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Morito K, Ali H, Kishino S, Tanaka T. Fatty Acid Metabolism in Peroxisomes and Related Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38811487 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2024_802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
One of the functions of peroxisomes is the oxidation of fatty acids (FAs). The importance of this function in our lives is evidenced by the presence of peroxisomal disorders caused by the genetic deletion of proteins involved in these processes. Unlike mitochondrial oxidation, peroxisomal oxidation is not directly linked to ATP production. What is the role of FA oxidation in peroxisomes? Recent studies have revealed that peroxisomes supply the building blocks for lipid synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum and facilitate intracellular carbon recycling for membrane quality control. Accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), which are peroxisomal substrates, is a diagnostic marker in many types of peroxisomal disorders. However, the relationship between VLCFA accumulation and various symptoms of these disorders remains unclear. Recently, we developed a method for solubilizing VLCFAs in aqueous media and found that VLCFA toxicity could be mitigated by oleic acid replenishment. In this chapter, we present the physiological role of peroxisomal FA oxidation and the knowledge obtained from VLCFA-accumulating peroxisome-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Morito
- Laboratory of Environmental Biochemistry, Division of Biological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hanif Ali
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | - Tamotsu Tanaka
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.
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2
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Costa CF, Lismont C, Chornyi S, Koster J, Li H, Hussein MAF, Van Veldhoven PP, Waterham HR, Fransen M. The solute carrier SLC25A17 sustains peroxisomal redox homeostasis in diverse mammalian cell lines. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 212:241-254. [PMID: 38159891 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Despite the crucial role of peroxisomes in cellular redox maintenance, little is known about how these organelles transport redox metabolites across their membrane. In this study, we sought to assess potential associations between the cellular redox landscape and the human peroxisomal solute carrier SLC25A17, also known as PMP34. This carrier has been reported to function as a counter-exchanger of adenine-containing cofactors such as coenzyme A (CoA), dephospho-CoA, flavin adenine dinucleotide, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate, flavin mononucleotide, and adenosine monophosphate. We found that inactivation of SLC25A17 resulted in a shift toward a more reductive state in the glutathione redox couple (GSSG/GSH) across HEK-293 cells, HeLa cells, and SV40-transformed mouse embryonic fibroblasts, with variable impact on the NADPH levels and the NAD+/NADH redox couple. This phenotype could be rescued by the expression of Candida boidinii Pmp47, a putative SLC25A17 orthologue reported to be essential for the metabolism of medium-chain fatty acids in yeast peroxisomes. In addition, we provide evidence that the alterations in the redox state are not caused by changes in peroxisomal antioxidant enzyme expression, catalase activity, H2O2 membrane permeability, or mitochondrial fitness. Furthermore, treating control and ΔSLC25A17 cells with dehydroepiandrosterone, a commonly used glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor affecting NADPH regeneration, revealed a kinetic disconnection between the peroxisomal and cytosolic glutathione pools. Additionally, these experiments underscored the impact of SLC25A17 loss on peroxisomal NADPH metabolism. The relevance of these findings is discussed in the context of the still ambiguous substrate specificity of SLC25A17 and the recent observation that the mammalian peroxisomal membrane is readily permeable to both GSH and GSSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudio F Costa
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Celien Lismont
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Serhii Chornyi
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Janet Koster
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hongli Li
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mohamed A F Hussein
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, 71515, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Paul P Van Veldhoven
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marc Fransen
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Chornyi S, Koster J, IJlst L, Waterham HR. Studying the topology of peroxisomal acyl-CoA synthetases using self-assembling split sfGFP. Histochem Cell Biol 2024; 161:133-144. [PMID: 38243092 PMCID: PMC10822792 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are membrane-bounded organelles that contain enzymes involved in multiple lipid metabolic pathways. Several of these pathways require (re-)activation of fatty acids to coenzyme A (CoA) esters by acyl-CoA synthetases, which may take place inside the peroxisomal lumen or extraperoxisomal. The acyl-CoA synthetases SLC27A2, SLC27A4, ACSL1, and ACSL4 have different but overlapping substrate specificities and were previously reported to be localized in the peroxisomal membrane in addition to other subcellular locations. However, it has remained unclear if the catalytic acyl-CoA synthetase sites of these enzymes are facing the peroxisomal lumen or the cytosolic side of the peroxisomal membrane. To study this topology in cellulo we have developed a microscopy-based method that uses the previously developed self-assembling split superfolder (sf) green fluorescent protein (GFP) assay. We show that this self-assembling split sfGFP method can be used to study the localization as well as the topology of membrane proteins in the peroxisomal membrane, but that it is less suited to study the location of soluble peroxisomal proteins. With the method we could demonstrate that the acyl-CoA synthetase domains of the peroxisome-bound acyl-CoA synthetases SLC27A2 and SLC27A4 are oriented toward the peroxisomal lumen and the domain of ACSL1 toward the cytosol. In contrast to previous reports, ACSL4 was not found in peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhii Chornyi
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC-University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janet Koster
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC-University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lodewijk IJlst
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC-University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC-University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Ranea-Robles P, Houten SM. The biochemistry and physiology of long-chain dicarboxylic acid metabolism. Biochem J 2023; 480:607-627. [PMID: 37140888 PMCID: PMC10214252 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial β-oxidation is the most prominent pathway for fatty acid oxidation but alternative oxidative metabolism exists. Fatty acid ω-oxidation is one of these pathways and forms dicarboxylic acids as products. These dicarboxylic acids are metabolized through peroxisomal β-oxidation representing an alternative pathway, which could potentially limit the toxic effects of fatty acid accumulation. Although dicarboxylic acid metabolism is highly active in liver and kidney, its role in physiology has not been explored in depth. In this review, we summarize the biochemical mechanism of the formation and degradation of dicarboxylic acids through ω- and β-oxidation, respectively. We will discuss the role of dicarboxylic acids in different (patho)physiological states with a particular focus on the role of the intermediates and products generated through peroxisomal β-oxidation. This review is expected to increase the understanding of dicarboxylic acid metabolism and spark future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ranea-Robles
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sander M Houten
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, U.S.A
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Korbecki J, Kojder K, Jeżewski D, Simińska D, Tomasiak P, Tarnowski M, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. Reduced Expression of Very-Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Synthetases SLC27A4 and SLC27A6 in the Glioblastoma Tumor Compared to the Peritumoral Area. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13050771. [PMID: 37239243 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13050771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze solute carrier family 27 (SLC27) in glioblastoma tumors. The investigation of these proteins will provide insight into how and to what extent fatty acids are taken up from the blood in glioblastoma tumors, as well as the subsequent fate of the up-taken fatty acids. Tumor samples were collected from a total of 28 patients and analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The study also sought to explore the relationship between SLC27 expression and patient characteristics (age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and smoking history), as well as the expression levels of enzymes responsible for fatty acid synthesis. The expression of SLC27A4 and SLC27A6 was lower in glioblastoma tumors compared to the peritumoral area. Men had a lower expression of SLC27A5. Notably, a positive correlation was observed between the expression of SLC27A4, SLC27A5, and SLC27A6 and smoking history in women, whereas men exhibited a negative correlation between these SLC27s and BMI. The expression of SLC27A1 and SLC27A3 was positively correlated with the expression of ELOVL6. In comparison to healthy brain tissue, glioblastoma tumors take up fewer fatty acids. The metabolism of fatty acids in glioblastoma is dependent on factors such as obesity and smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, Zyty 28 St., 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Klaudyna Kojder
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-281 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Jeżewski
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Applied Neurocognitivistics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelska 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Donata Simińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Tomasiak
