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Hemispheric asymmetries for emotions in non-human primates: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104830. [PMID: 36031009 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A systematic review of investigations evaluating hemispheric asymmetries for emotions in primates was undertaken to individuate the most consistent lines of research allowing to check the hypothesis of a continuum in emotional lateralization across vertebrates. We reviewed studies on the lateralization of emotional expression (N = 31) and perception (N = 32) and of markers of emotional activation (N = 9), trying to distinguish those which had given respectively more consistent or more conflicting outcomes. Furthermore, we tried to identify the most strongly supported model of emotional lateralization. The most consistent results were obtained in studies investigating asymmetries in emotional expression at the facial level and in the perception of emotional facial expressions, whereas the most disappointing data were obtained in investigations evaluating possible neurophysiological markers of lateralized emotional activation. These results supported more the hypothesis of a continuity between humans and non-human primates than the more general hypothesis of a continuum between humans and all vertebrates. Furthermore, results supported more the 'right hemisphere' than the 'valence' model of emotional lateralization.
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2
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Ruthig P, Schönwiesner M. Common principles in the lateralisation of auditory cortex structure and function for vocal communication in primates and rodents. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:827-845. [PMID: 34984748 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This review summarises recent findings on the lateralisation of communicative sound processing in the auditory cortex (AC) of humans, non-human primates, and rodents. Functional imaging in humans has demonstrated a left hemispheric preference for some acoustic features of speech, but it is unclear to which degree this is caused by bottom-up acoustic feature selectivity or top-down modulation from language areas. Although non-human primates show a less pronounced functional lateralisation in AC, the properties of AC fields and behavioral asymmetries are qualitatively similar. Rodent studies demonstrate microstructural circuits that might underlie bottom-up acoustic feature selectivity in both hemispheres. Functionally, the left AC in the mouse appears to be specifically tuned to communication calls, whereas the right AC may have a more 'generalist' role. Rodents also show anatomical AC lateralisation, such as differences in size and connectivity. Several of these functional and anatomical characteristics are also lateralized in human AC. Thus, complex vocal communication processing shares common features among rodents and primates. We argue that a synthesis of results from humans, non-human primates, and rodents is necessary to identify the neural circuitry of vocal communication processing. However, data from different species and methods are often difficult to compare. Recent advances may enable better integration of methods across species. Efforts to standardise data formats and analysis tools would benefit comparative research and enable synergies between psychological and biological research in the area of vocal communication processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Ruthig
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Sachsen.,Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig
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3
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Chagnaud BP, Perelmuter JT, Forlano PM, Bass AH. Gap junction-mediated glycinergic inhibition ensures precise temporal patterning in vocal behavior. eLife 2021; 10:e59390. [PMID: 33721553 PMCID: PMC7963477 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise neuronal firing is especially important for behaviors highly dependent on the correct sequencing and timing of muscle activity patterns, such as acoustic signaling. Acoustic signaling is an important communication modality for vertebrates, including many teleost fishes. Toadfishes are well known to exhibit high temporal fidelity in synchronous motoneuron firing within a hindbrain network directly determining the temporal structure of natural calls. Here, we investigated how these motoneurons maintain synchronous activation. We show that pronounced temporal precision in population-level motoneuronal firing depends on gap junction-mediated, glycinergic inhibition that generates a period of reduced probability of motoneuron activation. Super-resolution microscopy confirms glycinergic release sites formed by a subset of adjacent premotoneurons contacting motoneuron somata and dendrites. In aggregate, the evidence supports the hypothesis that gap junction-mediated, glycinergic inhibition provides a timing mechanism for achieving synchrony and temporal precision in the millisecond range for rapid modulation of acoustic waveforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul M Forlano
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New YorkBrooklyn, NYUnited States
- Subprograms in Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience, and Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, The Graduate Center, City University of New YorkNew York, NYUnited States
| | - Andrew H Bass
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NYUnited States
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Abstract
Studies on auditory laterality have revealed asymmetries for processing, particularly species-specific signals, in vertebrates and that each hemisphere may process different features according to their functional “value”. Processing of novel, intense emotion-inducing or finer individual features may require attention and we hypothesised that the “functional pertinence” of the stimuli may be modulating attentional processes and hence lateralisation of sound processing. Behavioural measures in “(food) distracted” captive Campbell’s monkeys and electrophysiological recordings in anesthetised (versus awake) European starlings were performed during the broadcast of auditory stimuli with different functional “saliences” (e.g., familiar/novel). In Campbell’s monkeys, only novel sounds elicited lateralised responses, with a right hemisphere preference. Unfamiliar sounds elicited more head movements, reflecting enhanced attention, whereas familiar (usual in the home environment) sounds elicited few responses, and thus might not be arousing enough to stimulate attention. In starlings, in field L, when awake, individual identity was processed more in the right hemisphere, whereas, when anaesthetised, the left hemisphere was more involved in processing potentially socially meaningless sounds. These results suggest that the attention-getting property of stimuli may be an adapted concept for explaining hemispheric auditory specialisation. An attention-based model may reconcile the different existing hypotheses of a Right Hemisphere-arousal/intensity or individual based lateralisation.
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5
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Schneider JN, Mercado E. Characterizing the rhythm and tempo of sound production by singing whales. BIOACOUSTICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09524622.2018.1428827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo Mercado
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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6
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Lateralized behavior and cardiac activity of dogs in response to human emotional vocalizations. Sci Rep 2018; 8:77. [PMID: 29311574 PMCID: PMC5758824 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the recent years, the study of emotional functioning has become one of the central issues in dog cognition. Previous studies showed that dogs can recognize different emotions by looking at human faces and can correctly match the human emotional state with a vocalization having a negative emotional valence. However, to this day, little is known about how dogs perceive and process human non-verbal vocalizations having different emotional valence. The current research provides new insights into emotional functioning of the canine brain by studying dogs' lateralized auditory functions (to provide a first insight into the valence dimension) matched with both behavior and physiological measures of arousal (to study the arousal dimension) in response to playbacks related to the Ekman's six basic human emotions. Overall, our results indicate lateralized brain patterns for the processing of human emotional vocalizations, with the prevalent use of the right hemisphere in the analysis of vocalizations with a clear negative emotional valence (i.e. "fear" and "sadness") and the prevalent use of the left hemisphere in the analysis of positive vocalization ("happiness"). Furthermore, both cardiac activity and behavior response support the hypothesis that dogs are sensitive to emotional cues of human vocalizations.
