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Patil S, Borisov O, Scherer N, Wirth C, Schlosser P, Wuttke M, Ehret S, Hannibal L, Eckardt KU, Hunte C, Neubauer B, Köttgen A, Köttgen M. The membrane transporter SLC25A48 enables transport of choline into human mitochondria. Kidney Int 2024:S0085-2538(24)00526-X. [PMID: 39084256 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2024.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Choline has important physiological functions as a precursor for essential cell components, signaling molecules, phospholipids, and the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Choline is a water-soluble charged molecule requiring transport proteins to cross biological membranes. Although transporters continue to be identified, membrane transport of choline is incompletely understood and knowledge about choline transport into intracellular organelles such as mitochondria remains limited. Here we show that SLC25A48 imports choline into human mitochondria. Human loss-of-function mutations in SLC25A48 show impaired choline transport into mitochondria and are associated with elevated urine and plasma choline levels. Thus, our studies may have implications for understanding and treating conditions related to choline metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Patil
- Department of Medicine IV - Nephrology and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oleg Borisov
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nora Scherer
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christophe Wirth
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pascal Schlosser
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wuttke
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Ehret
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Luciana Hannibal
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carola Hunte
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS-Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Björn Neubauer
- Department of Medicine IV - Nephrology and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna Köttgen
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Köttgen
- Department of Medicine IV - Nephrology and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Qiu Y, Gao Y, Huang B, Bai Q, Zhao Y. Transport mechanism of presynaptic high-affinity choline uptake by CHT1. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:701-709. [PMID: 38589607 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01259-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Choline is a vital nutrient and a precursor for the biosynthesis of essential metabolites, including acetylcholine (ACh), that play a central role in fetal development, especially in the brain. In cholinergic neurons, the high-affinity choline transporter (CHT1) provides an extraordinarily efficient reuptake mechanism to reutilize choline derived from intrasynaptical ACh hydrolysis and maintain ACh synthesis in the presynapse. Here, we determined structures of human CHT1 in three discrete states: the outward-facing state bound with the competitive inhibitor hemicholinium-3 (HC-3); the inward-facing occluded state bound with the substrate choline; and the inward-facing apo open state. Our structures and functional characterizations elucidate how the inhibitor and substrate are recognized. Moreover, our findings shed light on conformational changes when transitioning from an outward-facing to an inward-facing state and establish a framework for understanding the transport cycle, which relies on the stabilization of the outward-facing state by a short intracellular helix, IH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Beijing StoneWise Technology Co Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Qinru Bai
- Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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3
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Rizvi M, Truong TK, Zhou J, Batta M, Moran ES, Pappas J, Chu ML, Caluseriu O, Evrony GD, Leslie EM, Cordat E. Biochemical characterization of two novel mutations in the human high-affinity choline transporter 1 identified in a patient with congenital myasthenic syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:1552-1564. [PMID: 36611016 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS) is a heterogeneous condition associated with 34 different genes, including SLC5A7, which encodes the high-affinity choline transporter 1 (CHT1). CHT1 is expressed in presynaptic neurons of the neuromuscular junction where it uses the inward sodium gradient to reuptake choline. Biallelic CHT1 mutations often lead to neonatal lethality, and less commonly to non-lethal motor weakness and developmental delays. Here, we report detailed biochemical characterization of two novel mutations in CHT1, p.I294T and p.D349N, which we identified in an 11-year-old patient with a history of neonatal respiratory distress, and subsequent hypotonia and global developmental delay. Heterologous expression of each CHT1 mutant in human embryonic kidney cells showed two different mechanisms of reduced protein function. The p.I294T CHT1 mutant transporter function was detectable, but its abundance and half-life were significantly reduced. In contrast, the p.D349N CHT1 mutant was abundantly expressed at the cell membrane, but transporter function was absent. The residual function of the p.I294T CHT1 mutant may explain the non-lethal form of CMS in this patient, and the divergent mechanisms of reduced CHT1 function that we identified may guide future functional studies of the CHT1 myasthenic syndrome. Based on these in vitro studies that provided a diagnosis, treatment with cholinesterase inhibitor together with physical and occupational therapy significantly improved the patient's strength and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midhat Rizvi
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tina K Truong
- Center for Human Genetics and Genomics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Janet Zhou
- Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Manav Batta
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ellen S Moran
- Clinical Genetics, New York University Langone Orthopedic Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Pappas
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary Lynn Chu
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Oana Caluseriu
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gilad D Evrony
- Center for Human Genetics and Genomics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elaine M Leslie
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Cordat
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Ohno K, Ohkawara B, Shen XM, Selcen D, Engel AG. Clinical and Pathologic Features of Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes Caused by 35 Genes-A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043730. [PMID: 36835142 PMCID: PMC9961056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by impaired neuromuscular signal transmission due to germline pathogenic variants in genes expressed at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). A total of 35 genes have been reported in CMS (AGRN, ALG14, ALG2, CHAT, CHD8, CHRNA1, CHRNB1, CHRND, CHRNE, CHRNG, COL13A1, COLQ, DOK7, DPAGT1, GFPT1, GMPPB, LAMA5, LAMB2, LRP4, MUSK, MYO9A, PLEC, PREPL, PURA, RAPSN, RPH3A, SCN4A, SLC18A3, SLC25A1, SLC5A7, SNAP25, SYT2, TOR1AIP1, UNC13A, VAMP1). The 35 genes can be classified into 14 groups according to the pathomechanical, clinical, and therapeutic features of CMS patients. Measurement of compound muscle action potentials elicited by repetitive nerve stimulation is required to diagnose CMS. Clinical and electrophysiological features are not sufficient to identify a defective molecule, and genetic studies are always required for accurate diagnosis. From a pharmacological point of view, cholinesterase inhibitors are effective in most groups of CMS, but are contraindicated in some groups of CMS. Similarly, ephedrine, salbutamol (albuterol), amifampridine are effective in most but not all groups of CMS. This review extensively covers pathomechanical and clinical features of CMS by citing 442 relevant articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinji Ohno
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.O.); (A.G.E.)
| | - Bisei Ohkawara
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Xin-Ming Shen
- Department of Neurology and Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Duygu Selcen
- Department of Neurology and Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Andrew G. Engel
- Department of Neurology and Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Correspondence: (K.O.); (A.G.E.)
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5
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Sountoulidis A, Marco Salas S, Braun E, Avenel C, Bergenstråhle J, Theelke J, Vicari M, Czarnewski P, Liontos A, Abalo X, Andrusivová Ž, Mirzazadeh R, Asp M, Li X, Hu L, Sariyar S, Martinez Casals A, Ayoglu B, Firsova A, Michaëlsson J, Lundberg E, Wählby C, Sundström E, Linnarsson S, Lundeberg J, Nilsson M, Samakovlis C. A topographic atlas defines developmental origins of cell heterogeneity in the human embryonic lung. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:351-365. [PMID: 36646791 PMCID: PMC9928586 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-01064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The lung contains numerous specialized cell types with distinct roles in tissue function and integrity. To clarify the origins and mechanisms generating cell heterogeneity, we created a comprehensive topographic atlas of early human lung development. Here we report 83 cell states and several spatially resolved developmental trajectories and predict cell interactions within defined tissue niches. We integrated single-cell RNA sequencing and spatially resolved transcriptomics into a web-based, open platform for interactive exploration. We show distinct gene expression programmes, accompanying sequential events of cell differentiation and maturation of the secretory and neuroendocrine cell types in proximal epithelium. We define the origin of airway fibroblasts associated with airway smooth muscle in bronchovascular bundles and describe a trajectory of Schwann cell progenitors to intrinsic parasympathetic neurons controlling bronchoconstriction. Our atlas provides a rich resource for further research and a reference for defining deviations from homeostatic and repair mechanisms leading to pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Sountoulidis
- grid.452834.c0000 0004 5911 2402Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden ,grid.10548.380000 0004 1936 9377Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sergio Marco Salas
- grid.452834.c0000 0004 5911 2402Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden ,grid.10548.380000 0004 1936 9377Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emelie Braun
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christophe Avenel
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden ,grid.452834.c0000 0004 5911 2402BioImage Informatics Facility, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab, Sweden
| | - Joseph Bergenstråhle
- grid.5037.10000000121581746Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Theelke
- grid.452834.c0000 0004 5911 2402Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden ,grid.10548.380000 0004 1936 9377Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marco Vicari
- grid.5037.10000000121581746Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paulo Czarnewski
- grid.5037.10000000121581746Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Liontos
- grid.452834.c0000 0004 5911 2402Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden ,grid.10548.380000 0004 1936 9377Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xesus Abalo
- grid.5037.10000000121581746Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Žaneta Andrusivová
- grid.5037.10000000121581746Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Reza Mirzazadeh
- grid.5037.10000000121581746Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michaela Asp
- grid.5037.10000000121581746Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaofei Li
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lijuan Hu
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanem Sariyar
- grid.5037.10000000121581746Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Martinez Casals
- grid.5037.10000000121581746Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Burcu Ayoglu
- grid.5037.10000000121581746Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Firsova
- grid.452834.c0000 0004 5911 2402Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden ,grid.10548.380000 0004 1936 9377Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jakob Michaëlsson
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Lundberg
- grid.5037.10000000121581746Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carolina Wählby
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden ,grid.452834.c0000 0004 5911 2402BioImage Informatics Facility, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab, Sweden
| | - Erik Sundström
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sten Linnarsson
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joakim Lundeberg
- grid.5037.10000000121581746Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Nilsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden. .,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Christos Samakovlis
- Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden. .,Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Molecular Pneumology, Cardiopulmonary Institute, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
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6
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Characterization of social behavior in young and middle-aged ChAT-IRES-Cre mouse. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272141. [PMID: 35925937 PMCID: PMC9352053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholinergic system is an important modulator of brain processes. It contributes to the regulation of several cognitive functions and emotional states, hence altering behaviors. Previous works showed that cholinergic (nicotinic) receptors of the prefrontal cortex are needed for adapted social behaviors. However, these data were obtained in mutant mice that also present alterations of several neurotransmitter systems, in addition to the cholinergic system. ChAT-IRES-Cre mice, that express the Cre recombinase specifically in cholinergic neurons, are useful tools to investigate the role of the cholinergic circuits in behavior. However, their own behavioral phenotype has not yet been fully characterized, in particular social behavior. In addition, the consequences of aging on the cholinergic system of ChAT-IRES-Cre mice has never been studied, despite the fact that aging is known to compromise the cholinergic system efficiency. The aim of the current study was thus to characterize the social phenotype of ChAT-IRES-Cre mice both at young (2–3 months) and middle (10–11 months) ages. Our results reveal an alteration of the cholinergic system, evidenced by a decrease of ChAT, CHT and VAChT gene expression in the striatum of the mice, that was accompanied by mild social disturbances and a tendency towards anxiety. Aging decreased social dominance, without being amplified by the cholinergic alterations. Altogether, this study shows that ChAT-IRES-Cre mice are useful models for studying the cholinergic system‘s role in social behavior using appropriate modulating technics (optogenetic or DREADD).
