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Wang HY, Li PF, Wang Y, Chi CY, Jin XX, Ding GH. Overexpression of cucumber CYP82D47 enhances resistance to powdery mildew and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. Funct Integr Genomics 2024; 24:14. [PMID: 38236308 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-024-01287-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s are a large family of protein-encoding genes in plant genomes, many of which have not yet been comprehensively characterized. Here, a novel P450 gene, CYP82D47, was isolated and functionally characterized from cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that CYP82D47 expression was triggered by salicylic acid (SA) and ethephon (ETH). Expression analysis revealed a correlation between CYP82D47 transcript levels and plant defense responses against powdery mildew (PM) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (Foc). Although no significant differences were observed in disease resistance between CYP82D47-RNAi and wild-type cucumber, overexpression (OE) of CYP82D47 enhanced PM and Foc resistance in cucumber. Furthermore, the expression levels of SA-related genes (PR1, PR2, PR4, and PR5) increased in CYP82D47-overexpressing plants 7 days post fungal inoculation. The levels of ETH-related genes (EIN3 and EBF2) were similarly upregulated. The observed enhanced resistance was associated with the upregulation of SA/ETH-signaling-dependent defense genes. These findings indicate the crucial role of CYP82D47 in pathogen defense in cucumber. CYP82D47-overexpressing cucumber plants exhibited heightened susceptibility to both diseases. The study results offer important insights that could aid in the development of disease-resistant cucumber cultivars and elucidate the molecular mechanisms associated with the functions of CYP82D47.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peng-Fei Li
- Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Chun-Yu Chi
- Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Jin
- Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.
| | - Guo-Hua Ding
- Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.
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Zhang Y, Kashkooli AB, Blom S, Zhao T, Bouwmeester HJ, Kappers IF. The Capsicum terpenoid biosynthetic module is affected by spider-mite herbivory. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:303-321. [PMID: 37995005 PMCID: PMC10721696 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
In response to herbivory, Capsicum annuum leaves adapt their specialized metabolome that may protect the plant against herbivore feeding either directly or indirectly through volatile metabolites acting as cues for natural enemies of the herbivore. The volatile blend of spider-mite infested leaves differs from non-challenged leaves predominantly by a higher contribution of mono- and sesquiterpenes. In addition to these terpenoids released into the headspace, the terpenoid composition of the leaves alters upon herbivory. All this suggests an important role for terpenoids and their biosynthetic machinery in the defence against herbivory. Here, we show that the C. annuum genome contains a terpene synthase (TPS) gene family of 103 putative members of which structural analysis revealed that 27 encode functional enzymes. Transcriptome analysis showed that several TPS loci were differentially expressed upon herbivory in leaves of two C. annuum genotypes, that differ in susceptibility towards spider mites. The relative expression of upstream biosynthetic genes from the mevalonate and the methylerythritol phosphate pathway also altered upon herbivory, revealing a shift in the metabolic flux through the terpene biosynthetic module. The expression of multiple genes potentially acting downstream of the TPSs, including cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, UDP-glucosyl transferases, and transcription factors strongly correlated with the herbivory-induced TPS genes. A selection of herbivory-induced TPS genes was functionally characterized through heterologous expression and the products that these enzymes catalysed matched with the volatile and non-volatile terpenoids induced in response to herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Arman B Kashkooli
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Suze Blom
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tao Zhao
- Biosystematics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xi'an, China
| | - Harro J Bouwmeester
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iris F Kappers
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Zhou M, Jiang Y, Liu X, Kong W, Zhang C, Yang J, Ke S, Li Y. Genome-Wide Identification and Evolution Analysis of the CYP76 Subfamily in Rice ( Oryza sativa). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108522. [PMID: 37239869 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The CYP76 subfamily, a member of the CYP superfamily, plays crucial roles in the biosynthesis of phytohormones in plants, involving biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, hormone signaling, and response to environmental stresses. Here, we conducted a genome-wide analysis of the CYP76 subfamily in seven AA genome species: Oryza sativa ssp. japonica, Oryza sativa ssp. indica, Oryza rufipogon, Oryza glaberrima, Oryza meridionalis, Oryza barthii, and Oryza glumaepatula. These were identified and classified into three groups, and it was found that Group 1 contained the largest number of members. Analysis of cis-acting elements revealed a large number of elements related to jasmonic acid and light response. The gene duplication analysis revealed that the CYP76 subfamily expanded mainly in SD/WGD and tandem forms and underwent strong purifying selection during evolution. Expression pattern analysis of OsCYP76s in various developmental stages revealed that the majority of OsCYP76s exhibit relatively restricted expression patterns in leaves and roots. We further analyzed the expression of CYP76s in O. sativa, japonica, and O. sativa, indica under cold, flooding, drought, and salt abiotic stresses by qRT-PCR. We found that OsCYP76-11 showed a huge increase in relative expression after drought and salt stresses. After flooding stress, OsiCYP76-4 showed a greater increase in expression compared to other genes. CYP76 in japonica and indica showed different response patterns to the same abiotic stresses, revealing functional divergence in the gene family during evolution; these may be the key genes responsible for the differences in tolerance to indica japonica. Our results provide valuable insights into the functional diversity and evolutionary history of the CYP76 subfamily and pave the way for the development of new strategies for improving stress tolerance and agronomic traits in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yifei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xuhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Weilong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Chenhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Simin Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yangsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Das A, Begum K, Akhtar S, Ahmed R, Tamuli P, Kulkarni R, Banu S. Genome-wide investigation of Cytochrome P450 superfamily of Aquilaria agallocha: Association with terpenoids and phenylpropanoids biosynthesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:123758. [PMID: 36812976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Agarwood is a dark resinous wood, produced when Aquilaria tree responds to wounding and microbial infection resulting in the accumulation of fragrant metabolites. Sesquiterpenoids and 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones are the major phytochemicals in agarwood and Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are one of the important enzymes in the biosynthesis of these fragrant chemicals. Thus, understanding the repertoire of CYP superfamily in Aquilaria can not only give insights into the fundamentals of agarwood formation, but can also provide a tool for the overproduction of the aroma chemicals. Therefore, current study was designed to investigate CYPs of an agarwood producing plant, Aquilaria agallocha. We identified 136 CYP genes from A. agallocha genome (AaCYPs) and classified them into 8 clans and 38 families. The promoter regions had stress and hormone-related cis-regulatory elements which indicate their participation in the stress response. Duplication and synteny analysis revealed segmental and tandem duplicated and evolutionary related CYP members in other plants. Potential members involved in the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenoids and phenylpropanoids were identified and found to be upregulated in methyl jasmonate-induced callus and infected Aquilaria trees by real-time quantitative PCR analyses. This study highlights the possible involvement of AaCYPs in agarwood resin development and their complex regulation during stress exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Das
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam 781014, India
| | - Khaleda Begum
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam 781014, India
| | - Suraiya Akhtar
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam 781014, India
| | - Raja Ahmed
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam 781014, India
| | | | - Ram Kulkarni
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Pune 411042, India
| | - Sofia Banu
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam 781014, India.
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Gossart N, Berhin A, Sergeant K, Alam I, André C, Hausman JF, Boutry M, Hachez C. Engineering Nicotiana tabacum trichomes for triterpenic acid production. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 328:111573. [PMID: 36563941 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we aimed at implementing the biosynthesis of triterpenic acids in Nicotiana tabacum glandular trichomes. Although endogenous genes coding for enzymes involved in such biosynthetic pathway are found in the Nicotiana tabacum genome, implementing such pathway specifically in glandular trichomes required to boost endogenous enzymatic activities. Five transgenes coding for a farnesyl-diphosphate synthase, a squalene synthase, a squalene epoxidase, a beta-amyrin synthase and a beta-amyrin 28-monooxygenase were introduced in N.tabacum, their expression being driven by pMALD1, a trichome-specific transcriptional promoter. This study aimed at testing whether sinking isoprenoid precursors localized in plastids, by exploiting potential cross-talks allowing the exchange of terpenoid pools from the chloroplast to the cytosol, could be a way to improve overall yield. By analyzing metabolites extracted from entire leaves, a low amount of ursolic acid was detected in plants expressing the five transgenes. Our study shows that the terpene biosynthetic pathway could be, in part, redirected in N.tabacum glandular trichomes with no deleterious phenotype at the whole plant level (chlorosis, dwarfism,…). In light of our results, possible ways to improve the final yield are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Gossart
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alice Berhin
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Kjell Sergeant
- Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Iftekhar Alam
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Plant Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Christelle André
- Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jean-François Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Marc Boutry
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Charles Hachez
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Xu P, Li Q, Liang W, Hu Y, Chen R, Lou K, Zhan L, Wu X, Pu J. A tissue-specific profile of miRNAs and their targets related to paeoniaflorin and monoterpenoids biosynthesis in Paeonia lactiflora Pall. by transcriptome, small RNAs and degradome sequencing. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279992. [PMID: 36701382 PMCID: PMC9879538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (Paeonia) has aroused many concerns due to its extensive medicinal value, in which monoterpene glucoside paeoniflorin and its derivatives are the active chemical components. However, little is known in the molecular mechanism of monoterpenoids biosynthesis, and the regulation network between small RNAs and mRNAs in monoterpenoids biosynthesis has not been investigated yet. Herein, we attempted to reveal the tissue-specific regulation network of miRNAs and their targets related to paeoniaflorin and monoterpenoids biosynthesis in Paeonia by combining mRNA and miRNA expression data with degradome analysis. In all, 289 miRNAs and 30177 unigenes were identified, of which nine miRNAs from seven miRNA families including miR396, miR393, miR835, miR1144, miR3638, miR5794 and miR9555 were verified as monoterpenoids biosynthesis-related miRNAs by degradome sequencing. Moreover, the co-expression network analysis showed that four monoterpenoids-regulating TFs, namely AP2, MYBC1, SPL12 and TCP2, were putatively regulated by five miRNAs including miR172, miR828, miR858, miR156 and miR319, respectively. The present study will improve our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of the paeoniaflorin and monoterpenoids biosynthesis mediated by miRNA to a new level, and provide a valuable resource for further study on Paeonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Xu
- Center for Medicinal Resources Research, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Quanqing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Weiqing Liang
- Center for Medicinal Resources Research, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yijuan Hu
- Center for Medicinal Resources Research, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Rubing Chen
- Center for Medicinal Resources Research, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kelang Lou
- Center for Medicinal Resources Research, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lianghui Zhan
- Center for Medicinal Resources Research, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Center for Medicinal Resources Research, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jinbao Pu
- Center for Medicinal Resources Research, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- * E-mail:
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The biosynthesis of thymol, carvacrol, and thymohydroquinone in Lamiaceae proceeds via cytochrome P450s and a short-chain dehydrogenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2110092118. [PMID: 34930840 PMCID: PMC8719858 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110092118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The monoterpene alcohols thymol, carvacrol, and thymohydroquinone are characteristic flavor compounds of thyme, oregano, and other Lamiaceae. These specialized metabolites are also valuable for their antibacterial, anti-spasmolytic, and antitumor activities. We elucidated the complete biosynthetic pathway of these compounds, which starts with the formation of γ-terpinene from geranyl diphosphate. The aromatic backbone of thymol and carvacrol is formed by P450 monooxygenases in combination with a dehydrogenase via an unstable intermediate. Additional P450s hydroxylate thymol and carvacrol to form thymohydroquinone. Our findings demonstrate a mechanism for the formation of phenolic monoterpenes that differs from previous predictions and provides targets for metabolic engineering of high-value terpenes in plants. Thymol and carvacrol are phenolic monoterpenes found in thyme, oregano, and several other species of the Lamiaceae. Long valued for their smell and taste, these substances also have antibacterial and anti-spasmolytic properties. They are also suggested to be precursors of thymohydroquinone and thymoquinone, monoterpenes with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor activities. Thymol and carvacrol biosynthesis has been proposed to proceed by the cyclization of geranyl diphosphate to γ-terpinene, followed by a series of oxidations via p-cymene. Here, we show that γ-terpinene is oxidized by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) of the CYP71D subfamily to produce unstable cyclohexadienol intermediates, which are then dehydrogenated by a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) to the corresponding ketones. The subsequent formation of the aromatic compounds occurs via keto–enol tautomerisms. Combining these enzymes with γ-terpinene in in vitro assays or in vivo in Nicotiana benthamiana yielded thymol and carvacrol as products. In the absence of the SDRs, only p-cymene was formed by rearrangement of the cyclohexadienol intermediates. The nature of these unstable intermediates was inferred from reactions with the γ-terpinene isomer limonene and by analogy to reactions catalyzed by related enzymes. We also identified and characterized two P450s of the CYP76S and CYP736A subfamilies that catalyze the hydroxylation of thymol and carvacrol to thymohydroquinone when heterologously expressed in yeast and N. benthamiana. Our findings alter previous views of thymol and carvacrol formation, identify the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of these phenolic monoterpenes and thymohydroquinone in the Lamiaceae, and provide targets for metabolic engineering of high-value terpenes in plants.
