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Wang Y, Chen H, Wang Y, Zhang H, Weng Q, Liu Y, Xu M. Seasonal changes in vitamin A metabolism-related factors in the oviduct of Chinese brown frog (Rana dybowskii). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024:106583. [PMID: 38992392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
The oviduct of the Chinese brown frog (Rana dybowskii) expands during pre-brumation rather than the breeding period, exhibiting a special physiological feature. Vitamin A is essential for the proper growth and development of many organisms, including the reproductive system such as ovary and oviduct. Vitamin A is metabolized into retinoic acid, which is crucial for oviduct formation. This study examined the relationship between oviducal expansion and vitamin A metabolism. We observed a significant increase in the weight and diameter of the oviduct in Rana dybowskii during pre-brumation. Vitamin A and its active metabolite, retinoic acid, notably increased during pre-brumation. The mRNA levels of retinol binding protein 4 (rbp4) and its receptor stra6 gene, involved in vitamin A transport, were elevated during pre-brumation compared to the breeding period. In the vitamin A metabolic pathway, the mRNA expression level of retinoic acid synthase aldh1a2 decreased significantly during pre-brumation, while the mRNA levels of retinoic acid α receptor (rarα) and the retinoic acid catabolic enzyme cyp26a1 increased significantly during pre-brumation, but not during the breeding period. Immunohistochemical results showed that Rbp4, Stra6, Aldh1a2, Rarα, and Cyp26a1 were expressed in ampulla region of the oviduct. Western blot results indicated that Aldh1a2 expression was lower, while Rbp4, Stra6, RARα, and Cyp26a1 were higher during pre-brumation compared to the breeding period. Transcriptome analyses further identified differential genes in the oviduct and found enrichment of differential genes in the vitamin A metabolism pathway, providing evidences for our study. These results suggest that the vitamin A metabolic pathway is more active during pre-brumation compared to the breeding period, and retinoic acid may regulate pre-brumation oviductal expansion through Rarα-mediated autocrine/paracrine modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankun Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Haohan Chen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Haolin Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Weng
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuning Liu
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
| | - Meiyu Xu
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
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2
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Arkin R, Márquez R. The effects of preformed vitamin A and provitamin A carotenoid supplementation on tadpoles of the poison frog Phyllobates vittatus. Zoo Biol 2024; 43:169-177. [PMID: 38284487 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the nutritional requirements of captive animals is necessary for proper animal husbandry, however, the specific dietary requirements for many amphibian species commonly kept in captivity are unknown. Like most vertebrates, frogs cannot synthesize carotenoids and must therefore obtain these essential nutrients through diet. It is unclear if amphibians can cleave provitamin A carotenoids to form vitamin A metabolically within the body, so common practice is to supplement their captive diets with both preformed vitamin A and provitamin A carotenoids. We carried out a feeding experiment in tadpoles of Phyllobates vittatus, a commonly kept poison frog species, to test the effects of supplementing a fish flake diet with a provitamin A carotenoid (2.5 mg/g β-carotene) and vitamin A (0.033-0.066 µg/mL retinyl acetate), both individually and in combination. Contrary to our expectations, supplementation had either no effect or adverse effects on tadpole growth and survivorship. Tadpoles reared under supplemented diets with vitamin A showed higher mortality rates, coupled with symptoms of hypervitaminosis A. Survivors had a smaller body size and mass at metamorphosis. β-carotene supplementation alone had no detectable effect. The vitamin A and β-carotene levels in our supplemented diet have been shown to be harmless or benefit tadpoles of other species, yet our results indicate that adding these amounts to what is found in a generalist fish flake mix can have detrimental effects on P. vittatus tadpoles. More broadly, this study highlights the importance of creating husbandry guidelines based on the specific physiological needs of the species (or species groups) being kept in captivity, rather than general ones for all amphibians, as is often done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Arkin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Roberto Márquez
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Michigan Society of Fellows, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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3
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Risely A, Byrne PG, Hoye BJ, Silla AJ. Dietary carotenoid supplementation has long-term and community-wide effects on the amphibian skin microbiome. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17203. [PMID: 37962103 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The amphibian skin microbiome plays a crucial role in host immunity and pathogen defence, yet we know little about the environmental drivers of skin microbial variation across host individuals. Inter-individual variation in the availability of micro-nutrients such as dietary carotenoids, which are involved in amphibian immunity, may be one factor that influences skin microbial assembly across different life history stages. We compared the effect of four carotenoid supplementation regimes during different life stages on the adult skin microbiome using a captive population of the critically endangered southern corroboree frog, Pseudophryne corroboree. We applied 16S rRNA sequencing paired with joint-species distribution models to examine the effect of supplementation on taxon abundances. We found that carotenoid supplementation had subtle yet taxonomically widespread effects on the skin microbiome, even 4.5 years post supplementation. Supplementation during any life-history stage tended to have a positive effect on the number of bacterial taxa detected, although explanatory power was low. Some genera were sensitive to supplementation pre-metamorphosis, but most demonstrated either additive or dominant effects, whereby supplementation during one life history stage had intermediate or similar effects, respectively, to supplementation across life. Carotenoid supplementation increased abundances of taxa belonging to lactic acid bacteria, including Lactococcus and Enterococcus, a group of bacteria that have previously been linked to protection against the amphibian fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). While the fitness benefits of these microbial shifts require further study, these results suggest a fundamental relationship between nutrition and the amphibian skin microbiome which may be critical to amphibian health and the development of novel conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Risely