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Konerding WS, Zimmermann E, Bleich E, Hedrich HJ, Scheumann M. The head turn paradigm to assess auditory laterality in cats: influence of ear position and repeated sound presentation. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3925. [PMID: 29085747 PMCID: PMC5659213 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In most humans, speech is predominantly processed by the left hemisphere. This auditory laterality was formerly thought to be an exclusive human characteristic, but is now suggested to have pre-human origins. In studies on auditory laterality in nonhuman animals, the head turn paradigm has become very popular due to its non-invasive character. Although there are implications that the head turn direction indicates functional dominance of the contralateral hemisphere in processing a given sound, the validity of the paradigm is under debate. To validate the paradigm via comparison with imaging or electrophysiological methods, it is first necessary to establish turning biases at the individual level. Recently, the domestic cat, a common model in hearing research, has been found to show turning biases at the group level. To assess individual turning asymmetries in cats, we repeatedly presented kitten isolation calls and assessed whether differences in conveyed arousal changed the previously described left-wards lateralisation of conspecific vocalizations. Based on responses to 50 playback presentations (25 of high and 25 of low arousal), we calculated individual head turn indices. Based on the total data set, we found no consistent individual turning bias, irrespective of call category or sex of the receiver. Although the playback paradigm was chosen carefully to reduce any effects of lateralized loudness perception or changes in motivation due to habituation, individual head turn biases changed significantly in concordance with habituation to repeated playback-presentations and was predictable by small deflections in ear position prior to listening. When splitting the data set according to a decline in responsiveness after seven playback presentations, we revealed an initial left turning bias for most of our subjects (i.e., significant at the group level). We propose that this left turning bias is related to right hemisphere dominance in processes like vigilance behaviour or general arousal rather than on auditory processing, as such. Our findings suggest that both the experimental sequence and sound level differences, induced by asymmetric ear positions, strongly influence the outcome of the head turn paradigm and should be taken into account when evaluating auditory laterality at the behavioural level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke S Konerding
- Institute of AudioNeuro Technology and Department of Experimental Otology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elke Zimmermann
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Central Animal Facility, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Hedrich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Central Animal Facility, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marina Scheumann
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Toyoda A, Maruhashi T, Malaivijitnond S, Koda H. Speech‐like orofacial oscillations in stump‐tailed macaque (
Macaca arctoides
) facial and vocal signals. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 164:435-439. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aru Toyoda
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto UniversityInuyama Aichi484‐8506 Japan
| | - Tamaki Maruhashi
- Faculty of Humanities, Musashi University, Nerima, Tokyo 176-8534 Japan
| | - Suchinda Malaivijitnond
- Department of Biology, Faculty of ScienceChulalongkorn UniversityBangkok10330 Thailand
- National Primate Research Center of ThailandChulalongkorn UniversitySaraburi Thailand
| | - Hiroki Koda
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto UniversityInuyama Aichi484‐8506 Japan
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Kershenbaum A, Blumstein DT, Roch MA, Akçay Ç, Backus G, Bee MA, Bohn K, Cao Y, Carter G, Cäsar C, Coen M, DeRuiter SL, Doyle L, Edelman S, Ferrer-i-Cancho R, Freeberg TM, Garland EC, Gustison M, Harley HE, Huetz C, Hughes M, Bruno JH, Ilany A, Jin DZ, Johnson M, Ju C, Karnowski J, Lohr B, Manser MB, McCowan B, Mercado E, Narins PM, Piel A, Rice M, Salmi R, Sasahara K, Sayigh L, Shiu Y, Taylor C, Vallejo EE, Waller S, Zamora-Gutierrez V. Acoustic sequences in non-human animals: a tutorial review and prospectus. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 91:13-52. [PMID: 25428267 PMCID: PMC4444413 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Animal acoustic communication often takes the form of complex sequences, made up of multiple distinct acoustic units. Apart from the well-known example of birdsong, other animals such as insects, amphibians, and mammals (including bats, rodents, primates, and cetaceans) also generate complex acoustic sequences. Occasionally, such as with birdsong, the adaptive role of these sequences seems clear (e.g. mate attraction and territorial defence). More often however, researchers have only begun to characterise - let alone understand - the significance and meaning of acoustic sequences. Hypotheses abound, but there is little agreement as to how sequences should be defined and analysed. Our review aims to outline suitable methods for testing these hypotheses, and to describe the major limitations to our current and near-future knowledge on questions of acoustic sequences. This review and prospectus is the result of a collaborative effort between 43 scientists from the fields of animal behaviour, ecology and evolution, signal processing, machine learning, quantitative linguistics, and information theory, who gathered for a 2013 workshop entitled, 'Analysing vocal sequences in animals'. Our goal is to present not just a review of the state of the art, but to propose a methodological framework that summarises what we suggest are the best practices for research in this field, across taxa and across disciplines. We also provide a tutorial-style introduction to some of the most promising algorithmic approaches for analysing sequences. We divide our review into three sections: identifying the distinct units of an acoustic sequence, describing the different ways that information can be contained within a sequence, and analysing the structure of that sequence. Each of these sections is further subdivided to address the key questions and approaches in that area. We propose a uniform, systematic, and comprehensive approach to studying sequences, with the goal of clarifying research terms used in different fields, and facilitating collaboration and comparative studies. Allowing greater interdisciplinary collaboration will facilitate the investigation of many important questions in the evolution of communication and sociality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik Kershenbaum
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, 1122 Volunteer Blvd., Suite 106, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-3410, USA
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Daniel T. Blumstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
| | - Marie A. Roch
- Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Çağlar Akçay
- Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Gregory Backus
- Department of Biomathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Mark A. Bee
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 100 Ecology Building, 1987 Upper Buford Cir, Falcon Heights, MN 55108, USA
| | - Kirsten Bohn
- Integrated Science, Florida International University, Modesto Maidique Campus, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC-4, 351, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Yan Cao
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Gerald Carter
- Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Cristiane Cäsar
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St Mary’s Quad South Street, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9JP, UK
| | - Michael Coen