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Kalapos B, Juhász C, Balogh E, Kocsy G, Tóbiás I, Gullner G. Transcriptome profiling of pepper leaves by RNA-Seq during an incompatible and a compatible pepper-tobamovirus interaction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20680. [PMID: 34667194 PMCID: PMC8526828 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon virus infections, the rapid and comprehensive transcriptional reprogramming in host plant cells is critical to ward off virus attack. To uncover genes and defense pathways that are associated with virus resistance, we carried out the transcriptome-wide Illumina RNA-Seq analysis of pepper leaves harboring the L3 resistance gene at 4, 8, 24 and 48 h post-inoculation (hpi) with two tobamoviruses. Obuda pepper virus (ObPV) inoculation led to hypersensitive reaction (incompatible interaction), while Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) inoculation resulted in a systemic infection without visible symptoms (compatible interaction). ObPV induced robust changes in the pepper transcriptome, whereas PMMoV showed much weaker effects. ObPV markedly suppressed genes related to photosynthesis, carbon fixation and photorespiration. On the other hand, genes associated with energy producing pathways, immune receptors, signaling cascades, transcription factors, pathogenesis-related proteins, enzymes of terpenoid biosynthesis and ethylene metabolism as well as glutathione S-transferases were markedly activated by ObPV. Genes related to photosynthesis and carbon fixation were slightly suppressed also by PMMoV. However, PMMoV did not influence significantly the disease signaling and defense pathways. RNA-Seq results were validated by real-time qPCR for ten pepper genes. Our findings provide a deeper insight into defense mechanisms underlying tobamovirus resistance in pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Kalapos
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Lóránt Research Network (ELKH), Brunszvik utca 2, Martonvásár, 2462, Hungary
| | - Csilla Juhász
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Lóránt Research Network (ELKH), Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest, 1022, Hungary
| | - Eszter Balogh
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Lóránt Research Network (ELKH), Brunszvik utca 2, Martonvásár, 2462, Hungary
| | - Gábor Kocsy
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Lóránt Research Network (ELKH), Brunszvik utca 2, Martonvásár, 2462, Hungary
| | - István Tóbiás
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Lóránt Research Network (ELKH), Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest, 1022, Hungary
| | - Gábor Gullner
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Lóránt Research Network (ELKH), Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest, 1022, Hungary.
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9
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Hansen CC, Nelson DR, Møller BL, Werck-Reichhart D. Plant cytochrome P450 plasticity and evolution. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1244-1265. [PMID: 34216829 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The superfamily of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes plays key roles in plant evolution and metabolic diversification. This review provides a status on the CYP landscape within green algae and land plants. The 11 conserved CYP clans known from vascular plants are all present in green algae and several green algae-specific clans are recognized. Clan 71, 72, and 85 remain the largest CYP clans and include many taxa-specific CYP (sub)families reflecting emergence of linage-specific pathways. Molecular features and dynamics of CYP plasticity and evolution are discussed and exemplified by selected biosynthetic pathways. High substrate promiscuity is commonly observed for CYPs from large families, favoring retention of gene duplicates and neofunctionalization, thus seeding acquisition of new functions. Elucidation of biosynthetic pathways producing metabolites with sporadic distribution across plant phylogeny reveals multiple examples of convergent evolution where CYPs have been independently recruited from the same or different CYP families, to adapt to similar environmental challenges or ecological niches. Sometimes only a single or a few mutations are required for functional interconversion. A compilation of functionally characterized plant CYPs is provided online through the Plant P450 Database (erda.dk/public/vgrid/PlantP450/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Cetti Hansen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniele Werck-Reichhart
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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Sato K, Uehara T, Holbein J, Sasaki-Sekimoto Y, Gan P, Bino T, Yamaguchi K, Ichihashi Y, Maki N, Shigenobu S, Ohta H, Franke RB, Siddique S, Grundler FMW, Suzuki T, Kadota Y, Shirasu K. Transcriptomic Analysis of Resistant and Susceptible Responses in a New Model Root-Knot Nematode Infection System Using Solanum torvum and Meloidogyne arenaria. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:680151. [PMID: 34122492 PMCID: PMC8194700 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.680151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are among the most devastating pests in agriculture. Solanum torvum Sw. (Turkey berry) has been used as a rootstock for eggplant (aubergine) cultivation because of its resistance to RKNs, including Meloidogyne incognita and M. arenaria. We previously found that a pathotype of M. arenaria, A2-J, is able to infect and propagate in S. torvum. In vitro infection assays showed that S. torvum induced the accumulation of brown pigments during avirulent pathotype A2-O infection, but not during virulent A2-J infection. This experimental system is advantageous because resistant and susceptible responses can be distinguished within a few days, and because a single plant genome can yield information about both resistant and susceptible responses. Comparative RNA-sequencing analysis of S. torvum inoculated with A2-J and A2-O at early stages of infection was used to parse the specific resistance and susceptible responses. Infection with A2-J did not induce statistically significant changes in gene expression within one day post-inoculation (DPI), but afterward, A2-J specifically induced the expression of chalcone synthase, spermidine synthase, and genes related to cell wall modification and transmembrane transport. Infection with A2-O rapidly induced the expression of genes encoding class III peroxidases, sesquiterpene synthases, and fatty acid desaturases at 1 DPI, followed by genes involved in defense, hormone signaling, and the biosynthesis of lignin at 3 DPI. Both isolates induced the expression of suberin biosynthetic genes, which may be triggered by wounding during nematode infection. Histochemical analysis revealed that A2-O, but not A2-J, induced lignin accumulation at the root tip, suggesting that physical reinforcement of cell walls with lignin is an important defense response against nematodes. The S. torvum-RKN system can provide a molecular basis for understanding plant-nematode interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Sato
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Taketo Uehara
- Central Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Julia Holbein
- INRES – Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yuko Sasaki-Sekimoto
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Pamela Gan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Bino
- NIBB Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Katsushi Yamaguchi
- NIBB Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | | | - Noriko Maki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- NIBB Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Rochus B. Franke
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Shahid Siddique
- INRES – Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Florian M. W. Grundler
- INRES – Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kadota
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
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11
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Zabel S, Brandt W, Porzel A, Athmer B, Bennewitz S, Schäfer P, Kortbeek R, Bleeker P, Tissier A. A single cytochrome P450 oxidase from Solanum habrochaites sequentially oxidizes 7-epi-zingiberene to derivatives toxic to whiteflies and various microorganisms. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:1309-1325. [PMID: 33617106 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Secretions from glandular trichomes potentially protect plants against a variety of aggressors. In the tomato clade of the Solanum genus, glandular trichomes of wild species produce a rich source of chemical diversity at the leaf surface. Previously, 7-epi-zingiberene produced in several accessions of Solanum habrochaites was found to confer resistance to whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) and other insect pests. Here, we report the identification and characterisation of 9-hydroxy-zingiberene (9HZ) and 9-hydroxy-10,11-epoxyzingiberene (9H10epoZ), two derivatives of 7-epi-zingiberene produced in glandular trichomes of S. habrochaites LA2167. Using a combination of transcriptomics and genetics, we identified a gene coding for a cytochrome P450 oxygenase, ShCYP71D184, that is highly expressed in trichomes and co-segregates with the presence of the zingiberene derivatives. Transient expression assays in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that ShCYP71D184 carries out two successive oxidations to generate 9HZ and 9H10epoZ. Bioactivity assays showed that 9-hydroxy-10,11-epoxyzingiberene in particular exhibits substantial toxicity against B. tabaci and various microorganisms including Phytophthora infestans and Botrytis cinerea. Our work shows that trichome secretions from wild tomato species can provide protection against a wide variety of organisms. In addition, the availability of the genes encoding the enzymes for the pathway of 7-epi-zingiberene derivatives makes it possible to introduce this trait in cultivated tomato by precision breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Zabel
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle, 06120, Germany
- IDT Biologika Deutschland, Am Pharmapark, Dessau-Rosslau, 06861, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brandt
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle, 06120, Germany
| | - Andrea Porzel
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle, 06120, Germany
| | - Benedikt Athmer
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle, 06120, Germany
| | - Stefan Bennewitz
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle, 06120, Germany
| | - Petra Schäfer
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle, 06120, Germany
| | - Ruy Kortbeek
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Bleeker
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Alain Tissier
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle, 06120, Germany
- VERROVACCiNES GmbH, Blücherstraße 26, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
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12
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Xu H, Dickschat JS. Germacrene A-A Central Intermediate in Sesquiterpene Biosynthesis. Chemistry 2020; 26:17318-17341. [PMID: 32442350 PMCID: PMC7821278 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This review summarises known sesquiterpenes whose biosyntheses proceed through the intermediate germacrene A. First, the occurrence and biosynthesis of germacrene A in Nature and its peculiar chemistry will be highlighted, followed by a discussion of 6-6 and 5-7 bicyclic compounds and their more complex derivatives. For each compound the absolute configuration, if it is known, and the reasoning for its assignment is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houchao Xu