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, Salford University, Manchester, UK
| | - Phillip G Byrne
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bethany J Hoye
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aimee J Silla
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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4
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Sullivan KE, Swanhall A, Livingston S. Interpretation of Serum Analytes for Nutritional Evaluation. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2024; 27:135-154. [PMID: 37735025 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Serum micronutrient analysis can provide insight into diet and clinical assessment, despite the complicated interplay between micronutrients and species idiosyncrasies. Approach serum nutrient analytes with skepticism, before jumping to alter diets or offering supplementation. Utilize across species but know that some exotics have exceptions to typical ranges, such as calcium in rabbits or iron in reptiles. Make sure you trust that referenced ranges reflect normal and healthy for that species. Micronutrients are integral to every bodily process, so measurement of serum analytes can tell a story that aids in the clinical picture, when one can recognize what stands out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Sullivan
- Disney's Animals, Science and Environment, 1180 North Savannah Circle, Lake Buena Vista, FL 32830, USA.
| | - Alyxandra Swanhall
- Disney's Animals, Science and Environment, 1180 North Savannah Circle, Lake Buena Vista, FL 32830, USA
| | - Shannon Livingston
- Disney's Animals, Science and Environment, 1180 North Savannah Circle, Lake Buena Vista, FL 32830, USA
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Ahmed RO, Ali A, Leeds T, Salem M. RNA-Seq analysis of the pyloric caecum, liver, and muscle reveals molecular mechanisms regulating fillet color in rainbow trout. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:579. [PMID: 37770878 PMCID: PMC10537910 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09688-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The characteristic pink-reddish color in the salmonids fillet is an important, appealing quality trait for consumers and producers. The color results from diet supplementation with carotenoids, which accounts for up to 20-30% of the feed cost. Pigment retention in the muscle is a highly variable phenotype. In this study, we aimed to understand the molecular basis for the variation in fillet color when rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fish families were fed an Astaxanthin-supplemented diet. We used RNA-Seq to study the transcriptome profile in the pyloric caecum, liver, and muscle from fish families with pink-reddish fillet coloration (red) versus those with lighter pale coloration (white). RESULTS More DEGs were identified in the muscle (5,148) and liver (3,180) than in the pyloric caecum (272). Genes involved in lipid/carotenoid metabolism and transport, ribosomal activities, mitochondrial functions, and stress homeostasis were uniquely enriched in the muscle and liver. For instance, the two beta carotene genes (BCO1 and BCO2) were significantly under-represented in the muscle of the red fillet group favoring more carotenoid retention. Enriched genes in the pyloric caecum were involved in intestinal absorption and transport of carotenoids and lipids. In addition, the analysis revealed the modulation of several genes with immune functions in the pyloric caecum, liver, and muscle. CONCLUSION The results from this study deepen our understanding of carotenoid dynamics in rainbow trout and can guide us on strategies to improve Astaxanthin retention in the rainbow trout fillet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridwan O Ahmed
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Ali Ali
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Tim Leeds
- Department of Agriculture Kearneysville, National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, United States, Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, WV, 25430, USA
| | - Mohamed Salem
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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Vitamin A, Vitamin E, and Carotenoid Concentrations in Livers of Marine Toads (Rhinella marina). JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/jzbg4010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Global amphibian population decline is a major concern. Therefore, conservation centers have become increasingly needed for population sustainability breeding programs. This need makes proper nutrition programs while in human care imperative. The specific nutritional focus of this current research was to analyze vitamin A, vitamin E, and carotenoid (apocarotenoid, β-carotene, β-carotene ester, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, lutein ester, zeaxanthin, and zeaxanthin ester) concentrations in the liver of 66 free-range marine toads (Rhinella marina) over a two-month period after entering human management. Toads were fed supplemented crickets randomly assigned to one of two diets: Diet 1 consisted of brown house crickets (Acheta domestica) gut loaded with Mazuri® Cricket Diet 5M38 and small amounts of sweet potato and carrots; Diet 2 consisted of an identical diet with the gut loaded crickets additionally dusted with Repashy® Superfoods Vitamin A Plus. Ten toads were euthanized prior to human management on Day 0 to assess baseline liver nutrients. Seven toads consuming each of the two diets (14 toads total) were euthanized on Days 9, 15, 32, and 62. Regardless of diet treatment, there were decreases (p < 0.05) in all the analyzed nutrient concentrations over the 62-day human management period. The results from this study indicate that higher dietary vitamin A, vitamin E, and carotenoid content may be needed and/or the cricket gut loading and dusting techniques used to feed the amphibians food source insects may be inadequate.
