-application of thymol with amphotericin B had an additive effect on all strains of aspergilli tested with the exception of two of three strains of A. terreus, where there was an antagonistic effect. Use of two mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) mutants of A. fumigatus, sakAΔ and mpkCΔ, having gene deletions in the oxidative stress response pathway, indicated antifungal and/or chemosensitization activity of the benzo analogues was by disruption of the oxidative stress response system. Results showed that both these genes play overlapping roles in the MAPK system in this fungus. The potential of safe, natural compounds or analogues to serve as chemosensitizing agents to enhance efficacy of commercial antifungal agents is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong H Kim
- Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, CA 94710, USA
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Coogan MP, Court JB, Gray VL, Hayes AJ, Lloyd SH, Millet CO, Pope SJA, Lloyd D. Probing intracellularoxygen by quenched phosphorescence lifetimes of nanoparticles containing polyacrylamide-embedded [Ru(dpp(SO3Na)2)3]Cl2. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2010; 9:103-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b9pp00071b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Liu P, Guo J, Liu H, Cheng Y, Wang B, Long CA, Deng B. Diallyl trisulfide (DATS) effectively induced apoptosis of postharvest diseasePenicillium expansum of citrus. ANN MICROBIOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03179207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Bambach A, Fernandes MP, Ghosh A, Kruppa M, Alex D, Li D, Fonzi WA, Chauhan N, Sun N, Agrellos OA, Vercesi AE, Rolfes RJ, Calderone R. Goa1p of Candida albicans localizes to the mitochondria during stress and is required for mitochondrial function and virulence. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2009; 8:1706-20. [PMID: 19717740 PMCID: PMC2772395 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00066-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Using a Tn7 transposon library of Candida albicans, we have identified a mutant that exhibited sensitivity in drop plate assays to oxidants such as menadione and hydrogen peroxide. To verify the role of the mutated gene in stress adaptation, null mutants were constructed and phenotypically characterized. Because of its apparent functions in growth and oxidant adaptation, we have named the gene GOA1. Goa1p appears to be unique to the CTG subclade of the Saccharomycotina, including C. albicans. Mutants of C. albicans lacking goa1 (strain GOA31) were more sensitive to 6 mM H(2)O(2) and 0.125 mM menadione than the wild type (wt) or a gene-reconstituted (GOA32) strain. The sensitivity to oxidants correlated with reduced survival of the GOA31 mutant in human neutrophils and avirulence compared to control strains. Other phenotypes of GOA31 include reduced growth and filamentation in 10% serum, Spider, and SLAD agar media and an inability to form chlamydospores. Since Goa1p has an N-terminal mitochondrion localization site, we also show that green fluorescent protein-tagged Goa1p shows a mitochondrionlike distribution during oxidant or osmotic stress. Further, the inability of GOA31 to grow in medium containing lactate, ethanol, or glycerol as the sole carbon source indicates that the mitochondria are defective in the mutant. To determine how Goa1p contributes to mitochondrial function, we compared the wt, GOA32, and GOA31 strains for mitochondrial electrical membrane potential, respiration, and oxidative phosphorylation. We now show that GOA31, but not the wt or GOA32, had decreased respiration and mitochondrial membrane potential such that mutant cells are unable to drive oxidative phosphorylation. This is the first report in C. albicans of a respiratory defect caused by a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Bambach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana P. Fernandes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anup Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michael Kruppa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Deepu Alex
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - William A. Fonzi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Neeraj Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nuo Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Orlando A. Agrellos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anibal E. Vercesi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ronda J. Rolfes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Richard Calderone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Low CF, Chong PP, Yong PVC, Lim CSY, Ahmad Z, Othman F. Inhibition of hyphae formation and SIR2 expression in Candida albicans treated with fresh Allium sativum (garlic) extract. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 105:2169-77. [PMID: 19120662 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03912.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aims of the present study were to determine whether Allium sativum (garlic) extract has any effect on the morphology transformation of Candida albicans, and to investigate whether it could alter the gene expression level of SIR2, a morphogenetic control gene and SAP4, a gene encoding secreted aspartyl proteinase. METHODS AND RESULTS Candida albicans cells were incubated with a range of concentrations of fresh garlic extract, and the morphology was monitored via light microscopy. Garlic extract treatment caused the transition of yeast form to hyphal form to be obviated. The expression of SIR2 was down-regulated from 1.2- to 2.5-fold with increasing concentration of the garlic extract, as determined from relative quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. There was no difference in the SAP4 expression in control vs treated cultures. CONCLUSIONS Garlic and its bioactive components have the ability to suppress hyphae production and to affect the expression level of SIR2 gene. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Hyphal production is an essential virulence determinant of C. albicans for invasive infections, therefore garlic and its constituents can be effective not only against colonizing C. albicans strains present in mucosal infections, but also virulent strains causing systemic or invasive candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Low
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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François I, Thevissen K, Pellens K, Meert E, Heeres J, Freyne E, Coesemans E, Viellevoye M, Deroose F, Martinez Gonzalez S, Pastor J, Corens D, Meerpoel L, Borgers M, Ausma J, Dispersyn G, Cammue B. Design and Synthesis of a Series of Piperazine-1-carboxamidine Derivatives with Antifungal Activity Resulting from Accumulation of Endogenous Reactive Oxygen Species. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:1714-21. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Alam M, Dwivedi V, Khan AA, Mohammad O. Efficacy of niosomal formulation of diallyl sulfide against experimental candidiasis in Swiss albino mice. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2009; 4:713-24. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.09.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We developed a niosomal formulation of diallyl sulfide (DAS), a garlic oil component, and evaluated its efficacy against experimental candidiasis in mice. Methods: DAS-bearing niosomes prepared from sorbitan monoester surfactants were evaluated for drug entrapment efficiency, release kinetics, toxicity, size, ζ-potential and others. Mice challenged with Candida albicans were treated with various DAS formulations. The efficacy of the formulations was assessed on the basis of reduction in mortality and decrease in residual fungal load in vital organs, such as liver and spleen, of treated mice. Results: Niosomal DAS (12 mg/kg body weight) significantly reduced fungal load and mortality in treated animals compared with the free form of DAS. Niosomal DAS was also found to be free of toxic manifestations, as revealed by histopathological studies, as well as liver/kidney function tests. Conclusion: Incorporation of DAS in niosomes enhances its antifungal efficacy. Further studies are needed to optimize the current findings to develop an efficient nature-derived alternative antifungal therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroof Alam
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Varun Dwivedi
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research & Developmental Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Aijaz Ahmed Khan
- JN Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Owais Mohammad
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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The antifungal plant defensin RsAFP2 from radish induces apoptosis in a metacaspase independent way in Candida albicans. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:2513-6. [PMID: 19596007 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We show that the antifungal plant defensin Raphanus sativus antifungal protein 2 (RsAFP2) from radish induces apoptosis and concomitantly triggers activation of caspases or caspase-like proteases in the human pathogen Candida albicans. Furthermore, we demonstrate that deletion of C. albicans metacaspase 1, encoding the only reported (putative) caspase in C. albicans, significantly affects caspase activation by the apoptotic stimulus acetic acid, but not by RsAFP2. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the induction of apoptosis with concomitant caspase activation by a defensin in this pathogen. Moreover, our data point to the existence of at least two different types of caspases or caspase-like proteases in C. albicans.
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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