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Srivorakul S, Guntawang T, Kochagul V, Photichai K, Sittisak T, Janyamethakul T, Boonprasert K, Khammesri S, Langkaphin W, Punyapornwithaya V, Chuammitri P, Thitaram C, Pringproa K. Possible roles of monocytes/macrophages in response to elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) infections in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222158. [PMID: 31491031 PMCID: PMC6730851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus-hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) is the primary cause of acute, highly fatal, hemorrhagic diseases in young Asian elephants. Although monocytopenia is frequently observed in EEHV-HD cases, the role monocytes play in EEHV-disease pathogenesis is unknown. This study seeks to explain the responses of monocytes/macrophages in the pathogenesis of EEHV-HD. Samples of blood, frozen tissues, and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues from EEHV1A-HD, EEHV4-HD, co-infected EEHV1A and 4-HD, and EEHV-negative calves were analyzed. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the persistent EEHV4-infected and EEHV-negative calves were also studied. The results showed increased infiltration of Iba-1-positive macrophages in the inflamed tissues of the internal organs of elephant calves with EEHV-HD. In addition, cellular apoptosis also increased in the tissues of elephants with EEHV-HD, especially in the PBMCs, compared to the EEHV-negative control. In the PBMCs of persistent EEHV4-infected elephants, cytokine mRNA expression was high, particularly up-regulation of TNF-α and IFN-γ. Moreover, viral particles were observed in the cytoplasm of the persistent EEHV4-infected elephant monocytes. Our study demonstrated for the first time that apoptosis of the PBMCs increased in cases of EEHV-HD. Furthermore, this study showed that monocytes may serve as a vehicle for viral dissemination during EEHV infection in Asian elephants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saralee Srivorakul
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Thunyamas Guntawang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Varankpicha Kochagul
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kornravee Photichai
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Tidaratt Sittisak
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Khajohnpat Boonprasert
- Center of Excellence in Elephant and Wildlife Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | | | - Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Phongsakorn Chuammitri
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chatchote Thitaram
- Center of Excellence in Elephant and Wildlife Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Companion Animals and Wildlife Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kidsadagon Pringproa
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Elephant and Wildlife Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Abstract
Macrophages and CD4+ T cells are natural target cells for HIV-1, and both cell types contribute to the establishment of the viral reservoir that is responsible for continuous residual virus replication during antiretroviral therapy and viral load rebound upon treatment interruption. Scientific findings that support a critical role for the infected monocyte/macrophage in HIV-1-associated diseases, such as neurological disorders and cardiovascular disease, are accumulating. To prevent or treat these HIV-1-related diseases, we need to halt HIV-1 replication in the macrophage reservoir. This article describes our current knowledge of how monocytes and certain macrophage subsets are able to restrict HIV-1 infection, in addition to what makes macrophages respond less well to current antiretroviral drugs as compared with CD4+ T cells. These insights will help to find novel approaches that can be used to meet this challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan M Bol
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Viviana Cobos-Jiménez
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aszalos
- National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Building 37 Room 1A09, 37 Convent Drive MSC 4255, Bethesda, MD USA
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Lane BR, King SR, Bock PJ, Strieter RM, Coffey MJ, Markovitz DM. The C-X-C chemokine IP-10 stimulates HIV-1 replication. Virology 2003; 307:122-34. [PMID: 12667820 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(02)00045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines play critical roles in HIV-1 infection, serving both to modulate viral replication and to recruit target cells to sites of infection. Interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10/CXCL10) is a C-X-C chemokine that acts specifically upon activated T cells and macrophages and attracts T cells into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in HIV-associated neurological disease. We now demonstrate that IP-10 stimulates HIV-1 replication in monocyte-derived macrophages and peripheral blood lymphocytes. We further demonstrate that neutralization of endogenous IP-10 or blocking the function of its receptor, CXCR3, reduces HIV-1 replication in these same cells. Therefore, blocking the interaction between IP-10 and CXCR3 represents a possible new target for anti-retroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Lane
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0640, USA