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7
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Mateeva A, Kondeva-Burdina M, Peikova L, Guncheva S, Zlatkov A, Georgieva M. Simultaneous analysis of water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins through RP-HPLC/DAD in food supplements and brewer's yeast. Heliyon 2022; 9:e12706. [PMID: 36632098 PMCID: PMC9826864 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study is focused on investigation and quantitation of seven commercially available on the Bulgarian market food supplements, containing multivitamin mixtures of water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins. In addition, a second fermentation brewer's yeast is also analyzed. The analytical procedures are performed on a RP-HPLC/DAD using Purospher STAR C18 (Merck Millipore, Germany) 5 μm, 25 × 0.46 cm column, conditioned at 25 °C in a column oven. Dionex UltiMate 3000 high performance liquid chromatograph was carried out in diode array detector, set up at 270 nm for water-soluble vitamins, except for vitamin B5, where 210 nm was applied as analytical wavelength. The fat-soluble vitamins were detected at 325 nm and 265 nm for vitamin A and vitamin E, respectively. Two general methods were developed where Method 1 was based on gradient elution and Method 2 was based on isocratic elution. Both methods identified stated by the manufacturer labeled amounts. The developed methods are applicable for routine analysis of vitamin contents both in multivitamin preparations and in brewer's yeast from secondary fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandrina Mateeva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University – Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Magdalena Kondeva-Burdina
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University – Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria,Corresponding author.
| | - Lily Peikova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University – Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Silvia Guncheva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University – Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alexander Zlatkov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University – Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Maya Georgieva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University – Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria
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8
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Xie J, Zhong C, Wang T, He D, Lu L, Yang J, Yuan Z, Zhang J. Better Bioactivity, Cerebral Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of Natural Medicine and Its Advanced Version. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:937075. [PMID: 35833035 PMCID: PMC9271619 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.937075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, many people are afflicted by cerebral diseases that cause dysfunction in the brain and perturb normal daily life of people. Cerebral diseases are greatly affected by cerebral metabolism, including the anabolism and catabolism of neurotransmitters, hormones, neurotrophic molecules and other brain-specific chemicals. Natural medicines (NMs) have the advantages of low cost and low toxicity. NMs are potential treatments for cerebral diseases due to their ability to regulate cerebral metabolism. However, most NMs have low bioavailability due to their low solubility/permeability. The study is to summarize the better bioactivity, cerebral metabolism and pharmacokinetics of NMs and its advanced version. This study sums up research articles on the NMs to treat brain diseases. NMs affect cerebral metabolism and the related mechanisms are revealed. Nanotechnologies are applied to deliver NMs. Appropriate delivery systems (exosomes, nanoparticles, liposomes, lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, protein conjugation and nanosuspensions, etc.) provide better pharmacological and pharmacokinetic characteristics of NMs. The structure-based metabolic reactions and enzyme-modulated catalytic reactions related to advanced versions of NMs alter the pharmacological activities of NMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Xie
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cailing Zhong
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Experimental Teaching and Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan He
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Luyang Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziyi Yuan
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingqing Zhang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Jingqing Zhang,
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9
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Böswald LF, Matzek D, Popper B. Current Feeding Practice of Xenopus laevis in a Laboratory Setting. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091163. [PMID: 35565589 PMCID: PMC9101390 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The standardization of husbandry conditions, feeding regimens, and diets is the prerequisite for the comparability of results generated by the use of laboratory animals. Compared to rodents, which account for the largest proportion of laboratory animals worldwide, standardization is still inadequate for aquatic species, especially clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). In this context, species-specific feeding is important for standardization and animal health and welfare. However, the current feeding recommendations for Xenopus are extrapolated from other species’ nutrient requirements. In addition, the feeding regimen itself affects animal behavior. In particular, the feed intake seems to be influenced by the type of feed. Using a questionnaire, the most common methods of husbandry and feeding of Xenopus laevis in laboratory settings were recorded, and the feeds were compared to the recommendations by Ferrie. The results showed variations with regard to husbandry and feeding concepts between facilities. Commercial Xenopus diets and fish feed were the most commonly used feeds, all meeting the recommendation for protein content but differing considerably in mineral content (based on labelled information). It appears that the feed composition and feeding regimen need to be the focus of further research to ensure that feeding and husbandry are adapted to nutritional and behavioral needs. Abstract African clawed frogs are common animal models used in various research areas. However, husbandry and especially feeding regimens are not nearly as standardized as is established for other laboratory animals. We recorded the diets and feeding protocols commonly used in laboratory practice in a questionnaire (18 responses). The survey revealed a wide variety of housing conditions. Feeding protocols and, in particular, diet composition varied considerably between facilities. While diets tailored to Xenopus were used in the majority, differences in feeding frequency and dietary components were noted. From five responses, the weekly feed intake per frog could be calculated, showing considerable differences in dry matter intake (1.37–5.4 g). The labelled nutrient content of the diets fed in the facilities (n = 10) met the recommendations in most cases, with protein as the major energy source. However, the mineral content varied markedly between diets. Both floating and sinking diets were used, while quickly sinking diets were associated with feed leftovers. Feed processing may likely influence feed intake behavior. Further research is needed to ensure standardization for aquatic species with respect to husbandry systems, feeding regimens, and especially the nutrient composition of feeds. Furthermore, this work will contribute positively to animal welfare and the comparability of research results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda F. Böswald
