1
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Chen NY, D Collum S, Luo F, Weng T, Le TT, M Hernandez A, Philip K, Molina JG, Garcia-Morales LJ, Cao Y, Ko TC, Amione-Guerra J, Al-Jabbari O, Bunge RR, Youker K, Bruckner BA, Hamid R, Davies J, Sinha N, Karmouty-Quintana H. Macrophage bone morphogenic protein receptor 2 depletion in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and Group III pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L238-54. [PMID: 27317687 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00142.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal lung disease of unknown etiology. The development of pulmonary hypertension (PH) is considered the single most significant predictor of mortality in patients with chronic lung diseases. The processes that govern the progression and development of fibroproliferative and vascular lesions in IPF are not fully understood. Using human lung explant samples from patients with IPF with or without a diagnosis of PH as well as normal control tissue, we report reduced BMPR2 expression in patients with IPF or IPF+PH. These changes were consistent with dampened P-SMAD 1/5/8 and elevated P-SMAD 2/3, demonstrating reduced BMPR2 signaling and elevated TGF-β activity in IPF. In the bleomycin (BLM) model of lung fibrosis and PH, we also report decreased BMPR2 expression compared with control animals that correlated with vascular remodeling and PH. We show that genetic abrogation or pharmacological inhibition of interleukin-6 leads to diminished markers of fibrosis and PH consistent with elevated levels of BMPR2 and reduced levels of a collection of microRNAs (miRs) that are able to degrade BMPR2. We also demonstrate that isolated bone marrow-derived macrophages from BLM-exposed mice show reduced BMPR2 levels upon exposure with IL6 or the IL6+IL6R complex that are consistent with immunohistochemistry showing reduced BMPR2 in CD206 expressing macrophages from lung sections from IPF and IPF+PH patients. In conclusion, our data suggest that depletion of BMPR2 mediated by a collection of miRs induced by IL6 and subsequent STAT3 phosphorylation as a novel mechanism participating to fibroproliferative and vascular injuries in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UTHealth, Houston, Texas
| | - Scott D Collum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UTHealth, Houston, Texas
| | - Fayong Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UTHealth, Houston, Texas
| | - Tingting Weng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UTHealth, Houston, Texas
| | - Thuy-Trahn Le
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UTHealth, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Kemly Philip
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UTHealth, Houston, Texas
| | - Jose G Molina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UTHealth, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Yanna Cao
- Department of Surgery, UTHealth, Houston, Texas
| | - Tien C Ko
- Department of Surgery, UTHealth, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Odeaa Al-Jabbari
- Debakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Raquel R Bunge
- Debakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Keith Youker
- Debakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Brian A Bruckner
- Debakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Rizwan Hamid
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Jonathan Davies
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Neeraj Sinha
- Debakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
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2
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Leyton PA, Beppu H, Pappas A, Martyn TM, Derwall M, Baron DM, Galdos R, Bloch DB, Bloch KD. Deletion of the sequence encoding the tail domain of the bone morphogenetic protein type 2 receptor reveals a bone morphogenetic protein 7-specific gain of function. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76947. [PMID: 24116187 PMCID: PMC3792867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type II receptor (BMPR2) has a long cytoplasmic tail domain whose function is incompletely elucidated. Mutations in the tail domain of BMPR2 are found in familial cases of pulmonary arterial hypertension. To investigate the role of the tail domain of BMPR2 in BMP signaling, we generated a mouse carrying a Bmpr2 allele encoding a non-sense mediated decay-resistant mutant receptor lacking the tail domain of Bmpr2. We found that homozygous mutant mice died during gastrulation, whereas heterozygous mice grew normally without developing pulmonary arterial hypertension. Using pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PaSMC) from heterozygous mice, we determined that the mutant receptor was expressed and retained its ability to transduce BMP signaling. Heterozygous PaSMCs exhibited a BMP7‑specific gain of function, which was transduced via the mutant receptor. Using siRNA knockdown and cells from conditional knockout mice to selectively deplete BMP receptors, we observed that the tail domain of Bmpr2 inhibits Alk2‑mediated BMP7 signaling. These findings suggest that the tail domain of Bmpr2 is essential for normal embryogenesis and inhibits Alk2‑mediated BMP7 signaling in PaSMCs.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I/genetics
- Activin Receptors, Type I/metabolism
- Activin Receptors, Type II/genetics
- Activin Receptors, Type II/metabolism
- Animals
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4/pharmacology
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7/pharmacology
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Genotype
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/genetics
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology
- Immunoblotting
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/cytology
- RNA Interference
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Deletion
- Smad6 Protein/genetics
- Smad6 Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio A. Leyton
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hideyuki Beppu
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama Prefecture, Japan
| | - Alexandra Pappas
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Trejeeve M. Martyn
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthias Derwall
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Uniklinik Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - David M. Baron
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care, and Pain Management, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rita Galdos
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Donald B. Bloch
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kenneth D. Bloch
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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3
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Saitoh M, Shirakihara T, Fukasawa A, Horiguchi K, Sakamoto K, Sugiya H, Beppu H, Fujita Y, Morita I, Miyazono K, Miyazawa K. Basolateral BMP signaling in polarized epithelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62659. [PMID: 23675417 PMCID: PMC3652834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) regulate various biological processes, mostly mediated by cells of mesenchymal origin. However, the roles of BMPs in epithelial cells are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that, in polarized epithelial cells, BMP signals are transmitted from BMP receptor complexes exclusively localized at the basolateral surface of the cell membrane. In addition, basolateral stimulation with BMP increased expression of components of tight junctions and enhanced the transepithelial resistance (TER), counteracting reduction of TER by treatment with TGF-β or an anti-tumor drug. We conclude that BMPs maintain epithelial polarity via intracellular signaling from basolaterally localized BMP receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Saitoh
- Department of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan.