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
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13
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In S, Lee HA, Woo J, Park E, Choi D. Molecular Characterization of a Pathogen-Inducible Bidirectional Promoter from Hot Pepper ( Capsicum annuum). MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:1330-1339. [PMID: 32781924 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-20-0183-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In hot pepper, the sesquiterpene phytoalexin capsidiol is catalyzed by the two final-step enzymes, a sesquiterpene cyclase (EAS) and a hydroxylase (EAH), which are genetically linked and present as head-to-head orientation in the genome. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that a subset of EAS and EAH is highly induced following pathogen infection, suggesting the coregulation of EAS and EAH by a potential bidirectional activity of the promoter (pCaD). A series of the nested deletions of pCaD in both directions verified the bidirectional promoter activity of the pCaD. Promoter deletion analysis revealed that the 226 bp of the adjacent promoter region of EAS and GCC-box in EAH orientation were determined as critical regulatory elements for the induction of each gene. Based on promoter analyses, we generated a set of synthetic promoters to maximize reporter gene expression within the minimal length of the promoter in both directions. We found that the reporter gene expression was remarkably induced upon infection with Phytophthora capsici, Phytophthora infestans, and bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 but not with necrotrophic fungi Botrytis cinerea. Our results confirmed the bidirectional activity of the pCaD located between the head-to-head oriented phytoalexin biosynthetic genes in hot pepper. Furthermore, the synthetic promoter modified in pCaD could be a potential tool for pathogen-inducible expression of target genes for developing disease-resistant crops.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solhee In
- Department of Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ah Lee
- Division of Eco-Friendly Horticulture, Yonam College, Cheonan 31005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongchan Woo
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, U.S.A
| | - Eunsook Park
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, U.S.A
| | - Doil Choi
- Department of Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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14
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Baba VY, Powell AF, Ivamoto-Suzuki ST, Pereira LFP, Vanzela ALL, Giacomin RM, Strickler SR, Mueller LA, Rodrigues R, Gonçalves LSA. Capsidiol-related genes are highly expressed in response to Colletotrichum scovillei during Capsicum annuum fruit development stages. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12048. [PMID: 32694584 PMCID: PMC7374708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68949-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsicum annuum is one of the most important horticultural crops worldwide. Anthracnose disease (Colletotrichum spp.) is a major constraint for chili production, causing substantial losses. Capsidiol is a sesquiterpene phytoalexin present in pepper fruits that can enhance plant resistance. The genetic mechanisms involved in capisidiol biosynthesis are still poorly understood. In this study, a 3′ RNA sequencing approach was used to develop the transcriptional profile dataset of C. annuum genes in unripe (UF) and ripe fruits (RF) in response to C. scovillei infection. Results showed 4,845 upregulated and 4,720 downregulated genes in UF, and 2,560 upregulated and 1,762 downregulated genes in RF under fungus inoculation. Four capsidiol-related genes were selected for RT-qPCR analysis, two 5-epi-aristolochene synthase (CA12g05030, CA02g09520) and two 5-epi-aristolochene-1,3-dihydroxylase genes (CA12g05070, CA01g05990). CA12g05030 and CA01g05990 genes showed an early response to fungus infection in RF (24 h post-inoculation—HPI), being 68-fold and 53-fold more expressed at 96 HPI, respectively. In UF, all genes showed a late response, especially CA12g05030, which was 700-fold more expressed at 96 HPI compared to control plants. We are proving here the first high-throughput expression dataset of pepper fruits in response to anthracnose disease in order to contribute for future pepper breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Y Baba
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Biotecnologia Agrícola, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Suzana T Ivamoto-Suzuki
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Biotecnologia Agrícola, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | | | - André L L Vanzela
- Laboratório de Citogenética e Diversidade Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Renata M Giacomin
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Biotecnologia Agrícola, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rosana Rodrigues
- Genética e Melhoramento de Plantas, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Leandro S A Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Biotecnologia Agrícola, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.
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15
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Mele MA, Kang HM, Lee YT, Islam MZ. Grape terpenoids: flavor importance, genetic regulation, and future potential. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1429-1447. [PMID: 32401037 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1760203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes significantly affect the flavor and quality of grapes and wine. This review summarizes recent research on terpenoids with regard to grape wine. Although, the grapevine terpene synthase gene family is the largest identified, genetic modifications involving terpenes to improve wine flavor have received little attention. Key enzyme modulation alters metabolite production. Over the last decade, the heterologous manipulation of grape glycosidase has been used to alter terpenoids, and cytochrome P450s may affect terpene synthesis. Metabolic and genetic engineering can further modify terpenoid metabolism, while using transgenic grapevines (trait transfer to the plant) could yield more flavorful wine. We also discuss traits involved in wine aroma quality, and the strategies that can be used to improve grapevine breeding technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmuda Akter Mele
- Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Min Kang
- Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Tack Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Zahirul Islam
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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16
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Camagna M, Ojika M, Takemoto D. Detoxification of the solanaceous phytoalexins rishitin, lubimin, oxylubimin and solavetivone via a cytochrome P450 oxygenase. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 15:1707348. [PMID: 31884882 PMCID: PMC7053949 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1707348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Solanaceous plants produce sesquiterpenoid phytoalexins to defend themselves against a variety of pathogens. These toxic compounds are not only harmful to the pathogen but also to the plant, and thus need to be detoxified by the plant after the threat has been eliminated. We report that the detoxification of rishitin, the major phytoalexin in potato tubers and tomato fruits, is mediated by a cytochrome P450 CYP76 family enzyme via the hydroxylation of the isopropenyl group resulting in the formation of 13-hydroxyrishitin, also known as rishitin-M1. We further observed hydroxylation of the potato phytoalexins solavetivone, lubimin and oxylubimin by the same enzyme. Constitutive expression of CYP76 in Nicotiana benthamiana also led to a reduction of the non-potato phytoalexins capsidiol and its derivative capsidiol 3-acetate. We therefore annotated this enzyme as sesquiterpenoid phytoalexins hydroxylase, SPH. This broad range of substrates indicates that SPH functions as a general phytoalexin detoxification enzyme in Solanaceae, and is therefore relevant for a better understanding of plant-pathogen interaction in solanaceous plants, which comprise many economically important crops, such as potato, tomato, eggplant and pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Camagna
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Makoto Ojika
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daigo Takemoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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17
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Chen X, Liu F, Liu L, Qiu J, Fang D, Wang W, Zhang X, Ye C, Timko MP, Zhu QH, Fan L, Xiao B. Characterization and evolution of gene clusters for terpenoid phytoalexin biosynthesis in tobacco. PLANTA 2019; 250:1687-1702. [PMID: 31414203 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The study performed genome-wide identification, characterization and evolution analysis of gene clusters for phytoalexin terpenoid biosynthesis in tobacco, and specifically illustrated ones for capsidiol, an efficient defensive specialized metabolite. Terpenoid phytoalexins play an important role in plant self-defense against pest and pathogen attack. Terpenoid biosynthesis involves terpene synthase and cytochrome P450, which always locate and function as cluster(s). In this study, we performed genome-wide investigation of metabolic gene clusters involved in terpenoid production in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Due to the complexity of the tobacco genome, we modified a published prediction pipeline to reduce the influence of the large number of repeats and to improve the annotation of tobacco genes with respect to their metabolic functions. We identified 1181 metabolic gene clusters with 34 of them potentially being involved in terpenoid biosynthesis. Through integration with transcriptome and metabolic pathway annotation analyses, 3 of the 34 terpenoid biosynthesis-related gene clusters were determined to be high-confidence ones, with 2 involved in biosynthesis of capsidiol, a terpenoid recognized as 1 of the effective resistance compounds in the Nicotiana species. The capsidiol-related gene cluster was conserved in N. sylvestris, N. tomentosiformis and N. attenuate. Our findings demonstrate that phytoalexins in tobacco can arise from operon-like gene clusters, a genomic pattern characterized as being beneficial for rapid stress response, gene co-regulation, co-function and co-heredity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Institute of Crop Science and Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fangjie Liu
- Institute of Crop Science and Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Institute of Crop Science and Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jie Qiu
- Institute of Crop Science and Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Dunhuang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, China
| | - Weidi Wang
- Institute of Crop Science and Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xingcheng Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science and Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chuyu Ye
- Institute of Crop Science and Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Michael Paul Timko
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Qian-Hao Zhu
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Longjiang Fan
- Institute of Crop Science and Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bingguang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, China.