- Chair for Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany;
| | - Dana Matzek
- Biomedical Center, Core Facility Animal Models, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Straße 9, 82152 München, Germany;
| | - Bastian Popper
- Biomedical Center, Core Facility Animal Models, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Straße 9, 82152 München, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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10
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Freel T, Koutsos E, Minter LJ, Tollefson T, Ridgley F, Smith D, Scott H, Ange-van Heugten K. Cane toad (Rhinella marina) vitamin A, vitamin E, and carotenoid kinetics. Zoo Biol 2022; 41:34-43. [PMID: 34455629 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Many amphibian species are threatened with extinction. Understanding their vitamin A (retinol), E (alpha-tocopherol), and carotenoid requirements is vital, as normal levels of these nutrients have a known connection to breeding success with abnormal levels leading to disease. This research examined vitamins A, E, and carotenoids (apocarotenoid, beta-carotene; beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and esters) concentration kinetics in the liver and plasma of 65 (57.8) cane toads (Rhinella marina) over 4 months supplemented with commercially available invertebrates in human care. Cane toads were opportunistically collected as part of a population control program for use as an amphibian model species. Toads were randomly assigned to one of two diets: treatment 1 was brown house crickets (Acheta domesticus) consuming Mazuri® Hi Calcium Gut Loading Diet without vitamin A or E supplement, plus fresh raw vegetables (carrot/sweet potato); Treatment 2 was the same diet except no vegetables. Ten toads were euthanized on Day 0 to analyze baseline free-ranging liver and plasma metabolites. Six toads consuming each treatment were euthanized on Days 22, 50, and 81, and n = 7 on Day 119 for analysis. Regardless of dietary treatment, most liver and blood metabolites were substantially higher at time 0 than all time points thereafter (p < .05); Ex: liver vitamin A at time 0 was 87.7 ± 16.12 µg/g while Day 119 for treatments 1 and 2 were 11.6 ± 1.19 and 8.2 ± 0.74, respectively. Few statistically significant differences between diets at the same time point were noted (p < .05). The results from this study indicate that additional or alternative diet supplementation may be needed for cane toads (and potentially other amphibians) to mimic their free-ranging diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarra Freel
- Department of Animal Science, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Troy Tollefson
- Mazuri® Exotic Animal Nutrition, PMI Nutrition, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Frank Ridgley
- Department of Conservation and Research, Zoo Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Dustin Smith
- North Carolina Zoo, Asheboro, North Carolina, USA
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11
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McInerney EP, Silla AJ, Byrne PG. Do dietary carotenoids improve the escape-response performance of southern corroboree frog larvae? BEHAVIOUR 2020. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-bja10036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Dietary antioxidants can improve escape-response performance in adult vertebrates, but whether juveniles receive similar benefits remains untested. Here, we investigated the effect of two dietary carotenoids (β-carotene and lutein) on the escape-response of juvenile corroboree frogs (Pseudophryne corroboree) at two developmental points (early and late larval development). We found that burst speed was lower during late larval development compared to early larval development, particularly in the low- and high-dose lutein treatments. These findings suggest that performance decreased over time, and was reduced by lutein consumption. At each developmental point we found no treatment effect on escape-response, providing no evidence for carotenoid benefits. A previous study in corroboree frogs demonstrated that carotenoids improved adult escape-response, so our findings suggest that benefits of carotenoids in this species may be life-stage dependent. Continued investigation into how carotenoids influence escape-response at different life-stages will provide insights into mechanistic links between nutrition and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma P. McInerney
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Aimee J. Silla
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Phillip G. Byrne
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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12
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Schubert M, Gibert Y. Retinoids in Embryonic Development. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091278. [PMID: 32899684 PMCID: PMC7564826 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schubert
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, Sorbonne Université, 181 Chemin du Lazaret, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)-4-93-76-37-91
| | - Yann Gibert
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA;
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13
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Carotenoids and fatty liver disease: Current knowledge and research gaps. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158597. [PMID: 31904420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids form an important part of the human diet, consumption of which has been associated with many health benefits. With the growing global burden of liver disease, increasing attention has been paid on the possible beneficial role that carotenoids may play in the liver. This review focuses on carotenoid actions in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Indeed, many human studies have suggested an association between decreased circulating levels of carotenoids and increased incidence of NAFLD and ALD. The literature describing supplementation of individual carotenoids in rodent models of NAFLD and ALD is reviewed, with particular attention paid to β-carotene and lycopene, but also including β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and astaxanthin. The effect of beta-carotene oxygenase 1 and 2 knock-out mice on hepatic lipid metabolism is also discussed. In general, there is evidence to suggest that carotenoids have beneficial effects in animal models of both NAFLD and ALD. Mechanistically, these benefits may occur via three possible modes of action: 1) improved hepatic antioxidative status broadly attributed to carotenoids in general, 2) the generation of vitamin A from β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin, leading to improved hepatic retinoid signaling, and 3) the generation of apocarotenoid metabolites from β-carotene and lycopene, that may regulate hepatic signaling pathways. Gaps in our knowledge regarding carotenoid mechanisms of action in the liver are highlighted throughout, and the review ends by emphasizing the importance of dose effects, mode of delivery, and mechanism of action as important areas for further study. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Carotenoids recent advances in cell and molecular biology edited by Johannes von Lintig and Loredana Quadro.