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Maciej Tarnowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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Chen L, Chou CL, Yang CR, Knepper MA. Multiomics Analyses Reveal Sex Differences in Mouse Renal Proximal Subsegments. J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 34:829-845. [PMID: 36758122 PMCID: PMC10125651 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Sex-dependent differences in kidney function are recognized but the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unexplored. Advances in genomics and proteomic technologies now allow extensive characterization of differences between the same cell types of males and females. Multiomics integrating RNA-seq, ATAC-seq, and proteomics data to investigate differences in gene expression, chromatin accessibility, and protein expression in proximal tubules of male and female mice identified many sex-biased genes and proteins associated with kidney functions, including metabolic and transport processes. Sex differences may also arise from variations of the interaction between transcription factors and accessible chromatin regions. A comprehensive web resource is provided to advance understanding of sex differences in cells of the proximal tubule. BACKGROUND Sex differences have been increasingly recognized as important in kidney physiology and pathophysiology, but limited resources are available for comprehensive interrogation of sex differences. METHODS RNA-seq and ATAC-seq of microdissected mouse proximal tubules and protein mass spectrometry of homogenized perfused mouse kidneys reveal differences in proximal tubule cells of males and females. RESULTS The transcriptomic data indicated that the major differences in the proximal tubules between the sexes were in the S2/S3 segments, and most of the sex-biased transcripts mapped to autosomes rather than to the sex chromosomes. Many of the transcripts exhibiting sex-biased expression are involved in monocarboxylic acid metabolic processes, organic anion transport, and organic acid transport. The ATAC-seq method on microdissected tubules captured chromatin accessibility. Many of the more than 7000 differentially accessible DNA regions identified were in distal regions. Motif analyses revealed a lack of direct involvement of estrogen receptors or the androgen receptor (absence of canonical hormone response elements), suggesting an indirect regulatory role of sex hormones. Instead, analyses identified several transcription factors (TFs) ( Tead1 , Nfia/b , and Pou3f3 ) whose interplay with proximal tubule-specific TFs ( e.g. , Hnf1b , Hnf4a ) may contribute to sex differences. Finally, the whole-kidney proteome was correlated with the transcriptome, and many sex-biased proteins ( e.g. , Cyp2e1, Acsm2/3) were identified. CONCLUSIONS Sex-dependent cis-regulatory elements interact with TFs in ways that lead to sex-biased gene expression in proximal tubule cells. These data are provided as a user-friendly web page at https://esbl.nhlbi.nih.gov/MRECA/PT/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihe Chen
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Xu Y, Huang F, Guo W, Feng K, Zhu L, Zeng Z, Huang T, Cai YD. Characterization of chromatin accessibility patterns in different mouse cell types using machine learning methods at single-cell resolution. Front Genet 2023; 14:1145647. [PMID: 36936430 PMCID: PMC10014730 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1145647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin accessibility is a generic property of the eukaryotic genome, which refers to the degree of physical compaction of chromatin. Recent studies have shown that chromatin accessibility is cell type dependent, indicating chromatin heterogeneity across cell lines and tissues. The identification of markers used to distinguish cell types at the chromosome level is important to understand cell function and classify cell types. In the present study, we investigated transcriptionally active chromosome segments identified by sci-ATAC-seq at single-cell resolution, including 69,015 cells belonging to 77 different cell types. Each cell was represented by existence status on 20,783 genes that were obtained from 436,206 active chromosome segments. The gene features were deeply analyzed by Boruta, resulting in 3897 genes, which were ranked in a list by Monte Carlo feature selection. Such list was further analyzed by incremental feature selection (IFS) method, yielding essential genes, classification rules and an efficient random forest (RF) classifier. To improve the performance of the optimal RF classifier, its features were further processed by autoencoder, light gradient boosting machine and IFS method. The final RF classifier with MCC of 0.838 was constructed. Some marker genes such as H2-Dmb2, which are specifically expressed in antigen-presenting cells (e.g., dendritic cells or macrophages), and Tenm2, which are specifically expressed in T cells, were identified in this study. Our analysis revealed numerous potential epigenetic modification patterns that are unique to particular cell types, thereby advancing knowledge of the critical functions of chromatin accessibility in cell processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaochen Xu
- Department of Mathematics, School of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - FeiMing Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - KaiYan Feng
- Department of Computer Science, Guangdong AIB Polytechnic College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenbing Zeng
- Department of Mathematics, School of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenbing Zeng, ; Tao Huang, ; Yu-Dong Cai,
| | - Tao Huang
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenbing Zeng, ; Tao Huang, ; Yu-Dong Cai,
| | - Yu-Dong Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenbing Zeng, ; Tao Huang, ; Yu-Dong Cai,
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Hallows KR, Li H, Saitta B, Sepehr S, Huang P, Pham J, Wang J, Mancino V, Chung EJ, Pinkosky SL, Pastor-Soler NM. Beneficial effects of bempedoic acid treatment in polycystic kidney disease cells and mice. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1001941. [PMID: 36504724 PMCID: PMC9730828 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1001941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ADPKD has few therapeutic options. Tolvaptan slows disease but has side effects limiting its tolerability. Bempedoic acid (BA), an ATP citrate-lyase (ACLY) inhibitor FDA-approved for hypercholesterolemia, catalyzes a key step in fatty acid/sterol synthesis important for cell proliferation. BA is activated by very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (FATP2) expressed primarily in kidney and liver. BA also activates AMPK. We hypothesized that BA could be a novel ADPKD therapy by inhibiting cyst growth, proliferation, injury, and metabolic dysregulation via ACLY inhibition and AMPK activation. Pkd1-null kidney cell lines derived from mouse proximal tubule (PT) and collecting duct (IMCD) were grown in 2D or 3D Matrigel cultures and treated ± BA, ± SB-204990 (another ACLY inhibitor) or with Acly shRNA before cyst analysis, immunoblotting or mitochondrial assays using MitoSox and MitoTracker staining. Pkd1 fl/fl ; Pax8-rtTA; Tet-O-Cre C57BL/6J mice were induced with doxycycline injection on postnatal days 10 and 11 (P10-P11) and then treated ± BA (30 mg/kg/d) ± tolvaptan (30-100 mg/kg/d) by gavage from P12-21. Disease severity was determined by % total-kidney-weight-to-bodyweight (%TKW/BW) and BUN levels at euthanasia (P22). Kidney and liver homogenates were immunoblotted for expression of key biomarkers. ACLY expression and activity were upregulated in Pkd1-null PT and IMCD-derived cells vs. controls. Relative to controls, both BA and SB-204990 inhibited cystic growth in Pkd1-null kidney cells, as did Acly knockdown. BA inhibited mitochondrial superoxide production and promoted mitochondrial elongation, suggesting improved mitochondrial function. In ADPKD mice, BA reduced %TKW/BW and BUN to a similar extent as tolvaptan vs. untreated controls. Addition of BA to tolvaptan caused a further reduction in %TKW/BW and BUN vs. tolvaptan alone. BA generally reduced ACLY and stimulated AMPK activity in kidneys and livers vs. controls. BA also inhibited mTOR and ERK signaling and reduced kidney injury markers. In liver, BA treatment, both alone and together with tolvaptan, increased mitochondrial biogenesis while inhibiting apoptosis. We conclude that BA and ACLY inhibition inhibited cyst growth in vitro, and BA decreased ADPKD severity in vivo. Combining BA with tolvaptan further improved various ADPKD disease parameters. Repurposing BA may be a promising new ADPKD therapy, having beneficial effects alone and along with tolvaptan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R. Hallows
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hui Li
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Biagio Saitta
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Saman Sepehr
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Polly Huang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jessica Pham
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Valeria Mancino
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Eun Ji Chung
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Núria M. Pastor-Soler
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Núria M. Pastor-Soler,
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Chen CT, Shao Z, Fu Z. Dysfunctional peroxisomal lipid metabolisms and their ocular manifestations. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:982564. [PMID: 36187472 PMCID: PMC9524157 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.982564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retina is rich in lipids and dyslipidemia causes retinal dysfunction and eye diseases. In retina, lipids are not only important membrane component in cells and organelles but also fuel substrates for energy production. However, our current knowledge of lipid processing in the retina are very limited. Peroxisomes play a critical role in lipid homeostasis and genetic disorders with peroxisomal dysfunction have different types of ocular complications. In this review, we focus on the role of peroxisomes in lipid metabolism, including degradation and detoxification of very-long-chain fatty acids, branched-chain fatty acids, dicarboxylic acids, reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, glyoxylate, and amino acids, as well as biosynthesis of docosahexaenoic acid, plasmalogen and bile acids. We also discuss the potential contributions of peroxisomal pathways to eye health and summarize the reported cases of ocular symptoms in patients with peroxisomal disorders, corresponding to each disrupted peroxisomal pathway. We also review the cross-talk between peroxisomes and other organelles such as lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuck T. Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhuo Shao
- Post-Graduate Medical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Genetics Program, North York General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhongjie Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Zhongjie Fu,
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Role of fatty acid transport protein 4 in metabolic tissues: insights into obesity and fatty liver disease. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:231317. [PMID: 35583196 PMCID: PMC9160530 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid (FA) metabolism is a series of processes that provide structural substances, signalling molecules and energy. Ample evidence has shown that FA uptake is mediated by plasma membrane transporters including FA transport proteins (FATPs), caveolin-1, fatty-acid translocase (FAT)/CD36, and fatty-acid binding proteins. Unlike other FA transporters, the functions of FATPs have been controversial because they contain both motifs of FA transport and fatty acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS). The widely distributed FATP4 is not a direct FA transporter but plays a predominant function as an ACS. FATP4 deficiency causes ichthyosis premature syndrome in mice and humans associated with suppression of polar lipids but an increase in neutral lipids including triglycerides (TGs). Such a shift has been extensively characterized in enterocyte-, hepatocyte-, and adipocyte-specific Fatp4-deficient mice. The mutants under obese and non-obese fatty livers induced by different diets persistently show an increase in blood non-esterified free fatty acids and glycerol indicating the lipolysis of TGs. This review also focuses on FATP4 role on regulatory networks and factors that modulate FATP4 expression in metabolic tissues including intestine, liver, muscle, and adipose tissues. Metabolic disorders especially regarding blood lipids by FATP4 deficiency in different cell types are herein discussed. Our results may be applicable to not only patients with FATP4 mutations but also represent a model of dysregulated lipid homeostasis, thus providing mechanistic insights into obesity and development of fatty liver disease.