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Song N, Ma L, Wang W, Sun H, Wang L, Baldwin IT, Wu J. An ERF2-like transcription factor regulates production of the defense sesquiterpene capsidiol upon Alternaria alternata infection. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5895-5908. [PMID: 31294452 PMCID: PMC6812721 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Capsidiol is a sesquiterpenoid phytoalexin produced in Nicotiana and Capsicum species in response to pathogen attack. Whether capsidiol plays a defensive role and how its biosynthesis is regulated in the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata when the plant is attacked by Alternaria alternata (tobacco pathotype), a notorious necrotrophic fungus causing brown spot disease, are unknown. Transcriptome analysis indicated that a metabolic switch to sesquiterpene biosynthesis occurred in young leaves of N. attenuata after A. alternata inoculation: many genes leading to sesquiterpene production were strongly up-regulated, including the capsidiol biosynthetic genes 5-epi-aristolochene synthase (EAS) and 5-epi-aristolochene hydroxylase (EAH). Consistently, the level of capsidiol was increased dramatically in young leaves after fungal inoculation, from not detectable in mock control to 50.68±3.10 µg g-1 fresh leaf at 3 d post-inoculation. Capsidiol-reduced or capsidiol-depleted plants, which were generated by silencing EAHs or EASs by virus-induced gene silencing, were more susceptible to the fungus. In addition, this sesquiterpene when purified from infected plants exhibited strong anti-fungal activities against A. alternata in vitro. Furthermore, an ERF2-like transcription factor was found to positively regulate capsidiol production and plant resistance through the direct transactivation of a capsidiol biosynthetic gene, EAS12. Taken together, our results demonstrate that capsidiol, a phytoalexin highly accumulated in N. attenuata plants in response to A. alternata infection, plays an important role in pathogen resistance independent of jasmonate and ethylene signaling pathways, and its biosynthesis is transcriptionally regulated by an ERF2-like transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Song
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Weiguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources of State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China
| | - Huanhuan Sun
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jinsong Wu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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19
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Frey M, Klaiber I, Conrad J, Bersch A, Pateraki I, Ro DK, Spring O. Characterization of CYP71AX36 from Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L., Asteraceae). Sci Rep 2019; 9:14295. [PMID: 31586110 PMCID: PMC6778120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sesquiterpene lactones (STL) are a subclass of isoprenoids with many known bioactivities frequently found in the Asteraceae family. In recent years, remarkable progress has been made regarding the biochemistry of STL, and today the biosynthetic pathway of the core backbones of many STLs has been elucidated. Consequently, the focus has shifted to the discovery of the decorating enzymes that can modify the core skeleton with functional hydroxy groups. Using in vivo pathway reconstruction assays in heterologous organisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Nicotiana benthamiana, we have analyzed several cytochrome P450 enzyme genes of the CYP71AX subfamily from Helianthus annuus clustered in close proximity to one another on the sunflower genome. We show that one member of this subfamily, CYP71AX36, can catalyze the conversion of costunolide to 14-hydroxycostunolide. The catalytic activity of CYP71AX36 may be of use for the chemoenzymatic production of antileukemic 14-hydroxycostunolide derivatives and other STLs of pharmaceutical interest. We also describe the full 2D-NMR assignment of 14-hydroxycostunolide and provide all 13C chemical shifts of the carbon skeleton for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Frey
- Institute of Botany, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Iris Klaiber
- Mass Spectrometry Unit, Core Facility Hohenheim, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 12, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jürgen Conrad
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Aylin Bersch
- Institute of Botany, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Irini Pateraki
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Dae-Kyun Ro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Otmar Spring
- Institute of Botany, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
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20
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Cai Y, Whitehead P, Chappell J, Chapman KD. Mouse lipogenic proteins promote the co-accumulation of triacylglycerols and sesquiterpenes in plant cells. PLANTA 2019; 250:79-94. [PMID: 30919065 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Mouse FIT2 protein redirects the cytoplasmic terpene biosynthetic machinery to lipid-droplet-forming domains in the ER and this relocalization supports the efficient compartmentalization and accumulation of sesquiterpenes in plant cells. Mouse (Mus musculus) fat storage-inducing transmembrane protein 2 (MmFIT2), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident protein with an important role in lipid droplet (LD) biogenesis in mammals, can function in plant cells to promote neutral lipid compartmentalization. Surprisingly, in affinity capture experiments, the Nicotiana benthamiana 5-epi-aristolochene synthase (NbEAS), a soluble cytoplasm-localized sesquiterpene synthase, was one of the most abundant proteins that co-precipitated with GFP-tagged MmFIT2 in transient expression assays in N. benthamiana leaves. Consistent with results of pull-down experiments, the subcellular location of mCherry-tagged NbEAS was changed from the cytoplasm to the LD-forming domains in the ER, only when co-expressed with MmFIT2. Ectopic co-expression of NbEAS and MmFIT2 together with mouse diacylglycerol:acyl-CoA acyltransferase 2 (MmDGAT2) in N. benthamiana leaves substantially increased the numbers of cytoplasmic LDs and supported the accumulation of the sesquiterpenes, 5-epi-aristolochene and capsidiol, up to tenfold over levels elicited by Agrobacterium infection alone. Taken together, our results suggest that MmFIT2 recruits sesquiterpene synthetic machinery to ER subdomains involved in LD formation and that this process can enhance the efficiency of sesquiterpene biosynthesis and compartmentalization in plant cells. Further, MmFIT2 and MmDGAT2 represent cross-kingdom lipogenic protein factors that may be used to engineer terpene accumulation more broadly in the cytoplasm of plant vegetative tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Cai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biodiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| | - Payton Whitehead
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biodiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| | - Joe Chappell
- Plant Biology Program and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kent D Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biodiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA.
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21
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Bathe U, Tissier A. Cytochrome P450 enzymes: A driving force of plant diterpene diversity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 161:149-162. [PMID: 30733060 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In plant terpene biosynthesis, oxidation of the hydrocarbon backbone produced by terpene synthases is typically carried out by cytochrome P450 oxygenases (CYPs). The modifications introduced by CYPs include hydroxylations, sequential oxidations at one position and ring rearrangements and closures. These reactions significantly expand the structural diversity of terpenoids, but also provide anchoring points for further decorations by various transferases. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in reports of CYPs involved in plant terpene pathways. Plant diterpenes represent an important class of metabolites that includes hormones and a number of industrially relevant compounds such as pharmaceutical, aroma or food ingredients. In this review, we provide a comprehensive survey on CYPs reported to be involved in plant diterpene biosynthesis to date. A phylogenetic analysis showed that only few CYP clans are represented in diterpene biosynthesis, namely CYP71, CYP85 and CYP72. Remarkably few CYP families and subfamilies within those clans are involved, indicating specific expansion of these clades in plant diterpene biosynthesis. Nonetheless, the evolutionary trajectory of CYPs of specialized diterpene biosynthesis is diverse. Some are recently derived from gibberellin biosynthesis, while others have a more ancient history with recent expansions in specific plant families. Among diterpenoids, labdane-related diterpenoids represent a dominant class. The availability of CYPs from diverse plant species able to catalyze oxidations in specific regions of the labdane-related backbones provides opportunities for combinatorial biosynthesis to produce novel diterpene compounds that can be screened for biological activities of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulschan Bathe
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Alain Tissier
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle, Germany.
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22
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Magwanga RO, Lu P, Kirungu JN, Dong Q, Cai X, Zhou Z, Wang X, Hou Y, Xu Y, Peng R, Agong SG, Wang K, Fang L. Knockdown of Cytochrome P450 Genes Gh_D07G1197 and Gh_A13G2057 on Chromosomes D07 and A13 Reveals Their Putative Role in Enhancing Drought and Salt Stress Tolerance in Gossypium hirsutum. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10030226. [PMID: 30889904 PMCID: PMC6471685 DOI: 10.3390/genes10030226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified 672, 374, and 379 CYPs proteins encoded by the CYPs genes in Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium raimondii, and Gossypium arboreum, respectively. The genes were found to be distributed in all 26 chromosomes of the tetraploid cotton, with chrA05, chrA12, and their homeolog chromosomes harboring the highest number of genes. The physiochemical properties of the proteins encoded by the CYP450 genes varied in terms of their protein lengths, molecular weight, isoelectric points (pI), and even grand hydropathy values (GRAVY). However, over 99% of the cotton proteins had GRAVY values below 0, which indicated that the majority of the proteins encoded by the CYP450 genes were hydrophilic in nature, a common property of proteins encoded by stress-responsive genes. Moreover, through the RNA interference (RNAi) technique, the expression levels of Gh_D07G1197 and Gh_A13G2057 were suppressed, and the silenced plants showed a higher concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with a significant reduction in the concentration levels of glutathione (GSH), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and proline compared to the wild types under drought and salt stress conditions. Furthermore, the stress-responsive genes 1-Pyrroline–5-Carboxylate Synthetase (GhP5CS), superoxide dismutase (GhSOD), and myeloblastosis (GhMYB) were downregulated in VIGS plants, but showed upregulation in the leaf tissues of the wild types under drought and salt stress conditions. In addition, CYP450-silenced cotton plants exhibited a high level of oxidative injury due to high levels of oxidant enzymes, in addition to negative effects on CMS, ELWL, RLWC, and chlorophyll content The results provide the basic foundation for future exploration of the proteins encoded by the CYP450 genes in order to understand the physiological and biochemical mechanisms in enhancing drought and salt stress tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Odongo Magwanga
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science (ICR, CAAS), Anyang, Henan 455000, China.
- School of Biological and Physical sciences (SBPS), Main campus, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology (JOOUST), P.O Box 210-40601, Bondo 210-40601, Kenya.
| | - Pu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science (ICR, CAAS), Anyang, Henan 455000, China.
| | - Joy Nyangasi Kirungu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science (ICR, CAAS), Anyang, Henan 455000, China.
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science (ICR, CAAS), Anyang, Henan 455000, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science (ICR, CAAS), Anyang, Henan 455000, China.
| | - Zhongli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science (ICR, CAAS), Anyang, Henan 455000, China.
| | - Xingxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science (ICR, CAAS), Anyang, Henan 455000, China.
| | - Yuqing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science (ICR, CAAS), Anyang, Henan 455000, China.
| | - Yanchao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science (ICR, CAAS), Anyang, Henan 455000, China.
| | - Renhai Peng
- Research Base in Anyang Institute of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Anyang Institute of technology, State key laboratory of cotton R.P, Anyang, Henan 455000, China.
| | - Stephen Gaya Agong
- School of Biological and Physical sciences (SBPS), Main campus, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology (JOOUST), P.O Box 210-40601, Bondo 210-40601, Kenya.
| | - Kunbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science (ICR, CAAS), Anyang, Henan 455000, China.
| | - Liu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science (ICR, CAAS), Anyang, Henan 455000, China.