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, K6/446 Clinical Sciences Center, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792-4675, USA
| | - Stacy L. DeRuiter
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St. Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Laurance Doyle
- Carl Sagan Center for the Study of Life in the Universe, SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 100, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Shimon Edelman
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, 211 Uris Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853-7601, USA
| | - Ramon Ferrer-i-Cancho
- Department of Computer Science, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, (Catalonia), Calle Jordi Girona, 31, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Todd M. Freeberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Austin Peay Building, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Ellen C. Garland
- National Marine Mammal Laboratory, AFSC/NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way N.E., Seattle, Washington 98115, USA
| | - Morgan Gustison
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Heidi E. Harley
- Division of Social Sciences, New College of Florida, 5800 Bay Shore Rd, Sarasota, FL 34243, USA
| | - Chloé Huetz
- CNPS, CNRS UMR 8195, Université Paris-Sud, UMR 8195, Batiments 440-447, Rue Claude Bernard, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Melissa Hughes
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, 66 George St, Charleston, SC 29424, USA
| | - Julia Hyland Bruno
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College and the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Amiyaal Ilany
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, 1122 Volunteer Blvd., Suite 106, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-3410, USA
| | - Dezhe Z. Jin
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, 104 Davey Lab, University Park, PA 16802-6300, USA
| | - Michael Johnson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Marquette University, 1515 W. Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Chenghui Ju
- Department of Biology, Queen College, The City Univ. of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, New York 11367, USA
| | - Jeremy Karnowski
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0515, USA
| | - Bernard Lohr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Marta B. Manser
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Brenda McCowan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Peter J Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Eduardo Mercado
- Department of Psychology; Evolution, Ecology, & Behavior, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Park Hall Room 204, Buffalo, NY 14260-4110, USA
| | - Peter M. Narins
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, 612 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7246, USA
| | - Alex Piel
- Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street Cambridge, CB2 3QG, UK
| | - Megan Rice
- Department of Psychology, California State University San Marcos, 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Rd., San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA
| | - Roberta Salmi
- Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia at Athens, 355 S Jackson St, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kazutoshi Sasahara
- Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Laela Sayigh
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 86 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Yu Shiu
- Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Charles Taylor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
| | - Edgar E. Vallejo
- Department of Computer Science, Monterrey Institute of Technology, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur Col. Tecnológico C.P. 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Sara Waller
- Department of Philosophy, Montana State University, 2-155 Wilson Hall, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
| | - Veronica Zamora-Gutierrez
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environmental Research, University College London, London WC1H 0AG, UK
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Siniscalchi M, Laddago S, Quaranta A. Auditory lateralization of conspecific and heterospecific vocalizations in cats. Laterality 2015; 21:215-27. [DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2015.1116541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Hopkins WD, Misiura M, Pope SM, Latash EM. Behavioral and brain asymmetries in primates: a preliminary evaluation of two evolutionary hypotheses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1359:65-83. [PMID: 26426409 PMCID: PMC4715693 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Contrary to many historical views, recent evidence suggests that species-level behavioral and brain asymmetries are evident in nonhuman species. Here, we briefly present evidence of behavioral, perceptual, cognitive, functional, and neuroanatomical asymmetries in nonhuman primates. In addition, we describe two historical accounts of the evolutionary origins of hemispheric specialization and present data from nonhuman primates that address these specific theories. Specifically, we first discuss the evidence that genes play specific roles in determining left-right differences in anatomical and functional asymmetries in primates. We next consider and present data on the hypothesis that hemispheric specialization evolved as a by-product of increasing brain size relative to the surface area of the corpus callosum in different primate species. Last, we discuss some of the challenges in the study of hemispheric specialization in primates and offer some suggestions on how to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Hopkins
- Neuroscience Institute and Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Maria Misiura
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sarah M Pope
- Neuroscience Institute and Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Elitaveta M Latash
- Neuroscience Institute and Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
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12
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Fitch WT, Braccini SN. Primate laterality and the biology and evolution of human handedness: a review and synthesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1288:70-85. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Tecumseh Fitch
- Department of Cognitive Biology; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Stephanie N. Braccini
- Department of Anthropology; Washington University and Saint Louis Zoo; Saint Louis Missouri
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13
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Acoustic characterization of ultrasonic vocalizations by a nocturnal primate Tarsius syrichta. Primates 2013; 54:293-9. [PMID: 23549838 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-013-0349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This preliminary study characterizes the ultrasonic vocalizations produced by Philippine tarsiers, Tarsius syrichta. Data were collected at the Philippine Tarsier Foundation Sanctuary in Corella, Bohol, Philippines, from July through October 2010. Recordings were made on a Wildlife Acoustics Ultrasonic Song Meter 2 BAT from 29 wild, free-living adult resident T. syrichta (23 females and six males). A total of 10,309 USVs were recorded. These vocalizations fell into three main categories: chirps, twitters, and whistles. Chirps were the most frequent, followed by twitters and whistles. Whereas chirps and twitters were emitted by both male and female Philippine tarsiers, whistles were only emitted by adult males. Given that vocalizations reported in this study were exclusively recorded during capture and handling, it is very likely that these vocalizations function as distress calls. However, as the long whistle was only given by adult males who were captured at the same time as the female or the group's infant, the function of the long whistle might be slightly different than the function of the other relatively lower-frequency USVs.