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4
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Cogan J, Austin E, Hedges L, Womack B, West J, Loyd J, Hamid R. Role of BMPR2 alternative splicing in heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension penetrance. Circulation 2012; 126:1907-16. [PMID: 22923426 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.112.106245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone morphogenic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2) gene mutations are the most common cause of heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension. However, only 20% of mutation carriers get clinical disease. Here, we explored the hypothesis that this reduced penetrance is due in part to an alteration in BMPR2 alternative splicing. METHODS AND RESULTS Our data showed that BMPR2 has multiple alternative spliced variants. Two of these, isoform-A (full length) and isoform-B (missing exon 12), were expressed in all tissues analyzed. Analysis of cultured lymphocytes of 47 BMPR2 mutation-positive heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension patients and 35 BMPR2 mutation-positive unaffected carriers showed that patients had higher levels of isoform-B compared with isoform-A (B/A ratio) than carriers (P=0.002). Furthermore, compared with cells with a low B/A ratio, cells with a high B/A ratio had lower levels of unphosphorylated cofilin after BMP stimulation. Analysis of exon 12 sequences identified an exonic splice enhancer that binds serine arginine splicing factor 2 (SRSF2). Because SRSF2 promotes exon inclusion, reduced SRSF2 expression would mean that exon 12 would not be included in final BMPR2 mRNA (thus promoting increased isoform-B formation). Western blot analysis showed that SRSF2 expression was lower in cells from patients compared with cells from carriers and that siRNA-mediated knockdown of SRSF2 in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells resulted in elevated levels of isoform-B compared with isoform-A, ie, an elevated B/A ratio. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in BMPR2 isoform ratios may provide an explanation of the reduced penetrance among BMPR2 mutation carriers. This ratio is controlled by an exonic splice enhancer in exon 12 and its associated splicing factor, SRSF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Cogan
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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5
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West J, Loyd JE, Hamid R. Potential Interventions Against BMPR2-Related Pulmonary Hypertension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.21693/1933-088x-11.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
For more than 60 years, researchers have sought to understand the molecular basis of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Recognition of the heritable form of the disease led to the creation of patient registries in the 1980s and 1990s, and discovery of BMPR2 as the cause of roughly 80% of heritable PAH in 2000. With discovery of the disease gene came opportunity for intervention, with focus on 2 alternative approaches. First, it may be possible to correct the effects of BMPR2 mutation directly through interventions targeted at correction of trafficking defects, increasing expression of the unmutated allele, and correction of splicing defects. Second, therapeutic interventions are being targeted at the signaling consequences of BMPR2 mutation. In particular, therapies targeting cytoskeletal and metabolic defects caused by BMPR2 mutation are currently in trials, or will be ready for human trials in the near future. Translation of these findings into therapies is the culmination of decades of research, and holds great promise for treatment of the underlying molecular bases of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James West
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James E. Loyd
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rizwan Hamid
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Departments of Genetics and Pediatrics, Nashville, Tennessee
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6
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Danesh SM, Villasenor A, Chong D, Soukup C, Cleaver O. BMP and BMP receptor expression during murine organogenesis. Gene Expr Patterns 2009; 9:255-65. [PMID: 19393343 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 04/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell communication is critical for regulating embryonic organ growth and differentiation. The Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) family of transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) molecules represents one class of such cell-cell signaling molecules that regulate the morphogenesis of several organs. Due to high redundancy between the myriad BMP ligands and receptors in certain tissues, it has been challenging to address the role of BMP signaling using targeting of single Bmp genes in mouse models. Here, we present a detailed study of the developmental expression profiles of three BMP ligands (Bmp2, Bmp4, Bmp7) and three BMP receptors (Bmpr1a, Bmpr1b, and BmprII), as well as their molecular antagonist (noggin), in the early embryo during the initial steps of murine organogenesis. In particular, we focus on the expression of Bmp family members in the first organs and tissues that take shape during embryogenesis, such as the heart, vascular system, lungs, liver, stomach, nervous system, somites and limbs. Using in situ hybridization, we identify domains where ligand(s) and receptor(s) are either singly or co-expressed in specific tissues. In addition, we identify a previously unnoticed asymmetric expression of Bmp4 in the gut mesogastrium, which initiates just prior to gut turning and the establishment of organ asymmetry in the gastrointestinal tract. Our studies will aid in the future design and/or interpretation of targeted deletion of individual Bmp or Bmpr genes, since this study identifies organs and tissues where redundant BMP signaling pathways are likely to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab M Danesh
- Department of Molecular Biology, NA8.300, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA
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7
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Wang C, Roy SK. Expression of bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR) during perinatal ovary development and primordial follicle formation in the hamster: possible regulation by FSH. Endocrinology 2009; 150:1886-96. [PMID: 19074578 PMCID: PMC2659274 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
To understand whether bone morphogenetic protein plays any role in the formation of primordial follicles in the hamster, we examined the temporal and spatial expression of bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR) mRNA and protein in embryonic (E) 13 through postnatal day (P) 15 ovarian cells and a possible regulation by FSH during the formation of primordial follicles on P8. BMPRIA and BMPRII mRNA levels were significantly higher than that of BMPR1B throughout ovary development. BMPRIA and BMPRII mRNA levels increased significantly on E14 and declined by P5 through P6. Whereas BMPRII mRNA increased again by P7, BMPRIA mRNA levels increased through P8 concurrent with primordial follicle formation. In contrast, BMPRIB mRNA levels increased greater than 10-fold on P7-9, with a further 3-fold increase by P10. BMPR proteins were low in the somatic cells and oocytes on E13 but increased progressively during postnatal development. BMPR expression in somatic cells increased markedly on P8. Whereas BMPRII expression declined by P10 and remained steady thereafter, BMPRIA protein expression fluctuated until P15 when it became low and steady. Overall, BMPRIB immunoreactivity also declined by P10 and then remained low in the interstitial cells through P15. FSH antiserum treatment on E12 significantly attenuated receptor mRNA and protein levels by P8, but equine chorionic gonadotropin replacement on P1 reversed the inhibition. Furthermore, FSH in vitro up-regulated BMPR levels in P4 ovaries. This unique pattern of BMPR expression in the oocytes and somatic cells during perinatal ovary development suggests that BMP may play a regulatory role in primordial follicle formation. Furthermore, FSH may regulate BMP action by modulating the expression of its receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Olson Center for Women's Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68108-4515, USA
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8
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Two novel type II receptors mediate BMP signalling and are required to establish left-right asymmetry in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2007; 315:55-71. [PMID: 18222420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ligands of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) superfamily, like Nodal and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), are pivotal to establish left-right (LR) asymmetry in vertebrates. However, the receptors mediating this process are unknown. Here we identified two new type II receptors for BMPs in zebrafish termed bmpr2a and bmpr2b that induce a classical Smad1/5/8 response to BMP binding. Morpholino-mediated knockdown of bmpr2a and bmpr2b showed that they are required for the establishment of concomitant cardiac and visceral LR asymmetry. Expression of early laterality markers in morphants indicated that bmpr2a and bmpr2b act upstream of pitx2 and the nodal-related southpaw (spaw), which are expressed asymmetrically in the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM), and subsequently regulate lefty2 and bmp4 in the left heart field. We demonstrated that bmpr2a is required for lefty1 expression in the midline at early segmentation while bmpr2a/bmpr2b heteromers mediate left-sided spaw expression in the LPM. We propose a mechanism whereby this differential interpretation of BMP signalling through bmpr2a and bmpr2b is essential for the establishment of LR asymmetry in the zebrafish embryo.