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Li M, Yang X, Masoudi A, Xiao Q, Li N, Wang N, Chang G, Ren S, Li H, Liu J, Wang H. The regulatory strategy of proteins in the mouse kidney during Babesia microti infection. Exp Parasitol 2022; 235:108232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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12
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Wade G, McGahee A, Ntambi JM, Simcox J. Lipid Transport in Brown Adipocyte Thermogenesis. Front Physiol 2021; 12:787535. [PMID: 35002769 PMCID: PMC8733649 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.787535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-shivering thermogenesis is an energy demanding process that primarily occurs in brown and beige adipose tissue. Beyond regulating body temperature, these thermogenic adipocytes regulate systemic glucose and lipid homeostasis. Historically, research on thermogenic adipocytes has focused on glycolytic metabolism due to the discovery of active brown adipose tissue in adult humans through glucose uptake imaging. The importance of lipids in non-shivering thermogenesis has more recently been appreciated. Uptake of circulating lipids into thermogenic adipocytes is necessary for body temperature regulation and whole-body lipid homeostasis. A wide array of circulating lipids contribute to thermogenic potential including free fatty acids, triglycerides, and acylcarnitines. This review will summarize the mechanisms and regulation of lipid uptake into brown adipose tissue including protein-mediated uptake, lipoprotein lipase activity, endocytosis, vesicle packaging, and lipid chaperones. We will also address existing gaps in knowledge for cold induced lipid uptake into thermogenic adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Judith Simcox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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13
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Santos-Beneit F, Raškevičius V, Skeberdis VA, Bordel S. A metabolic modeling approach reveals promising therapeutic targets and antiviral drugs to combat COVID-19. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11982. [PMID: 34099831 PMCID: PMC8184994 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91526-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we have developed a method based on Flux Balance Analysis to identify human metabolic enzymes which can be targeted for therapeutic intervention against COVID-19. A literature search was carried out in order to identify suitable inhibitors of these enzymes, which were confirmed by docking calculations. In total, 10 targets and 12 bioactive molecules have been predicted. Among the most promising molecules we identified Triacsin C, which inhibits ACSL3, and which has been shown to be very effective against different viruses, including positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. Similarly, we also identified the drug Celgosivir, which has been successfully tested in cells infected with different types of viruses such as Dengue, Zika, Hepatitis C and Influenza. Finally, other drugs targeting enzymes of lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism or protein palmitoylation (such as Propylthiouracil, 2-Bromopalmitate, Lipofermata, Tunicamycin, Benzyl Isothiocyanate, Tipifarnib and Lonafarnib) are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vytautas Raškevičius
- Cell Culture Laboratory, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vytenis A Skeberdis
- Cell Culture Laboratory, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sergio Bordel
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
- Cell Culture Laboratory, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
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14
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Microbial Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: From Alpha to Omega. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030469. [PMID: 33668351 PMCID: PMC7996314 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) and glucocorticoids are steroid hormones derived from cholesterol that are important signaling molecules in humans and other vertebrates. Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDHs) are encoded both by the host and by their resident gut microbiota, and they reversibly convert steroid hydroxyl groups to keto groups. Pairs of HSDHs can reversibly epimerize steroids from α-hydroxy conformations to β-hydroxy, or β-hydroxy to ω-hydroxy in the case of ω-muricholic acid. These reactions often result in products with drastically different physicochemical properties than their precursors, which can result in steroids being activators or inhibitors of host receptors, can affect solubility in fecal water, and can modulate toxicity. Microbial HSDHs modulate sterols associated with diseases such as colorectal cancer, liver cancer, prostate cancer, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Although the role of microbial HSDHs is not yet fully elucidated, they may have therapeutic potential as steroid pool modulators or druggable targets in the future. In this review, we explore metabolism of BAs and glucocorticoids with a focus on biotransformation by microbial HSDHs.
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15
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Chornyi S, IJlst L, van Roermund CWT, Wanders RJA, Waterham HR. Peroxisomal Metabolite and Cofactor Transport in Humans. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:613892. [PMID: 33505966 PMCID: PMC7829553 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.613892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are membrane-bound organelles involved in many metabolic pathways and essential for human health. They harbor a large number of enzymes involved in the different pathways, thus requiring transport of substrates, products and cofactors involved across the peroxisomal membrane. Although much progress has been made in understanding the permeability properties of peroxisomes, there are still important gaps in our knowledge about the peroxisomal transport of metabolites and cofactors. In this review, we discuss the different modes of transport of metabolites and essential cofactors, including CoA, NAD+, NADP+, FAD, FMN, ATP, heme, pyridoxal phosphate, and thiamine pyrophosphate across the peroxisomal membrane. This transport can be mediated by non-selective pore-forming proteins, selective transport proteins, membrane contact sites between organelles, and co-import of cofactors with proteins. We also discuss modes of transport mediated by shuttle systems described for NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH. We mainly focus on current knowledge on human peroxisomal metabolite and cofactor transport, but also include knowledge from studies in plants, yeast, fruit fly, zebrafish, and mice, which has been exemplary in understanding peroxisomal transport mechanisms in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhii Chornyi
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lodewijk IJlst
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carlo W T van Roermund
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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16
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FATP2-targeted therapies - A role beyond fatty liver disease. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105228. [PMID: 33027714 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid transport protein 2 (FATP2) is a multifunctional protein whose specific function is determined by the type of located cell, its intracellular location, or organelle-specific interactions. In the different diseases setting, a newfound appreciation for the biological function of FATP2 has come into view. Two main functions of FATP2 are to activate long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) as a very long-chain acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase (ACSVL) and to transport LCFAs as a fatty acid transporter. FATP2 is not only involved in the occurrence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but also plays an important role in lithogenic diet-induced cholelithiasis, the formation of cancer tumor immunity, the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and the regulation of zoledronate-induced nephrotoxicity. Herein, we review the updated information on the role of FATP2 in related diseases. In particular, we discuss the new functions of FATP2 and propose that FATP2 is a potential clinical biomarker and therapeutic target. In conclusion, regulatory strategies for FATP2 may bring new treatment options for cancer and lipid metabolism-related disorders.
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17
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Peroxisomal Cofactor Transport. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081174. [PMID: 32806597 PMCID: PMC7463629 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are eukaryotic organelles that are essential for growth and development. They are highly metabolically active and house many biochemical reactions, including lipid metabolism and synthesis of signaling molecules. Most of these metabolic pathways are shared with other compartments, such as Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria, and plastids. Peroxisomes, in common with all other cellular organelles are dependent on a wide range of cofactors, such as adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP), Coenzyme A (CoA), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). The availability of the peroxisomal cofactor pool controls peroxisome function. The levels of these cofactors available for peroxisomal metabolism is determined by the balance between synthesis, import, export, binding, and degradation. Since the final steps of cofactor synthesis are thought to be located in the cytosol, cofactors must be imported into peroxisomes. This review gives an overview about our current knowledge of the permeability of the peroxisomal membrane with the focus on ATP, CoA, and NAD. Several members of the mitochondrial carrier family are located in peroxisomes, catalyzing the transfer of these organic cofactors across the peroxisomal membrane. Most of the functions of these peroxisomal cofactor transporters are known from studies in yeast, humans, and plants. Parallels and differences between the transporters in the different organisms are discussed here.