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23
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Li W, Xu R, Yan X, Liang D, Zhang L, Qin X, Caiyin Q, Zhao G, Xiao W, Hu Z, Qiao J. De novo leaf and root transcriptome analysis to explore biosynthetic pathway of Celangulin V in Celastrus angulatus maxim. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:7. [PMID: 30611193 PMCID: PMC6321707 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5397-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Celastrus angulatus Maxim is a kind of crucial and traditional insecticidal plant widely distributed in the mountains of southwest China. Celangulin V is the efficient insecticidal sesquiterpenoid of C. angulatus and widely used in pest control in China, but the low yield and discontinuous supply impeded its further popularization and application. Fortunately, the development of synthetic biology provided an opportunity for sustainable supply of Celangulin V, for which understanding its biosynthetic pathway is indispensable. Results In this study, six cDNA libraries were prepared from leaf and root of C. angulatus before global transcriptome analyses using the BGISEQ-500 platform. A total of 104,950 unigenes were finally obtained with an average length of 1200 bp in six transcriptome databases of C. angulatus, in which 51,817 unigenes classified into 25 KOG classifications, 39,866 unigenes categorized into 55 GO functional groups, and 48,810 unigenes assigned to 135 KEGG pathways, 145 of which were putative biosynthetic genes of sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid. 16 unigenes were speculated to be related to Celangulin V biosynthesis. De novo assembled sequences were verified by Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Conclusions This study is the first report on transcriptome analysis of C. angulatus, and 16 unigenes probably involved in the biosynthesis of Celangulin V were finally collected. The transcriptome data will make great contributions to research for this specific insecticidal plant and the further gene mining for biosynthesis of Celangulin V and other sesquiterpene polyol esters. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5397-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Ranran Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoguang Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinggele Caiyin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangrong Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhai Xiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaonong Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Institute of Pesticide Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Qiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China. .,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Pan Z, Baerson SR, Wang M, Bajsa‐Hirschel J, Rimando AM, Wang X, Nanayakkara NPD, Noonan BP, Fromm ME, Dayan FE, Khan IA, Duke SO. A cytochrome P450 CYP71 enzyme expressed in Sorghum bicolor root hair cells participates in the biosynthesis of the benzoquinone allelochemical sorgoleone. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:616-629. [PMID: 29461628 PMCID: PMC5887931 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Sorgoleone, a major component of the hydrophobic root exudates of Sorghum spp., is probably responsible for many of the allelopathic properties attributed to members of this genus. Much of the biosynthetic pathway for this compound has been elucidated, with the exception of the enzyme responsible for the catalysis of the addition of two hydroxyl groups to the resorcinol ring. A library prepared from isolated Sorghum bicolor root hair cells was first mined for P450-like sequences, which were then analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to identify those preferentially expressed in root hairs. Full-length open reading frames for each candidate were generated, and then analyzed biochemically using both a yeast expression system and transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated repression in transgenic S. bicolor was used to confirm the roles of these candidates in the biosynthesis of sorgoleone in planta. A P450 enzyme, designated CYP71AM1, was found to be capable of catalyzing the formation of dihydrosorgoleone using 5-pentadecatrienyl resorcinol-3-methyl ether as substrate, as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). RNAi-mediated repression of CYP71AM1 in S. bicolor resulted in decreased sorgoleone contents in multiple independent transformant events. Our results strongly suggest that CYP71AM1 participates in the biosynthetic pathway of the allelochemical sorgoleone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Pan
- US Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceNatural Products Utilization Research UnitUniversityMS 38677USA
| | - Scott R. Baerson
- US Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceNatural Products Utilization Research UnitUniversityMS 38677USA
| | - Mei Wang
- National Center for Natural Products ResearchSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMS 38677USA
| | - Joanna Bajsa‐Hirschel
- US Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceNatural Products Utilization Research UnitUniversityMS 38677USA
| | - Agnes M. Rimando
- US Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceNatural Products Utilization Research UnitUniversityMS 38677USA
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTX 76203USA
| | - N. P. Dhammika Nanayakkara
- National Center for Natural Products ResearchSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMS 38677USA
| | - Brice P. Noonan
- Department of BiologyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMS 38677USA
| | - Michael E. Fromm
- Epicrop Technologies Inc.5701 N. 58th Street, Suite 1LincolnNE 68507USA
| | - Franck E. Dayan
- US Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceNatural Products Utilization Research UnitUniversityMS 38677USA
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products ResearchSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMS 38677USA
| | - Stephen O. Duke
- US Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceNatural Products Utilization Research UnitUniversityMS 38677USA
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25
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Sosa Alderete LG, Guido ME, Agostini E, Mas P. Identification and characterization of key circadian clock genes of tobacco hairy roots: putative regulatory role in xenobiotic metabolism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:1597-1608. [PMID: 29098590 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock is an endogenous system that allows organisms to daily adapt and optimize their physiology and metabolism. We studied the key circadian clock gene (CCG) orthologs in Nicotiana tabacum seedlings and in hairy root cultures (HRC). Putative genes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotic compounds (MXC) were selected and their expression profiles were also analyzed. Seedlings and HRC displayed similar diurnal variations in the expression profiles for the CCG examined under control conditions (CC). MXC-related genes also showed daily fluctuations with specific peaks of expression. However, when HRC were under phenol treatment (PT), the expression patterns of the clock and MXC-related genes were significantly affected. In 2-week-old HRC, PT downregulated the expression of NtLHY, NtTOC1, and NtPRR9 while NtFKF1 and NtGI genes were upregulated by phenol. In 3-week-old HRC, PT also downregulated the expression of all CCG analyzed and NtTOC1 was the most affected. Following PT, the expression of the MXC-related genes was upregulated or displayed an anti-phasic expression profile compared to the expression under CC. Our studies thus provide a glimpse of the circadian expression of clock genes in tobacco and the use of HRC as a convenient system to study plant responses to xenobiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas G Sosa Alderete
- Department of Molecular Biology, UNRC, Río Cuarto, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina.
| | | | - Elizabeth Agostini
- Department of Molecular Biology, UNRC, Río Cuarto, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Paloma Mas
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), Barcelona, Spain
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Banerjee A, Hamberger B. P450s controlling metabolic bifurcations in plant terpene specialized metabolism. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2018; 17:81-111. [PMID: 29563859 PMCID: PMC5842272 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-017-9530-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Catalyzing stereo- and regio-specific oxidation of inert hydrocarbon backbones, and a range of more exotic reactions inherently difficult in formal chemical synthesis, cytochromes P450 (P450s) offer outstanding potential for biotechnological engineering. Plants and their dazzling diversity of specialized metabolites have emerged as rich repository for functional P450s with the advances of deep transcriptomics and genome wide discovery. P450s are of outstanding interest for understanding chemical diversification throughout evolution, for gaining mechanistic insights through the study of their structure-function relationship, and for exploitation in Synthetic Biology. In this review, we highlight recent developments and examples in the discovery of plant P450s involved in the biosynthesis of industrially relevant monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids and triterpenoids, throughout 2016 and early 2017. Examples were selected to illustrate the spectrum of value from commodity chemicals, flavor and fragrance compounds to pharmacologically active terpenoids. We focus on a recently emerging theme, where P450s control metabolic bifurcations and chemical diversity of the final product profile, either within a pathway, or through neo-functionalization in related species. The implications may inform approaches for rational assembly of recombinant pathways, biotechnological production of high value terpenoids and generation of novel chemical entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparajita Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Björn Hamberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
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27
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Lee HA, Kim S, Kim S, Choi D. Expansion of sesquiterpene biosynthetic gene clusters in pepper confers nonhost resistance to the Irish potato famine pathogen. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017. [PMID: 28631815 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemical barriers contribute to nonhost resistance, which is defined as the resistance of an entire plant species to nonadapted pathogen species. However, the molecular basis of metabolic defense in nonhost resistance remains elusive. Here, we report genetic evidence for the essential role of phytoalexin capsidiol in nonhost resistance of pepper (Capsicum spp.) to potato late blight Phytophthora infestans using transcriptome and genome analyses. Two different genes for capsidiol biosynthesis, 5-epi-aristolochene synthase (EAS) and 5-epi-aristolochene-1,3-dihydroxylase (EAH), belong to multigene families. However, only a subset of EAS/EAH gene family members were highly induced upon P. infestans infection, which was associated with parallel accumulation of capsidiol in P. infestans-infected pepper. Silencing of EAS homologs in pepper resulted in a significant decrease in capsidiol accumulation and allowed the growth of nonadapted P. infestans that is highly sensitive to capsidiol. Phylogenetic and genomic analyses of EAS/EAH multigene families revealed that the emergence of pathogen-inducible EAS/EAH genes in Capsicum-specific genomic regions rendered pepper a nonhost of P. infestans. This study provides insights into evolutionary aspects of nonhost resistance based on the combination of a species-specific phytoalexin and sensitivity of nonadapted pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ah Lee
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Division of Eco-Friendly Horticulture, Yonam College, Cheonan, 31005, Korea
| | - Sejun Kim
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Seungill Kim
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Doil Choi
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
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28
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Henquet MGL, Prota N, van der Hooft JJJ, Varbanova-Herde M, Hulzink RJM, de Vos M, Prins M, de Both MTJ, Franssen MCR, Bouwmeester H, Jongsma M. Identification of a drimenol synthase and drimenol oxidase from Persicaria hydropiper, involved in the biosynthesis of insect deterrent drimanes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:1052-1063. [PMID: 28258968 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The sesquiterpenoid polygodial, which belongs to the drimane family, has been shown to be an antifeedant for a number of herbivorous insects. It is presumed to be synthesized from farnesyl diphosphate via drimenol, subsequent C-12 hydroxylation and further oxidations at both C-11 and C-12 to form a dialdehyde. Here, we have identified a drimenol synthase (PhDS) and a cytochrome P450 drimenol oxidase (PhDOX1) from Persicaria hydropiper. Expression of PhDS in yeast and plants resulted in production of drimenol alone. Co-expression of PhDS with PhDOX1 in yeast yielded drimendiol, the 12-hydroxylation product of drimenol, as a major product, and cinnamolide. When PhDS and PhDOX1 were transiently expressed by agro-infiltration in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, drimenol was almost completely converted into cinnamolide and several additional drimenol derivatives were observed. In vitro assays showed that PhDOX1 only catalyses the conversion from drimenol to drimendiol, and not the further oxidation into an aldehyde. In yeast and heterologous plant hosts, the C-12 position of drimendiol is therefore likely to be further oxidized by endogenous enzymes into an aldehyde and subsequently converted to cinnamolide, presumably by spontaneous hemiacetal formation with the C-11 hydroxyl group followed by oxidation. Purified cinnamolide was confirmed by NMR and shown to be deterrent with an effective deterrent dose (ED50 ) of about 200-400 μg g-1 fresh weight against both whiteflies and aphids. The putative additional physiological and biochemical requirements for polygodial biosynthesis and stable storage in plant tissues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice G L Henquet
- PRI-Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Neli Prota
- PRI-Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Justin J J van der Hooft
- PRI-Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Varbanova-Herde
- PRI-Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Maurice C R Franssen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harro Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Jongsma
- PRI-Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Champagne A, Boutry M. A comprehensive proteome map of glandular trichomes of hop (Humulus lupulus
L.) female cones: Identification of biosynthetic pathways of the major terpenoid-related compounds and possible transport proteins. Proteomics 2017; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Champagne
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie; Université catholique de Louvain; Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Marc Boutry
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie; Université catholique de Louvain; Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
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30