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9
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Yu PB, Deng DY, Beppu H, Hong CC, Lai C, Hoyng SA, Kawai N, Bloch KD. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type II receptor is required for BMP-mediated growth arrest and differentiation in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:3877-88. [PMID: 18042551 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m706797200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signals regulate the growth and differentiation of diverse lineages. The association of mutations in the BMP type II receptor (BMPRII) with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension suggests an important role of this receptor in vascular remodeling. Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells lacking BMPRII can transduce BMP signals using ActRIIa (Activin type II receptor). We investigated whether or not BMP signaling via the two receptors leads to differential effects on vascular smooth muscle cells. BMP4, but not BMP7, inhibited platelet-derived growth factor-activated proliferation in wild-type pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, whereas neither ligand inhibited the growth of BMPRII-deficient cells. Adenoviral gene transfer of BMPRII enabled BMP4, as well as BMP7, to inhibit proliferation in BMPRII-deficient cells. BMP-mediated growth inhibition was also reconstituted by the BMPRII short isoform, lacking the C-terminal domain present in the long form. BMP4, but not BMP7, induced the expression of osteoblast markers in wild-type cells, whereas neither ligand induced these markers in BMPRII-deficient cells. Overexpression of short or long forms of BMPRII in BMPRII-deficient cells enabled BMP4 and BMP7 to induce osteogenic differentiation. Although signaling via BMPRII or ActRIIa transiently activated SMAD1/5/8, only BMPRII signaling led to persistent SMAD1/5/8 activation and sustained increases in Id1 mRNA and protein expression. Pharmacologic blockade of BMP type I receptor function within 24 h after BMP stimulation abrogated differentiation. These data suggest that sustained BMP pathway activation, such as that mediated by BMPRII, is necessary for growth and differentiation control in vascular smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Yu
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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10
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Ramos M, Lamé MW, Segall HJ, Wilson DW. The BMP type II receptor is located in lipid rafts, including caveolae, of pulmonary endothelium in vivo and in vitro. Vascul Pharmacol 2005; 44:50-9. [PMID: 16271518 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2005] [Revised: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 09/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphic mutations in the Bone Morphogenetic Protein type II receptor (BMPrII) gene have been implicated in the development of familial primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) however, the role BMPrII mutations play in the development of PH has not yet been elucidated. Endothelial caveolae are an important domain of hemodynamics containing eNOS, the serotonin transporter, and endothelin receptors. In this study we show by standard immunohistochemistry (IHC) that BMPrII is widely distributed in the vasculature of the rat lung, and more specifically distributed to both apical and basal membranes of the arteriolar endothelium by fluorescent IHC. We also examined compartmentalization of BMPrII in lipid fractions of plasma membranes isolated by silica based extraction from human pulmonary artery endothelial cells and rat lung endothelium. Density gradient centrifugation demonstrated BMPrII in separate caveolin-1 (cav-1) and non-cav-1 lipid rich fractions. Electron microscopy co-localized cav-1 and BMPrII in flask shaped membrane fragments. Three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy demonstrated BMPrII in discrete membrane foci, a portion of which were co-localized with cav-1, as well as in Golgi. Our findings indicate that BMPrII is located within lipid-dense fractions of pulmonary endothelial cell membranes with a portion present in caveolae suggesting potential dynamic regulatory structural relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ramos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine: Pathology, Immunology, Microbiology, One Shields Avenue, 1044 Haring Hall, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616-8617, United States.