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14
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Ocklenburg S, Ströckens F, Güntürkün O. Lateralisation of conspecific vocalisation in non-human vertebrates. Laterality 2013; 18:1-31. [DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2011.626561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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15
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Reinholz-Trojan A, Włodarczyk E, Trojan M, Kulczyński A, Stefańska J. Hemispheric specialization in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) for processing different types of acoustic stimuli. Behav Processes 2012; 91:202-5. [PMID: 22796515 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Lateralization is considered to be a fundamental feature of vertebrate brains. The aim of the present study was to examine the impact of functional cerebral asymmetry on processing of auditory stimuli in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) during the orientation reaction. The experiment was conducted on 46 dogs (25 females and 21 males). Four types of auditory stimuli were used in the experiment (three meaningful stimuli: cat meowing, dog barking, the "sit" command ("siad" in Polish), and a neutral word ("wir", meaning "whirl" in Polish). It was predicted that the orientation reaction (turning the head towards the stimuli) would take place only in the case of meaningful sounds. It was also expected that dogs would show consistent lateralization. As predicted, all three meaningful stimuli elicited the orientation reaction. The response of the examined dogs to cat meowing showed significant lateralization with dominant leftwards movement, which hints towards activation of the right cerebral hemisphere and may be related to strong emotions evoked by this stimulus. Contrary to results of previous studies, dogs reacting to dog barking turned their heads leftwards more often, which suggests activation of the right cerebral hemisphere, probably related to the emotional meaning of the stimulus. The "sit" command consistently evoked the orientation reaction but there was no significant lateralization of this movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Reinholz-Trojan
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Psychology, ul. Stawki 5/7, 00-183 Warszawa, Poland
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16
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Siniscalchi M, Lusito R, Sasso R, Quaranta A. Are temporal features crucial acoustic cues in dog vocal recognition? Anim Cogn 2012; 15:815-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10071-012-0506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Kanwal JS. Right-left asymmetry in the cortical processing of sounds for social communication vs. navigation in mustached bats. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 35:257-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07951.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Gadziola MA, Grimsley JMS, Shanbhag SJ, Wenstrup JJ. A novel coding mechanism for social vocalizations in the lateral amygdala. J Neurophysiol 2011; 107:1047-57. [PMID: 22090463 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00422.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The amygdala plays a central role in evaluating the significance of acoustic signals and coordinating the appropriate behavioral responses. To understand how amygdalar responses modulate auditory processing and drive emotional expression, we assessed how neurons respond to and encode information that is carried within complex acoustic stimuli. We characterized responses of single neurons in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala to social vocalizations and synthetic acoustic stimuli in awake big brown bats. Neurons typically responded to most of the social vocalizations presented (mean = nine of 11 vocalizations) but differentially modulated both firing rate and response duration. Surprisingly, response duration provided substantially more information about vocalizations than did spike rate. In most neurons, variation in response duration depended, in part, on persistent excitatory discharge that extended beyond stimulus duration. Information in persistent firing duration was significantly greater than in spike rate, and the majority of neurons displayed more information in persistent firing, which was more likely to be observed in response to aggressive vocalizations (64%) than appeasement vocalizations (25%), suggesting that persistent firing may relate to the behavioral context of vocalizations. These findings suggest that the amygdala uses a novel coding strategy for discriminating among vocalizations and underscore the importance of persistent firing in the general functioning of the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A Gadziola
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio 44272, USA
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Hiscock M, Kinsbourne M. Attention and the right-ear advantage: What is the connection? Brain Cogn 2011; 76:263-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lyn H, Pierre P, Bennett AJ, Fears S, Woods R, Hopkins WD. Planum temporale grey matter asymmetries in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), vervet (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus), rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and bonnet (Macaca radiata) monkeys. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:2004-12. [PMID: 21447349 PMCID: PMC3151738 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Brain asymmetries, particularly asymmetries within regions associated with language, have been suggested as a key difference between humans and our nearest ancestors. These regions include the planum temporale (PT) - the bank of tissue that lies posterior to Heschl's gyrus and encompasses Wernicke's area, an important brain region involved in language and speech in the human brain. In the human brain, both the surface area and the grey matter volume of the PT are larger in the left compared to right hemisphere, particularly among right-handed individuals. Here we compared the grey matter volume and asymmetry of the PT in chimpanzees and three other species of nonhuman primate in two Genera including vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus), rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata). We show that the three monkey species do not show population-level asymmetries in this region whereas the chimpanzees do, suggesting that the evolutionary brain development that gave rise to PT asymmetry occurred after our split with the monkey species, but before our split with the chimpanzees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Lyn
- Department of Psychology, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, GA 30030
| | - Peter Pierre
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Allyson J. Bennett
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Scott Fears
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Roger Woods
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - William D. Hopkins
- Department of Psychology, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, GA 30030
- Division of Cognitive and Developmental Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30322
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Spocter MA, Hopkins WD, Garrison AR, Bauernfeind AL, Stimpson CD, Hof PR, Sherwood CC. Wernicke's area homologue in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and its relation to the appearance of modern human language. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 277:2165-74. [PMID: 20236975 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human language is distinctive compared with the communication systems of other species. Yet, several questions concerning its emergence and evolution remain unresolved. As a means of evaluating the neuroanatomical changes relevant to language that accompanied divergence from the last common ancestor of chimpanzees, bonobos and humans, we defined the cytoarchitectonic boundaries of area Tpt, a component of Wernicke's area, in 12 common chimpanzee brains and used design-based stereologic methods to estimate regional volumes, total neuron number and neuron density. In addition, we created a probabilistic map of the location of area Tpt in a template chimpanzee brain coordinate space. Our results show that chimpanzees display significant population-level leftward asymmetry of area Tpt in terms of neuron number, with volume asymmetry approaching significance. Furthermore, asymmetry in the number of neurons in area Tpt was positively correlated with asymmetry of neuron numbers in Brodmann's area 45, a component of Broca's frontal language region. Our findings support the conclusion that leftward asymmetry of Wernicke's area originated prior to the appearance of modern human language and before our divergence from the last common ancestor. Moreover, this study provides the first evidence of covariance between asymmetry of anterior and posterior cortical regions that in humans are important to language and other higher order cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A Spocter
- Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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Lemasson A, Koda H, Kato A, Oyakawa C, Blois-Heulin C, Masataka N. Influence of sound specificity and familiarity on Japanese macaques’ (Macaca fuscata) auditory laterality. Behav Brain Res 2010; 208:286-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Hauser MD. A Primate Dictionary? Decoding the Function and Meaning of Another Species' Vocalizations. Cogn Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1207/s15516709cog2403_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Leliveld LMC, Scheumann M, Zimmermann E. Effects of caller characteristics on auditory laterality in an early primate (Microcebus murinus). PLoS One 2010; 5:e9031. [PMID: 20140257 PMCID: PMC2815787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Auditory laterality is suggested to be characterized by a left hemisphere dominance for the processing of conspecific communication. Nevertheless, there are indications that auditory laterality can also be affected by communicative significance, emotional valence and social recognition. Methodology/Principal Findings In order to gain insight into the effects of caller characteristics on auditory laterality in the early primate brain, 17 gray mouse lemurs were tested in a head turn paradigm. The head turn paradigm was established to examine potential functional hemispheric asymmetries on the behavioral level. Subjects were presented with playbacks of two conspecific call types (tsak calls and trill calls) from senders differing in familiarity (unfamiliar vs. familiar) and sex (same sex vs. other sex). Based on the head turn direction towards these calls, evidence was found for a right ear/left hemisphere dominance for the processing of calls of the other sex (Binomial test: p = 0.021, N = 10). Familiarity had no effect on the orientation biases. Conclusions/Significance The findings in this study support the growing consensus that auditory laterality is not only determined by the acoustic processing of conspecific communication, but also by other factors like the sex of the sender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette M C Leliveld
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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Brancucci A, Lucci G, Mazzatenta A, Tommasi L. Asymmetries of the human social brain in the visual, auditory and chemical modalities. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009; 364:895-914. [PMID: 19064350 PMCID: PMC2666086 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural and functional asymmetries are present in many regions of the human brain responsible for motor control, sensory and cognitive functions and communication. Here, we focus on hemispheric asymmetries underlying the domain of social perception, broadly conceived as the analysis of information about other individuals based on acoustic, visual and chemical signals. By means of these cues the brain establishes the border between 'self' and 'other', and interprets the surrounding social world in terms of the physical and behavioural characteristics of conspecifics essential for impression formation and for creating bonds and relationships. We show that, considered from the standpoint of single- and multi-modal sensory analysis, the neural substrates of the perception of voices, faces, gestures, smells and pheromones, as evidenced by modern neuroimaging techniques, are characterized by a general pattern of right-hemispheric functional asymmetry that might benefit from other aspects of hemispheric lateralization rather than constituting a true specialization for social information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luca Tommasi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University of ChietiBlocco A, Via dei Vestini 29, 66013 Chieti, Italy
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Basile M, Boivin S, Boutin A, Blois-Heulin C, Hausberger M, Lemasson A. Socially dependent auditory laterality in domestic horses (Equus caballus). Anim Cogn 2009; 12:611-9. [PMID: 19283416 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-009-0220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Laterality is now known to be an ubiquitous phenomenon among the vertebrates. Particularly, laterality of auditory processing has been demonstrated in a variety of species, especially songbirds and primates. Such a hemispheric specialization has been shown to depend on factors such as sound structure, species specificity and types of stimuli. Much less is known on the possible influence of social familiarity although a few studies suggest such an influence. Here we tested the influence of the degree of familiarity on the laterality of the auditory response in the domestic horse. This species is known for its social system and shows visible reactions to sounds, with one or two ears moving towards a sound source. By comparing such responses to the playback of different conspecific whinnies (group member, neighbor and stranger), we could demonstrate a clear left hemisphere (LH) preference for familiar neighbor calls while no preference was found for group member and stranger calls. Yet, we found an opposite pattern of ear side preference for neighbor versus stranger calls. These results are, to our knowledge, the first to demonstrate auditory laterality in an ungulate species. They open further lines of thought on the influence of the social "value" of calls and the listener's arousal on auditory processing and laterality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Basile
- Université de Rennes I, EthoS, Ethologie animale et humaine-UMR 6552-CNRS Station Biologique de Paimpont, 35380, Paimpont, France.
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Orienting asymmetries and lateralized processing of sounds in humans. BMC Neurosci 2009; 10:14. [PMID: 19239700 PMCID: PMC2652465 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-10-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lateralized processing of speech is a well studied phenomenon in humans. Both anatomical and neurophysiological studies support the view that nonhuman primates and other animal species also reveal hemispheric differences in areas involved in sound processing. In recent years, an increasing number of studies on a range of taxa have employed an orienting paradigm to investigate lateralized acoustic processing. In this paradigm, sounds are played directly from behind and the direction of turn is recorded. This assay rests on the assumption that a hemispheric asymmetry in processing is coupled to an orienting bias towards the contralateral side. To examine this largely untested assumption, speech stimuli as well as artificial sounds were presented to 224 right-handed human subjects shopping in supermarkets in Germany and in the UK. To verify the lateralized processing of the speech stimuli, we additionally assessed the brain activation in response to presentation of the different stimuli using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Results In the naturalistic behavioural experiments, there was no difference in orienting behaviour in relation to the stimulus material (speech, artificial sounds). Contrary to our predictions, subjects revealed a significant left bias, irrespective of the sound category. This left bias was slightly but not significantly stronger in German subjects. The fMRI experiments confirmed that the speech stimuli evoked a significant left lateralized activation in BA44 compared to the artificial sounds. Conclusion These findings suggest that in adult humans, orienting biases are not necessarily coupled with lateralized processing of acoustic stimuli. Our results – as well as the inconsistent orienting biases found in different animal species – suggest that the orienting assay should be used with caution. Apparently, attention biases, experience, and experimental conditions may all affect head turning responses. Because of the complexity of the interaction of factors, the use of the orienting assay to determine lateralized processing of sound stimuli is discouraged.
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Siniscalchi M, Quaranta A, Rogers LJ. Hemispheric specialization in dogs for processing different acoustic stimuli. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3349. [PMID: 18843371 PMCID: PMC2553184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable experimental evidence shows that functional cerebral asymmetries are widespread in animals. Activity of the right cerebral hemisphere has been associated with responses to novel stimuli and the expression of intense emotions, such as aggression, escape behaviour and fear. The left hemisphere uses learned patterns and responds to familiar stimuli. Although such lateralization has been studied mainly for visual responses, there is evidence in primates that auditory perception is lateralized and that vocal communication depends on differential processing by the hemispheres. The aim of the present work was to investigate whether dogs use different hemispheres to process different acoustic stimuli by presenting them with playbacks of a thunderstorm and their species-typical vocalizations. The results revealed that dogs usually process their species-typical vocalizations using the left hemisphere and the thunderstorm sounds using the right hemisphere. Nevertheless, conspecific vocalizations are not always processed by the left hemisphere, since the right hemisphere is used for processing vocalizations when they elicit intense emotion, including fear. These findings suggest that the specialisation of the left hemisphere for intraspecific communication is more ancient that previously thought, and so is specialisation of the right hemisphere for intense emotions.