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Yan Q, Cui X, Lin S, Gan S, Xing H, Dou D. GmCYP82A3, a Soybean Cytochrome P450 Family Gene Involved in the Jasmonic Acid and Ethylene Signaling Pathway, Enhances Plant Resistance to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162253. [PMID: 27588421 PMCID: PMC5010195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) represent a large and important enzyme superfamily in plants. They catalyze numerous monooxygenation/hydroxylation reactions in biochemical pathways, P450s are involved in a variety of metabolic pathways and participate in the homeostasis of phytohormones. The CYP82 family genes specifically reside in dicots and are usually induced by distinct environmental stresses. However, their functions are largely unknown, especially in soybean (Glycine max L.). Here, we report the function of GmCYP82A3, a gene from soybean CYP82 family. Its expression was induced by Phytophthora sojae infection, salinity and drought stresses, and treatment with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or ethephon (ETH). Its expression levels were consistently high in resistant cultivars. Transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants overexpressing GmCYP82A3 exhibited strong resistance to Botrytis cinerea and Phytophthora parasitica, and enhanced tolerance to salinity and drought stresses. Furthermore, transgenic plants were less sensitive to jasmonic acid (JA), and the enhanced resistance was accompanied with increased expression of the JA/ET signaling pathway-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Cui
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuai Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuping Gan
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Xing
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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31
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Tsukagoshi Y, Ohyama K, Seki H, Akashi T, Muranaka T, Suzuki H, Fujimoto Y. Functional characterization of CYP71D443, a cytochrome P450 catalyzing C-22 hydroxylation in the 20-hydroxyecdysone biosynthesis of Ajuga hairy roots. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 127:23-28. [PMID: 27017303 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
20-Hydroxyecdysone (20HE), a molting hormone of insects, is also distributed among a variety of plant families. 20HE is thought to play a role in protecting plants from insect herbivores. In insects, biosynthesis of 20HE from cholesterol proceeds via 7-dehydrocholesterol and 3β,14α-dihydroxy-5β-cholest-7-en-6-one (5β-ketodiol), the latter being converted to 20HE through sequential hydroxylation catalyzed by four P450 enzymes, which have been cloned and identified. In contrast, little is known about plant 20HE biosynthesis, and no biosynthetic 20HE gene has been reported thus far. We recently proposed involvement of 3β-hydroxy-5β-cholestan-6-one (5β-ketone) in 20HE biosynthesis in the hairy roots of Ajuga reptans var. atropurpurea (Lamiaceae). In this study, an Ajuga EST library was generated from the hairy roots and P450 genes were deduced from the library. Five genes with a high expression level (CYP71D443, CYP76AH19, CYP76AH20, CYP76AH21 and CYP716D27) were screened for a possible involvement in 20HE biosynthesis. As a result, CYP71D443 was shown to have C-22 hydroxylation activity for the 5β-ketone substrate using a yeast expression system. The hydroxylated product, 22-hydroxy-5β-ketone, had a 22R configuration in agreement with that of 20HE. Furthermore, labeling experiments indicated that (22R)-22-hydroxy-5β-ketone was converted to 20HE in Ajuga hairy roots. Based on the present results, a possible 20HE biosynthetic pathway in Ajuga plants involved CYP71D443 is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tsukagoshi
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ohyama
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Akashi
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
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32
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Takase H, Sasaki K, Shinmori H, Shinohara A, Mochizuki C, Kobayashi H, Ikoma G, Saito H, Matsuo H, Suzuki S, Takata R. Cytochrome P450 CYP71BE5 in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) catalyzes the formation of the spicy aroma compound (-)-rotundone. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:787-98. [PMID: 26590863 PMCID: PMC4737078 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
(-)-Rotundone is a potent odorant molecule with a characteristic spicy aroma existing in various plants including grapevines (Vitis vinifera). It is considered to be a significant compound in wines and grapes because of its low sensory threshold and aroma properties. (-)-Rotundone was first identified in red wine made from the grape cultivar Syrah and here we report the identification of VvSTO2 as a α-guaiene 2-oxidase which can transform α-guaiene to (-)-rotundone in the grape cultivar Syrah. It is a cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme belonging to the CYP 71BE subfamily, which overlaps with the very large CYP71D family and, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first functional characterization of an enzyme from this family. VvSTO2 was expressed at a higher level in the Syrah grape exocarp (skin) in accord with the localization of (-)-rotundone accumulation in grape berries. α-Guaiene was also detected in the Syrah grape exocarp at an extremely high concentration. These findings suggest that (-)-rotundone accumulation is regulated by the VvSTO2 expression along with the availability of α-guaiene as a precursor. VvSTO2 expression during grape maturation was considerably higher in Syrah grape exocarp compared to Merlot grape exocarp, consistent with the patterns of α-guaiene and (-)-rotundone accumulation. On the basis of these findings, we propose that VvSTO2 may be a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of (-)-rotundone in grapevines by acting as a α-guaiene 2-oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Takase
- Laboratory, New Product & Process Developments, Mercian Corporation, 4-9-1 Johnan, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0057, Japan The Institute of Enology and Viticulture, University of Yamanashi, 1-13-1 Kitashin, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0005, Japan
| | - Kanako Sasaki
- Laboratory, New Product & Process Developments, Mercian Corporation, 4-9-1 Johnan, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0057, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Shinmori
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medical and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Akira Shinohara
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medical and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Chihiro Mochizuki
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medical and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Hironori Kobayashi
- Château Mercian, 1425-1 Shimoiwasaki, Katsunuma, Koshu, Yamanashi 409-1313, Japan
| | - Gen Ikoma
- The Institute of Enology and Viticulture, University of Yamanashi, 1-13-1 Kitashin, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0005, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Saito
- Château Mercian, 1425-1 Shimoiwasaki, Katsunuma, Koshu, Yamanashi 409-1313, Japan
| | - Hironori Matsuo
- Château Mercian, 1425-1 Shimoiwasaki, Katsunuma, Koshu, Yamanashi 409-1313, Japan
| | - Shunji Suzuki
- The Institute of Enology and Viticulture, University of Yamanashi, 1-13-1 Kitashin, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0005, Japan
| | - Ryoji Takata
- Laboratory, New Product & Process Developments, Mercian Corporation, 4-9-1 Johnan, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0057, Japan
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Li R, Tee CS, Jiang YL, Jiang XY, Venkatesh PN, Sarojam R, Ye J. A terpenoid phytoalexin plays a role in basal defense of Nicotiana benthamiana against Potato virus X. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9682. [PMID: 25993114 PMCID: PMC4438586 DOI: 10.1038/srep09682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenoid phytoalexins function as defense compound against a broad spectrum of pathogens and pests in the plant kingdom. However, the role of phytoalexin in antiviral defense is still elusive. In this study, we identified the biosynthesis pathway of a sesquiterpenoid phytoalexin, capsidiol 3-acetate as an antiviral response against RNA virus Potato Virus X (PVX) in Nicotiana benthamiana. NbTPS1 and NbEAH genes were found strongly induced by PVX-infection. Enzymatic activity and genetic evidence indicated that both genes were involved in the PVX-induced biosynthesis of capsidiol 3-acetate. NbTPS1- or NbEAH-silenced plant was more susceptible to PVX. The accumulation of capsidiol 3-acetate in PVX-infected plant was partially regulated by jasmonic acid signaling receptor COI1. These findings provide an insight into a novel mechanism of how plant uses the basal arsenal machinery to mount a fight against virus attack even in susceptible species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Li
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of
Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Chuan-Sia Tee
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of
Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Yu-Lin Jiang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of
Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Xi-Yuan Jiang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of
Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Prasanna Nori Venkatesh
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of
Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Rajani Sarojam
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of
Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Jian Ye
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of
Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of
Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101,
China
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Yoshida K, Ma D, Constabel CP. The MYB182 protein down-regulates proanthocyanidin and anthocyanin biosynthesis in poplar by repressing both structural and regulatory flavonoid genes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:693-710. [PMID: 25624398 PMCID: PMC4348771 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.253674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Trees in the genus Populus (poplar) contain phenolic secondary metabolites including the proanthocyanidins (PAs), which help to adapt these widespread trees to diverse environments. The transcriptional activation of PA biosynthesis in response to herbivory and ultraviolet light stress has been documented in poplar leaves, and a regulator of this process, the R2R3-MYB transcription factor MYB134, has been identified. MYB134-overexpressing transgenic plants show a strong high-PA phenotype. Analysis of these transgenic plants suggested the involvement of additional MYB transcription factors, including repressor-like MYB factors. Here, MYB182, a subgroup 4 MYB factor, was found to act as a negative regulator of the flavonoid pathway. Overexpression of MYB182 in hairy root culture and whole poplar plants led to reduced PA and anthocyanin levels as well as a reduction in the expression of key flavonoid genes. Similarly, a reduced accumulation of transcripts of a MYB PA activator and a basic helix-loop-helix cofactor was observed in MYB182-overexpressing hairy roots. Transient promoter activation assays in poplar cell culture demonstrated that MYB182 can disrupt transcriptional activation by MYB134 and that the basic helix-loop-helix-binding motif of MYB182 was essential for repression. Microarray analysis of transgenic plants demonstrated that down-regulated targets of MYB182 also include shikimate pathway genes. This work shows that MYB182 plays an important role in the fine-tuning of MYB134-mediated flavonoid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Yoshida
- Center for Forest Biology and Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3N5
| | - Dawei Ma
- Center for Forest Biology and Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3N5
| | - C Peter Constabel
- Center for Forest Biology and Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3N5
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35
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Investigation of terpene diversification across multiple sequenced plant genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 112:E81-8. [PMID: 25502595 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1419547112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants produce an array of specialized metabolites, including chemicals that are important as medicines, flavors, fragrances, pigments and insecticides. The vast majority of this metabolic diversity is untapped. Here we take a systematic approach toward dissecting genetic components of plant specialized metabolism. Focusing on the terpenes, the largest class of plant natural products, we investigate the basis of terpene diversity through analysis of multiple sequenced plant genomes. The primary drivers of terpene diversification are terpenoid synthase (TS) "signature" enzymes (which generate scaffold diversity), and cytochromes P450 (CYPs), which modify and further diversify these scaffolds, so paving the way for further downstream modifications. Our systematic search of sequenced plant genomes for all TS and CYP genes reveals that distinct TS/CYP gene pairs are found together far more commonly than would be expected by chance, and that certain TS/CYP pairings predominate, providing signals for key events that are likely to have shaped terpene diversity. We recover TS/CYP gene pairs for previously characterized terpene metabolic gene clusters and demonstrate new functional pairing of TSs and CYPs within previously uncharacterized clusters. Unexpectedly, we find evidence for different mechanisms of pathway assembly in eudicots and monocots; in the former, microsyntenic blocks of TS/CYP gene pairs duplicate and provide templates for the evolution of new pathways, whereas in the latter, new pathways arise by mixing and matching of individual TS and CYP genes through dynamic genome rearrangements. This is, to our knowledge, the first documented observation of the unique pattern of TS and CYP assembly in eudicots and monocots.
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36
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Ohtsu M, Shibata Y, Ojika M, Tamura K, Hara-Nishimura I, Mori H, Kawakita K, Takemoto D. Nucleoporin 75 is involved in the ethylene-mediated production of phytoalexin for the resistance of Nicotiana benthamiana to Phytophthora infestans. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:1318-30. [PMID: 25122483 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-14-0181-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mature Nicotiana benthamiana shows stable resistance to the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Induction of phytoalexin (capsidiol) production is essential for the resistance, which is upregulated via a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade (NbMEK2-WIPK/SIPK) followed by ethylene signaling. In this study, NbNup75 (encodes a nuclear pore protein Nucleoporin75) was identified as an essential gene for resistance of N. benthamiana to P. infestans. In NbNup75-silenced plants, initial events of elicitor-induced responses such as phosphorylation of MAPK and expression of defense-related genes were not affected, whereas induction of later defense responses such as capsidiol production and cell death induction was suppressed or delayed. Ethylene production induced by either INF1 or NbMEK2 was reduced in NbNup75-silenced plants, whereas the expression of NbEAS (a gene for capsidiol biosynthesis) induced by ethylene was not affected, indicating that Nup75 is required for the induction of ethylene production but not for ethylene signaling. Given that nuclear accumulation of polyA RNA was increased in NbNup75-silenced plants, efficient export of mRNA from nuclei via nuclear pores would be important for the timely upregulation of defense responses. Collectively, Nup75 is involved in the induction of a later stage of defense responses, including the ethylene-mediated production of phytoalexin for the resistance of N. benthamiana to P. infestans.