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11
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Paredes A, Romero C, Dissen GA, DeChiara TM, Reichardt L, Cornea A, Ojeda SR, Xu B. TrkB receptors are required for follicular growth and oocyte survival in the mammalian ovary. Dev Biol 2004; 267:430-49. [PMID: 15013804 PMCID: PMC2710094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2003.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2003] [Revised: 11/26/2003] [Accepted: 12/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well established that both follicular assembly and the initiation of follicle growth in the mammalian ovary occur independently of pituitary hormone support, the factors controlling these processes remain poorly understood. We now report that neurotrophins (NTs) signaling via TrkB receptors are required for the growth of newly formed follicles. Both neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), the preferred TrkB ligands, are expressed in the infantile mouse ovary. Initially, they are present in oocytes, but this site of expression switches to granulosa cells after the newly assembled primordial follicles develop into growing primary follicles. Full-length kinase domain-containing TrkB receptors are expressed at low and seemingly unchanging levels in the oocytes and granulosa cells of both primordial and growing follicles. In contrast, a truncated TrkB isoform lacking the intracellular domain of the receptor is selectively expressed in oocytes, where it is targeted to the cell membrane as primary follicles initiate growth. Using gene-targeted mice lacking all TrkB isoforms, we show that the ovaries of these mice or those lacking both NT-4 and BDNF suffer a stage-selective deficiency in early follicular development that compromises the ability of follicles to grow beyond the primary stage. Proliferation of granulosa cells-required for this transition-and expression of FSH receptors (FSHR), which reflects the degree of biochemical differentiation of growing follicles, are reduced in trkB-null mice. Ovaries from these animals grafted under the kidney capsule of wild-type mice fail to sustain follicular growth and show a striking loss of follicular organization, preceded by massive oocyte death. These results indicate that TrkB receptors are required for the early growth of ovarian follicles and that they exert this function by primarily supporting oocyte development as well as providing granulosa cells with a proliferative signal that requires oocyte-somatic cell bidirectional communication. The predominance of truncated TrkB receptors in oocytes and their developmental pattern of subcellular expression suggest that a significant number of NT-4/BDNF actions in the developing mammalian ovary are mediated by these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Paredes
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006-3448, USA
| | - Carmen Romero
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006-3448, USA
| | - Gregory A. Dissen
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006-3448, USA
| | - Tom M. DeChiara
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Louis Reichardt
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Anda Cornea
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006-3448, USA
| | - Sergio R. Ojeda
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006-3448, USA
- Corresponding author. Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006-3448. Fax: +1-503-690-5384. E-mail address: (S.R. Ojeda)
| | - Baoji Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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12
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McAlinden A, Havlioglu N, Sandell LJ. Regulation of protein diversity by alternative pre-mRNA splicing with specific focus on chondrogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 72:51-68. [PMID: 15054904 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the human genome has dramatically demonstrated that the majority of protein diversity is generated by alternative splicing of pre-mRNA. This powerful and versatile mechanism controls the synthesis of functionally different protein isoforms that may be required during specific stages of development from a single gene. Consequently, ubiquitous and/or tissue-specific RNA splicing factors that regulate this splicing mechanism provide the basis for defining phenotypic characteristics of cells during differentiation. In this review, we will introduce the basic mechanisms of pre-mRNA alternative splicing, describe how this process is regulated by specific RNA splicing factors, and relate this to various systems of cell differentiation. Chondrogenesis, a well-defined differentiation pathway necessary for skeletogenesis, will be discussed in detail, with focus on some of the alternatively-spliced proteins known to be expressed during cartilage development. We propose a heuristic view that, ultimately, it is the regulation of these RNA splicing factors that determines the differentiation status of a cell. Studying regulation at the level of pre-mRNA alternative splicing will provide invaluable insights into how many developmental mechanisms are controlled, thus enabling us to manipulate a system to select for a specific differentiation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey McAlinden
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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13
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Suzuki K, Bachiller D, Chen YP, Kamikawa M, Ogi H, Haraguchi R, Ogino Y, Minami Y, Mishina Y, Ahn K, Crenshaw EB, Yamada G. Regulation of outgrowth and apoptosis for the terminal appendage:external genitalia: development by concerted actions of BMP signaling. Development 2003; 130:6209-20. [PMID: 14602679 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Extra-corporal fertilization depends on the formation of copulatory organs:the external genitalia. Coordinated growth and differentiation of the genital tubercle (GT), an embryonic anlage of external genitalia, generates a proximodistally elongated structure suitable for copulation, erection, uresis and ejaculation. Despite recent progress in molecular embryology, few attempts have been made to elucidate the molecular developmental processes of external genitalia formation.Bone morphogenetic protein genes (Bmp genes) and their antagonists were spatiotemporally expressed during GT development. Exogenously applied BMP increased apoptosis of GT and inhibited its outgrowth. It has been shown that the distal urethral epithelium (DUE), distal epithelia marked by the Fgf8 expression, may control the initial GT outgrowth. Exogenously applied BMP4 downregulated the expression of Fgf8 and Wnt5a,concomitant with increased apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation of the GT mesenchyme. Furthermore, noggin mutants and Bmpr1a conditional mutant mice displayed hypoplasia and hyperplasia of the external genitalia respectively. noggin mutant mice exhibited downregulation of Wnt5aand Fgf8 expression with decreased cell proliferation. Consistent with such findings, Wnt5a mutant mice displayed GT agenesis with decreased cell proliferation. By contrast, Bmpr1a mutant mice displayed decreased apoptosis and augmented Fgf8 expression in the DUE associated with GT hyperplasia. These results suggest that some of the Bmp genes could negatively affect proximodistally oriented outgrowth of GT with regulatory functions on cell proliferation and apoptosis.The DUE region can be marked only until 14.0 dpc (days post coitum) in mouse development, while GT outgrowth continues thereafter. Possible signaling crosstalk among the whole distal GT regions were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Suzuki
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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14