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7
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Yin Y, Jiang Z, Fu J, Li Y, Fang C, Yin X, Chen Y, Chen N, Li J, Ji Y, Su X, Qiu M, Huang W, Zhang B, Deng H, Dai L. Choline-induced SLC5A7 impairs colorectal cancer growth by stabilizing p53 protein. Cancer Lett 2021; 525:55-66. [PMID: 34562520 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The members of the solute carrier (SLC) superfamily are vital membrane transporters in human cells. In the present study, we determine the expression and function of SLC5 family members in colorectal cancer (CRC). Expression analysis based on The Cancer Genome Atlas database and potential clinical relation analysis based on the Oncomine database indicate that SLC5A7 is downregulated and is predicted to correlate with the staging, and prognosis response of CRC. Additional results demonstrate that SLC5A7 is downregulated and correlates with good prognosis in patients with CRC. Ectopic expression of SLC5A7 either by overexpression, or uptake of choline efficiently inhibits CRC growth. Examination of the molecular mechanism reveals that SLC5A7 promotes p53 protein expression by directly interacting with and modifying p53 and disrupting the interaction between p53 and MDM2 in wild type p53 CRC cells. Our findings establish the clear correlation between SLC5A7 and tumour growth, providing a novel potential therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiamei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guang'an People's Hospital, Guang'an, Sichuan, 638500, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Fang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaonan Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Junshu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Qiu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongxin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Al Rihani SB, Darakjian LI, Deodhar M, Dow P, Turgeon J, Michaud V. Disease-Induced Modulation of Drug Transporters at the Blood-Brain Barrier Level. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073742. [PMID: 33916769 PMCID: PMC8038419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective and restrictive semipermeable network of cells and blood vessel constituents. All components of the neurovascular unit give to the BBB its crucial and protective function, i.e., to regulate homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS) by removing substances from the endothelial compartment and supplying the brain with nutrients and other endogenous compounds. Many transporters have been identified that play a role in maintaining BBB integrity and homeostasis. As such, the restrictive nature of the BBB provides an obstacle for drug delivery to the CNS. Nevertheless, according to their physicochemical or pharmacological properties, drugs may reach the CNS by passive diffusion or be subjected to putative influx and/or efflux through BBB membrane transporters, allowing or limiting their distribution to the CNS. Drug transporters functionally expressed on various compartments of the BBB involve numerous proteins from either the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) or the solute carrier (SLC) superfamilies. Pathophysiological stressors, age, and age-associated disorders may alter the expression level and functionality of transporter protein elements that modulate drug distribution and accumulation into the brain, namely, drug efficacy and toxicity. This review focuses and sheds light on the influence of inflammatory conditions and diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, and stroke on the expression and functionality of the BBB drug transporters, the consequential modulation of drug distribution to the brain, and their impact on drug efficacy and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweilem B. Al Rihani
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare, Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (S.B.A.R.); (L.I.D.); (M.D.); (P.D.); (J.T.)
| | - Lucy I. Darakjian
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare, Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (S.B.A.R.); (L.I.D.); (M.D.); (P.D.); (J.T.)
| | - Malavika Deodhar
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare, Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (S.B.A.R.); (L.I.D.); (M.D.); (P.D.); (J.T.)
| | - Pamela Dow
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare, Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (S.B.A.R.); (L.I.D.); (M.D.); (P.D.); (J.T.)
| | - Jacques Turgeon
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare, Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (S.B.A.R.); (L.I.D.); (M.D.); (P.D.); (J.T.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Veronique Michaud
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare, Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (S.B.A.R.); (L.I.D.); (M.D.); (P.D.); (J.T.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-856-938-8697
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9
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Bhat S, El-Kasaby A, Freissmuth M, Sucic S. Functional and Biochemical Consequences of Disease Variants in Neurotransmitter Transporters: A Special Emphasis on Folding and Trafficking Deficits. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 222:107785. [PMID: 33310157 PMCID: PMC7612411 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters, such as γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, acetyl choline, glycine and the monoamines, facilitate the crosstalk within the central nervous system. The designated neurotransmitter transporters (NTTs) both release and take up neurotransmitters to and from the synaptic cleft. NTT dysfunction can lead to severe pathophysiological consequences, e.g. epilepsy, intellectual disability, or Parkinson’s disease. Genetic point mutations in NTTs have recently been associated with the onset of various neurological disorders. Some of these mutations trigger folding defects in the NTT proteins. Correct folding is a prerequisite for the export of NTTs from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the subsequent trafficking to their pertinent site of action, typically at the plasma membrane. Recent studies have uncovered some of the key features in the molecular machinery responsible for transporter protein folding, e.g., the role of heat shock proteins in fine-tuning the ER quality control mechanisms in cells. The therapeutic significance of understanding these events is apparent from the rising number of reports, which directly link different pathological conditions to NTT misfolding. For instance, folding-deficient variants of the human transporters for dopamine or GABA lead to infantile parkinsonism/dystonia and epilepsy, respectively. From a therapeutic point of view, some folding-deficient NTTs are amenable to functional rescue by small molecules, known as chemical and pharmacological chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas Bhat
- Institute of Pharmacology and the Gaston H. Glock Research Laboratories for Exploratory Drug Development, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ali El-Kasaby
- Institute of Pharmacology and the Gaston H. Glock Research Laboratories for Exploratory Drug Development, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Freissmuth
- Institute of Pharmacology and the Gaston H. Glock Research Laboratories for Exploratory Drug Development, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Sucic
- Institute of Pharmacology and the Gaston H. Glock Research Laboratories for Exploratory Drug Development, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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10
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Ojiakor O, Rylett R. Modulation of sodium-coupled choline transporter CHT function in health and disease. Neurochem Int 2020; 140:104810. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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11
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Chowdhury P, Pathak P. Neuroprotective immunity by essential nutrient "Choline" for the prevention of SARS CoV2 infections: An in silico study by molecular dynamics approach. Chem Phys Lett 2020; 761:138057. [PMID: 33041350 PMCID: PMC7532804 DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.138057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal Choline level protects the fetus's developing brain from effects of CoV2. Choline from many food supplements can protect the fetus from Coronavirus. Choline is used for treatment of many neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer. Natural Choline may regulate 3CLpro protein’s viral replication.