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37
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Sun L, Zhu L, Xu L, Yuan D, Min L, Zhang X. Cotton cytochrome P450 CYP82D regulates systemic cell death by modulating the octadecanoid pathway. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5372. [PMID: 25371113 PMCID: PMC4241986 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant oxylipins are derived from unsaturated fatty acids and play roles in plant growth and development as well as defence. Although recent studies have revealed that fatty acid metabolism is involved in systemic acquired resistance, the precise function of oxylipins in plant defence remains unknown. Here we report a cotton P450 gene SILENCE-INDUCED STEM NECROSIS (SSN), RNAi suppression of which causes a lesion mimic phenotype. SSN is also involved in jasmonate metabolism and the response to wounding. Fatty acid and oxylipin metabolite analysis showed that SSN overexpression causes hyperaccumulation of hydroxide and ketodiene fatty acids and reduced levels of 18:2 fatty acids, whereas silencing causes an imbalance in LOX (lipoxygenase) expression and excessive hydroperoxide fatty acid accumulation. We also show that an unknown oxylipin-derived factor is a putative mobile signal required for systemic cell death and hypothesize that SSN acts as a valve to regulate HR on pathogen infection. Oxylipin signalling is known to play important roles in plant growth, development and defence against pathogens. Here Sun et al. identify a novel cytochrome P450 in cotton and show that its suppression leads to activation of plant defence responses and alteration of oxylipin metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longqing Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Longfu Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Li Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Daojun Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Ling Min
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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38
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Park S, Park AR, Im S, Han YJ, Lee S, Back K, Kim JI, Kim YS. Developmentally regulated sesquiterpene production confers resistance to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in ripe pepper fruits. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109453. [PMID: 25286411 PMCID: PMC4186859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sesquiterpenoid capsidiol, exhibiting antifungal activity against pathogenic fungus, is accumulated in infected ripe pepper fruits. In this study, we found a negative relation between the capsidiol level and lesion size in fruits infected with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, depending on the stage of ripening. To understand the developmental regulation of capsidiol biosynthesis, fungal-induced gene expressions in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathways were examined in unripe and ripe pepper fruits. The sterol biosynthetic pathway was almost shut down in healthy ripe fruits, showing very low expression of hydroxymethyl glutaryl CoA reductase (HMGR) and squalene synthase (SS) genes. In contrast, genes in the carotenoid pathway were highly expressed in ripe fruits. In the sesquiterpene pathway, 5-epi-aristolochene synthase (EAS), belonging to a sesquiterpene cyclase (STC) family, was significantly induced in the ripe fruits upon fungal infection. Immunoblot and enzyme activity analyses showed that the STCs were induced both in the infected unripe and ripe fruits, while capsidiol was synthesized discriminatively in the ripe fruits, implying diverse enzymatic specificity of multiple STCs. Thereby, to divert sterol biosynthesis into sesquiterpene production, infected fruits were pretreated with an SS inhibitor, zaragozic acid (ZA), resulting in increased levels of capsidiol by more than 2-fold in the ripe fruits, with concurrent reduction of phytosterols. Taken together, the present results suggest that the enhanced expression and activity of EAS in the ripe fruits play an important role in capsidiol production, contributing to the incompatibility between the anthracnose fungus and the ripe pepper fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangkyu Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ae Ran Park
- Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Soonduk Im
- Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yun-Jeong Han
- Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sungbeom Lee
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Jeongeup, Korea
| | - Kyoungwhan Back
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jeong-Il Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
- Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young Soon Kim
- Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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Giannakopoulou A, Schornack S, Bozkurt TO, Haart D, Ro DK, Faraldos JA, Kamoun S, O’Maille PE. Variation in capsidiol sensitivity between Phytophthora infestans and Phytophthora capsici is consistent with their host range. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107462. [PMID: 25203155 PMCID: PMC4159330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants protect themselves against a variety of invading pathogenic organisms via sophisticated defence mechanisms. These responses include deployment of specialized antimicrobial compounds, such as phytoalexins, that rapidly accumulate at pathogen infection sites. However, the extent to which these compounds contribute to species-level resistance and their spectrum of action remain poorly understood. Capsidiol, a defense related phytoalexin, is produced by several solanaceous plants including pepper and tobacco during microbial attack. Interestingly, capsidiol differentially affects growth and germination of the oomycete pathogens Phytophthora infestans and Phytophthora capsici, although the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. In this study we revisited the differential effect of capsidiol on P. infestans and P. capsici, using highly pure capsidiol preparations obtained from yeast engineered to express the capsidiol biosynthetic pathway. Taking advantage of transgenic Phytophthora strains expressing fluorescent markers, we developed a fluorescence-based method to determine the differential effect of capsidiol on Phytophtora growth. Using these assays, we confirm major differences in capsidiol sensitivity between P. infestans and P. capsici and demonstrate that capsidiol alters the growth behaviour of both Phytophthora species. Finally, we report intraspecific variation within P. infestans isolates towards capsidiol tolerance pointing to an arms race between the plant and the pathogens in deployment of defence related phytoalexins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Schornack
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tolga O. Bozkurt
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Imperial College, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dave Haart
- Institute of Food Research, Food & Health Programme, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Dae-Kyun Ro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Juan A. Faraldos
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul E. O’Maille
- Institute of Food Research, Food & Health Programme, Norwich, United Kingdom
- John Innes Centre, Department of Metabolic Biology, Norwich, United Kingdom
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40
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Cankar K, van Houwelingen A, Goedbloed M, Renirie R, de Jong RM, Bouwmeester H, Bosch D, Sonke T, Beekwilder J. Valencene oxidase CYP706M1 from Alaska cedar (Callitropsis nootkatensis). FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1001-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Huchelmann A, Gastaldo C, Veinante M, Zeng Y, Heintz D, Tritsch D, Schaller H, Rohmer M, Bach TJ, Hemmerlin A. S-carvone suppresses cellulase-induced capsidiol production in Nicotiana tabacum by interfering with protein isoprenylation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:935-50. [PMID: 24367019 PMCID: PMC3912117 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.232546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
S-Carvone has been described as a negative regulator of mevalonic acid (MVA) production by interfering with 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) activity, a key player in isoprenoid biosynthesis. The impact of this monoterpene on the production of capsidiol in Nicotiana tabacum, an assumed MVA-derived sesquiterpenoid phytoalexin produced in response to elicitation by cellulase, was investigated. As expected, capsidiol production, as well as early stages of elicitation such as hydrogen peroxide production or stimulation of 5-epi-aristolochene synthase activity, were repressed. Despite the lack of capsidiol synthesis, apparent HMGR activity was boosted. Feeding experiments using (1-13C)Glc followed by analysis of labeling patterns by 13C-NMR, confirmed an MVA-dependent biosynthesis; however, treatments with fosmidomycin, an inhibitor of the MVA-independent 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) isoprenoid pathway, unexpectedly down-regulated the biosynthesis of this sesquiterpene as well. We postulated that S-carvone does not directly inhibit the production of MVA by inactivating HMGR, but possibly targets an MEP-derived isoprenoid involved in the early steps of the elicitation process. A new model is proposed in which the monoterpene blocks an MEP pathway-dependent protein geranylgeranylation necessary for the signaling cascade. The production of capsidiol was inhibited when plants were treated with some inhibitors of protein prenylation or by further monoterpenes. Moreover, S-carvone hindered isoprenylation of a prenylable GFP indicator protein expressed in N. tabacum cell lines, which can be chemically complemented with geranylgeraniol. The model was further validated using N. tabacum cell extracts or recombinant N. tabacum protein prenyltransferases expressed in Escherichia coli. Our study endorsed a reevaluation of the effect of S-carvone on plant isoprenoid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Huchelmann
- Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, conventionné avec l’Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg, France (Al.H., M.V., Y.Z., D.H., H.S., T.J.B., An.H.); and
- Institut de Chimie Unité Mixte de Recherche 7177, Université de Strasbourg/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-67070 Strasbourg, France (C.G., D.T., M.R.)
| | - Clément Gastaldo
- Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, conventionné avec l’Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg, France (Al.H., M.V., Y.Z., D.H., H.S., T.J.B., An.H.); and
- Institut de Chimie Unité Mixte de Recherche 7177, Université de Strasbourg/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-67070 Strasbourg, France (C.G., D.T., M.R.)
| | - Mickaël Veinante
- Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, conventionné avec l’Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg, France (Al.H., M.V., Y.Z., D.H., H.S., T.J.B., An.H.); and
- Institut de Chimie Unité Mixte de Recherche 7177, Université de Strasbourg/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-67070 Strasbourg, France (C.G., D.T., M.R.)
| | | | - Dimitri Heintz
- Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, conventionné avec l’Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg, France (Al.H., M.V., Y.Z., D.H., H.S., T.J.B., An.H.); and
- Institut de Chimie Unité Mixte de Recherche 7177, Université de Strasbourg/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-67070 Strasbourg, France (C.G., D.T., M.R.)
| | - Denis Tritsch
- Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, conventionné avec l’Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg, France (Al.H., M.V., Y.Z., D.H., H.S., T.J.B., An.H.); and
- Institut de Chimie Unité Mixte de Recherche 7177, Université de Strasbourg/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-67070 Strasbourg, France (C.G., D.T., M.R.)
| | - Hubert Schaller
- Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, conventionné avec l’Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg, France (Al.H., M.V., Y.Z., D.H., H.S., T.J.B., An.H.); and
- Institut de Chimie Unité Mixte de Recherche 7177, Université de Strasbourg/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-67070 Strasbourg, France (C.G., D.T., M.R.)
| | - Michel Rohmer
- Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, conventionné avec l’Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg, France (Al.H., M.V., Y.Z., D.H., H.S., T.J.B., An.H.); and
- Institut de Chimie Unité Mixte de Recherche 7177, Université de Strasbourg/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-67070 Strasbourg, France (C.G., D.T., M.R.)
| | - Thomas J. Bach
- Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, conventionné avec l’Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg, France (Al.H., M.V., Y.Z., D.H., H.S., T.J.B., An.H.); and
- Institut de Chimie Unité Mixte de Recherche 7177, Université de Strasbourg/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-67070 Strasbourg, France (C.G., D.T., M.R.)
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Research progress relating to the role of cytochrome P450 in the biosynthesis of terpenoids in medicinal plants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:2371-83. [PMID: 24413977 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Terpenoids are an extensive and diverse group of plant secondary metabolites. To date, they have been applied in many fields including industry, medicine and health. The wide variety of terpenoid compounds cannot arise solely from simple cyclisations of a precursor molecule or from a single-step reaction; their structural diversity depends on the modification of many specific chemical groups, rearrangements of their skeletal structures and on the post-modification reactions. Most of the post-modification enzymes that catalyse these reactions are cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Therefore, the discovery and identification of plant P450 genes plays a vital role in the exploration of terpenoid biosynthesis pathways. This review summarises recent research progress relating to the function of plant cytochrome P450 enzymes, describes P450 genes that have been cloned from full-length cDNA and identifies the function of P450 enzymes in the terpenoid biosynthesis pathways of several medicinal plants.