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Althini S, Bengtsson H, Usoskin D, Söderström S, Kylberg A, Lindqvist E, Chuva de Sousa Lopes S, Olson L, Lindeberg J, Ebendal T. Normal nigrostriatal innervation but dopamine dysfunction in mice carrying hypomorphic tyrosine hydroxylase alleles. J Neurosci Res 2003; 72:444-53. [PMID: 12704806 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the use of the mouse tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene to drive knock-in constructs in catecholaminergic neurons. Two targeting constructs representing truncated forms of either of the BMP receptors ALK-2 or BMPR-II preceded by an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) were introduced into the 3' untranslated region of TH. An frt-flanked neomycin-resistance (neo(r)) cassette was placed in the 3' end of the targeting constructs. Mice homozygous for the knock-in alleles showed various degrees of hypokinetic behavior, depending mainly on whether the neo(r) cassette was removed. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry showed that TH mRNA and protein were variously down-regulated in these mouse strains. Reduced levels of dopamine and noradrenalin were found in several brain areas. However, number and morphology of neurons in substantia nigra and their projections to striatum appeared normal in the neo(r)-positive TH hypomorphic mice as examined by markers for L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase and the dopamine transporter. Elimination of the neo(r) cassette from the knock-in alleles partially restored TH and dopamine levels. The present neo(r)-positive TH hypomorphic mice show that nigrostriatal innervation develops independently of TH and should find use as a model for conditions of reduced catecholamine synthesis, as seen in, for example, L-dihydroxyphenylalanine-responsive dystonia/infantile parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Althini
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Developmental Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Erickson GF, Shimasaki S. The spatiotemporal expression pattern of the bone morphogenetic protein family in rat ovary cell types during the estrous cycle. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2003; 1:9. [PMID: 12741959 PMCID: PMC153494 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-1-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2003] [Accepted: 02/05/2003] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian ovary, great interest in the expression and function of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family has been recently generated from evidence of their critical role in determining folliculogenesis and female fertility. Despite extensive work, there is a need to understand the cellular sites of expression of these important regulatory molecules, and how their gene expression changes within the basic ovary cell types through the cycle. Here we have performed a detailed in situ hybridization analysis of the spatial and temporal expression patterns of the BMP ligands (BMP-2, -3, -3b, -4, -6, -7, -15), receptors (BMPR-IA, -IB, -II), and BMP antagonist, follistatin, in rat ovaries over the normal estrous cycle. We have found that: i) all of the mRNAs are expressed in a cell-specific manner in the major classes of ovary cell types (oocyte, granulosa, theca interstitial, theca externa, corpora lutea, secondary interstitial, vascular and ovary surface epithelium); and ii) most undergo dynamic changes during follicular and corpora luteal morphogenesis and histogenesis. The general principle to emerge from these studies is that the developmental programs of folliculogenesis (recruitment, selection, atresia), ovulation, and luteogenesis (luteinization, luteolysis) are accompanied by rather dramatic spatial and temporal changes in the expression patterns of these BMP genes. These results lead us to hypothesize previously unanticipated roles for the BMP family in determining fundamental developmental events that ensure the proper timing and developmental events required for the generation of the estrous cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory F Erickson
- Address: University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0674, USA
| | - Shunichi Shimasaki
- Address: University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0674, USA
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16
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Abstract
Heart muscle cell specification (cardiac myogenesis) and creating the four-chambered heart (cardiac morphogenesis) are subject to regulation, in certain model organisms, by bone morphogenetic proteins and their receptors. Extrapolation to mammals from organisms that develop outside the mother (flies, fish, frogs, and avians) has been confounded by very early lethality-at gastrulation-of many null alleles needed to prove cause-effect relations in this pathway. Here, we describe the use of lineage- or compartment-restricted null alleles as well as hypomorphic alleles, which circumvent these limitations and pinpoint novel essential functions for the bone morphogenetic protein cascade in mammalian cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Schneider
- Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Development, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Room 506D, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily regulating a large variety of biologic responses in many different cells and tissues during embryonic development and postnatal life. BMP exert their biologic effects via binding to two types of serine/threonine kinase BMP receptors, activation of which leads to phosphorylation and translocation into the nucleus of intracellular signaling molecules, including Smad1, Smad5, and Smad8 ("canonical" BMP signaling pathway). BMP effects are also mediated by activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway ("noncanonical" BMP Signaling pathway). BMP activity is regulated by diffusible BMP antagonists that prevent BMP interactions with BMP receptors thus modulating BMP effects in tissues. During skin development, BMPs its receptors and antagonists show stringent spatiotemporal expressions patterns to achieve proper regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation in the epidermis and in the hair follicle. In normal postnatal skin, BMP are involved in the control of epidermal homeostasis, hair follicle growth, and melanogenesis. Furthermore, BMP are implicated in a variety of pathobiologic processes in skin, including wound healing, psoriasis, and carcinogenesis. Therefore, BMPs represent new important players in the molecular network regulating homeostasis in normal and diseased skin. Pharmacologic modulation of BMP signaling may be used as a new approach for managing skin and hair disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Botchkarev
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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18
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Délot EC, Bahamonde ME, Zhao M, Lyons KM. BMP signaling is required for septation of the outflow tract of the mammalian heart. Development 2003; 130:209-20. [PMID: 12441304 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) constitute a family of approximately 20 growth factors involved in a tremendous variety of embryonic inductive processes. BMPs elicit dose-dependent effects on patterning during gastrulation and gradients of BMP activity are thought to be established through regulation of the relative concentrations of BMP receptors, ligands and antagonists. We tested whether later developmental events also are sensitive to reduced levels of BMP signaling. We engineered a knockout mouse that expresses a BMP type II receptor that lacks half of the ligand-binding domain. This altered receptor is expressed at levels comparable with the wild-type allele, but has reduced signaling capability. Unlike Bmpr2-null mice, mice homozygous for this hypomorphic receptor undergo normal gastrulation, providing genetic evidence of the dose-dependent effects of BMPs during mammalian development. Mutants, however, die at midgestation with cardiovascular and skeletal defects, demonstrating that the development of these tissues requires wild-type levels of BMP signaling. The most striking defects occur in the outflow tract of the heart, with absence of septation of the conotruncus below the valve level and interrupted aortic arch, a phenotype known in humans as persistent truncus arteriosus (type A4). In addition, semilunar valves do not form in mutants, while the atrioventricular valves appear unaffected. Abnormal septation of the heart and valve anomalies are the most frequent forms of congenital cardiac defects in humans; however, most mouse models display broad defects throughout cardiac tissues. The more restricted spectrum of cardiac anomalies in Bmpr2(deltaE2) mutants makes this strain a key murine model to understand the embryonic defects of persistent truncus arteriosus and impaired semilunar valve formation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuèle C Délot
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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19