Prenatal COVID infection is one of the worst affected and least attended aspects of the COVID-19 disease. Like other coronaviruses, CoV2 infection is anticipated to affect fetal development by maternal inflammatory response on the fetus and placenta. Studies showed that higher prenatal choline level in mother’s body can safeguard the developing brain of the fetus from the adverse effects of CoV2 infection. Choline is commonly used as food supplement. By virtual screening, molecular docking and molecular dynamics techniques, we have established a strong inhibitory possibility of choline for SARS 3CLpro protease which may provide a lead for prenatal COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Papia Chowdhury
- Department of Physics and Materials Science and Engineering, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida 201309, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pustak Pathak
- Vishwa Bharati Public School, Arun Vihar, Noida, Sector 28, 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India
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12
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Abstract
The organic cation transporters (OCTs) OCT1, OCT2, OCT3, novel OCT (OCTN)1, OCTN2, multidrug and toxin exclusion (MATE)1, and MATE kidney-specific 2 are polyspecific transporters exhibiting broadly overlapping substrate selectivities. They transport organic cations, zwitterions, and some uncharged compounds and operate as facilitated diffusion systems and/or antiporters. OCTs are critically involved in intestinal absorption, hepatic uptake, and renal excretion of hydrophilic drugs. They modulate the distribution of endogenous compounds such as thiamine, L-carnitine, and neurotransmitters. Sites of expression and functions of OCTs have important impact on energy metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of drugs, and on drug-drug interactions. In this work, an overview about the human OCTs is presented. Functional properties of human OCTs, including identified substrates and inhibitors of the individual transporters, are described. Sites of expression are compiled, and data on regulation of OCTs are presented. In addition, genetic variations of OCTs are listed, and data on their impact on transport, drug treatment, and diseases are reported. Moreover, recent data are summarized that indicate complex drug-drug interaction at OCTs, such as allosteric high-affinity inhibition of transport and substrate dependence of inhibitor efficacies. A hypothesis about the molecular mechanism of polyspecific substrate recognition by OCTs is presented that is based on functional studies and mutagenesis experiments in OCT1 and OCT2. This hypothesis provides a framework to imagine how observed complex drug-drug interactions at OCTs arise. Finally, preclinical in vitro tests that are performed by pharmaceutical companies to identify interaction of novel drugs with OCTs are discussed. Optimized experimental procedures are proposed that allow a gapless detection of inhibitory and transported drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Koepsell
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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13
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Cacabelos R. Pharmacogenetic considerations when prescribing cholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:673-701. [PMID: 32520597 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1779700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cholinergic dysfunction, demonstrated in the late 1970s and early 1980s, led to the introduction of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) in 1993 (Tacrine) to enhance cholinergic neurotransmission as the first line of treatment against Alzheimer's disease (AD). The new generation of AChEIs, represented by Donepezil (1996), Galantamine (2001) and Rivastigmine (2002), is the only treatment for AD to date, together with Memantine (2003). AChEIs are not devoid of side-effects and their cost-effectiveness is limited. An option to optimize the correct use of AChEIs is the implementation of pharmacogenetics (PGx) in the clinical practice. AREAS COVERED (i) The cholinergic system in AD, (ii) principles of AD PGx, (iii) PGx of Donepezil, Galantamine, Rivastigmine, Huperzine and other treatments, and (iv) practical recommendations. EXPERT OPINION The most relevant genes influencing AChEI efficacy and safety are APOE and CYPs. APOE-4 carriers are the worst responders to AChEIs. With the exception of Rivastigmine (UGT2B7, BCHE-K), the other AChEIs are primarily metabolized via CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and UGT enzymes, with involvement of ABC transporters and cholinergic genes (CHAT, ACHE, BCHE, SLC5A7, SLC18A3, CHRNA7) in most ethnic groups. Defective variants may affect the clinical response to AChEIs. PGx geno-phenotyping is highly recommended prior to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- Department of Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine , Bergondo, Corunna, Spain
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14
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Ishikawa T, Suwanai H, Shikuma J, Suzuki R, Yamanaka T, Odawara M, Inazu M. Protein kinase C promotes choline transporter‑like protein 1 function via improved cell surface expression in immortalized human hepatic cells. Mol Med Rep 2019; 21:777-785. [PMID: 31974614 PMCID: PMC6947888 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Choline is used to synthesize phospholipids and a lack of choline induces a number of liver-related diseases, including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The current study characterized the choline uptake system, at molecular and functional levels, in the immortalized human hepatic cell line, Fa2N-4, to identify the specific choline transporter involved in choline uptake. The present study also assesed whether choline deficiency or the inhibited choline uptake affected cell viability and apoptosis. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed choline transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1) and CTL2 mRNA and protein expression in Fa2N-4 cells. [Methyl-3H]choline studies revealed choline uptake was saturable and mediated by a single transport system that functioned in a Na+-independent but pH-dependent manner, which was similar to CTL1. Hemicholinium-3 (HC-3), which is a choline uptake inhibitor, and choline deficiency inhibited cell viability, increased caspase-3 and −7 activities, and increased fluorescein isothiocyanate-Annexin V immunofluorescent staining indicated apoptosis. Immunofluorescent staining also revealed CTL1 and CTL2 localized in plasma and mitochondrial membranes, respectively. [Methyl-3H]choline uptake was enhanced by a protein kinase C (PKC) activator, phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Immunofluorescence staining and western blot analysis demonstrated increased CTL1 expression on the cell membrane following PMA treatment. The results of current study indicated that extracellular choline is primarily transported via CTL1, relying on a direct H+ gradient that functions as a driving force in Fa2N-4 cells. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that CTL1 and the choline uptake system are strongly associated with cell survival, and that the choline uptake system is modulated by PKC signaling via increased CTL1 expression on the cell surface. These findings provide further insights into the pathogenesis of liver disease involving choline metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Ishikawa
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑0023, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Suwanai
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑0023, Japan
| | - Junpei Shikuma
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑0023, Japan
| | - Ryo Suzuki
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑0023, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamanaka
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
| | - Masato Odawara
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑0023, Japan
| | - Masato Inazu
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
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15
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Banerjee M, Arutyunov D, Brandwein D, Janetzki-Flatt C, Kolski H, Hume S, Leonard NJ, Watt J, Lacson A, Baradi M, Leslie EM, Cordat E, Caluseriu O. The novel p.Ser263Phe mutation in the human high-affinity choline transporter 1 (CHT1/SLC5A7) causes a lethal form of fetal akinesia syndrome. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:1676-1683. [PMID: 31299140 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A subset of a larger and heterogeneous class of disorders, the congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are caused by pathogenic variants in genes encoding proteins that support the integrity and function of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). A central component of the NMJ is the sodium-dependent high-affinity choline transporter 1 (CHT1), a solute carrier protein (gene symbol SLC5A7), responsible for the reuptake of choline into nerve termini has recently been implicated as one of several autosomal recessive causes of CMS. We report the identification and functional characterization of a novel pathogenic variant in SLC5A7, c.788C>T (p.Ser263Phe) in an El Salvadorian family with a lethal form of a congenital myasthenic syndrome characterized by fetal akinesia. This study expands the clinical phenotype and insight into a form of fetal akinesia related to CHT1 defects and proposes a genotype-phenotype correlation for the lethal form of SLC5A7-related disorder with potential implications for genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayukh Banerjee
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Denis Arutyunov
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel Brandwein
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Hanna Kolski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stacey Hume
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Norma Jean Leonard
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - James Watt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Atilano Lacson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Monica Baradi
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elaine M Leslie
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Cordat
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Oana Caluseriu
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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16
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Hamid R, Hajirnis N, Kushwaha S, Saleem S, Kumar V, Mishra RK. Drosophila Choline transporter non-canonically regulates pupal eclosion and NMJ integrity through a neuronal subset of mushroom body. Dev Biol 2019; 446:80-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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Masuoka T, Uwada J, Kudo M, Yoshiki H, Yamashita Y, Taniguchi T, Nishio M, Ishibashi T, Muramatsu I. Augmentation of Endogenous Acetylcholine Uptake and Cholinergic Facilitation of Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation by Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition. Neuroscience 2019; 404:39-47. [PMID: 30708046 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal cholinergic activity enhances long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission in intrahippocampal circuits and regulates cognitive function. We recently demonstrated intracellular distribution of functional M1-muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) and neuronal uptake of acetylcholine (ACh) in the central nervous system. Here we examined whether endogenous ACh acts on intracellular M1-mAChRs following its uptake and causes cholinergic facilitation of hippocampal LTP. ACh esterase (AChE) activities and [3H]ACh uptake was measured in rat hippocampal segments. LTP of evoked field excitatory postsynaptic potentials at CA1 synapses was induced by high frequency stimulation in hippocampal slices. Pretreatment with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) irreversibly inhibited AChE, augmented ACh uptake, and significantly enhanced the LTP. This cholinergic facilitation was inhibited by pirenzepine, a membrane-permeable M1 antagonist, while only the early stage of cholinergic facilitation was inhibited by a membrane-impermeable M1 antagonist, muscarinic toxin 7. Tetraethylammonium (TEA) inhibited ACh uptake in hippocampal segments and selectively suppressed late stage cholinergic facilitation without changing the early stage. In contrast, LTP in DFP-untreated slices was not affected by the muscarinic antagonists and TEA. Carbachol (CCh; an AChE-resistant muscarinic agonist) competed with ACh for its uptake and produced cholinergic facilitation of LTP in DFP-untreated slices. The late stage of CCh-induced facilitation was also selectively inhibited by TEA. Our results suggest that when AChE is inactivated by inhibitors, LTP in hippocampal slices is significantly enhanced by endogenous ACh and that cholinergic facilitation is caused by direct activation of cell-surface M1-mAChRs and subsequent activation of intracellular M1-mAChRs after ACh uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Masuoka
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Junsuke Uwada
- Division of Cellular Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1, Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Makiko Kudo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Hatsumi Yoshiki
- Division of Genomic Science and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Yuka Yamashita
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Takanobu Taniguchi
- Division of Cellular Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1, Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Matomo Nishio
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Takaharu Ishibashi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Ikunobu Muramatsu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
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18
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Radziejewska A, Chmurzynska A. Folate and choline absorption and uptake: Their role in fetal development. Biochimie 2018; 158:10-19. [PMID: 30529042 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE In this review, we attempt to assess how choline and folate transporters affect fetal development. We focus on how the expression of these transporters in response to choline and folate intake affects transport effectiveness. We additionally describe allelic variants of the genes encoding these transporters and their phenotypic effects. METHODS AND RESULTS We made an extensive review of recent articles describing role of choline and folate - with particularly emphasize on their transporters - in fetal development. Folate and choline are necessary for the proper functioning of the cell and body. During pregnancy, the requirements of these nutrients increase because of elevated maternal demand and the rapid division of fetal cells. The concentrations of folate and choline in cells depend on food intake, the absorption of nutrients, and the cellular transport system, which is tissue-specific and developmentally regulated. Relatively few studies have investigated the role of choline transporters in fetal development. CONCLUSIONS In this review we show relations between functioning of folate and choline transporters and fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Radziejewska
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Agata Chmurzynska
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland.