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14
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Preliminary Analysis of the Diet of Triturus carnifex and Pollution in Mountain Karst Ponds in Central Apennines. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w12010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mountain karst ponds are sensitive environments, hosting complex trophic networks where amphibians play a major role, often as top predators. The diet of the Italian crested newt (Triturus carnifex) is still poorly known for populations occupying mountain karst ponds. These are traditionally used as livestock’s watering points, leading to water pollution due to excreta and wading behavior. The aim of this paper is to understand the relationship between T. carnifex diet composition, assessed through the stomach flushing technique, and physical and chemical characteristics in mountain ponds, focusing on parameters altered by livestock pressure, such as ammonium concentration and dissolved oxygen. The high diversity of prey items found within the newts’ gut contents confirms the generalist diet even in mountain ponds. The number of prey taxa, their relative abundance and Shannon–Wiener diversity index show variations among the sampled sites, related to livestock organic pollution. Moreover, we report the very first European records of microplastic items in amphibians’ stomach content, which also represent the first evidence for Caudata worldwide. Our findings suggest that livestock pressure directly influences T. carnifex diet and highlight that the emerging issue of plastics is a threat even in remote high-altitude environments.
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15
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Jayson S, Ferguson A, Goetz M, Routh A, Tapley B, Harding L, Michaels CJ, Dawson J. Comparison of the nutritional content of the captive and wild diets of the critically endangered mountain chicken frog (Leptodactylus fallax) to improve its captive husbandry. Zoo Biol 2018; 37:332-346. [PMID: 30221785 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It is vital to provide appropriate nutrition to maintain healthy populations in conservation breeding programs. Knowledge of the wild diet of a species can be used to inform captive diet formulation. The nutritional content of the wild diet of the critically endangered mountain chicken frog (Leptodactylus fallax) is unknown, like that of most amphibians. In this study, we analyzed the nutritional content of food items that comprise 91% of the wild diet of L. fallax, by dry weight of food items, and all food items offered to captive L. fallax at ZSL London Zoo and Jersey Zoo. We subsequently compared the nutritional content of the wild diet and captive diet at ZSL London Zoo consumed by L. fallax. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to directly compare the nutritional content of the wild and captive diets of an anuran amphibian. The captive diet at ZSL London Zoo, without dusting of nutritional supplements, was higher in gross energy and crude fat and lower in ash, calcium and calcium:phosphorus ratio than the wild diet. Most of the food items in the captive diets had a high omega-6:omega-3 fatty acid ratio and in the wild diet had a low omega-6:omega-3 fatty acid ratio. We recommend a combination of modifications to the captive diets to better reflect the nutritional content of the wild diet. Nutritional analysis of captive and wild diets is recommended for other species in conservation breeding programs to improve captive husbandry and ultimately fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Jayson
- Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, United Kingdom.,The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Ferguson
- Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Goetz
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Trinity, Jersey, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Routh
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Trinity, Jersey, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Tapley
- Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Harding
- Paignton Zoo Environmental Park, Paignton, Devon, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jeff Dawson
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Trinity, Jersey, United Kingdom
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16
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Morioka S, Mohanty-Hejmadi P, Yaoita Y, Tazawa I. Homeotic transformation of tails into limbs in anurans. Dev Growth Differ 2018; 60:365-376. [PMID: 30133711 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Anuran tadpoles can regenerate their tails after amputation. However, they occasionally form ectopic limbs instead of the lost tail part after vitamin A treatment. This is regarded as an example of a homeotic transformation. In this phenomenon, the developmental fate of the tail blastema is apparently altered from that of a tail to that of limbs, indicating a realignment of positional information in the blastema. Morphological observations and analyses of the development of skeletal elements during the process suggest that positional information in the blastema is rewritten from tail to trunk specification under the influence of vitamin A, resulting in limb formation. Despite the extensive information gained from morphological observations, a comprehensive understanding of this phenomenon also requires molecular data. We review previous studies related to anuran homeotic transformation. The findings of these studies provide a basis for evaluating major hypotheses and identifying molecular data that should be prioritized in future studies. Finally, we argue that positional information for the tail blastema changes to that for a part of the trunk, leading to homeotic transformations. To suggest this hypothesis, we present published data that favor the rewriting of positional information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Morioka
- Amphibian Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Yoshio Yaoita
- Division of Embryology, Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tazawa
- Division of Embryology, Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
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17
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A Review of the Extraction and Determination Methods of Thirteen Essential Vitamins to the Human Body: An Update from 2010. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061484. [PMID: 29921801 PMCID: PMC6099991 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamins are a class of essential nutrients in the body; thus, they play important roles in human health. The chemicals are involved in many physiological functions and both their lack and excess can put health at risk. Therefore, the establishment of methods for monitoring vitamin concentrations in different matrices is necessary. In this review, an updated overview of the main pretreatments and determination methods that have been used since 2010 is given. Ultrasonic assisted extraction, liquid–liquid extraction, solid phase extraction and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction are the most common pretreatment methods, while the determination methods involve chromatography methods, electrophoretic methods, microbiological assays, immunoassays, biosensors and several other methods. Different pretreatments and determination methods are discussed.