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Nishihara A, Watabe T, Imamura T, Miyazono K. Functional heterogeneity of bone morphogenetic protein receptor-II mutants found in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Mol Biol Cell 2002; 13:3055-63. [PMID: 12221115 PMCID: PMC124142 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e02-02-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2002] [Revised: 05/23/2002] [Accepted: 06/05/2002] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in the BMPR2 gene encoding bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type II receptor (BMPR-II) have been reported in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), but the contribution of various types of mutations found in PPH to the pathogenesis of clinical phenotypes has not been elucidated. To determine the biological activities of these mutants, we performed functional assays testing their abilities to transduce BMP signals. We found that the reported missense mutations within the extracellular and kinase domains of BMPR-II abrogated their signal-transducing abilities. BMPR-II proteins containing mutations at the conserved cysteine residues in the extracellular and kinase domains were detected in the cytoplasm, suggesting that the loss of signaling ability of certain BMPR-II mutants is due at least in part to their altered subcellular localization. In contrast, BMPR-II mutants with truncation of the cytoplasmic tail retained the ability to transduce BMP signals. The differences in biological activities among the BMPR-II mutants observed thus suggest that additional genetic and/or environmental factors may play critical roles in the pathogenesis of PPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Nishihara
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Abstract
Bone is continuously destroyed and reformed to maintain constant bone volume and calcium homeostasis in vertebrates throughout their lives. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are specialized cells responsible for bone formation and resorption, respectively. Recent developments in bone cell biology have greatly changed our conceptions of the regulatory mechanisms of the differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play critical roles in osteoblast differentiation. The discovery of Smad-mediated signals revealed the precise functions of BMPs in osteoblast differentiation. Transcription factors, Runx2 and Osterix, are found to be essential molecules for inducing osteoblast differentiation, as indicated by the fact that both Runx2-null mice and Osterix-null mice have neither bone tissue nor osteoblasts. Smad transcriptional factors are shown to interact with other transcription regulators, including Runx2. Also, the recent discovery of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL)-RANK interaction confirms the well-known hypothesis that osteoblasts play an essential role in osteoclast differentiation. Osteoblasts express RANKL as a membrane-associated factor. Osteoclast precursors that express RANK, a receptor for RANKL, recognize RANKL through the cell-cell interaction and differentiate into osteoclasts. Recent studies have shown that lipopolysaccharide and inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor receptor-alpha and interleukin I directly regulate osteoclast differentiation and function through a mechanism independent of the RANKL-RANK interaction. Transforming growth factor-beta super family members and interferon-gamma are also shown to be important regulators in osteoclastogenesis. These findings have opened new areas for exploring the molecular mechanisms of osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Katagiri
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Japan
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21
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Abstract
Familial primary pulmonary hypertension (FPPH) is a well described clinical entity in which the disease occurs in at least two first degree relatives. It is clinically and pathologically indistinguishable from sporadic PPH. Mutations in the gene which encodes bone morphogenetic receptor 2 have recently been discovered in familial and sporadic PPH. This review discusses the basic clinical and genetic features of FPPH, and describes the research that led to the discovery of the disease-causing gene. Potential mechanisms of disease are also discussed, as well as implications for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Q Thomas
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Lung Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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22
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Wilson T, Wu XY, Juengel JL, Ross IK, Lumsden JM, Lord EA, Dodds KG, Walling GA, McEwan JC, O'Connell AR, McNatty KP, Montgomery GW. Highly prolific Booroola sheep have a mutation in the intracellular kinase domain of bone morphogenetic protein IB receptor (ALK-6) that is expressed in both oocytes and granulosa cells. Biol Reprod 2001; 64:1225-35. [PMID: 11259271 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod64.4.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Booroola fecundity gene (FecB) increases ovulation rate and litter size in sheep and is inherited as a single autosomal locus. The effect of FecB is additive for ovulation rate (increasing by about 1.6 corpora lutea per cycle for each copy) and has been mapped to sheep chromosome 6q23-31, which is syntenic to human chromosome 4q21-25. Bone morphogenetic protein IB (BMP-IB) receptor (also known as ALK-6), which binds members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily, is located in the region containing the FecB locus. Booroola sheep have a mutation (Q249R) in the highly conserved intracellular kinase signaling domain of the BMP-IB receptor. The mutation segregated with the FecB phenotype in the Booroola backcross and half-sib flocks of sheep with no recombinants. The mutation was not found in individuals from a number of sheep breeds not derived from the Booroola strain. BMPR-IB was expressed in the ovary and in situ hybridization revealed its specific location to the oocyte and the granulosa cell. Expression of mRNA encoding the BMP type II receptor was widespread throughout the ovary. The mutation in BMPR-IB found in Booroola sheep is the second reported defect in a gene from the TGF-beta pathway affecting fertility in sheep following the recent discovery of mutations in the growth factor, GDF9b/BMP15.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wilson
- AgResearch Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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23
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Deng Z, Morse JH, Slager SL, Cuervo N, Moore KJ, Venetos G, Kalachikov S, Cayanis E, Fischer SG, Barst RJ, Hodge SE, Knowles JA. Familial primary pulmonary hypertension (gene PPH1) is caused by mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor-II gene. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67:737-44. [PMID: 10903931 PMCID: PMC1287532 DOI: 10.1086/303059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 754] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2000] [Accepted: 07/14/2000] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial primary pulmonary hypertension is a rare autosomal dominant disorder that has reduced penetrance and that has been mapped to a 3-cM region on chromosome 2q33 (locus PPH1). The phenotype is characterized by monoclonal plexiform lesions of proliferating endothelial cells in pulmonary arterioles. These lesions lead to elevated pulmonary-artery pressures, right-ventricular failure, and death. Although primary pulmonary hypertension is rare, cases secondary to known etiologies are more common and include those associated with the appetite-suppressant drugs, including phentermine-fenfluramine. We genotyped 35 multiplex families with the disorder, using 27 microsatellite markers; we constructed disease haplotypes; and we looked for evidence of haplotype sharing across families, using the program TRANSMIT. Suggestive evidence of sharing was observed with markers GGAA19e07 and D2S307, and three nearby candidate genes were examined by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography on individuals from 19 families. One of these genes (BMPR2), which encodes bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II, was found to contain five mutations that predict premature termination of the protein product and two missense mutations. These mutations were not observed in 196 control chromosomes. These findings indicate that the bone morphogenetic protein-signaling pathway is defective in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension and may implicate the pathway in the nonfamilial forms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemin Deng