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Bohn KM, Schmidt-French B, Ma ST, Pollak GD. Syllable acoustics, temporal patterns, and call composition vary with behavioral context in Mexican free-tailed bats. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2008; 124:1838-1848. [PMID: 19045674 PMCID: PMC2676615 DOI: 10.1121/1.2953314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Revised: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has shown that some bat species have rich vocal repertoires with diverse syllable acoustics. Few studies, however, have compared vocalizations across different behavioral contexts or examined the temporal emission patterns of vocalizations. In this paper, a comprehensive examination of the vocal repertoire of Mexican free-tailed bats, T. brasiliensis, is presented. Syllable acoustics and temporal emission patterns for 16 types of vocalizations including courtship song revealed three main findings. First, although in some cases syllables are unique to specific calls, other syllables are shared among different calls. Second, entire calls associated with one behavior can be embedded into more complex vocalizations used in entirely different behavioral contexts. Third, when different calls are composed of similar syllables, distinctive temporal emission patterns may facilitate call recognition. These results indicate that syllable acoustics alone do not likely provide enough information for call recognition; rather, the acoustic context and temporal emission patterns of vocalizations may affect meaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M Bohn
- Section of Neurobiology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
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Reynolds Losin EA, Russell JL, Freeman H, Meguerditchian A, Hopkins WD. Left hemisphere specialization for oro-facial movements of learned vocal signals by captive chimpanzees. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2529. [PMID: 18575610 PMCID: PMC2429967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The left hemisphere of the human brain is dominant in the production of speech and signed language. Whether similar lateralization of function for communicative signal production is present in other primates remains a topic of considerable debate. In the current study, we examined whether oro-facial movements associated with the production of learned attention-getting sounds are differentially lateralized compared to facial expressions associated with the production of species-typical emotional vocalizations in chimpanzees. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Still images captured from digital video were used to quantify oro-facial asymmetries in the production of two attention-getting sounds and two species-typical vocalizations in a sample of captive chimpanzees. Comparisons of mouth asymmetries during production of these sounds revealed significant rightward biased asymmetries for the attention-getting sounds and significant leftward biased asymmetries for the species-typical sounds. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that the motor control of oro-facial movements associated with the production of learned sounds is lateralized to the left hemisphere in chimpanzees. Furthermore, the findings suggest that the antecedents for lateralization of human speech may have been present in the common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans approximately 5 mya and are not unique to the human lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Reynolds Losin
- Division of Psychobiology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jamie L. Russell
- Division of Psychobiology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hani Freeman
- Division of Psychobiology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Adrien Meguerditchian
- Division of Psychobiology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - William D. Hopkins
- Division of Psychobiology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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De Boyer Des Roches A, Richard-Yris MA, Henry S, Ezzaouïa M, Hausberger M. Laterality and emotions: Visual laterality in the domestic horse (Equus caballus) differs with objects' emotional value. Physiol Behav 2008; 94:487-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Global versus local processing of frequency-modulated tones in gerbils: an animal model of lateralized auditory cortex functions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:6753-8. [PMID: 18436653 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0707844105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemispheric asymmetries of speech and music processing might arise from more basic specializations of left and right auditory cortex (AC). It is not clear, however, whether such asymmetries are unique to humans, i.e., consequences of speech and music, or whether comparable lateralized AC functions exist in nonhuman animals, as evolutionary precursors. Here, we investigated the cortical lateralization of perception of linearly frequency-modulated (FM) tones in gerbils, a rodent species with human-like low-frequency hearing. Using a footshock-reinforced shuttle-box avoidance go/no-go procedure in a total of 178 gerbils, we found that (i) the discrimination of direction of continuous FM (rising versus falling sweeps, 250-ms duration) was impaired by right but not left AC lesions; (ii) the discrimination of direction of segmented FM (50-ms segments, 50-ms silent gaps, total duration 250 ms) was impaired by bilateral but not unilateral AC lesions; (iii) the discrimination of gap durations (10-30 ms) in segmented FM was impaired by left but not right AC lesions. AC lesions before and after training resulted in similar effects. Together, these experiments suggest that right and left AC, even in rodents, use different strategies in analyzing FM stimuli. Thus, the right AC, by using global cues, determines the direction of continuous and segmented FM but cannot discriminate gap durations. The left AC, by using local cues, discriminates gap durations and determines FM direction only when additional segmental information is available.
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Schmitt V, Melchisedech S, Hammerschmidt K, Fischer J. Hand preferences in Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). Laterality 2008; 13:143-57. [PMID: 18302057 DOI: 10.1080/13576500701757532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 90% of humans are right-handed, raising the question of the evolutionary origins of this trait. While lateralisation of certain actions appears to be widespread in vertebrates, the question of whether nonhuman primates exhibit hand preferences at the population level is often contested. We observed Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) living in the outdoor enclosure "La Forêt des Singes" at Rocamadour, France, while performing simple unimanual and coordinated bimanual tasks. For the unimanual task, we recorded continuously which hand they used reaching for grains. For the coordinated bimanual tasks, a semi-transparent box and a tube baited with peanut butter were presented to the macaques and the hand used to open the box or reach into the tube, respectively, was recorded. We found no significant hand preference in any of the tasks at the population level, but found individual hand preferences, the extent of which varied among individuals. For the unimanual, but not the bimanual task, we found that the handedness index increased with age. Our results add to the growing body of evidence that monkeys do not show hand preference at the population level.