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18
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Yan S, Liu Y, Feng J, Zhao H, Yu Z, Zhao J, Li Y, Zhang J. Difference and alteration in pharmacokinetic and metabolic characteristics of low-solubility natural medicines. Drug Metab Rev 2018; 50:140-160. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1430823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shenglei Yan
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yuying Liu
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jianfang Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, PR China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zhongshu Yu
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yao Li
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jingqing Zhang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
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19
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EVALUATION OF BONE MINERALIZATION BY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN WILD AND CAPTIVE EUROPEAN COMMON SPADEFOOTS (PELOBATES FUSCUS), IN RELATION TO EXPOSURE TO ULTRAVIOLET B RADIATION AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 48:748-756. [DOI: 10.1638/2016-0238.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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20
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Abstract
There are several extrinsic and intrinsic factors involving reactive oxygen species that play critical roles in tumor development and progression by inducing DNA mutations, genomic instability, and aberrant pro-tumorigenic signaling. There are various essential micronutrients including minerals and vitamins in the diet, which play pivotal roles in maintaining and reinforcing antioxidant performance, affecting the complex network of genes (nutrigenomic approach) and encoding proteins for carcinogenesis. A lot of these antioxidant agents are available as dietary supplements and are predominant worldwide. However, the best antioxidant micronutrient (or a combination of micronutrients) for reducing cancer risks is unknown. The purpose of this review is to survey the literature on modern biological theories of cancer and the roles of dietary antioxidants in cancer. The roles and functions of antioxidant micronutrients, such as vitamin C (ascorbate), vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), selenium, and vitamin A, provided through diet for the prevention of cancer are discussed in the present work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiayu Wu
- a School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming , Yunnan , China
| | - Jiaoni Cheng
- b Yunnan Key Laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases, Yunnan Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Kunming University , Kunming , China
| | - Xu Wang
- a School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming , Yunnan , China
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21
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Forzán MJ, Heatley J, Russell KE, Horney B. Clinical pathology of amphibians: a review. Vet Clin Pathol 2017; 46:11-33. [PMID: 28195641 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Amphibian declines and extinctions have worsened in the last 2 decades. Partly because one of the main causes of the declines is infectious disease, veterinary professionals have increasingly become involved in amphibian research, captive husbandry, and management. Health evaluation of amphibians, free-living or captive, can benefit from employing the tools of clinical pathology, something that is commonly used in veterinary medicine of other vertebrates. The present review compiles what is known of amphibian clinical pathology emphasizing knowledge that may assist with the interpretation of laboratory results, provides diagnostic recommendations for common amphibian diseases, and includes RIs for a few amphibian species estimated based on peer-reviewed studies. We hope to encourage the incorporation of clinical pathology in amphibian practice and research, and to highlight the importance of applying veterinary medicine principles in furthering our knowledge of amphibian pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Forzán
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Jill Heatley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Karen E Russell
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Barbara Horney
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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22
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Chen H, Babino D, Schoenbichler SA, Arkhipova V, Töchterle S, Martin F, Huck CW, von Lintig J, Meyer D. Nmnat1-Rbp7 Is a Conserved Fusion-Protein That Combines NAD+ Catalysis of Nmnat1 with Subcellular Localization of Rbp7. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143825. [PMID: 26618989 PMCID: PMC4664474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinol binding proteins (Rbps) are known as carriers for transport and targeting of retinoids to their metabolizing enzymes. Rbps are also reported to function in regulating the homeostatic balance of retinoid metabolism, as their level of retinoid occupancy impacts the activities of retinoid metabolizing enzymes. Here we used zebrafish as a model to study rbp7a function and regulation. We find that early embryonic rbp7a expression is negatively regulated by the Nodal/FoxH1-signaling pathway and we show that Nodal/FoxH1 activity has the opposite effect on aldh1a2, which encodes the major enzyme for early embryonic retinoic acid production. The data are consistent with a Nodal-dependent coordination of the allocation of retinoid precursors to processing enzymes with the catalysis of retinoic acid formation. Further, we describe a novel nmnat1-rbp7 transcript encoding a fusion of Rbp7 and the NAD+ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) synthesizing enzyme Nmnat1. We show that nmnat1-rbp7 is conserved in fish, mouse and chicken, and that in zebrafish regulation of nmnat1-rbp7a is distinct from that of rbp7a and nmnat1. Injection experiments in zebrafish further revealed that Nmnat1-Rbp7a and Nmnat1 have similar NAD+ catalyzing activities but a different subcellular localization. HPLC measurements and protein localization analysis highlight Nmnat1-Rbp7a as the only known cytoplasmic and presumably endoplasmic reticulum (ER) specific NAD+ catalyzing enzyme. These studies, taken together with previously documented NAD+ dependent interaction of RBPs with ER-associated enzymes of retinal catalysis, implicate functions of this newly described NMNAT1-Rbp7 fusion protein in retinol oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology/CMBI, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Darwin Babino