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19
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Polymorphic variation in the SLC5A7 gene influences infant autonomic reactivity and self-regulation: A neurobiological model for ANS stress responsivity and infant temperament. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 97:28-36. [PMID: 30005279 PMCID: PMC6500559 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of polymorphic variation in the solute carrier family 5 member 7 (SLC5A7) gene on autonomic nervous system (ANS) reactivity indexed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and heart rate (HR) in infants during a dyadic stressor, as well as maternal report of infant self-regulation. Given evidence of race differences in older individuals, race was specifically examined. METHODS RSA and HR were collected from 111 infants during the still-face paradigm (SFP). Mothers completed the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised short-form. Multi-level mixed effects models examined the impact of SLC5A7 genotype on RSA and HR across the SFP. Linear models tested the influence of genotype on the relation between RSA, HR, and maternal report of infant self-regulation. RESULTS SLC5A7 genotype significantly predicted RSA stress responsivity (β = -0.023; p = 0.028) and HR stress responsivity (β = 0.004; p = 0.002). T-allele carriers exhibited RSA suppression and HR acceleration in response to stress while G/G homozygotes did not suppress RSA and exhibited less HR acceleration. All infants exhibited modest RSA augmentation and HR deceleration during recovery. Race-stratified analyses revealed that White T-allele carriers drove the overall results for both RSA (β = -0.044; p = 0.007) and HR (β = 0.006; p = 0.008) with no relation between SLC5A7 genotype and RSA or HR in Black infants. Maternal report of infant orienting/regulation was predicted by the interaction of SLC5A7 genotype and both RSA recovery (β = 0.359; p = 0.001) and HR recovery (β = -1.659; p = 0.020). RSA augmentation and HR deceleration during recovery were associated with higher maternal reports of self-regulation among T-allele carriers, a finding again primarily driven by White infants. CONCLUSIONS Early in development, genetic contributions to ANS are evident and predict maternal report of infant self-regulation within White infants, consistent with prior literature. The lack of associations in Black infants suggest that race differences in physiological reactivity and self-regulation are emerging during the first year of life potentially providing early evidence of disparities in health risk trajectories.
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20
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A new severe mutation in the SLC5A7 gene related to congenital myasthenic syndrome type 20. Neuromuscul Disord 2018; 28:881-884. [PMID: 30172469 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Congenital myasthenic syndromes are a group of genetically determined rare diseases resulting from ultrastructural alterations in synaptic proteins. Up to 32 genes are known to be involved in those syndromes and many mutations have been reported, of which less than 8% affect the presynaptic complex. One of these syndromes is caused by the impairment of the presynaptic sodium-dependent high-affinity choline transporter 1, as a result of a mutation of the SCL5A7 gene associated with congenital myasthenic syndrome type 20 (MIM # 617143). We present a new case of this syndrome, caused by a mutation not previously described. A full term infant presented with acute respiratory failure and generalized weakness. The genetic analysis revealed the patient to be compound heterozygous for a new mutation of the SCL5A7 gene. The genetic analysis of congenital myasthenic syndromes provide information on the ultrastructural underlying mechanisms, which is valuable for differential diagnosis and specific treatments.
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21
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Kristofikova Z, Ricny J, Soukup O, Korabecny J, Nepovimova E, Kuca K, Ripova D. Inhibitors of Acetylcholinesterase Derived from 7-Methoxytacrine and Their Effects on the Choline Transporter CHT1. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2018; 43:45-58. [PMID: 27988521 DOI: 10.1159/000453256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are used in Alzheimer disease therapy. However, tacrine and its derivatives have severe side effects. Derivatives of the tacrine analogue 7-methoxytacrine (MEOTA) are less toxic. METHODS We evaluated new derivatives of 7-MEOTA (2 homodimers linked by 2 C4-C5 chains and 5 N-alkylated C4-C8 side chain derivatives) in vitro, using the rat hippocampal choline transporter CHT1. RESULTS Some derivatives were effective inhibitors of rat acetylcholinesterase and comparable with 7-MEOTA. All derivatives were able to inhibit CHT1, probably via quaternary ammonium, and this interaction could be involved in the enhancement of their detrimental side effects and/or in the attenuation of their promising effects. Under conditions of disrupted lipid rafts, the unfavorable effects of some derivatives were weakened. Only tacrine was probably able to stereospecifically interact with the naturally occurring amyloid-β isoform and to simultaneously stimulate CHT1. Some derivatives, when coincubated with amyloid β, did not influence CHT1. All derivatives also increased the fluidity of the cortical membranes. CONCLUSION The N-alkylated derivative of 7-MEOTA bearing from C4 side chains appears to be the most promising compound and should be evaluated in future in vivo research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka Kristofikova
- Alzheimer Disease Center, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
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22
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Blockage of High-Affinity Choline Transporter Increases Visceral Hypersensitivity in Rats with Chronic Stress. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2018; 2018:9252984. [PMID: 29849603 PMCID: PMC5904806 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9252984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral hypersensitivity is a common feature of irritable bowel syndrome. Cholinergic system involves in the development of visceral hypersensitivity, and high-affinity choline transporter (CHT1) is of crucial importance in choline uptake system. However, involvement of CHT1 in visceral hypersensitivity remains unknown. The research aimed to study the CHT1 expression in dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) and the role of CHT1 in visceral hypersensitivity. Methods Repetitive water avoidance stress (WAS) was used to induce visceral hypersensitivity in rats. Colorectal distension (CRD) was determined, and the abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) and threshold intensity data were recorded to measure the visceral sensitivity. After intraperitoneal injection of hemicholinium-3 (HC-3), the specific inhibitor of CHT1, CRD data were also recorded. The CHT1 expression of DRGs was investigated by Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative RT-PCR. Acetylcholine levels in the DRGs were detected by the assay kit. Results Repetitive WAS increased the AWR score of CRD at high distension pressure and decreased the mean threshold of rats. The CHT1 expression and acetylcholine concentration of DRG were significantly increased in WAS rats. After the administration of HC-3, the AWR score in WAS group was significantly increased at higher distension pressure while the threshold intensity was significantly reduced compared to the normal saline group. Acetylcholine concentration was significantly lower than the normal saline rats. Conclusion Our research firstly reports that CHT1 is overexpressed in noninflammatory visceral hypersensitivity, and blockage of CHT1 can enhance the visceral hypersensitivity. CHT1 may play an inhibitory role in visceral hypersensitivity.