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18
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Cifre M, Palou A, Oliver P. Impaired CPT1A Gene Expression Response to Retinoic Acid Treatment in Human PBMC as Predictor of Metabolic Risk. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2269. [PMID: 32751185 PMCID: PMC7468959 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) systems offer the possibility to test transcriptomic effects of food bioactive compounds with potential health effects. We investigated all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) effect on mRNA expression of key lipid metabolism and inflammatory genes in PBMCs from normal-weight (NW) and overweight-obese (OW-OB) men with different metabolic syndrome-related features. PBMCs were incubated with 10 µM ATRA and mRNA levels of selected genes were analyzed using real-time RT-qPCR. Human ex vivo PBMCs responded to ATRA treatment, but the response for some genes was dependent on body mass index (BMI), with a lower response in PBMC from OW-OB than from NW donors. Moreover, gene expression response was affected by circulating high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels. Particularly, the response to ATRA of CPT1A, previously reported as a sensitive metabolic risk predictive biomarker, was dependent on HDL levels and not on BMI, being impaired in those individuals with lower HDL levels, specifically in OW-OB. Thus, PBMCs' insensitivity to ATRA, which can be considered as indicative of impaired metabolism, was observed in individuals with higher metabolic risk (OW-OB with low HDL levels). In conclusion, an ex vivo human PBMC system indicates that ATRA response could be influenced by metabolic syndrome features. Moreover, our study reinforces the role of CPT1A as a marker of metabolic risk and points to plasmatic HDL-cholesterol levels as a parameter to take into consideration when the effects of nutritional factors and/or dietary interventions on humans are under study. Further studies including women are required to detect potential gender differences in the observed effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margalida Cifre
- Nutrigenomics and Obesity Group, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain; (M.C.); (P.O.)
- CIBER of Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- Nutrigenomics and Obesity Group, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain; (M.C.); (P.O.)
- CIBER of Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain
| | - Paula Oliver
- Nutrigenomics and Obesity Group, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain; (M.C.); (P.O.)
- CIBER of Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain
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19
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LC-MS analyses revealed significant metabolic changes associated with the docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 525:863-869. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Van Veldhoven PP, de Schryver E, Young SG, Zwijsen A, Fransen M, Espeel M, Baes M, Van Ael E. Slc25a17 Gene Trapped Mice: PMP34 Plays a Role in the Peroxisomal Degradation of Phytanic and Pristanic Acid. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:144. [PMID: 32266253 PMCID: PMC7106852 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking PMP34, a peroxisomal membrane transporter encoded by Slc25a17, did not manifest any obvious phenotype on a Swiss Webster genetic background, even with various treatments designed to unmask impaired peroxisomal functioning. Peroxisomal α- and β-oxidation rates in PMP34 deficient fibroblasts or liver slices were not or only modestly affected and in bile, no abnormal bile acid intermediates were detected. Peroxisomal content of cofactors like CoA, ATP, NAD+, thiamine-pyrophosphate and pyridoxal-phosphate, based on direct or indirect data, appeared normal as were tissue plasmalogen and very long chain fatty acid levels. However, upon dietary phytol administration, the knockout mice displayed hepatomegaly, liver inflammation, and an induction of peroxisomal enzymes. This phenotype was partially mediated by PPARα. Hepatic triacylglycerols and cholesterylesters were elevated and both phytanic acid and pristanic acid accumulated in the liver lipids, in females to higher extent than in males. In addition, pristanic acid degradation products were detected, as wells as the CoA-esters of all these branched fatty acids. Hence, PMP34 is important for the degradation of phytanic/pristanic acid and/or export of their metabolites. Whether this is caused by a shortage of peroxisomal CoA affecting the intraperoxisomal formation of pristanoyl-CoA (and perhaps of phytanoyl-CoA), or the SCPx-catalyzed thiolytic cleavage during pristanic acid β-oxidation, could not be proven in this model, but the phytol-derived acyl-CoA profile is compatible with the latter possibility. On the other hand, the normal functioning of other peroxisomal pathways, and especially bile acid formation, seems to exclude severe transport problems or a shortage of CoA, and other cofactors like FAD, NAD(P)+, TPP. Based on our findings, PMP34 deficiency in humans is unlikely to be a life threatening condition but could cause elevated phytanic/pristanic acid levels in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evelyn de Schryver
- LIPIT, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephen G. Young
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - An Zwijsen
- Laboratory of Developmental Signaling, Department Human Genetics, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Fransen
- LIPIT, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Espeel
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology, Histology and Medical Physics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elke Van Ael
- LIPIT, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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21
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D’Ambrosio HK, Derbyshire ER. Investigating the Role of Class I Adenylate-Forming Enzymes in Natural Product Biosynthesis. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:17-27. [PMID: 31815417 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adenylate-forming enzymes represent one of the most important enzyme classes in biology, responsible for the activation of carboxylate substrates for biosynthetic modifications. The byproduct of the adenylate-forming enzyme acetyl-CoA synthetase, acetyl-CoA, is incorporated into virtually every primary and secondary metabolic pathway. Modification of acetyl-CoA by an array of other adenylate-forming enzymes produces complex classes of natural products including nonribosomal peptides, polyketides, phenylpropanoids, lipopeptides, and terpenes. Adenylation domains possess a variety of unique structural and functional features that provide for such diversification in their resulting metabolites. As the number of organisms with sequenced genomes increases, more adenylate-forming enzymes are being identified, each with roles in metabolite production that have yet to be characterized. In this Review, we explore the broad role of class I adenylate-forming enzymes in the context of natural product biosynthesis and how they contribute to primary and secondary metabolism by focusing on important work conducted in the field. We highlight features of subclasses from this family that facilitate the production of structurally diverse metabolites, including those from noncanonical adenylation domains, and additionally discuss when biological roles for these compounds are known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K. D’Ambrosio
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Emily R. Derbyshire
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, 213 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
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22
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Xiong J, He J, Xie WP, Hinojosa E, Ambati CSR, Putluri N, Kim HE, Zhu MX, Du G. Rapid affinity purification of intracellular organelles using a twin strep tag. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.235390. [PMID: 31780580 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.235390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells are internally organized into compartmentalized organelles that execute specialized functions. To understand the functions of individual organelles and their regulations, it is critical to resolve the compositions of individual organelles, which relies on a rapid and efficient isolation method for specific organellar populations. Here, we introduce a robust affinity purification method for rapid isolation of intracellular organelles (e.g. lysosomes, mitochondria and peroxisomes) by taking advantage of the extraordinarily high affinity between the twin strep tag and streptavidin variants. With this method, we can isolate desired organelles with high purity and yield in 3 min from the post-nuclear supernatant of mammalian cells or less than 8 min for the whole purification process. Using lysosomes as an example, we show that the rapid procedure is especially useful for studying transient and fast cellular activities, such as organelle-initiated signaling and organellar contents of small-molecular metabolites. Therefore, our method offers a powerful tool to dissect spatiotemporal regulation and functions of intracellular organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xiong
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Biochemistry and Cell Biology Program, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jingquan He
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wendy P Xie
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ezekiel Hinojosa
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chandra Shekar R Ambati
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Advanced Technology Core, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nagireddy Putluri
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Advanced Technology Core, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hyun-Eui Kim
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Biochemistry and Cell Biology Program, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael X Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA .,Biochemistry and Cell Biology Program, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Guangwei Du
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA .,Biochemistry and Cell Biology Program, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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23
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Young PA, Senkal CE, Suchanek AL, Grevengoed TJ, Lin DD, Zhao L, Crunk AE, Klett EL, Füllekrug J, Obeid LM, Coleman RA. Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1 interacts with key proteins that activate and direct fatty acids into niche hepatic pathways. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:16724-16740. [PMID: 30190326 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid channeling into oxidation or storage modes depends on physiological conditions and hormonal signaling. However, the directionality of this channeling may also depend on the association of each of the five acyl-CoA synthetase isoforms with specific protein partners. Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSLs) catalyze the conversion of long-chain fatty acids to fatty acyl-CoAs, which are then either oxidized or used in esterification reactions. In highly oxidative tissues, ACSL1 is located on the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) and directs fatty acids into mitochondria for β-oxidation. In the liver, however, about 50% of ACSL1 is located on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where its metabolic function is unclear. Because hepatic fatty acid partitioning is likely to require the interaction of ACSL1 with other specific proteins, we used an unbiased protein interaction technique, BioID, to discover ACSL1-binding partners in hepatocytes. We targeted ACSL1 either to the ER or to the OMM of Hepa 1-6 cells as a fusion protein with the Escherichia coli biotin ligase, BirA*. Proteomic analysis identified 98 proteins that specifically interacted with ACSL1 at the ER, 55 at the OMM, and 43 common to both subcellular locations. We found subsets of peroxisomal and lipid droplet proteins, tethering proteins, and vesicle proteins, uncovering a dynamic role for ACSL1 in organelle and lipid droplet interactions. Proteins involved in lipid metabolism were also identified, including acyl-CoA-binding proteins and ceramide synthase isoforms 2 and 5. Our results provide fundamental and detailed insights into protein interaction networks that control fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Can E Senkal
- the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, and
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric L Klett
- From the Departments of Nutrition and.,Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Joachim Füllekrug
- the Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Internal Medicine IV, Heidelberg University Hospital, Otto-Meyerhof-Zentrum, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lina M Obeid
- the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, and
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24
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Analyses of the genetic diversity and protein expression variation of the acyl: CoA medium-chain ligases, ACSM2A and ACSM2B. Mol Genet Genomics 2018; 293:1279-1292. [PMID: 29948332 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-1460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Benzoate (found in milk and widely used as preservative), salicylate (present in fruits and the active component of aspirin), dietary polyphenols produced by gut microbiota, metabolites from organic acidemias, and medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are all metabolised/detoxified by the glycine conjugation pathway. Xenobiotics are first activated to an acyl-CoA by the mitochondrial xenobiotic/medium-chain fatty acid: CoA ligases (ACSMs) and subsequently conjugated to glycine by glycine N-acyltransferase (GLYAT). The MCFAs are activated to acyl-CoA by the ACSMs before entering mitochondrial β-oxidation. This two-step enzymatic pathway has, however, not been thoroughly investigated and the biggest gap in the literature remains the fact that studies continuously characterise the pathway as a one-step reaction. There are no studies available on the interaction/competition of the various substrates involved in the pathway, whilst very little research has been done on the ACSM ligases. To identify variants/haplotypes that should be characterised in future detoxification association studies, this study assessed the naturally observed sequence diversity and protein expression variation of ACSM2A and ACSM2B. The allelic variation, haplotype diversity, Tajima's D values, and phylogenetic analyses indicated that ACSM2A and ACSM2B are highly conserved. This confirmed an earlier hypothesis that the glycine conjugation pathway is highly conserved and essential for life as it maintains the CoA and glycine homeostasis in the liver mitochondria. The protein expression analyses showed that ACSM2A is the predominant transcript in liver. Future studies should investigate the effect of the variants identified in this study on the substrate specificity of these proteins.