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics and Columbia Genome Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University, Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Columbia University, and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, New York
| | - Jane H. Morse
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics and Columbia Genome Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University, Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Columbia University, and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, New York
| | - Susan L. Slager
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics and Columbia Genome Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University, Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Columbia University, and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, New York
| | - Nieves Cuervo
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics and Columbia Genome Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University, Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Columbia University, and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, New York
| | - Keith J. Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics and Columbia Genome Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University, Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Columbia University, and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, New York
| | - George Venetos
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics and Columbia Genome Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University, Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Columbia University, and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, New York
| | - Sergey Kalachikov
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics and Columbia Genome Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University, Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Columbia University, and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, New York
| | - Eftihia Cayanis
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics and Columbia Genome Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University, Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Columbia University, and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, New York
| | - Stuart G. Fischer
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics and Columbia Genome Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University, Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Columbia University, and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, New York
| | - Robyn J. Barst
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics and Columbia Genome Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University, Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Columbia University, and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, New York
| | - Susan E. Hodge
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics and Columbia Genome Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University, Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Columbia University, and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, New York
| | - James A. Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics and Columbia Genome Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University, Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Columbia University, and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, New York
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24
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Lane KB, Machado RD, Pauciulo MW, Thomson JR, Phillips JA, Loyd JE, Nichols WC, Trembath RC. Heterozygous germline mutations in BMPR2, encoding a TGF-beta receptor, cause familial primary pulmonary hypertension. Nat Genet 2000; 26:81-4. [PMID: 10973254 DOI: 10.1038/79226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 994] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), characterized by obstruction of pre-capillary pulmonary arteries, leads to sustained elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure (mean >25 mm Hg at rest or >30 mm Hg during exercise). The aetiology is unknown, but the histological features reveal proliferation of endothelial and smooth muscle cells with vascular remodelling (Fig. 1). More than one affected relative has been identified in at least 6% of cases (familial PPH, MIM 178600). Familial PPH (FPPH) segregates as an autosomal dominant disorder with reduced penetrance and has been mapped to a locus designated PPH1 on 2q33, with no evidence of heterogeneity. We now show that FPPH is caused by mutations in BMPR2, encoding a TGF-beta type II receptor (BMPR-II). Members of the TGF-beta superfamily transduce signals by binding to heteromeric complexes of type I and II receptors, which activates serine/threonine kinases, leading to transcriptional regulation by phosphorylated Smads. By comparison with in vitro studies, identified defects of BMPR-II in FPPH are predicted to disrupt ligand binding, kinase activity and heteromeric dimer formation. Our data demonstrate the molecular basis of FPPH and underscore the importance in vivo of the TGF-beta signalling pathway in the maintenance of blood vessel integrity.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Exons
- Family Health
- Female
- Genes, Dominant
- Genetic Linkage
- Genetic Markers
- Germ-Line Mutation
- Humans
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/diagnostic imaging
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/genetics
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Introns
- Ligands
- Lung/blood supply
- Lung/diagnostic imaging
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Pedigree
- Protein Isoforms
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Radiography
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Recombination, Genetic
- Restriction Mapping
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Signal Transduction/genetics
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25
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Beppu H, Kawabata M, Hamamoto T, Chytil A, Minowa O, Noda T, Miyazono K. BMP type II receptor is required for gastrulation and early development of mouse embryos. Dev Biol 2000; 221:249-58. [PMID: 10772805 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.2000.9670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, play a variety of roles during mouse development. BMP type II receptor (BMPR-II) is a type II serine/threonine kinase receptor, which transduces signals for BMPs through heteromeric complexes with type I receptors, including activin receptor-like kinase 2 (ALK2), ALK3/BMPR-IA, and ALK6/BMPR-IB. To elucidate the function of BMPR-II in mammalian development, we generated BMPR-II mutant mice by gene targeting. Homozygous mutant embryos were arrested at the egg cylinder stage and could not be recovered at 9.5 days postcoitum. Histological analysis revealed that homozygous mutant embryos failed to form organized structure and lacked mesoderm. The BMPR-II mutant embryos are morphologically very similar to the ALK3/BMPR-IA mutant embryos, suggesting that BMPR-II is important for transducing BMP signals during early mouse development. Moreover, the epiblast of the BMPR-II mutant embryo exhibited an undifferentiated character, although the expression of tissue-specific genes for the visceral endoderm was essentially normal. Our results suggest that the function of BMPR-II is essential for epiblast differentiation and mesoderm induction during early mouse development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Beppu
- Department of Biochemistry, The Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Research for the Future Program, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 1-37-1 Kami-ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 170-8455, Japan
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26
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Cheifetz S. BMP receptors in limb and tooth formation. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 2000; 10:182-98. [PMID: 10759421 DOI: 10.1177/10454411990100020501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Members of the TGF-beta superfamily signal through receptor complexes comprised of type I and type II receptors. These receptors, which are serine/threonine kinases, form two new classes of transmembrane receptor kinases. The activity of both of the kinases is necessary for signal transduction in response to ligand binding. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which are members of the TGF-beta superfamily, bind to multiple type I and type II receptors. There is growing evidence to support the hypothesis that the BMP receptors are differentially regulated during development and that they have both unique and overlapping functions. Thus, the nature and distribution of the BMP receptors, which are reviewed here in the context of the development of limbs and teeth, appear to be critical in the control of the diverse activities of BMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cheifetz