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Stromnes IM, Dittmer U, Schumacher TNM, Schepers K, Messer RJ, Evans LH, Peterson KE, Race B, Hasenkrug KJ. Temporal effects of gamma interferon deficiency on the course of Friend retrovirus infection in mice. J Virol 2002; 76:2225-32. [PMID: 11836400 PMCID: PMC153801 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.5.2225-2232.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The current studies demonstrate complex and seemingly contradictory effects by gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) on Friend virus (FV) infection. Both temporal and tissue-specific effects were observed. During the first week of infection, IFN-gamma-deficiency caused increased levels of FV infection in multiple tissues. Surprisingly, however, by 2 weeks postinfection, IFN-gamma-deficient mice had significantly lower levels of infection in both the spleen and bone marrow compared to wild-type mice. The rapid reduction of virus in the IFN-gamma-deficient mice correlated with a more rapid virus-neutralizing antibody response than was observed in the wild-type mice. Furthermore, the virus-neutralizing antibody response in wild-type mice could be accelerated by ablation of their IFN-gamma response. Although the IFN-gamma-deficient mice developed an accelerated virus-neutralizing antibody response, they did not class-switch to immunoglobulin G class immunoglobulins nor could they maintain long-term virus-neutralizing antibody titers. Eventually, all of the IFN-gamma-deficient mice failed to keep persistent virus in check and developed fatal FV-induced erythroleukemia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- DNA, Viral/blood
- Flow Cytometry
- Friend murine leukemia virus/genetics
- Friend murine leukemia virus/isolation & purification
- Friend murine leukemia virus/pathogenicity
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Interferon-gamma/therapeutic use
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/virology
- Leukemia, Experimental/immunology
- Leukemia, Experimental/physiopathology
- Leukemia, Experimental/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neutralization Tests
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Viral/blood
- Recombinant Proteins
- Retroviridae Infections/immunology
- Retroviridae Infections/physiopathology
- Retroviridae Infections/virology
- Spleen/virology
- Tumor Virus Infections/immunology
- Tumor Virus Infections/physiopathology
- Tumor Virus Infections/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn M Stromnes
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/NIH, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA
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Riddell LA, Pinching AJ, Hill S, Ng TT, Arbe E, Lapham GP, Ash S, Hillman R, Tchamouroff S, Denning DW, Parkin JM. A phase III study of recombinant human interferon gamma to prevent opportunistic infections in advanced HIV disease. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2001; 17:789-97. [PMID: 11429120 DOI: 10.1089/088922201750251981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy and safety of recombinant human interferon gamma (rIFN-gamma) in the reduction of opportunistic disease in patients with advanced HIV-1 infection are assessed. A 12-month double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, Phase III trial of rIFN-gamma in HIV-positive patients with CD4 < 100 x 10(9)/liter on stable antiretroviral therapy. Eighty-four patients were allocated treatment on a 1:1 basis to rIFN-gamma or placebo. Patients received rIFN-gamma 0.05 mg/m(2) or 0.9% saline subcutaneously three times weekly for 48 weeks (optional extension to 18 months). The primary end point was the incidence of opportunist infections (CDC categories B/C). Secondary end points included mortality, immunological, and virological parameters. Patients on placebo had a mean of 3.45 opportunist infections (OIs) in the first 48 weeks. Patients treated with rIFN-gamma had a mean of 1.71 OIs (p = 0.04). However, the model showed overdispersion and the inclusion of a dispersion factor raised the p value to 0.13. rIFN-gamma appeared to have a particular effect on the incidence of Candida, herpes simplex, and cytomegalovirus infections. Three-year survival in the rIFN-gamma arm was 28% compared to 18% in the placebo group (not significant). rIFN-gamma-associated side-effects of headache, fatigue, rigors, influenza-like symptoms, depression, myalgia, and granulocytopenia were reversible. There was no evidence for HIV activation. Although not significant, the trend towards decreased opportunistic infections and increased survival warrants consideration of further trials of rIFN-gamma. The study gives additional information on the safety profile of this cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Riddell
- Andrewes Unit, Barts and the London NHS Trust, London, UK
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7
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Dittmer U, Peterson KE, Messer R, Stromnes IM, Race B, Hasenkrug KJ. Role of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-12, and gamma interferon in primary and vaccine-primed immune responses to Friend retrovirus infection. J Virol 2001; 75:654-60. [PMID: 11134279 PMCID: PMC113962 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.2.654-660.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunological resistance of a host to viral infections may be strongly influenced by cytokines such as interleukin-12 (IL-12) and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), which promote T helper type 1 responses, and IL-4, which promotes T helper type 2 responses. We studied the role of these cytokines during primary and secondary immune responses against Friend retrovirus infections in mice. IL-4- and IL-12-deficient mice were comparable to wild-type B6 mice in the ability to control acute and persistent Friend virus infections. In contrast, more than one-third of the IFN-gamma-deficient mice were unable to maintain long-term control of Friend virus and developed gross splenomegaly with high virus loads. Immunization with a live attenuated vaccine virus prior to challenge protected all three types of cytokine-deficient mice from viremia and high levels of spleen virus despite the finding that the vaccinated IFN-gamma-deficient mice were unable to class switch from immunoglobulin M (IgM) to IgG virus-neutralizing antibodies. The results indicate that IFN-gamma plays an important role during primary immune responses against Friend virus but is dispensable during vaccine-primed secondary responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Dittmer