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25
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Wanders RJA, Waterham HR, Ferdinandusse S. Peroxisomes and Their Central Role in Metabolic Interaction Networks in Humans. Subcell Biochem 2018; 89:345-365. [PMID: 30378031 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-2233-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes catalyze a number of essential metabolic functions and impairments in any of these are usually associated with major clinical signs and symptoms. In contrast to mitochondria which are autonomous organelles that can catalyze the degradation of fatty acids, certain amino acids and other compounds all by themselves, peroxisomes are non-autonomous organelles which are highly dependent on the interaction with other organelles and compartments to fulfill their role in metabolism. This includes mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and the cytosol. In this paper we will discuss the central role of peroxisomes in different metabolic interaction networks in humans, including fatty acid oxidation, ether phospholipid biosynthesis, bile acid synthesis, fatty acid alpha-oxidation and glyoxylate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Pinkosky SL, Groot PHE, Lalwani ND, Steinberg GR. Targeting ATP-Citrate Lyase in Hyperlipidemia and Metabolic Disorders. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:1047-1063. [PMID: 28993031 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle promote imbalances in metabolism, often manifesting as risk factors for life-threating diseases such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Nucleocytosolic acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) has emerged as a central signaling node used to coordinate metabolic adaptations in response to a changing nutritional status. ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) is the enzyme primarily responsible for the production of extramitochondrial acetyl-CoA and is thus strategically positioned at the intersection of nutrient catabolism and lipid biosynthesis. Here, we discuss recent findings from preclinical studies, as well as Mendelian and clinical randomized trials, demonstrating the importance of ACL activity in metabolism, and supporting its inhibition as a potential therapeutic approach to treating ASCVD, NAFLD, and other metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Pinkosky
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada; Esperion Therapeutics, Inc. 3891 Ranchero Drive, Suite 150, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA
| | - Pieter H E Groot
- Esperion Therapeutics, Inc. 3891 Ranchero Drive, Suite 150, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA
| | - Narendra D Lalwani
- Esperion Therapeutics, Inc. 3891 Ranchero Drive, Suite 150, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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Cifre M, Díaz-Rúa R, Varela-Calviño R, Reynés B, Pericás-Beltrán J, Palou A, Oliver P. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cell in vitro system to test the efficacy of food bioactive compounds: Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids and their relation with BMI. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 61. [PMID: 27873461 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE To analyse the usefulness of isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to rapidly/easily reflect n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) effects on lipid metabolism/inflammation gene profile, and evaluate if these effects are body mass index (BMI) dependent. METHODS AND RESULTS PBMC from normoweight (NW) and overweight/obese (OW/OB) subjects were incubated with physiological doses of docosahexaenoic (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), or their combination. PBMC reflected increased beta-oxidation-like capacity (CPT1A expression) in OW/OB but only after DHA treatment. However, insensitivity to n-3 LCPUFA was evident in OW/OB for lipogenic genes: both PUFA diminished FASN and SREBP1C expression in NW, but no effect was observed for DHA in PBMC from high-BMI subjects. This insensitivity was also evident for inflammation gene profile: all treatments inhibited key inflammatory genes in NW; nevertheless, no effect was observed in OW/OB after DHA treatment, and EPA effect was impaired. SLC27A2, IL6 and TNFα PBMC expression analysis resulted especially interesting to determine obesity-related n-3 LCPUFA insensitivity. CONCLUSION A PBMC-based human in vitro system reflects n-3 LCPUFA effects on lipid metabolism/inflammation which is impaired in OW/OB. These results confirm the utility of PBMC ex vivo systems for bioactive-compound screening to promote functional food development and to establish appropriate dietary strategies for obese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margalida Cifre
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Rubén Díaz-Rúa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Rubén Varela-Calviño
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Bàrbara Reynés
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jordi Pericás-Beltrán
- Research Group on Evidence, Lifestyles & Health, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Paula Oliver
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Liver-specific ATP-citrate lyase inhibition by bempedoic acid decreases LDL-C and attenuates atherosclerosis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13457. [PMID: 27892461 PMCID: PMC5133702 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite widespread use of statins to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and associated atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk, many patients do not achieve sufficient LDL-C lowering due to muscle-related side effects, indicating novel treatment strategies are required. Bempedoic acid (ETC-1002) is a small molecule intended to lower LDL-C in hypercholesterolemic patients, and has been previously shown to modulate both ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity in rodents. However, its mechanism for LDL-C lowering, efficacy in models of atherosclerosis and relevance in humans are unknown. Here we show that ETC-1002 is a prodrug that requires activation by very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase-1 (ACSVL1) to modulate both targets, and that inhibition of ACL leads to LDL receptor upregulation, decreased LDL-C and attenuation of atherosclerosis, independently of AMPK. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the absence of ACSVL1 in skeletal muscle provides a mechanistic basis for ETC-1002 to potentially avoid the myotoxicity associated with statin therapy.