- School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, 2109 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, United States of America
| | - Stefan A. Schoenbichler
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry/ CCB–Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80–82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Valeryia Arkhipova
- Institute of Molecular Biology/CMBI, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sonja Töchterle
- Institute of Molecular Biology/CMBI, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fabian Martin
- Institute of Molecular Biology/CMBI, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian W. Huck
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry/ CCB–Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80–82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes von Lintig
- School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, 2109 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, United States of America
| | - Dirk Meyer
- Institute of Molecular Biology/CMBI, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- * E-mail:
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23
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Finke MD. Complete nutrient content of four species of commercially available feeder insects fed enhanced diets during growth. Zoo Biol 2015; 34:554-64. [PMID: 26366856 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Commercially raised feeder insects used to feed captive insectivores are a good source of many nutrients but are deficient in several key nutrients. Current methods used to supplement insects include dusting and gut-loading. Here, we report on the nutrient composition of four species of commercially raised feeder insects fed a special diet to enhance their nutrient content. Crickets, mealworms, superworms, and waxworms were analyzed for moisture, crude protein, fat, ash, acid detergent fiber, total dietary fiber, minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, taurine, carotenoids, inositol, and cholesterol. All four species contained enhanced levels of vitamin E and omega 3 fatty acids when compared to previously published data for these species. Crickets, superworms, and mealworms contained β-carotene although using standard conversion factors only crickets and superworms would likely contain sufficient vitamin A activity for most species of insectivores. Waxworms did not contain any detectable β-carotene but did contain zeaxanthin which they likely converted from dietary β-carotene. All four species contained significant amounts of both inositol and cholesterol. Like previous reports all insects were a poor source of calcium and only superworms contained vitamin D above the limit of detection. When compared to the nutrient requirements as established by the NRC for growing rats or poultry, these species were good sources of most other nutrients although the high fat and low moisture content of both waxworms and superworms means when corrected for energy density these two species were deficient in more nutrients than crickets or mealworms. These data show the value of modifying the diet of commercially available insects as they are growing to enhance their nutrient content. They also suggest that for most insectivores properly supplemented lower fat insects such as crickets, or smaller mealworms should form the bulk of the diet.
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24
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Teglia CM, Attademo AM, Peltzer PM, Goicoechea HC, Lajmanovich RC. Plasma retinoids concentration in Leptodactylus chaquensis (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) from rice agroecosystems, Santa Fe province, Argentina. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 135:24-30. [PMID: 25880706 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Retinoids are known to regulate important processes such as differentiation, development, and embryogenesis of vertebrates: Alteration in endogenous retinoids concentration is linked with teratogenic effects. Retinol (ROH), retinoid acid (RA), and isoform 13-Cis-retinoic acid (13-Cis-RA), in plasma of a native adults frog, Leptodactylus chaquensis from a rice field (RF) and a forest (reference site; RS) were measured. ROH did not vary between treatment sites. RA and 13-Cis-RA activities were higher (93.7±8.6 μg mL(-1) and 131.7±11.4 μg mL(-1), respectively) in individuals collected from RF than in those from RS (65.5±8.6 μg mL(-1) and 92.2±10.2 μg mL(-1), respectively). The ratios retinoic acid-retinol (RA/ROH) and 13-Cis-RA/ROH revealed significantly higher values in RF than in RS. RA and 13-Cis-RA concentrations in plasma on wild amphibian's species such as L. chaquensis would be suitable biomarkers of pesticide exposure in field monitoring. Finally, the mechanism of alteration in retinoid metabolites alteration should be further explored both in larvae and adult, considering that the potential exposition and uptake contaminants vary between the double lives of these vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M Teglia
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Cátedra de Química Analítica I, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), C.C. 242, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés M Attademo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología (FBCB-UNL), C.C. 242, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Paola M Peltzer
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología (FBCB-UNL), C.C. 242, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Héctor C Goicoechea
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Cátedra de Química Analítica I, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), C.C. 242, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rafael C Lajmanovich
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología (FBCB-UNL), C.C. 242, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina
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25