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Salter CG, Beijer D, Hardy H, Barwick KES, Bower M, Mademan I, De Jonghe P, Deconinck T, Russell MA, McEntagart MM, Chioza BA, Blakely RD, Chilton JK, De Bleecker J, Baets J, Baple EL, Walk D, Crosby AH. Truncating SLC5A7 mutations underlie a spectrum of dominant hereditary motor neuropathies. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2018; 4:e222. [PMID: 29582019 PMCID: PMC5866402 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective To identify the genetic cause of disease in 2 previously unreported families with forms of distal hereditary motor neuropathies (dHMNs). Methods The first family comprises individuals affected by dHMN type V, which lacks the cardinal clinical feature of vocal cord paralysis characteristic of dHMN-VII observed in the second family. Next-generation sequencing was performed on the proband of each family. Variants were annotated and filtered, initially focusing on genes associated with neuropathy. Candidate variants were further investigated and confirmed by dideoxy sequence analysis and cosegregation studies. Thorough patient phenotyping was completed, comprising clinical history, examination, and neurologic investigation. Results dHMNs are a heterogeneous group of peripheral motor neuron disorders characterized by length-dependent neuropathy and progressive distal limb muscle weakness and wasting. We previously reported a dominant-negative frameshift mutation located in the concluding exon of the SLC5A7 gene encoding the choline transporter (CHT), leading to protein truncation, as the likely cause of dominantly-inherited dHMN-VII in an extended UK family. In this study, our genetic studies identified distinct heterozygous frameshift mutations located in the last coding exon of SLC5A7, predicted to result in the truncation of the CHT C-terminus, as the likely cause of the condition in each family. Conclusions This study corroborates C-terminal CHT truncation as a cause of autosomal dominant dHMN, confirming upper limb predominating over lower limb involvement, and broadening the clinical spectrum arising from CHT malfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire G Salter
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Danique Beijer
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Hardy
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Katy E S Barwick
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Bower
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ines Mademan
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Peter De Jonghe
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Tine Deconinck
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Russell
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Meriel M McEntagart
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Barry A Chioza
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Randy D Blakely
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - John K Chilton
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jan De Bleecker
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Baets
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L Baple
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - David Walk
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew H Crosby
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (C.G.S., H.H., K.E.S.B., M.A.R., B.A.C., J.K.C., E.L.B., A.H.C.), Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (C.G.S.), Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; Neurogenetics Group (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB; Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (D.B., I.M., P.D.J., T.D., J.B.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (M.B., D.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Neurology (P.D.J., J.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium; Clinical Genetics (M.M.M.), St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Science (R.D.B.), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service (E.L.B.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Sarter M, Phillips KB. The neuroscience of cognitive-motivational styles: Sign- and goal-trackers as animal models. Behav Neurosci 2018; 132:1-12. [PMID: 29355335 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive-motivational styles describe predominant patterns of processing or biases that broadly influence human cognition and performance. Here we focus on the impact of cognitive-motivational styles on the response to cues predicting the availability of food or addictive drugs. An individual may preferably conduct an analysis of the motivational significance of reward cues, with the result that such cues per se are perceived as rewarding and worth approaching and working for. Alternatively, a propensity for a "cold" analysis of the behavioral utility of a reward cue may yield search behavior for food or drugs but not involve cue approach. Animal models for studying the neuronal mechanisms mediating such styles have originated from research concerning behavioral indices that predict differential vulnerability to addiction-like behaviors. Rats classified as sign- or goal-trackers (STs, GTs) were found to have opposed attentional biases (bottom-up or cue-driven attention vs. top-down or goal-driven attentional control) that are mediated primarily via relatively unresponsive versus elevated levels of cholinergic neuromodulation in the cortex. The capacity for cholinergic neuromodulation in STs is limited by a neuronal choline transporter (CHT) that fails to support increases in cholinergic activity. Moreover, in contrast to STs, the frontal dopamine system in GTs does not respond to the presence of drug cues and, thus, biases against cue-oriented behavior. The opponent cognitive-motivational styles that are indexed by sign- and goal-tracking bestow different cognitive-behavioral vulnerabilities that may contribute to the manifestation of a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sarter
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan
| | - Kyra B Phillips
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan
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25
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Wang H, Salter CG, Refai O, Hardy H, Barwick KES, Akpulat U, Kvarnung M, Chioza BA, Harlalka G, Taylan F, Sejersen T, Wright J, Zimmerman HH, Karakaya M, Stüve B, Weis J, Schara U, Russell MA, Abdul-Rahman OA, Chilton J, Blakely RD, Baple EL, Cirak S, Crosby AH. Choline transporter mutations in severe congenital myasthenic syndrome disrupt transporter localization. Brain 2017; 140:2838-2850. [PMID: 29088354 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The presynaptic, high-affinity choline transporter is a critical determinant of signalling by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at both central and peripheral cholinergic synapses, including the neuromuscular junction. Here we describe an autosomal recessive presynaptic congenital myasthenic syndrome presenting with a broad clinical phenotype due to homozygous choline transporter missense mutations. The clinical phenotype ranges from the classical presentation of a congenital myasthenic syndrome in one patient (p.Pro210Leu), to severe neurodevelopmental delay with brain atrophy (p.Ser94Arg) and extend the clinical outcomes to a more severe spectrum with infantile lethality (p.Val112Glu). Cells transfected with mutant transporter construct revealed a virtually complete loss of transport activity that was paralleled by a reduction in transporter cell surface expression. Consistent with these findings, studies to determine the impact of gene mutations on the trafficking of the Caenorhabditis elegans choline transporter orthologue revealed deficits in transporter export to axons and nerve terminals. These findings contrast with our previous findings in autosomal dominant distal hereditary motor neuropathy of a dominant-negative frameshift mutation at the C-terminus of choline transporter that was associated with significantly reduced, but not completely abrogated choline transporter function. Together our findings define divergent neuropathological outcomes arising from different classes of choline transporter mutation with distinct disease processes and modes of inheritance. These findings underscore the essential role played by the choline transporter in sustaining acetylcholine neurotransmission at both central and neuromuscular synapses, with important implications for treatment and drug selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haicui Wang
- University Hospital Cologne, Department of Pediatrics, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Claire G Salter
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK.,Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Osama Refai
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Holly Hardy
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Katy E S Barwick
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Ugur Akpulat
- University Hospital Cologne, Department of Pediatrics, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Kastamonu University, 37150 Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Malin Kvarnung
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barry A Chioza
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Gaurav Harlalka
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Fulya Taylan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, 17121 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Sejersen
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, 17121 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jane Wright
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Holly H Zimmerman
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA
| | - Mert Karakaya
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Burkhardt Stüve
- Children's Hospital Social Pediatric Center, 50735 Cologne, Germany
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology and Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA) Brain Translational Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schara
- University Children's Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mark A Russell
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Omar A Abdul-Rahman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA
| | - John Chilton
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Randy D Blakely
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Emma L Baple
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Sebahattin Cirak
- University Hospital Cologne, Department of Pediatrics, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrew H Crosby
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
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26
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Muramatsu I, Uwada J, Masuoka T, Yoshiki H, Sada K, Lee KS, Nishio M, Ishibashi T, Taniguchi T. Regulation of synaptic acetylcholine concentrations by acetylcholine transport in rat striatal cholinergic transmission. J Neurochem 2017; 143:76-86. [PMID: 28700094 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In addition to hydrolysis by acetylcholine esterase (AChE), acetylcholine (ACh) is also directly taken up into brain tissues. In this study, we examined whether the uptake of ACh is involved in the regulation of synaptic ACh concentrations. Superfusion experiments with rat striatal segments pre-incubated with [3 H]choline were performed using an ultra-mini superfusion vessel, which was developed to minimize superfusate retention within the vessel. Hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) at concentrations less than 1 μM, selectively inhibited the uptake of [3 H]choline by the high affinity-choline transporter 1 and had no effect on basal and electrically evoked [3 H]efflux in superfusion experiments. In contrast, HC-3 at higher concentrations, as well as tetraethylammonium (>10 μM), which inhibited the uptake of both [3 H]choline and [3 H]ACh, increased basal [3 H]overflow and potentiated electrically evoked [3 H]efflux. These effects of HC-3 and tetraethylammonium were also observed under conditions where tissue AChE was irreversibly inactivated by diisopropylfluorophosphate. Specifically, the potentiation of evoked [3 H]efflux was significantly higher in AChE-inactivated preparations and was attenuated by atropine. On the other hand, striatal segments pre-incubated with [3 H]ACh failed to increase [3 H]overflow in response to electrical stimulation. These results show that synaptic ACh concentrations are significantly regulated by the postsynaptic uptake of ACh, as well as by AChE hydrolysis and modulation of ACh release mediated through presynaptic muscarinic ACh receptors. In addition, these data suggest that the recycling of ACh-derived choline may be minor in cholinergic terminals. This study reveals a new mechanism of cholinergic transmission in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikunobu Muramatsu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.,Division of Genomic Science and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan.,Kimura Hospital, Awara, Fukui, Japan
| | - Junsuke Uwada
- Division of Cellular Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Masuoka
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hatsumi Yoshiki
- Division of Genomic Science and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan
| | - Kiyonao Sada
- Division of Genomic Science and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan
| | - Kung-Shing Lee
- Division of Genomic Science and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Matomo Nishio
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takaharu Ishibashi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
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27
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Luo D, Chen L, Yu B. Inhibition of the high affinity choline transporter enhances hyperalgesia in a rat model of chronic pancreatitis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 488:204-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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28
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Unresponsive Choline Transporter as a Trait Neuromarker and a Causal Mediator of Bottom-Up Attentional Biases. J Neurosci 2017; 37:2947-2959. [PMID: 28193693 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3499-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Some rats [sign-trackers (STs)] are prone to attribute incentive salience to reward cues, which can manifest as a propensity to approach and contact pavlovian cues, and for addiction-like behavior. STs also exhibit poor attentional performance, relative to goal-trackers (GTs), which is associated with attenuated acetylcholine (ACh) levels in prefrontal cortex (Paolone et al., 2013). Here, we demonstrate a cellular mechanism, linked to ACh synthesis, that accounts for attenuated cholinergic capacity in STs. First, we found that electrical stimulation of the basal forebrain increased cortical choline transporter (CHT)-mediated choline transport in GTs, paralleled by a redistribution of CHTs to the synaptic plasma membrane. Neither increases in choline uptake nor translocation of CHTs occurred in STs. Second, and consistent with uptake/translocation alterations, STs demonstrated a reduced ability to support cortical ACh release in vivo compared with GTs after reverse-dialysis to elevate extracellular potassium levels. Third, rats were significantly more likely to develop sign-tracking behavior if treated systemically before pavlovian conditioned approach training with the CHT inhibitor VU6001221. Consistent with its proposed mechanisms, administration of VU6001221 attenuated potassium-evoked ACh levels in prefrontal cortex measured with in vivo microdialysis. We propose that loss of CHT-dependent activation of cortical cholinergic activity in STs degrades top-down executive control over behavior, producing a bias for bottom-up or stimulus-driven attention. Such an attentional bias contributes to nonadaptive reward processing and thus identifies a novel mechanism that can support psychopathology, including addiction.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The vulnerability for addiction-like behavior has been associated with psychological traits, such as the propensity to attribute incentive salience to reward cues that is modeled in rats by sign-tracking behavior. Sign-trackers tend to approach and contact cues associated with reward, whereas their counterparts, the goal-trackers, have a preference for approaching the location of the reward. Here, we show that the capacity of presynaptic cholinergic synapses to respond to stimulation by elevating presynaptic choline uptake and releasing acetylcholine is attenuated in sign-trackers. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of choline transport induced sign-tracking behavior. Our findings suggest that reduced levels of cholinergic neuromodulation can mediate an attentional bias toward reward-related cues, thereby allowing such cues to exert relatively greater control over behavior.