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van der Sluis R, Erasmus E. Xenobiotic/medium chain fatty acid: CoA ligase - a critical review on its role in fatty acid metabolism and the detoxification of benzoic acid and aspirin. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:1169-79. [PMID: 27351777 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2016.1206888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Activation of fatty acids by the acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSs) is the vital first step in fatty acid metabolism. The enzymatic and physiological characterization of the human xenobiotic/medium chain fatty acid: CoA ligases (ACSMs) has been severely neglected even though xenobiotics, such as benzoate and salicylate, are detoxified through this pathway. AREAS COVERED This review will focus on the nomenclature and substrate specificity of the human ACSM ligases; the biochemical and enzymatic characterization of ACSM1 and ACSM2B; the high sequence homology of the ACSM2 genes (ACSM2A and ACSM2B) as well as what is currently known regarding disease association studies. EXPERT OPINION Several discrepancies exist in the current literature that should be taken note of. For example, the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) reported to be associated with aspirin metabolism and multiple risk factors of metabolic syndrome are incorrect. Kinetic data on the substrate specificity of the human ACSM ligases are non-existent and currently no data exist on the influence of SNPs on the enzyme activity of these ligases. One of the biggest obstacles currently in the field is that glycine conjugation is continuously studied as a one-step process, which means that key regulatory factors of the two individual steps remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rencia van der Sluis
- a Centre for Human Metabolomics, Biochemistry Division , North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
| | - Elardus Erasmus
- a Centre for Human Metabolomics, Biochemistry Division , North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
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Sivachenko A, Gordon HB, Kimball SS, Gavin EJ, Bonkowsky JL, Letsou A. Neurodegeneration in a Drosophila model of adrenoleukodystrophy: the roles of the Bubblegum and Double bubble acyl-CoA synthetases. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:377-87. [PMID: 26893370 PMCID: PMC4852500 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.022244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Debilitating neurodegenerative conditions with metabolic origins affect millions of individuals worldwide. Still, for most of these neurometabolic disorders there are neither cures nor disease-modifying therapies, and novel animal models are needed for elucidation of disease pathology and identification of potential therapeutic agents. To date, metabolic neurodegenerative disease has been modeled in animals with only limited success, in part because existing models constitute analyses of single mutants and have thus overlooked potential redundancy within metabolic gene pathways associated with disease. Here, we present the first analysis of a very-long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) double mutant. We show that the Drosophila bubblegum(bgm) and double bubble(dbb) genes have overlapping functions, and that the consequences of double knockout of both bubblegum and double bubble in the fly brain are profound, affecting behavior and brain morphology, and providing the best paradigm to date for an animal model of adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), a fatal childhood neurodegenerative disease associated with the accumulation of very-long-chain fatty acids. Using this more fully penetrant model of disease to interrogate brain morphology at the level of electron microscopy, we show that dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism via disruption of ACS function in vivois causal of neurodegenerative pathologies that are evident in both neuronal cells and their supporting cell populations, and leads ultimately to lytic cell death in affected areas of the brain. Finally, in an extension of our model system to the study of human disease, we describe our identification of an individual with leukodystrophy who harbors a rare mutation in SLC27a6(encoding a very-long-chain ACS), a human homolog of bgm and dbb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sivachenko
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Hannah B Gordon
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Suzanne S Kimball
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Erin J Gavin
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Joshua L Bonkowsky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Anthea Letsou
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Wanders RJA, Waterham HR, Ferdinandusse S. Metabolic Interplay between Peroxisomes and Other Subcellular Organelles Including Mitochondria and the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 3:83. [PMID: 26858947 PMCID: PMC4729952 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are unique subcellular organelles which play an indispensable role in several key metabolic pathways which include: (1.) etherphospholipid biosynthesis; (2.) fatty acid beta-oxidation; (3.) bile acid synthesis; (4.) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) synthesis; (5.) fatty acid alpha-oxidation; (6.) glyoxylate metabolism; (7.) amino acid degradation, and (8.) ROS/RNS metabolism. The importance of peroxisomes for human health and development is exemplified by the existence of a large number of inborn errors of peroxisome metabolism in which there is an impairment in one or more of the metabolic functions of peroxisomes. Although the clinical signs and symptoms of affected patients differ depending upon the enzyme which is deficient and the extent of the deficiency, the disorders involved are usually (very) severe diseases with neurological dysfunction and early death in many of them. With respect to the role of peroxisomes in metabolism it is clear that peroxisomes are dependent on the functional interplay with other subcellular organelles to sustain their role in metabolism. Indeed, whereas mitochondria can oxidize fatty acids all the way to CO2 and H2O, peroxisomes are only able to chain-shorten fatty acids and the end products of peroxisomal beta-oxidation need to be shuttled to mitochondria for full oxidation to CO2 and H2O. Furthermore, NADH is generated during beta-oxidation in peroxisomes and beta-oxidation can only continue if peroxisomes are equipped with a mechanism to reoxidize NADH back to NAD+, which is now known to be mediated by specific NAD(H)-redox shuttles. In this paper we describe the current state of knowledge about the functional interplay between peroxisomes and other subcellular compartments notably the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum for each of the metabolic pathways in which peroxisomes are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Laboratory Division, Departments of Paediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children's Hospital, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Laboratory Division, Departments of Paediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children's Hospital, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Laboratory Division, Departments of Paediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children's Hospital, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Wanders RJA, Ferdinandusse S, Ebberink MS, Waterham HR. Phytanoyl-CoA Hydroxylase: A 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase Crucial for Fatty Acid Alpha-Oxidation in Humans. 2-OXOGLUTARATE-DEPENDENT OXYGENASES 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782621959-00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase belongs to the family of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases and plays a crucial role in the α-oxidation of fatty acids. The complete α-oxidation pathway involves five different enzymes localized in peroxisomes. Thus far, phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase deficiency has remained the only genetically determined inborn error of metabolism affecting the α-oxidation pathway. In this chapter we describe the current state of knowledge on fatty acid α-oxidation with special emphasis on phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase and its deficiency in Refsum disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J. A. Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Paediatrics, Emma Children’s Hospital, and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Paediatrics, Emma Children’s Hospital, and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Merel S. Ebberink
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Paediatrics, Emma Children’s Hospital, and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Hans R. Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Paediatrics, Emma Children’s Hospital, and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ Amsterdam the Netherlands
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Chen CT, Bazinet RP. β-oxidation and rapid metabolism, but not uptake regulate brain eicosapentaenoic acid levels. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 92:33-40. [PMID: 24986271 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The brain has a unique polyunsaturated fatty acid composition, with high levels of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) while levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are several orders of magnitude lower. As evidence accumulated that fatty acid entry into the brain was not selective and, in fact, that DHA and EPA enter the brain at similar rates, new mechanisms were required to explain their large concentration differences in the brain. Here we summarize recent research demonstrating that EPA is rapidly and extensively β-oxidized upon entry into the brain. Although the ATP generated from the β-oxidation of EPA is low compared to the use of glucose, fatty acid β-oxidation may serve to regulate brain fatty acid levels in the absence of selective transportation. Furthermore, when β-oxidation of EPA is blocked, desaturation of EPA increases and Land׳s recycling decreases to maintain low EPA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuck T Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Fitzgerald Building, 150 College St. Room 306, Ontario, Toronto, M5S 3E2 Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Fitzgerald Building, 150 College St. Room 306, Ontario, Toronto, M5S 3E2 Canada.
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Hunt MC, Tillander V, Alexson SEH. Regulation of peroxisomal lipid metabolism: the role of acyl-CoA and coenzyme A metabolizing enzymes. Biochimie 2014; 98:45-55. [PMID: 24389458 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are nearly ubiquitous organelles involved in a number of metabolic pathways that vary between organisms and tissues. A common metabolic function in mammals is the partial degradation of various (di)carboxylic acids via α- and β-oxidation. While only a small number of enzymes catalyze the reactions of β-oxidation, numerous auxiliary enzymes have been identified to be involved in uptake of fatty acids and cofactors required for β-oxidation, regulation of β-oxidation and transport of metabolites across the membrane. These proteins include membrane transporters/channels, acyl-CoA thioesterases, acyl-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferases, carnitine acyltransferases and nudix hydrolases. Here we review the current view of the role of these auxiliary enzymes in peroxisomal lipid metabolism and propose that they function in concert to provide a means to regulate fatty acid metabolism and transport of products across the peroxisomal membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Hunt
- Dublin Institute of Technology, College of Sciences & Health, School of Biological Sciences, Kevin Street, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Veronika Tillander
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, SE 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan E H Alexson
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, SE 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
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Heinonen S, Saarinen L, Naukkarinen J, Rodríguez A, Frühbeck G, Hakkarainen A, Lundbom J, Lundbom N, Vuolteenaho K, Moilanen E, Arner P, Hautaniemi S, Suomalainen A, Kaprio J, Rissanen A, Pietiläinen KH. Adipocyte morphology and implications for metabolic derangements in acquired obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 38:1423-31. [PMID: 24549139 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipocyte size and number have been suggested to predict the development of metabolic complications in obesity. However, the genetic and environmental determinants behind this phenomenon remain unclear. METHODS We studied this question in rare-weight discordant (intra-pair difference (Δ) body mass index (BMI) 3-10 kg m(-2), n=15) and concordant (ΔBMI 0-2 kg m(-)(2), n=5) young adult (22-35 years) monozygotic twin pairs identified from 10 birth cohorts of Finnish twins (n=5 500 pairs). Subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte size from surgical biopsies was measured under a light microscope. Adipocyte number was calculated from cell size and total body fat (D × A). RESULTS The concordant pairs were remarkably similar for adipocyte size and number (intra-class correlations 0.91-0.92, P<0.01), suggesting a strong genetic control of these measures. In the discordant pairs, the obese co-twins (BMI 30.6 ± 0.9 kg m(-2)) had significantly larger adipocytes (volume 547 ± 59 pl), than the lean co-twins (24.9 ± 0.9 kg m(-)(2); 356 ± 34 pl, P<0.001). In 8/15 pairs, the obese co-twins had less adipocytes than their co-twins. These hypoplastic obese twins had significantly higher liver fat (spectroscopy), homeostatic model assessment-index, C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol than their lean co-twins. Hyperplastic obesity was observed in the rest (7/15) of the pairs, obese and lean co-twins having similar metabolic measures. In all pairs, Δadipocyte volume correlated positively and Δcell number correlated negatively with Δhomeostatic model assessment-index and Δlow-density lipoprotein, independent of Δbody fat. Transcripts most significantly correlating with Δadipocyte volume were related to a reduced mitochondrial function, membrane modifications, to DNA damage and cell death. CONCLUSIONS Together, hypertrophy and hypoplasia in acquired obesity are related to metabolic dysfunction, possibly through disturbances in mitochondrial function and increased cell death within the adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Heinonen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - L Saarinen