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Ferrie GM, Alford VC, Atkinson J, Baitchman E, Barber D, Blaner WS, Crawshaw G, Daneault A, Dierenfeld E, Finke M, Fleming G, Gagliardo R, Hoffman EA, Karasov W, Klasing K, Koutsos E, Lankton J, Lavin SR, Lentini A, Livingston S, Lock B, Mason T, McComb A, Morris C, Pessier AP, Olea-Popelka F, Probst T, Rodriguez C, Schad K, Semmen K, Sincage J, Stamper MA, Steinmetz J, Sullivan K, Terrell S, Wertan N, Wheaton CJ, Wilson B, Valdes EV. Nutrition and health in amphibian husbandry. Zoo Biol 2014; 33:485-501. [PMID: 25296396 PMCID: PMC4685711 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Amphibian biology is intricate, and there are many inter-related factors that need to be understood before establishing successful Conservation Breeding Programs (CBPs). Nutritional needs of amphibians are highly integrated with disease and their husbandry needs, and the diversity of developmental stages, natural habitats, and feeding strategies result in many different recommendations for proper care and feeding. This review identifies several areas where there is substantial room for improvement in maintaining healthy ex situ amphibian populations specifically in the areas of obtaining and utilizing natural history data for both amphibians and their dietary items, achieving more appropriate environmental parameters, understanding stress and hormone production, and promoting better physical and population health. Using a scientific or research framework to answer questions about disease, nutrition, husbandry, genetics, and endocrinology of ex situ amphibians will improve specialists' understanding of the needs of these species. In general, there is a lack of baseline data and comparative information for most basic aspects of amphibian biology as well as standardized laboratory approaches. Instituting a formalized research approach in multiple scientific disciplines will be beneficial not only to the management of current ex situ populations, but also in moving forward with future conservation and reintroduction projects. This overview of gaps in knowledge concerning ex situ amphibian care should serve as a foundation for much needed future research in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M. Ferrie
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
| | - Vance C. Alford
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - Jim Atkinson
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Andy Daneault
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | | | | | - Greg Fleming
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | | | - Eric A. Hoffman
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
| | - William Karasov
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Kirk Klasing
- Department of Animal Science, Graduate Program in Avian Sciences, UC Davis, Davis, CA
| | | | - Julia Lankton
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Shana R. Lavin
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | | | - Shannon Livingston
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | | | | | | | | | - Allan P. Pessier
- Wildlife Disease Laboratories, Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, San Diego, CA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | | | - Tom Probst
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - Carlos Rodriguez
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - Kristine Schad
- European Association of Zoos and Aquaria, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kent Semmen
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - Jamie Sincage
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - M. Andrew Stamper
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - Jason Steinmetz
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - Kathleen Sullivan
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - Scott Terrell
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - Nina Wertan
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - Catharine J. Wheaton
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - Brad Wilson
- Amphibian Ark, Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle, WA
| | - Eduardo V. Valdes
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Olea-Popelka F, Ferrie GM, Morris C, Pessier AP, Schad K, Stamper MA, Gagliardo R, Koutsos E, Valdes EV. Leaping forward in amphibian health and nutrition. Zoo Biol 2014; 33:586-91. [PMID: 25279727 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Epidemiology Working Group, a subgroup of the participants of the Disney's Animal Kingdom Workshop on "Ex situ Amphibian Medicine and Nutrition," identified a critical need to design and implement approaches that will facilitate the assessment and evaluation of factors impacting amphibian health. In this manuscript, we describe and summarize the outcomes of this workshop with regards (a) the identified gaps in knowledge, (b) identified priorities for closing these gaps, and (c) compile a list of actions to address these priorities. Four general areas of improvement were identified in relation to how measurements are currently being taken to evaluate ex situ amphibian health: nutrition, infectious diseases, husbandry, and integrated biology including genetics and endocrinology. The proposed actions that will be taken in order to address the identified gaps include: (1) identify and quantify major health issues affecting ex situ amphibian populations, (2) identify and coordinate laboratories to conduct analyses using standardized and validated protocols to measure nutritional, infectious diseases, genetic, and hormonal parameters, (3) determine in situ baseline distribution of parameters related to amphibian health, and (4) establish an inter-disciplinary research approach to target specific hypotheses related to amphibian health such as the effects of population genetics (e.g., relatedness, inbreeding) on disease susceptibility, or how environmental parameters are related to chronic stress and hormone production. We think is important to address current gaps in knowledge regarding amphibian health in order to increase the probability to succeed in addressing the issues faced by in situ and ex situ amphibians populations. We are confident that the recommendations provided in this manuscript will facilitate to address these challenges and could have a positive impact in both the health of in situ and ex situ amphibian populations, worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Olea-Popelka
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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