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29
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Heffernan C, Jain MR, Liu T, Kim H, Barretto K, Li H, Maurel P. Nectin-like 4 Complexes with Choline Transporter-like Protein-1 and Regulates Schwann Cell Choline Homeostasis and Lipid Biogenesis in Vitro. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:4484-4498. [PMID: 28119456 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.747816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nectin-like 4 (NECL4, CADM4) is a Schwann cell-specific cell adhesion molecule that promotes axo-glial interactions. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that NECL4 is necessary for proper peripheral nerve myelination. However, the molecular mechanisms that are regulated by NECL4 and affect peripheral myelination currently remain unclear. We used an in vitro approach to begin identifying some of the mechanisms that could explain NECL4 function. Using mass spectrometry and Western blotting techniques, we have identified choline transporter-like 1 (CTL1) as a putative complexing partner with NECL4. We show that intracellular choline levels are significantly elevated in NECL4-deficient Schwann cells. The analysis of extracellular d9-choline uptake revealed a deficit in the amount of d9-choline found inside NECL4-deficient Schwann cells, suggestive of either reduced transport capabilities or increased metabolization of transported choline. An extensive lipidomic screen of choline derivatives showed that total phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol (but not diacylglycerol or sphingomyelin) are significantly elevated in NECL4-deficient Schwann cells, particularly specific subspecies of phosphatidylcholine carrying very long polyunsaturated fatty acid chains. Finally, CTL1-deficient Schwann cells are significantly impaired in their ability to myelinate neurites in vitro To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a bona fide cell adhesion molecule, NECL4, regulating choline homeostasis and lipid biogenesis. Phosphatidylcholines are major myelin phospholipids, and several phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol species are known to regulate key aspects of peripheral myelination. Furthermore, the biophysical properties imparted to plasma membranes are regulated by fatty acid chain profiles. Therefore, it will be important to translate these in vitro observations to in vivo studies of NECL4 and CTL1-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Heffernan
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07102-1814 and
| | - Mohit R Jain
- the Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Tong Liu
- the Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Hyosung Kim
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07102-1814 and
| | - Kevin Barretto
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07102-1814 and
| | - Hong Li
- the Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Patrice Maurel
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07102-1814 and
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30
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Visentin M, van Rosmalen BV, Hiller C, Bieze M, Hofstetter L, Verheij J, Kullak-Ublick GA, Koepsell H, Phoa SS, Tamai I, Bennink RJ, van Gulik TM, Stieger B. Impact of Organic Cation Transporters (OCT-SLC22A) on Differential Diagnosis of Intrahepatic Lesions. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 45:166-173. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.072371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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31
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Muramatsu I, Yoshiki H, Uwada J, Masuoka T, Sada K, Taniguchi T, Nishio M. Pharmacological evidence of specific acetylcholine transport in rat cerebral cortex and other brain regions. J Neurochem 2016; 139:566-575. [PMID: 27627023 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Functional acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) were recently demonstrated to exist not only in the plasma membrane but also intracellularly in brain tissues. In order to activate intracellular AChRs, endogenous hydrophilic ACh must cross the plasma membrane. Here, we examined the pharmacological characteristics of this process, including whether it is mediated by active ACh uptake. When ACh esterase (AChE) was suppressed by diisopropylfluorophosphate, [3 H]ACh was effectively taken up into segments of rat cerebral cortex and other brain regions, in contrast to peripheral tissues such as liver and kidney. The uptake of [3 H]ACh in rat cerebral cortex was temperature-dependent, and the uptake capacity was comparable to that of [3 H]choline. However, [3 H]ACh uptake was inhibited by lower concentrations of ACh, carbachol, tetraethylammonium (TEA), compared with uptake of [3 H]choline. Uptake of [3 H]ACh was also inhibited by several organic cations, including choline, hemicholinium-3 (HC-3), quinidine, decynium 22, clonidine, diphenhydramine, but was little affected by some amino acids and biogenic amines, corticosterone, spermine, atropine, and tetrodotoxin. Unlike diisopropylfluorophosphate, several ACh esterase inhibitors, including drugs for Alzheimer's disease, such as donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine, also suppressed the uptake of [3 H]ACh, but not [3 H]choline. These results indicate that in the brain, ACh is specifically taken up through a unique transport system with different pharmacological properties from known organic cation transporters (OCTs), and suggest that this mechanism may be involved in intracellular cholinergic transmission in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikunobu Muramatsu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.,Division of Genomic Science and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan.,Kimura Hospital, Awara, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hatsumi Yoshiki
- Division of Genomic Science and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan
| | - Junsuke Uwada
- Division of Cellular Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Masuoka
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kiyonao Sada
- Division of Genomic Science and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan
| | - Takanobu Taniguchi
- Division of Cellular Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Matomo Nishio
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
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32
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Lips KS, Pfeil U, Reiners K, Rimasch C, Kuchelmeister K, Braun-Dullaeus RC, Haberberger RV, Schmidt R, Kummer W. Expression of the High-affinity Choline Transporter CHT1 in Rat and Human Arteries. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 51:1645-54. [PMID: 14623932 DOI: 10.1177/002215540305101208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The arterial vascular wall contains a non-neuronal intrinsic cholinergic system. The rate-limiting step in acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis is choline uptake. A high-affinity choline transporter, CHT1, has recently been cloned from neural tissue and has been identified in epithelial cholinergic cells. Here we investigated its presence in rat and human arteries and in primary cell cultures of rat vascular cells (endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts). CHT1-mRNA was detected in the arterial wall and in all isolated cell types by RT-PCR using five different CHT1-specific primer pairs. Antisera raised against amino acids 29-40 of the rat sequence labeled a single band (50 kD) in Western blots of rat aorta, and an additional higher molecular weight band appeared in the hippocampus. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated CHT1 immunoreactivity in endothelial and smooth muscle cells in situ and in all cultured cell types. A high-affinity [3H]-choline uptake mechanism sharing characteristics with neuronal high-affinity choline uptake, i.e., sensitivity to hemicholinium-3 and dependence on sodium, was demonstrated in rat thoracic aortic segments by microimager autoradiography. Expression of the high-affinity choline transporter CHT1 is a novel component of the intrinsic non-neuronal cholinergic system of the arterial vascular wall, predominantly in the intimal and medial layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin S Lips
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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33
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Ennis EA, Blakely RD. Choline on the Move: Perspectives on the Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology of the Presynaptic Choline Transporter. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2016; 76:175-213. [PMID: 27288078 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Genetic, biochemical, physiological, and pharmacological approaches have advanced our understanding of cholinergic biology for over 100 years. High-affinity choline uptake (HACU) was one of the last features of cholinergic signaling to be defined at a molecular level, achieved through the cloning of the choline transporter (CHT, SLC5A7). In retrospect, the molecular era of CHT studies initiated with the identification of hemicholinium-3 (HC-3), a potent, competitive CHT antagonist, though it would take another 30 years before HC-3, in radiolabeled form, was used by Joseph Coyle's laboratory to identify and monitor the dynamics of CHT proteins. Though HC-3 studies provided important insights into CHT distribution and regulation, another 15 years would pass before the structure of CHT genes and proteins were identified, a full decade after the cloning of most other neurotransmitter-associated transporters. The availability of CHT gene and protein probes propelled the development of cell and animal models as well as efforts to gain insights into how human CHT gene variation affects the risk for brain and neuromuscular disorders. Most recently, our group has pursued a broadening of CHT pharmacology, elucidating novel chemical structures that may serve to advance cholinergic diagnostics and medication development. Here we provide a short review of the transformation that has occurred in HACU research and how such advances may promote the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Ennis
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - R D Blakely
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States.