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Scheumann M, Zimmermann E. Sex-specific asymmetries in communication sound perception are not related to hand preference in an early primate. BMC Biol 2008; 6:3. [PMID: 18199316 PMCID: PMC2266901 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-6-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left hemispheric dominance of language processing and handedness, previously thought to be unique to humans, is currently under debate. To gain an insight into the origin of lateralization in primates, we have studied gray mouse lemurs, suggested to represent the most ancestral primate condition. We explored potential functional asymmetries on the behavioral level by applying a combined handedness and auditory perception task. For testing handedness, we used a forced food-grasping task. For testing auditory perception, we adapted the head turn paradigm, originally established for exploring hemispheric specializations in conspecific sound processing in Old World monkeys, and exposed 38 subjects to control sounds and conspecific communication sounds of positive and negative emotional valence. RESULTS The tested mouse lemur population did not show an asymmetry in hand preference or in orientation towards conspecific communication sounds. However, males, but not females, exhibited a significant right ear-left hemisphere bias when exposed to conspecific communication sounds of negative emotional valence. Orientation asymmetries were not related to hand preference. CONCLUSION Our results provide the first evidence for sex-specific asymmetries for conspecific communication sound perception in non-human primates. Furthermore, they suggest that hemispheric dominance for communication sound processing evolved before handedness and independently from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Scheumann
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Elke Zimmermann
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Lack of orienting asymmetries in Barbary macaques: implications for studies of lateralized auditory processing. Anim Behav 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Humans share with non-human primates a number of voice perception abilities of crucial importance in social interactions, such as the ability to identify a conspecific individual from its vocalizations. Speech perception is likely to have evolved in our ancestors on the basis of pre-existing neural mechanisms involved in extracting behaviourally relevant information from conspecific vocalizations (CVs). Studying the neural bases of voice perception in primates thus not only has the potential to shed light on cerebral mechanisms that may be--unlike those involved in speech perception--directly homologous between species, but also has direct implications for our understanding of how speech appeared in humans. In this comparative review, we focus on behavioural and neurobiological evidence relative to two issues central to voice perception in human and non-human primates: (i) are CVs 'special', i.e. are they analysed using dedicated cerebral mechanisms not used for other sound categories, and (ii) to what extent and using what neural mechanisms do primates identify conspecific individuals from their vocalizations?
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Belin
- Centre for Brain, Music and Sound (BRAMS), Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Succ Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.
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Averbeck BB, Romanski LM. Probabilistic encoding of vocalizations in macaque ventral lateral prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 2006; 26:11023-33. [PMID: 17065444 PMCID: PMC6674661 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3466-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined strategies for classifying macaque vocalizations into their corresponding categories, as well as whether or not there was evidence that prefrontal auditory neurons were related to this process. We found that static estimates of the spectral and temporal contrasts of the calls were not effective features for discriminating among the call classes. A hidden Markov model (HMM), however, was more effective at discriminating among the call classes, reaching a performance of almost 75% correct. Finally, we found that the responses of prefrontal auditory neurons could be predicted more effectively as linear functions of the probabilistic output of the HMM than as linear functions of the spectral features of the calls. This provides evidence that, for call recognition, the macaque auditory system likely performs dynamic processing of vocalizations, and that prefrontal auditory neurons carry a signal related to the output of this processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno B Averbeck
- Center for Visual Science, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom.
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Simion C, Shimojo S. Early interactions between orienting, visual sampling and decision making in facial preference. Vision Res 2006; 46:3331-5. [PMID: 16765404 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2006.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Revised: 03/18/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Decision making has been regarded as the last stage before action in the human information processing, certainly subsequent to sensory sampling and perceptual integration. Our latest study showed that orienting contributes to preference decision making, by integrating preferential looking and mere exposure in a positive feedback loop leading to the conscious choice. Here, we introduce a gaze-contingent window method of stimulus presentation into our experimental paradigm, to completely block holistic stimulus processing while preserving piecemeal sampling through the gaze-contingent "peephole". This effectively zooms the visual processing in time domain, allowing us to show that orienting and decision making can interact long before the actual conscious choice. The finding also suggests that this interaction is independent of holistic properties of face stimuli and can be totally memory-driven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu Simion
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 91125, USA
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39
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Halpern ME, Güntürkün O, Hopkins WD, Rogers LJ. Lateralization of the vertebrate brain: taking the side of model systems. J Neurosci 2006; 25:10351-7. [PMID: 16280571 PMCID: PMC2654579 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3439-05.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marnie E Halpern
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA.
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40
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Wade T, Holt LL. Incidental categorization of spectrally complex non-invariant auditory stimuli in a computer game task. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2005; 118:2618-33. [PMID: 16266182 DOI: 10.1121/1.2011156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study examined perceptual learning of spectrally complex nonspeech auditory categories in an interactive multi-modal training paradigm. Participants played a computer game in which they navigated through a three-dimensional space while responding to animated characters encountered along the way. Characters' appearances in the game correlated with distinctive sound category distributions, exemplars of which repeated each time the characters were encountered. As the game progressed, the speed and difficulty of required tasks increased and characters became harder to identify visually, so quick identification of approaching characters by sound patterns was, although never required or encouraged, of gradually increasing benefit. After 30 min of play, participants performed a categorization task, matching sounds to characters. Despite not being informed of audio-visual correlations, participants exhibited reliable learning of these patterns at posttest. Categorization accuracy was related to several measures of game performance and category learning was sensitive to category distribution differences modeling acoustic structures of speech categories. Category knowledge resulting from the game was qualitatively different from that gained from an explicit unsupervised categorization task involving the same stimuli. Results are discussed with respect to information sources and mechanisms involved in acquiring complex, context-dependent auditory categories, including phonetic categories, and to multi-modal statistical learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Wade
- Department of Psychology and the Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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41
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Miller CT, Iguina CG, Hauser MD. Processing vocal signals for recognition during antiphonal calling in tamarins. Anim Behav 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Böye M, Güntürkün O, Vauclair J. Right ear advantage for conspecific calls in adults and subadults, but not infants, California sea lions (Zalophus californianus): hemispheric specialization for communication? Eur J Neurosci 2005; 21:1727-32. [PMID: 15845100 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper explores functional hemispheric asymmetries in the perception of auditory signals in a marine mammal species, the sea lion. Using a head-orienting task toward sounds we found a right ear--left hemisphere--advantage for conspecific calls in adult and subadult California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) that was absent in infants. Non-conspecific sounds did not elicit lateralized reactions in any age group. These findings show that maturational steps regarding communication in the brain of pinnipeds are similar to those described in primates. Such a result in a semi-aquatic species distant from primates on the phylogenetic tree speaks for a stability and an ancient emergence of the left hemispheric specialization for vocal communication. The origin of what seems to be a widespread brain feature might be searched in the temporal and spectral communicative sound's characteristics rather than in its semantic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Böye
- Center for Research in Psychology of Cognition, Language and Emotion, University of Provence, France.