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA
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Iwashiro M, Peterson K, Messer RJ, Stromnes IM, Hasenkrug KJ. CD4(+) T cells and gamma interferon in the long-term control of persistent friend retrovirus infection. J Virol 2001; 75:52-60. [PMID: 11119573 PMCID: PMC113897 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.1.52-60.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used the Friend virus model to determine the basic mechanisms by which the immune system can control persistent retroviral infections. Previously we showed that CD4(+) T cells play an essential role in keeping persistent retrovirus in check. The present in vitro experiments with a Friend virus-specific CD4(+) T-cell clone revealed that these cells produce gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), which acts with two distinct mechanisms of antiviral activity. First, IFN-gamma had a direct inhibitory effect on virus production. This inhibitory effect was noncytolytic and, interestingly, was not associated with decreased cell surface expression of viral antigens. The second mechanism of IFN-gamma-mediated antiviral activity was an enhancement of CD4(+) T-cell-mediated cytolytic activity. We also found an in vivo role for IFN-gamma in the control of persistent Friend virus infections. Neutralization of IFN-gamma in persistently infected mice resulted in significantly increased levels of virus in the spleen, and a significant percentage of IFN-gamma-deficient mice were unable to maintain long-term control over Friend virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iwashiro
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA
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Hewlett I, Lee S, Molnar J, Foldeak S, Pine PS, Weaver JL, Aszalos A. Inhibition of HIV infection of H9 cells by chlorpromazine derivatives. JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL RETROVIROLOGY ASSOCIATION 1997; 15:16-20. [PMID: 9215649 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199705010-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The binding between the HIV surface protein, gp120, and the CD4 coreceptor is known to be initiated by electrostatic interactions. Because of the ability of chlorpromazine to interact with proteins by charge transfer, we tested several derivatives for their ability to block binding of HIV to CD4+ cells. We have shown that 7,8-dioxo-chlorpromazine blocks binding of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled anti-Leu3a and rgp120 to peripheral human blood T4 cells and blocks syncytia formation between gp120- and CD4-expressing cells. We also found that 7,8-dioxo-chlorpromazine blocks HIV infectivity of H9 cells and acts synergistically with zidovudine.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hewlett
- FDA, Center for Biological Evaluation and Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Saha K, Caruso M, Volsky DJ. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of herpesvirus saimiri-immortalized human CD4-positive T lymphoblastoid cells: evidence of enhanced HIV-1 replication and cytopathic effects caused by endogenous interferon-gamma. Virology 1997; 231:1-9. [PMID: 9143296 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) is a nonhuman primate gamma herpesvirus which can immortalize human T lymphocytes similar to Epstein-Barr virus immortalization of B cells. The HVS-immortalized T cell lines can be cloned and they remain functional, including susceptibility of CD4 expressing T cells to infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In this report, we have used five such HVS-transformed CD4-positive T cell clones to reevaluate the role of endogenous interferon gamma (IFN gamma) in HIV-1 replication in T cells. All five clones had similar phenotypes; and four clones constitutively produced IFN gamma and one clone did not. All five clones could be efficiently infected with HIV-1. HIV-1 infection of the IFN gamma-positive cells also upregulated IFN gamma mRNA production and IFN gamma secretion but not production of IL-2 or IL-4. In contrast, infection of IFN gamma-negative cells did not induce IFN gamma, IL-2, or IL-4. Exposure to anti-IFN gamma antibodies after HIV-1 infection significantly reduced virus production and inhibited virus-induced death of IFN gamma-positive cells but had no effect on IFN gamma-negative cells. We conclude that in CD4-positive T lymphocytes immortalized by HVS endogenous IFN gamma does not inhibit HIV-1 but enhances HIV-1 replication and cytolysis. The potential augmenting effects of IFN gamma on HIV-1 replication in CD4-positive T cells recommend caution in a therapeutic use of this cytokine in AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Saha
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10019, USA
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11
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Bornemann MA, Verhoef J, Peterson PK. Macrophages, cytokines, and HIV. THE JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE 1997; 129:10-6. [PMID: 9011585 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2143(97)90156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M A Bornemann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center and the University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55415, USA
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