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34
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Nassenstein C, Wiegand S, Lips KS, Li G, Klein J, Kummer W. Cholinergic activation of the murine trachealis muscle via non-vesicular acetylcholine release involving low-affinity choline transporters. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:173-80. [PMID: 26278668 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In addition to quantal, vesicular release of acetylcholine (ACh), there is also non-quantal release at the motor endplate which is insufficient to evoke postsynaptic responses unless acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is inhibited. We here addressed potential non-quantal release in the mouse trachea by organ bath experiments and (immuno)histochemical methods. Electrical field stimulation (EFS) of nerve terminals elicited tracheal constriction that is largely due to ACh release. Classical enzyme histochemistry demonstrated acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in nerve fibers in the muscle and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity in the smooth muscle cells. Acute inhibition of both esterases by eserine significantly raised tracheal tone which was fully sensitive to atropine. This effect was reduced, but not abolished, in AChE, but not in BChE gene-deficient mice. The eserine-induced increase in tracheal tone was unaffected by vesamicol (10(-5)M), an inhibitor of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter, and by corticosterone (10(-4)M), an inhibitor of organic cation transporters. Hemicholinium-3, in low concentrations an inhibitor of the high-affinity choline transporter-1 (CHT1), completely abrogated the eserine effects when applied in high concentrations (10(-4)M) pointing towards an involvement of low-affinity choline transporters. To evaluate the cellular sources of non-quantal ACh release in the trachea, expression of low-affinity choline transporter-like family (CTL1-5) was evaluated by RT-PCR analysis. Even though these transporters were largely abundant in the epithelium, denudation of airway epithelial cells had no effect on eserine-induced tracheal contraction, indicating a non-quantal release of ACh from non-epithelial sources in the airways. These data provide evidence for an epithelium-independent non-vesicular, non-quantal ACh release in the mouse trachea involving low-affinity choline transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Nassenstein
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC) and German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, 35385 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Silke Wiegand
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC) and German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, 35385 Giessen, Germany
| | - Katrin S Lips
- Laboratory for Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Guanfeng Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jochen Klein
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kummer
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC) and German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, 35385 Giessen, Germany
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35
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Lundwall RA, Watkins JK. Genetic Influence on Slope Variability in a Childhood Reflexive Attention Task. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130668. [PMID: 26102342 PMCID: PMC4477886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals are not perfectly consistent, and interindividual variability is a common feature in all varieties of human behavior. Some individuals respond more variably than others, however, and this difference may be important to understanding how the brain works. In this paper, we explore genetic contributions to response time (RT) slope variability on a reflexive attention task. We are interested in such variability because we believe it is an important part of the overall picture of attention that, if understood, has the potential to improve intervention for those with attentional deficits. Genetic association studies are valuable in discovering biological pathways of variability and several studies have found such associations with a sustained attention task. Here, we expand our knowledge to include a reflexive attention task. We ask whether specific candidate genes are associated with interindividual variability on a childhood reflexive attention task in 9–16 year olds. The genetic makers considered are on 11 genes: APOE, BDNF, CHRNA4, COMT, DRD4, HTR4, IGF2, MAOA, SLC5A7, SLC6A3, and SNAP25. We find significant associations with variability with markers on nine and we discuss the results in terms of neurotransmitters associated with each gene and the characteristics of the associated measures from the reflexive attention task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Lundwall
- Psychology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States of America
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jeffrey K. Watkins
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States of America
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36
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Ennis EA, Wright J, Retzlaff CL, McManus OB, Lin Z, Huang X, Wu M, Li M, Daniels JS, Lindsley CW, Hopkins CR, Blakely RD. Identification and characterization of ML352: a novel, noncompetitive inhibitor of the presynaptic choline transporter. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:417-27. [PMID: 25560927 PMCID: PMC4367188 DOI: 10.1021/cn5001809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
The high-affinity choline transporter
(CHT) is the rate-limiting
determinant of acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis, yet the transporter
remains a largely undeveloped target for the detection and manipulation
of synaptic cholinergic signaling. To expand CHT pharmacology, we
pursued a high-throughput screen for novel CHT-targeted small molecules
based on the electrogenic properties of transporter-mediated choline
transport. In this effort, we identified five novel, structural classes
of CHT-specific inhibitors. Chemical diversification and functional
analysis of one of these classes identified ML352 as a high-affinity
(Ki = 92 nM) and selective CHT inhibitor.
At concentrations that fully antagonized CHT in transfected cells
and nerve terminal preparations, ML352 exhibited no inhibition of
acetylcholinesterase (AChE) or cholineacetyltransferase (ChAT) and
also lacked activity at dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine transporters,
as well as many receptors and ion channels. ML352 exhibited noncompetitive
choline uptake inhibition in intact cells and synaptosomes and reduced
the apparent density of hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) binding sites in membrane
assays, suggesting allosteric transporter interactions. Pharmacokinetic
studies revealed limited in vitro metabolism and
significant CNS penetration, with features predicting rapid clearance.
ML352 represents a novel, potent, and specific tool for the manipulation
of CHT, providing a possible platform for the development of cholinergic
imaging and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Owen B. McManus
- Johns Hopkins University Ion Channel Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Zhinong Lin
- Johns Hopkins University Ion Channel Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Xiaofang Huang
- Johns Hopkins University Ion Channel Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Meng Wu
- Johns Hopkins University Ion Channel Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Min Li
- Johns Hopkins University Ion Channel Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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Han TK, Proctor WR, Costales CL, Cai H, Everett RS, Thakker DR. Four cation-selective transporters contribute to apical uptake and accumulation of metformin in Caco-2 cell monolayers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 352:519-28. [PMID: 25563903 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.220350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin is the frontline therapy for type II diabetes mellitus. The oral bioavailability of metformin is unexpectedly high, between 40 and 60%, given its hydrophilicity and positive charge at all physiologic pH values. Previous studies in Caco-2 cell monolayers, a cellular model of the human intestinal epithelium, showed that during absorptive transport metformin is taken up into the cells via transporters in the apical (AP) membrane; however, predominant transport to the basolateral (BL) side occurs via the paracellular route because intracellular metformin cannot egress across the BL membrane. Furthermore, these studies have suggested that the AP transporters can contribute to intestinal accumulation and absorption of metformin. Transporter-specific inhibitors as well as a novel approach involving a cocktail of transporter inhibitors with overlapping selectivity were used to identify the AP transporters that mediate metformin uptake in Caco-2 cell monolayers; furthermore, the relative contributions of these transporters in metformin AP uptake were also determined. The organic cation transporter 1, plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT), serotonin reuptake transporter, and choline high-affinity transporter contributed to approximately 25%, 20%, 20%, and 15%, respectively, of the AP uptake of metformin. PMAT-knockdown Caco-2 cells were constructed to confirm the contribution of PMAT in metformin AP uptake because a PMAT-selective inhibitor is not available. The identification of four intestinal transporters that contribute to AP uptake and potentially intestinal absorption of metformin is a significant novel finding that can influence our understanding of metformin pharmacology and intestinal drug-drug interactions involving this highly prescribed drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Kevin Han
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics (T.H., W.R.P., C.L.C.) and Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics (H.C., R.S.E., D.R.T.), UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - William R Proctor
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics (T.H., W.R.P., C.L.C.) and Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics (H.C., R.S.E., D.R.T.), UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Chester L Costales
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics (T.H., W.R.P., C.L.C.) and Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics (H.C., R.S.E., D.R.T.), UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Hao Cai
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics (T.H., W.R.P., C.L.C.) and Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics (H.C., R.S.E., D.R.T.), UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ruth S Everett
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics (T.H., W.R.P., C.L.C.) and Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics (H.C., R.S.E., D.R.T.), UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dhiren R Thakker
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics (T.H., W.R.P., C.L.C.) and Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics (H.C., R.S.E., D.R.T.), UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Effects of L-theanine on posttraumatic stress disorder induced changes in rat brain gene expression. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:419032. [PMID: 25165739 PMCID: PMC4137547 DOI: 10.1155/2014/419032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by the occurrence of a traumatic event that is beyond the normal range of human experience. The future of PTSD treatment may specifically target the molecular mechanisms of PTSD. In the US, approximately 20% of adults report taking herbal products to treat medical illnesses. L-theanine is the amino acid in green tea primarily responsible for relaxation effects. No studies have evaluated the potential therapeutic properties of herbal medications on gene expression in PTSD. We evaluated gene expression in PTSD-induced changes in the amygdala and hippocampus of Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were assigned to PTSD-stressed and nonstressed groups that received either saline, midazolam, L-theanine, or L-theanine + midazolam. Amygdala and hippocampus tissue samples were analyzed for changes in gene expression. One-way ANOVA was used to detect significant difference between groups in the amygdala and hippocampus. Of 88 genes examined, 17 had a large effect size greater than 0.138. Of these, 3 genes in the hippocampus and 5 genes in the amygdala were considered significant (P < 0.05) between the groups. RT-PCR analysis revealed significant changes between groups in several genes implicated in a variety of disorders ranging from PTSD, anxiety, mood disorders, and substance dependence.