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Jullien F, Moja S, Bony A, Legrand S, Petit C, Benabdelkader T, Poirot K, Fiorucci S, Guitton Y, Nicolè F, Baudino S, Magnard JL. Isolation and functional characterization of a τ-cadinol synthase, a new sesquiterpene synthase from Lavandula angustifolia. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 84:227-41. [PMID: 24078339 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we characterize three sTPSs: a germacrene D (LaGERDS), a (E)-β-caryophyllene (LaCARS) and a τ-cadinol synthase (LaCADS). τ-cadinol synthase is reported here for the first time and its activity was studied in several biological models including transiently or stably transformed tobacco species. Three dimensional structure models of LaCADS and Ocimum basilicum γ-cadinene synthase were built by homology modeling using the template structure of Gossypium arboreum δ-cadinene synthase. The depiction of their active site organization provides evidence of the global influence of the enzymes on the formation of τ-cadinol: instead of a unique amino-acid, the electrostatic properties and solvent accessibility of the whole active site in LaCADS may explain the stabilization of the cadinyl cation intermediate. Quantitative PCR performed from leaves and inflorescences showed two patterns of expression. LaGERDS and LaCARS were mainly expressed during early stages of flower development and, at these stages, transcript levels paralleled the accumulation of the corresponding terpene products (germacrene D and (E)-β-caryophyllene). By contrast, the expression level of LaCADS was constant in leaves and flowers. Phylogenetic analysis provided informative results on potential duplication process leading to sTPS diversification in lavender.
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Shen H, Mazarei M, Hisano H, Escamilla-Trevino L, Fu C, Pu Y, Rudis MR, Tang Y, Xiao X, Jackson L, Li G, Hernandez T, Chen F, Ragauskas AJ, Stewart CN, Wang ZY, Dixon RA. A genomics approach to deciphering lignin biosynthesis in switchgrass. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4342-61. [PMID: 24285795 PMCID: PMC3875722 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.118828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
It is necessary to overcome recalcitrance of the biomass to saccharification (sugar release) to make switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) economically viable as a feedstock for liquid biofuels. Lignin content correlates negatively with sugar release efficiency in switchgrass, but selecting the right gene candidates for engineering lignin biosynthesis in this tetraploid outcrossing species is not straightforward. To assist this endeavor, we have used an inducible switchgrass cell suspension system for studying lignin biosynthesis in response to exogenous brassinolide. By applying a combination of protein sequence phylogeny with whole-genome microarray analyses of induced cell cultures and developing stem internode sections, we have generated a list of candidate monolignol biosynthetic genes for switchgrass. Several genes that were strongly supported through our bioinformatics analysis as involved in lignin biosynthesis were confirmed by gene silencing studies, in which lignin levels were reduced as a result of targeting a single gene. However, candidate genes encoding enzymes involved in the early steps of the currently accepted monolignol biosynthesis pathway in dicots may have functionally redundant paralogues in switchgrass and therefore require further evaluation. This work provides a blueprint and resources for the systematic genome-wide study of the monolignol pathway in switchgrass, as well as other C4 monocot species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shen
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
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Matsukawa M, Shibata Y, Ohtsu M, Mizutani A, Mori H, Wang P, Ojika M, Kawakita K, Takemoto D. Nicotiana benthamiana calreticulin 3a is required for the ethylene-mediated production of phytoalexins and disease resistance against oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:880-92. [PMID: 23617417 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-12-0301-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Mature Nicotiana benthamiana shows strong resistance to the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. By screening using virus-induced random gene silencing, we isolated a gene for plant-specific calreticulin NbCRT3a as a required gene for resistance of N. benthamiana against P. infestans. NbCRT3a encodes an endoplasmic reticulum quality-control (ERQC) chaperone for the maturation of glycoproteins, including glycosylated cell-surface receptors. NbCRT3a-silenced plants showed no detectable growth defects but resistance to P. infestans was significantly compromised. Defense responses induced by the treatment with INF1 (a secretory protein of P. infestans), such as production of reactive oxygen species and accumulation of phytoalexins, were suppressed in NbCRT3a-silenced N. benthamiana. Expression of an ethylene-regulated gene for phytoalexin biosynthesis, NbEAS, was reduced in NbCRT3a-silenced plants, whereas the expression of salicylic acid-regulated NbPR-1a was not affected. Consistently, induction of ethylene production by INF1 was suppressed in NbCRT3a-silenced plants. Resistance reactions induced by a hyphal wall components elicitor prepared from P. infestans were also impaired in NbCRT3a-silenced plants. However, cell death induced by active mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (NbMEK2(DD)) was not affected by the silencing of NbCRT3a. Thus, NbCRT3a is required for the initiation of resistance reactions of N. benthamiana in response to elicitor molecules derived from P. infestans.
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Wriessnegger T, Pichler H. Yeast metabolic engineering – Targeting sterol metabolism and terpenoid formation. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:277-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Gavira C, Höfer R, Lesot A, Lambert F, Zucca J, Werck-Reichhart D. Challenges and pitfalls of P450-dependent (+)-valencene bioconversion by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab Eng 2013; 18:25-35. [PMID: 23518241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Natural nootkatone is a high value ingredient for the flavor and fragrance industry because of its grapefruit flavor/odor, low sensorial threshold and low availability. Valencene conversion into nootkatol and nootkatone is known to be catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzymes from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, but so far development of a viable bioconversion process using either native microorganisms or recombinant enzymes was not successful. Using an in silico gene-mining approach, we selected 4 potential candidate P450 enzymes from higher plants and identified two of them that selectively converted (+)-valencene into β-nootkatol with high efficiency when tested using recombinant yeast microsomes in vitro. Recombinant yeast expressing CYP71D51v2 from tobacco and a P450 reductase from arabidopsis was used for optimization of a bioconversion process. Bioconversion assays led to production of β-nootkatol and nootkatone, but with low yields that decreased upon increase of the substrate concentration. The reasons for this low bioconversion efficiency were further investigated and several factors potentially hampering industry-compatible valencene bioconversion were identified. One is the toxicity of the products for yeast at concentrations exceeding 100 mg L⁻¹. The second is the accumulation of β-nootkatol in yeast endomembranes. The third is the inhibition of the CYP71D51v2 hydroxylation reaction by the products. Furthermore, we observed that the formation of nootkatone from β-nootkatol is not P450-dependent but catalyzed by a yeast component. Based on these data, we propose new strategies for implementation of a viable P450-based bioconversion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Gavira
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology of CNRS UPR2357, University of Strasbourg, 28 Rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Zerbe P, Hamberger B, Yuen MM, Chiang A, Sandhu HK, Madilao LL, Nguyen A, Hamberger B, Bach SS, Bohlmann J. Gene discovery of modular diterpene metabolism in nonmodel systems. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:1073-91. [PMID: 23613273 PMCID: PMC3668041 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.218347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce over 10,000 different diterpenes of specialized (secondary) metabolism, and fewer diterpenes of general (primary) metabolism. Specialized diterpenes may have functions in ecological interactions of plants with other organisms and also benefit humanity as pharmaceuticals, fragrances, resins, and other industrial bioproducts. Examples of high-value diterpenes are taxol and forskolin pharmaceuticals or ambroxide fragrances. Yields and purity of diterpenes obtained from natural sources or by chemical synthesis are often insufficient for large-volume or high-end applications. Improvement of agricultural or biotechnological diterpene production requires knowledge of biosynthetic genes and enzymes. However, specialized diterpene pathways are extremely diverse across the plant kingdom, and most specialized diterpenes are taxonomically restricted to a few plant species, genera, or families. Consequently, there is no single reference system to guide gene discovery and rapid annotation of specialized diterpene pathways. Functional diversification of genes and plasticity of enzyme functions of these pathways further complicate correct annotation. To address this challenge, we used a set of 10 different plant species to develop a general strategy for diterpene gene discovery in nonmodel systems. The approach combines metabolite-guided transcriptome resources, custom diterpene synthase (diTPS) and cytochrome P450 reference gene databases, phylogenies, and, as shown for select diTPSs, single and coupled enzyme assays using microbial and plant expression systems. In the 10 species, we identified 46 new diTPS candidates and over 400 putatively terpenoid-related P450s in a resource of nearly 1 million predicted transcripts of diterpene-accumulating tissues. Phylogenetic patterns of lineage-specific blooms of genes guided functional characterization.
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Balusamy SRD, Kim YJ, Rahimi S, Senthil KS, Lee OR, Lee S, Yang DC. Transcript pattern of cytochrome P450, antioxidant and ginsenoside biosynthetic pathway genes under heavy metal stress in Panax ginseng Meyer. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 90:194-202. [PMID: 23232757 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0891-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The differential transcript patterns of five antioxidant genes, four genes related to the ginsenoside pathway and five P450 genes related to defense mechanism were investigated in in vitro adventitious roots of Panax ginseng after exposure to two different concentrations of heavy metals for 7 days. PgSOD-1 and PgCAT transcription increased in a dose-dependent manner during the exposure to CuCl(2), NiCl(2), and CdCl(2), while all other tested scavenging enzymes didn't show significant increase during heavy metal exposure. Conversely, the mRNA transcripts of PgSQE, PgDDS were highly responsive to CuCl(2) compared to NiCl(2) exposure. However, the transcript profile of Pgβ-AS was highly induced upon NiCl(2) treatment compared to CuCl(2) and CdCl(2) exposure. The expressions of PgCYP716A42, PgCYP71A50U, and PgCYP82C22 were regulated in similar manners, and all showed the highest transcript profile at 100 μM of CuCl(2), CdCl(2), and NiCl(2) except PgCYP71D184, which showed the highest transcript level when subjected to 10 μM CuCl(2) and NiCl(2). Thus it may suggest that in P. ginseng heavy metal interaction on cell membrane induced expression of various defense related genes via jasmonic acid pathway and also possesses cross talk networks with other defense related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Renuka Devi Balusamy
- Korean Ginseng Center and Ginseng Genetic Resource Bank, Kyung Hee University, 1 Seocheon, Giheung-gu Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 449-701, South Korea
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Berim A, Gang DR. The roles of a flavone-6-hydroxylase and 7-O-demethylation in the flavone biosynthetic network of sweet basil. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:1795-805. [PMID: 23184958 PMCID: PMC3548489 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.420448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipophilic flavonoids found in the Lamiaceae exhibit unusual 6- and 8-hydroxylations whose enzymatic basis is unknown. We show that crude protein extracts from peltate trichomes of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivars readily hydroxylate position 6 of 7-O-methylated apigenin but not apigenin itself. The responsible protein was identified as a P450 monooxygenase from the CYP82 family, a family not previously reported to be involved in flavonoid metabolism. This enzyme prefers flavones but also accepts flavanones in vitro and requires a 5-hydroxyl in addition to a 7-methoxyl residue on the substrate. A peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) homolog displayed identical substrate requirements, suggesting that early 7-O-methylation of flavones might be common in the Lamiaceae. This hypothesis is further substantiated by the pioneering discovery of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent flavone demethylase activity in basil, which explains the accumulation of 7-O-demethylated flavone nevadensin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Berim
- From the Institute of Biological Chemistry Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
| | - David R. Gang
- From the Institute of Biological Chemistry Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
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