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43
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Slocombe KE, Zuberbühler K. Agonistic Screams in Wild Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) Vary as a Function of Social Role. J Comp Psychol 2005; 119:67-77. [PMID: 15740431 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7036.119.1.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Some nonhuman primates have demonstrated the capacity to communicate about external objects or events, suggesting primate vocalizations can function as referential signals. However, there is little convincing evidence for functionally referential communication in any great ape species. Here, the authors demonstrate that wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of Budongo forest, Uganda, give acoustically distinct screams during agonistic interactions depending on the role they play in a conflict. The authors analyzed the acoustic structure of screams of 14 individuals, in the role of both aggressor and victim. The authors found consistent differences in the acoustic structure of the screams, across individuals, depending on the social role the individual played during the conflict. The authors propose that these 2 distinct scream variants, produced by victims and aggressors during agonistic interactions, may be promising candidates for functioning as referential signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Slocombe
- Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Psychology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9JP Scotland.
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44
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Mirman D, Holt LL, McClelland JL. Categorization and discrimination of nonspeech sounds: differences between steady-state and rapidly-changing acoustic cues. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2004; 116:1198-1207. [PMID: 15376685 DOI: 10.1121/1.1766020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Different patterns of performance across vowels and consonants in tests of categorization and discrimination indicate that vowels tend to be perceived more continuously, or less categorically, than consonants. The present experiments examined whether analogous differences in perception would arise in nonspeech sounds that share critical transient acoustic cues of consonants and steady-state spectral cues of simplified synthetic vowels. Listeners were trained to categorize novel nonspeech sounds varying along a continuum defined by a steady-state cue, a rapidly-changing cue, or both cues. Listeners' categorization of stimuli varying on the rapidly changing cue showed a sharp category boundary and posttraining discrimination was well predicted from the assumption of categorical perception. Listeners more accurately discriminated but less accurately categorized steady-state nonspeech stimuli. When listeners categorized stimuli defined by both rapidly-changing and steady-state cues, discrimination performance was accurate and the categorization function exhibited a sharp boundary. These data are similar to those found in experiments with dynamic vowels, which are defined by both steady-state and rapidly-changing acoustic cues. A general account for the speech and nonspeech patterns is proposed based on the supposition that the perceptual trace of rapidly-changing sounds decays faster than the trace of steady-state sounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mirman
- Department of Psychology and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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Fernández-Carriba S, Loeches A, Morcillo A, Hopkins WD. Asymmetry in facial expression of emotions by chimpanzees. Neuropsychologia 2002; 40:1523-33. [PMID: 11985833 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetries in human facial expressions have long been documented and traditionally interpreted as evidence of brain laterality in emotional behavior. Recent findings in nonhuman primates suggest that this hemispheric specialization for emotional behavior may have precursors in primate evolution. In this study, we present the first data collected on our closest living relative, the chimpanzee. Objective measures (hemimouth length and area) and subjective measures (human judgements of chimeric stimuli) indicate that chimpanzees' facial expressions are asymmetric, with a greater involvement of the left side of the face in the production of emotional responses. No effect of expression type (positive versus negative) on facial asymmetry was found. Thus, chimpanzees, like humans and some other nonhuman primates, show a right hemisphere specialization for facial expression of emotions.
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Ghazanfar AA, Smith-Rohrberg D, Hauser MD. The role of temporal cues in rhesus monkey vocal recognition: orienting asymmetries to reversed calls. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2002; 58:163-72. [PMID: 11910173 DOI: 10.1159/000047270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of the acoustic cues that animals use to categorize their vocalizations has important implications for the way we design neuroethological investigations of auditory function. Compared to other species, we know relatively little about the kinds of acoustic features used by nonhuman primates to recognize and categorize vocalizations. To further our understanding, this study explores the role of temporal features in recognition of conspecific vocalizations by rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Experiments were designed to extend an earlier set of findings showing that adult rhesus macaques selectively turn with the right ear leading when a conspecific vocalization is played 180 degrees behind them, but turn left or not at all when a non-conspecific signal is played. Two call types were used as stimuli: shrill barks (alarm call) and harmonic arches (food call). We found that for normal calls, rhesus macaques turned to the right - supporting earlier findings - but for time- reversed shrill barks and harmonic arches, subjects oriented to the left. These results suggest that for at least a subset of calls, rhesus macaques use temporal cues to recognize conspecific vocal signals. The asymmetry of the behavioral response, and the corresponding asymmetry in the time-amplitude waveform, may have important implications for studies of temporal coding in the primate auditory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Ghazanfar
- Primate Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass, USA.
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48
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Discrete or graded variation within rhesus monkey screams? Psychophysical experiments on classification. Anim Behav 2002. [DOI: 10.1006/anbe.2001.1888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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49
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Abstract
The ethological approach has already provided rich insights into the auditory neurobiology of a number of different taxa (e.g. birds, frogs and insects). Understanding the ethology of primates is likely to yield similar insights into the specializations of this taxa's auditory system for processing species-specific vocalisations. Here, we review the recent advances made in our understanding of primate vocal perception and its neural basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Ghazanfar
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstrasse 38, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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50
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Weiss DJ, Garibaldi BT, Hauser MD. The production and perception of long calls by cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus): acoustic analyses and playback experiments. J Comp Psychol 2001; 115:258-71. [PMID: 11594495 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7036.115.3.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The authors' goal was to provide a better understanding of the relationship between vocal production and perception in nonhuman primate communication. To this end, the authors examined the cotton-top tamarin's (Saguinus oedipus) combination long call (CLC). In Part 1 of this study, the authors carried out a series of acoustic analyses designed to determine the kind of information potentially encoded in the tamarin's CLC. Using factorial analyses of variance and multiple discriminant analyses, the authors explored whether the CLC encodes 3 types of identity information: individual, sex, and social group. Results revealed that exemplars could be reliably assigned to these 3 functional classes on the basis of a suite of spectrotemporal features. In Part 2 of this study, the authors used a series of habituation-dishabituation playback experiments to test whether tamarins attend to the encoded information about individual identity. The authors 1st tested for individual discrimination when tamarins were habituated to a series of calls from 1 tamarin and then played back a test call from a novel tamarin; both opposite- and same-sex pairings were tested. Results showed that tamarins dishabituated when caller identity changed but transferred habituation when caller identity was held constant and a new exemplar was played (control condition). Follow-up playback experiments revealed an asymmetry between the authors' acoustic analyses of individual identity and the tamarins' capacity to discriminate among vocal signatures; whereas all colony members have distinctive vocal signatures, we found that not all tamarins were equally discriminable based on the habituation-dishabituation paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Weiss
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, USA.
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