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Naukkarinen
- 1] Obesity Research Unit, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland [2] FIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Rodríguez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, & CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
| | - G Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, & CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
| | - A Hakkarainen
- Helsinki Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Lundbom
- Helsinki Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - N Lundbom
- Helsinki Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Vuolteenaho
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, University of Tampere School of Medicine and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - E Moilanen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, University of Tampere School of Medicine and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - P Arner
- Lipid Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Hautaniemi
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Suomalainen
- Research Program of Molecular Neurology and Department of Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Kaprio
- 1] FIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland [2] Finnish Twin Cohort Study, Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Finland [3] National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Rissanen
- Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K H Pietiläinen
- 1] Obesity Research Unit, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland [2] FIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland [3] Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Pei Z, Fraisl P, Shi X, Gabrielson E, Forss-Petter S, Berger J, Watkins PA. Very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 3: overexpression and growth dependence in lung cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69392. [PMID: 23936004 PMCID: PMC3720282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. In the United States, only one in six lung cancer patients survives five years after diagnosis. These statistics may improve if new therapeutic targets are identified. We previously reported that an enzyme of fatty acid metabolism, very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 3 (ACSVL3), is overexpressed in malignant glioma, and that depleting glioblastoma cells of ACSVL3 diminishes their malignant properties. To determine whether ACSVL3 expression was also increased in lung cancer, we studied tumor histologic sections and lung cancer cell lines. Immunohistochemical analysis of normal human lung showed moderate ACSVL3 expression only in bronchial epithelial cells. In contrast, all of 69 different lung tumors tested, including adeno-, squamous cell, large cell, and small cell carcinomas, had robustly elevated ACSVL3 levels. Western blot analysis of lung cancer cell lines derived from these tumor types also had significantly increased ACSVL3 protein compared to normal bronchial epithelial cells. Decreasing the growth rate of lung cancer cell lines did not change ACSVL3 expression. However, knocking down ACSVL3 expression by RNA interference reduced cell growth rates in culture by 65–76%, and the ability of tumor cells to form colonies in soft agar suspension by 65–80%. We also conducted studies to gain a better understanding of the biochemical properties of human ACSVL3. ACSVL3 mRNA was detected in many human tissues, but the expression pattern differed somewhat from that of the mouse. The enzyme activated long- and very long-chain saturated fatty acid substrates, as well as long-chain mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids to their respective coenzyme A derivatives. Endogenous human ACSVL3 protein was found in a punctate subcellular compartment that partially colocalized with mitochondria as determined by immunofluorescence microscopy and subcellular fractionation. From these studies, we conclude that ACSVL3 is a promising new therapeutic target in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengtong Pei
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter Fraisl
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiaohai Shi
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Edward Gabrielson
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Johannes Berger
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul A. Watkins
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gallardo D, Amills M, Quintanilla R, Pena RN. Mapping and tissue mRNA expression analysis of the pig solute carrier 27A (SLC27A) multigene family. Gene 2012; 515:220-3. [PMID: 23219995 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Revised: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Solute-carrier family 27A molecules are integral transmembrane proteins that play a fundamental role in the uptake of long-chain fatty acids into mammalian cells. Our goal was to characterize this multigene family in pigs. Chromosomal location of the six porcine SLC27A genes was determined by radiation hybrid mapping and indicated that the six genes map to six different chromosomal locations. Moreover, we analyzed SLC27A mRNA expression in six pig tissues by quantitative RT-PCR. While SLC27A1, SLC27A3 and SLC27A4 were expressed in most, if not all, analyzed tissues, SLC27A2, SLC27A5 and SLC27A6 were predominantly expressed in the liver. In general, pig and human SLC27A mRNA expression profiles were remarkably concordant, although important differences were observed for SLC27A1 and SLC27A6 mRNAs. Discrepancies between mRNA expression profiles have been observed even in closely related primate species, and they might reflect the acquisition of regulatory changes promoting evolutionary adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gallardo
- Genètica i Millora Animal, IRTA, Lleida, 25198, Spain
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Hunt MC, Siponen MI, Alexson SEH. The emerging role of acyl-CoA thioesterases and acyltransferases in regulating peroxisomal lipid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1397-410. [PMID: 22465940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The importance of peroxisomes in lipid metabolism is now well established and peroxisomes contain approximately 60 enzymes involved in these lipid metabolic pathways. Several acyl-CoA thioesterase enzymes (ACOTs) have been identified in peroxisomes that catalyze the hydrolysis of acyl-CoAs (short-, medium-, long- and very long-chain), bile acid-CoAs, and methyl branched-CoAs, to the free fatty acid and coenzyme A. A number of acyltransferase enzymes, which are structurally and functionally related to ACOTs, have also been identified in peroxisomes, which conjugate (or amidate) bile acid-CoAs and acyl-CoAs to amino acids, resulting in the production of amidated bile acids and fatty acids. The function of ACOTs is to act as auxiliary enzymes in the α- and β-oxidation of various lipids in peroxisomes. Human peroxisomes contain at least two ACOTs (ACOT4 and ACOT8) whereas mouse peroxisomes contain six ACOTs (ACOT3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 12). Similarly, human peroxisomes contain one bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (BAAT), whereas mouse peroxisomes contain three acyltransferases (BAAT and acyl-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferases 1 and 2: ACNAT1 and ACNAT2). This review will focus on the human and mouse peroxisomal ACOT and acyltransferase enzymes identified to date and discuss their cellular localizations, emerging structural information and functions as auxiliary enzymes in peroxisomal metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Hunt
- Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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39
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Watkins PA, Ellis JM. Peroxisomal acyl-CoA synthetases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1411-20. [PMID: 22366061 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes carry out many essential lipid metabolic functions. Nearly all of these functions require that an acyl group-either a fatty acid or the acyl side chain of a steroid derivative-be thioesterified to coenzyme A (CoA) for subsequent reactions to proceed. This thioesterification, or "activation", reaction, catalyzed by enzymes belonging to the acyl-CoA synthetase family, is thus central to cellular lipid metabolism. However, despite our rather thorough understanding of peroxisomal metabolic pathways, surprisingly little is known about the specific peroxisomal acyl-CoA synthetases that participate in these pathways. Of the 26 acyl-CoA synthetases encoded by the human and mouse genomes, only a few have been reported to be peroxisomal, including ACSL4, SLC27A2, and SLC27A4. In this review, we briefly describe the primary peroxisomal lipid metabolic pathways in which fatty acyl-CoAs participate. Then, we examine the evidence for presence and functions of acyl-CoA synthetases in peroxisomes, much of which was obtained before the existence of multiple acyl-CoA synthetase isoenzymes was known. Finally, we discuss the role(s) of peroxisome-specific acyl-CoA synthetase isoforms in lipid metabolism.
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Carten JD, Bradford MK, Farber SA. Visualizing digestive organ morphology and function using differential fatty acid metabolism in live zebrafish. Dev Biol 2011; 360:276-85. [PMID: 21968100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are essential for cellular function as sources of fuel, critical signaling molecules and membrane components. Deficiencies in lipid processing and transport underlie many metabolic diseases. To better understand metabolic function as it relates to disease etiology, a whole animal approach is advantageous, one in which multiple organs and cell types can be assessed simultaneously in vivo. Towards this end, we have developed an assay to visualize fatty acid (FA) metabolism in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). The method utilizes egg yolk liposomes to deliver different chain length FA analogs (BODIPY-FL) to six day-old larvae. Following liposome incubation, larvae accumulate the analogs throughout their digestive organs, providing a comprehensive readout of organ structure and physiology. Using this assay we have observed that different chain length FAs are differentially transported and metabolized by the larval digestive system. We show that this assay can also reveal structural and metabolic defects in digestive mutants. Because this labeling technique can be used to investigate digestive organ morphology and function, we foresee its application in diverse studies of organ development and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Debrito Carten
- The Johns Hopkins University, Department of Biology, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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42
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Melton EM, Cerny RL, Watkins PA, DiRusso CC, Black PN. Human fatty acid transport protein 2a/very long chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (FATP2a/Acsvl1) has a preference in mediating the channeling of exogenous n-3 fatty acids into phosphatidylinositol. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:30670-30679. [PMID: 21768100 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.226316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The trafficking of fatty acids across the membrane and into downstream metabolic pathways requires their activation to CoA thioesters. Members of the fatty acid transport protein/very long chain acyl-CoA synthetase (FATP/Acsvl) family are emerging as key players in the trafficking of exogenous fatty acids into the cell and in intracellular fatty acid homeostasis. We have expressed two naturally occurring splice variants of human FATP2 (Acsvl1) in yeast and 293T-REx cells and addressed their roles in fatty acid transport, activation, and intracellular trafficking. Although both forms (FATP2a (M(r) 70,000) and FATP2b (M(r) 65,000 and lacking exon3, which encodes part of the ATP binding site)) were functional in fatty acid import, only FATP2a had acyl-CoA synthetase activity, with an apparent preference toward very long chain fatty acids. To further address the roles of FATP2a or FATP2b in fatty acid uptake and activation, LC-MS/MS was used to separate and quantify different acyl-CoA species (C14-C24) and to monitor the trafficking of different classes of exogenous fatty acids into intracellular acyl-CoA pools in 293T-REx cells expressing either isoform. The use of stable isotopically labeled fatty acids demonstrated FATP2a is involved in the uptake and activation of exogenous fatty acids, with a preference toward n-3 fatty acids (C18:3 and C22:6). Using the same cells expressing FATP2a or FATP2b, electrospray ionization/MS was used to follow the trafficking of stable isotopically labeled n-3 fatty acids into phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol. The expression of FATP2a resulted in the trafficking of C18:3-CoA and C22:6-CoA into both phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol but with a distinct preference for phosphatidylinositol. Collectively these data demonstrate FATP2a functions in fatty acid transport and activation and provides specificity toward n-3 fatty acids in which the corresponding n-3 acyl-CoAs are preferentially trafficked into acyl-CoA pools destined for phosphatidylinositol incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaina M Melton
- Departments of Biochemistry, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588; Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208
| | - Ronald L Cerny
- Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Paul A Watkins
- Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | | | - Paul N Black
- Departments of Biochemistry, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588.