- MRC Group in Periodontal Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Ishida W, Hamamoto T, Kusanagi K, Yagi K, Kawabata M, Takehara K, Sampath TK, Kato M, Miyazono K. Smad6 is a Smad1/5-induced smad inhibitor. Characterization of bone morphogenetic protein-responsive element in the mouse Smad6 promoter. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:6075-9. [PMID: 10692396 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.9.6075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Smad6 is an inhibitory Smad that is induced by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and interferes with BMP signaling. We have isolated the mouse Smad6 promoter and identified the regions responsible for transcriptional activation by BMPs. The proximal BMP-responsive element (PBE) in the Smad6 promoter is important for the transcriptional activation by BMPs and contains a 28-base pair GC-rich sequence including four overlapping copies of the GCCGnCGC-like motif, which is a binding site for Drosophila Mad and Medea. We generated a luciferase reporter construct (3GC2-Lux) containing three repeats of the GC-rich sequence derived from the PBE. BMPs and BMP receptors induced transcriptional activation of 3GC2-Lux in various cell types, and this activation was enhanced by cotransfection of BMP-responsive Smads, i.e. Smad1 or Smad5. Moreover, direct DNA binding of BMP-responsive Smads and common-partner Smad4 to the GC-rich sequence of PBE was observed. These results indicate that the expression of Smad6 is regulated by the effects of BMP-activated Smad1/5 on the Smad6 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ishida
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR), and Research for the Future Program, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 1-37-1 Kami-ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-8455, Japan
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Weaver M, Yingling JM, Dunn NR, Bellusci S, Hogan BL. Bmp signaling regulates proximal-distal differentiation of endoderm in mouse lung development. Development 1999; 126:4005-15. [PMID: 10457010 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126.18.4005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the mature mouse lung, the proximal-distal (P-D) axis is delineated by two distinct epithelial subpopulations: the proximal bronchiolar epithelium and the distal respiratory epithelium. Little is known about the signaling molecules that pattern the lung along the P-D axis. One candidate is Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 (Bmp4), which is expressed in a dynamic pattern in the epithelial cells in the tips of growing lung buds. Previous studies in which Bmp4 was overexpressed in the lung endoderm (Bellusci, S., Henderson, R., Winnier, G., Oikawa, T. and Hogan, B. L. M. (1996) Development 122, 1693–1702) suggested that this factor plays an important role in lung morphogenesis. To further investigate this question, two complementary approaches were utilized to inhibit Bmp signaling in vivo. The Bmp antagonist Xnoggin and, independently, a dominant negative Bmp receptor (dnAlk6), were overexpressed using the surfactant protein C (Sp-C) promoter/enhancer. Inhibiting Bmp signaling results in a severe reduction in distal epithelial cell types and a concurrent increase in proximal cell types, as indicated by morphology and expression of marker genes, including the proximally expressed hepatocyte nuclear factor/forkhead homologue 4 (Hfh4) and Clara cell marker CC10, and the distal marker Sp-C. In addition, electron microscopy demonstrates the presence of ciliated cells, a proximal cell type, in the most peripheral regions of the transgenic lungs. We propose a model in which Bmp4 is a component of an apical signaling center controlling P-D patterning. Endodermal cells at the periphery of the lung, which are exposed to high levels of Bmp4, maintain or adopt a distal character, while cells receiving little or no Bmp4 signal initiate a proximal differentiation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Weaver
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Nashville, TN, USA
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Shimasaki S, Zachow RJ, Li D, Kim H, Iemura S, Ueno N, Sampath K, Chang RJ, Erickson GF. A functional bone morphogenetic protein system in the ovary. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:7282-7. [PMID: 10377406 PMCID: PMC22077 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.13.7282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) comprise a large group of polypeptides in the transforming growth factor beta superfamily with essential physiological functions in morphogenesis and organogenesis in both vertebrates and invertebrates. At present, the role of BMPs in the reproductive system of any species is poorly understood. Here, we have established the existence of a functional BMP system in the ovary, replete with ligand, receptor, and novel cellular functions. In situ hybridization histochemistry identified strong mRNA labeling for BMP-4 and -7 in the theca cells and BMP receptor types IA, IB, and II in the granulosa cells and oocytes of most follicles in ovaries of normal cycling rats. To explore the paracrine function of this BMP system, we examined the effects of recombinant BMP-4 and -7 on FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)-induced rat granulosa cytodifferentiation in serum-free medium. Both BMP-4 and -7 regulated FSH action in positive and negative ways. Specifically, physiological concentrations of the BMPs enhanced and attenuated the stimulatory action of FSH on estradiol and progesterone production, respectively. These effects were dose- and time-dependent. Furthermore, the BMPs increased granulosa cell sensitivity to FSH. Thus, BMPs have now been identified as molecules that differentially regulate FSH-dependent estradiol and progesterone production in a way that reflects steroidogenesis during the normal estrous cycle. As such, it can be hypothesized that BMPs might be the long-sought "luteinization inhibitor" in Graafian follicles during their growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shimasaki
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0633, USA.
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Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multifunctional cytokines, which are members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily. Activities of BMPs are extracellularly regulated by BMP-binding proteins, Noggin and Chordin. BMPs bind to two different types of serine-threonine kinase receptors, type I and type II. Two BMP type I receptors and a BMP type II receptor have been identified in mammals. Intracellular signals are transduced by Smad proteins. Smad1, Smad5 and probably MADH6, are activated by BMP receptors, form heteromeric complexes with Smad4, and translocate into the nucleus where they may activate transcription of various genes. Smad6 and Smad7 are inhibitory Smads, and may act as autocrine switch-off signals. In Drosophila melanogaster, Decapentaplegic (Dpp) is a homologue of mammalian BMPs. In this review, mechanism of action of Dpp will be discussed in comparison with that of BMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kawabata
- Department of Biochemistry, The Cancer Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
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Faucheux C, Ulysse F, Bareille R, Reddi AH, Amédée J. Opposing actions of BMP3 and TGF beta 1 in human bone marrow stromal cell growth and differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 241:787-93. [PMID: 9434787 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BMP3 and TGF beta 1 were found to induce opposite effects on human bone marrow stromal cells both in cell proliferation and cell differentiation and on calcium deposition onto the extracellular matrix. Moreover, BMP3 may exert, in part, the inhibitory effect of TGF beta 1 through decreasing the affinity of TGF-beta for its receptors which are now identified in these human bone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Faucheux
- INSERM U. 443, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux, France
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