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Wanders RJA, Komen J, Ferdinandusse S. Phytanic acid metabolism in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:498-507. [PMID: 21683154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Phytanic acid (3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanoic acid) is a branched-chain fatty acid which cannot be beta-oxidized due to the presence of the first methyl group at the 3-position. Instead, phytanic acid undergoes alpha-oxidation to produce pristanic acid (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoic acid) plus CO(2). Pristanic acid is a 2-methyl branched-chain fatty acid which can undergo beta-oxidation via sequential cycles of beta-oxidation in peroxisomes and mitochondria. The mechanism of alpha-oxidation has been resolved in recent years as reviewed in this paper, although some of the individual enzymatic steps remain to be identified. Furthermore, much has been learned in recent years about the permeability properties of the peroxisomal membrane with important consequences for the alpha-oxidation process. Finally, we present new data on the omega-oxidation of phytanic acid making use of a recently generated mouse model for Refsum disease in which the gene encoding phytanoyl-CoA 2-hydroxylase has been disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
The well-known fatty acids with a Δ5,9 unsaturation system were designated for a long period as demospongic acids, taking into account that they originally occurred in marine Demospongia sponges. However, such acids have also been observed in various marine sources with a large range of chain-lengths (C16–C32) and from some terrestrial plants with short acyl chains (C18–C19). Finally, the Δ5,9 fatty acids appear to be a particular type of non-methylene-interrupted fatty acids (NMA FAs). This article reviews the occurrence of these particular fatty acids in marine and terrestrial organisms and shows the biosynthetic connections between Δ5,9 fatty acids and other NMI FAs.
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Falcon A, Doege H, Fluitt A, Tsang B, Watson N, Kay MA, Stahl A. FATP2 is a hepatic fatty acid transporter and peroxisomal very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 299:E384-93. [PMID: 20530735 PMCID: PMC2944282 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00226.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid transport protein (FATP)2, a member of the FATP family of fatty acid uptake mediators, has independently been identified as a hepatic peroxisomal very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (VLACS). Here we address whether FATP2 is 1) a peroxisomal enzyme, 2) a plasma membrane-associated long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) transporter, or 3) a multifunctional protein. We found that, in mouse livers, only a minor fraction of FATP2 localizes to peroxisomes, where it contributes to approximately half of the peroxisomal VLACS activity. However, total hepatic (V)LACS activity was not significantly affected by loss of FATP2, while LCFA uptake was reduced by 40%, indicating a more prominent role in hepatic LCFA uptake. This suggests FATP2 as a potential target for a therapeutic intervention of hepatosteatosis. Adeno-associated virus 8-based short hairpin RNA expression vectors were used to achieve liver-specific FATP2 knockdown, which significantly reduced hepatosteatosis in the face of continued high-fat feeding, concomitant with improvements in liver physiology, fasting glucose, and insulin levels. Based on our findings, we propose a model in which FATP2 is a multifunctional protein that shows subcellular localization-dependent activity and is a major contributor to peroxisomal (V)LACS activity and hepatic fatty acid uptake, suggesting FATP2 as a potential novel target for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaric Falcon
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, USA
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46
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Hao T, Ma HW, Zhao XM, Goryanin I. Compartmentalization of the Edinburgh Human Metabolic Network. BMC Bioinformatics 2010; 11:393. [PMID: 20649990 PMCID: PMC2918583 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-11-393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Direct in vivo investigation of human metabolism is complicated by the distinct metabolic functions of various sub-cellular organelles. Diverse micro-environments in different organelles may lead to distinct functions of the same protein and the use of different enzymes for the same metabolic reaction. To better understand the complexity in the human metabolism, a compartmentalized human metabolic network with integrated sub-cellular location information is required. Results We extended the previously reconstructed Edinburgh Human Metabolic Network (EHMN) [Ma, et al. Molecular Systems Biology, 3:135, 2007] by integrating the sub-cellular location information for the reactions, adding transport reactions and refining the protein-reaction relationships based on the location information. Firstly, protein location information was obtained from Gene Ontology and complemented by a Swiss-Prot location keywords search. Then all the reactions in EHMN were assigned to a location based on the protein-reaction relationships to get a preliminary compartmentalized network. We investigated the localized sub-networks in each pathway to identify gaps and isolated reactions by connectivity analysis and refined the location information based on information from literature. As a result, location information for hundreds of reactions was revised and hundreds of incorrect protein-reaction relationships were corrected. Over 1400 transport reactions were added to link the location specific metabolic network. To validate the network, we have done pathway analysis to examine the capability of the network to synthesize or degrade certain key metabolites. Compared with a previously published human metabolic network (Human Recon 1), our network contains over 1000 more reactions assigned to clear cellular compartments. Conclusions By combining protein location information, network connectivity analysis and manual literature search, we have reconstructed a more complete compartmentalized human metabolic network. The whole network is available at http://www.ehmn.bioinformatics.ed.ac.uk and free for academic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Hao
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Van Veldhoven PP. Biochemistry and genetics of inherited disorders of peroxisomal fatty acid metabolism. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:2863-95. [PMID: 20558530 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r005959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, peroxisomes harbor a complex set of enzymes acting on various lipophilic carboxylic acids, organized in two basic pathways, alpha-oxidation and beta-oxidation; the latter pathway can also handle omega-oxidized compounds. Some oxidation products are crucial to human health (primary bile acids and polyunsaturated FAs), whereas other substrates have to be degraded in order to avoid neuropathology at a later age (very long-chain FAs and xenobiotic phytanic acid and pristanic acid). Whereas total absence of peroxisomes is lethal, single peroxisomal protein deficiencies can present with a mild or severe phenotype and are more informative to understand the pathogenic factors. The currently known single protein deficiencies equal about one-fourth of the number of proteins involved in peroxisomal FA metabolism. The biochemical properties of these proteins are highlighted, followed by an overview of the known diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul P Van Veldhoven
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, LIPIT, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat, Leuven, Belgium.
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Peroxisomes, lipid metabolism and lipotoxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2010; 1801:272-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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49
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Ferdinandusse S, Denis S, Faust PL, Wanders RJA. Bile acids: the role of peroxisomes. J Lipid Res 2009; 50:2139-47. [PMID: 19357427 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r900009-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that peroxisomes play a crucial role in de novo bile acid synthesis. Studies in patients with a peroxisomal disorder have been indispensable for the elucidation of the precise role of peroxisomes. Several peroxisomal disorders are associated with distinct bile acid abnormalities and each disorder has a characteristic pattern of abnormal bile acids that accumulate, which is often used for diagnostic purposes. The patients have also been important for determining the pathophysiological consequences of defects in bile acid biosynthesis. In this review, we will discuss all the peroxisomal steps involved in bile acid synthesis and the bile acid abnormalities in patients with peroxisomal disorders. We will show the results of bile acid measurements in several tissues from patients, including brain, and we will discuss the toxicity and the pathological effects of the abnormal bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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50
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Acyl-CoA synthetases: fatty acid uptake and metabolic channeling. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 326:23-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-0003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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