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Abstract
This article summarizes molecular properties of the high-affinity choline transporter (CHT1) with reference to the historical background focusing studies performed in laboratories of the author. CHT1 is present on the presynaptic terminal of cholinergic neurons, and takes up choline which is the precursor of acetylcholine. The Na(+)-dependent uptake of choline by CHT1 is the rate-limiting step for synthesis of acetylcholine. CHT1 is the integral membrane protein with 13 transmembrane segments, belongs to the Na(+)/glucose co-transporter family (SLC5), and has 20-25% homology with members of this family. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) for human CHT1 has been identified, which has a replacement from isoleucine to valine in the third transmembrane segment and shows the choline uptake activity of 50-60% as much as that of wild-type CHT1. The proportion of this SNP is high among Asians. Possible importance of choline diet for those with this SNP was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Haga
- Tokyo University, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
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Dettmer J, Ursache R, Campilho A, Miyashima S, Belevich I, O'Regan S, Mullendore DL, Yadav SR, Lanz C, Beverina L, Papagni A, Schneeberger K, Weigel D, Stierhof YD, Moritz T, Knoblauch M, Jokitalo E, Helariutta Y. CHOLINE TRANSPORTER-LIKE1 is required for sieve plate development to mediate long-distance cell-to-cell communication. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4276. [PMID: 25008948 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Phloem, a plant tissue responsible for long-distance molecular transport, harbours specific junctions, sieve areas, between the conducting cells. To date, little is known about the molecular framework related to the biogenesis of these sieve areas. Here we identify mutations at the CHER1/AtCTL1 locus of Arabidopsis thaliana. The mutations cause several phenotypic abnormalities, including reduced pore density and altered pore structure in the sieve areas associated with impaired phloem function. CHER1 encodes a member of a poorly characterized choline transporter-like protein family in plants and animals. We show that CHER1 facilitates choline transport, localizes to the trans-Golgi network, and during cytokinesis is associated with the phragmoplast. Consistent with its function in the elaboration of the sieve areas, CHER1 has a sustained, polar localization in the forming sieve plates. Our results indicate that the regulation of choline levels is crucial for phloem development and conductivity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Dettmer
- 1] Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany [2]
| | - Robertas Ursache
- 1] Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland [2]
| | - Ana Campilho
- 1] Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal [2]
| | - Shunsuke Miyashima
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Ilya Belevich
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Seana O'Regan
- Neurophotonics Laboratory, CNRS/Université Paris Descartes, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris, France
| | - Daniel Leroy Mullendore
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236, USA
| | - Shri Ram Yadav
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Christa Lanz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Luca Beverina
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Papagni
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Korbinian Schneeberger
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department for Plant Developmental Biology, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - York-Dieter Stierhof
- ZMBP, Mikroskopie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michael Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236, USA
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
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41
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Kummer W, Krasteva-Christ G. Non-neuronal cholinergic airway epithelium biology. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 16:43-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Inazu M. Choline transporter-like proteins CTLs/SLC44 family as a novel molecular target for cancer therapy. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2014; 35:431-49. [PMID: 24532461 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Choline is essential for the synthesis of the major membrane phospholipid phosphatidylcholine (PC), the methyl donor betaine and the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). Elevated levels of choline and up-regulated choline kinase activity have been detected in various cancers. Thus, the intracellular accumulation of choline through choline transporters is the rate-limiting step in phospholipid metabolism and a prerequisite for cancer cell proliferation. Previous studies have demonstrated abnormalities in choline uptake and choline phospholipid metabolism in cancer cells using the imaging of cancer with positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). The aberrant choline metabolism in cancer cells is strongly correlated with their malignant progression. Using quantitative real-time PCR, the mRNA expression of choline transporters was measured, and it was found that choline transporter-like proteins CTLs/SLC44 family are highly expressed in various cancer cell lines. Choline uptake through CTLs is associated with cell viability, and the functional inhibition of CTLs could promote apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, non-neuronal cholinergic systems that include CTLs-mediated choline transport are associated with cell proliferation and their inhibition promotes apoptotic cell death in colon cancer, small cell lung cancer and human leukemic T-cells. The identification of this new CTLs-mediated choline transport system provides a potential new target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Inazu
- Institute of Medical Science, Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: transporters. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1706-96. [PMID: 24528242 PMCID: PMC3892292 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. Transporters are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen PH Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical SchoolNottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Helen E Benson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam J Pawson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joanna L Sharman
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - John A Peters
- Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Anthony J Harmar
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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Holmstrand EC, Lund D, Cherian AK, Wright J, Martin RF, Ennis EA, Stanwood GD, Sarter M, Blakely RD. Transgenic overexpression of the presynaptic choline transporter elevates acetylcholine levels and augments motor endurance. Neurochem Int 2013; 73:217-28. [PMID: 24274995 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) sensitive, high-affinity choline transporter (CHT) sustains cholinergic signaling via the presynaptic uptake of choline derived from dietary sources or from acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-mediated hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ACh). Loss of cholinergic signaling capacity is associated with cognitive and motor deficits in humans and in animal models. Whereas genetic elimination of CHT has revealed the critical nature of CHT in maintaining ACh stores and sustaining cholinergic signaling, the consequences of elevating CHT expression have yet to be studied. Using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-mediated transgenic methods, we generated mice with integrated additional copies of the mouse Slc5a7 gene. BAC-CHT mice are viable, appear to develop normally, and breed at wild-type (WT) rates. Biochemical studies revealed a 2 to 3-fold elevation in CHT protein levels in the CNS and periphery, paralleled by significant increases in [(3)H]HC-3 binding and synaptosomal choline transport activity. Elevations of ACh in the BAC-CHT mice occurred without compensatory changes in the activity of either choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) or AChE. Immunohistochemistry for CHT in BAC-CHT brain sections revealed markedly elevated CHT expression in the cell bodies of cholinergic neurons and in axons projecting to regions known to receive cholinergic innervation. Behaviorally, BAC-CHT mice exhibited diminished fatigue and increased speeds on the treadmill test without evidence of increased strength. Finally, BAC-CHT mice displayed elevated horizontal activity in the open field test, diminished spontaneous alteration in the Y-maze, and reduced time in the open arms of the elevated plus maze. Together, these studies provide biochemical, pharmacological and behavioral evidence that CHT protein expression and activity can be elevated beyond that seen in wild-type animals. BAC-CHT mice thus represent a novel tool to examine both the positive and negative impact of constitutively elevated cholinergic signaling capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ericka C Holmstrand
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David Lund
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ajeesh Koshy Cherian
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jane Wright
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rolicia F Martin
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Ennis
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gregg D Stanwood
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Martin Sarter
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Randy D Blakely
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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45
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Dong Y, Dani JA, Blakely RD. Choline transporter hemizygosity results in diminished basal extracellular dopamine levels in nucleus accumbens and blunts dopamine elevations following cocaine or nicotine. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:1084-8. [PMID: 23939187 PMCID: PMC4413453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) signaling in the central nervous system mediates the addictive capacities of multiple commonly abused substances, including cocaine, amphetamine, heroin and nicotine. The firing of DA neurons residing in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and the release of DA by the projections of these neurons in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), is under tight control by cholinergic signaling mediated by nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (nAChRs). The capacity for cholinergic signaling is dictated by the availability and activity of the presynaptic, high-affinity, choline transporter (CHT, SLC5A7) that acquires choline in an activity-dependent matter to sustain ACh synthesis. Here, we present evidence that a constitutive loss of CHT expression, mediated by genetic elimination of one copy of the Slc5a7 gene in mice (CHT+/-), leads to a significant reduction in basal extracellular DA levels in the NAc, as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Moreover, CHT heterozygosity results in blunted DA elevations following systemic nicotine or cocaine administration. These findings reinforce a critical role of ACh signaling capacity in both tonic and drug-modulated DA signaling and argue that genetically imposed reductions in CHT that lead to diminished DA signaling may lead to poor responses to reinforcing stimuli, possibly contributing to disorders linked to perturbed cholinergic signaling including depression and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dong
- Center on Addiction, Learning, Memory; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA 77030-3498
| | - John A. Dani
- Center on Addiction, Learning, Memory; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA 77030-3498
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA 19104
| | - Randy D. Blakely
- Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN USA 37232-8548
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46
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Functional expression of choline transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1) in small cell lung carcinoma cells: A target molecule for lung cancer therapy. Pharmacol Res 2013; 76:119-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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47
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The choline transporter-like family SLC44: properties and roles in human diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:646-54. [PMID: 23506897 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Na(+)-independent, high affinity choline carrier system proposed to supply choline for the synthesis of cell membrane phospholipids was recently associated with SLC44 family members (SLC44A1-5) also called choline-like transporter family. SLC44A1 is widely expressed throughout the nervous system in both neurons and oligodendrocytes, while SLC44A2-4 are mainly detected in peripheral tissues. The subcellular localization of the proteins was mainly addressed for SLC44A1 through the development of specific antibodies. SLC44A1 is detected in both the plasma and mitochondrial membranes where the protein is able to transport choline at high affinity and in a Na(+)-independent manner. The physiological relevance of SLC44A1 as a choline carrier is indicated by its likely involvement in membrane synthesis for cell growth or repair, and also by its role in phospholipid production for the generation of lung surfactant. Moreover, an autoimmune disease has been related to the blockade of SLC44A2 function, which results in the alteration of hair cells in the inner ear and leads to autoimmune hearing loss. In the alloimmune syndrome called transfusion-related acute lung injury, antibodies to SLC44A2 cause a deleterious aggregation of granulocytes. Therefore transporters of the SLC44 family represent attractive and promising targets for therapeutic and diagnostic applications regarding both immune and degenerative diseases.
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48
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Song P, Rekow SS, Singleton CA, Sekhon HS, Dissen GA, Zhou M, Campling B, Lindstrom J, Spindel ER. Choline transporter-like protein 4 (CTL4) links to non-neuronal acetylcholine synthesis. J Neurochem 2013; 126:451-61. [PMID: 23651124 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) by non-neuronal cells is now well established and plays diverse physiologic roles. In neurons, the Na(+) -dependent, high affinity choline transporter (CHT1) is absolutely required for ACh synthesis. In contrast, some non-neuronal cells synthesize ACh in the absence of CHT1 indicating a fundamental difference in ACh synthesis compared to neurons. The aim of this study was to identify choline transporters, other than CHT1, that play a role in non-neuronal ACh synthesis. ACh synthesis was studied in lung and colon cancer cell lines focusing on the choline transporter-like proteins, a five gene family choline-transporter like protein (CTL)1-5. Supporting a role for CTLs in choline transport in lung cancer cells, choline transport was Na(+) -independent and CTL1-5 were expressed in all cells examined. CTL1, 2, and 5 were expressed at highest levels and knockdown of CTL1, 2, and 5 decreased choline transport in H82 lung cancer cells. Knockdowns of CTL1, 2, 3, and 5 had no effect on ACh synthesis in H82 cells. In contrast, knockdown of CTL4 significantly decreased ACh secretion by both lung and colon cancer cells. Conversely, increasing expression of CTL4 increased ACh secretion. These results indicate that CTL4 mediates ACh synthesis in non-neuronal cell lines and presents a mechanism to target non-neuronal ACh synthesis without affecting neuronal ACh synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingfang Song
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
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49
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Macêdo JP, Schmidt RS, Mäser P, Rentsch D, Vial HJ, Sigel E, Bütikofer P. Characterization of choline uptake in Trypanosoma brucei procyclic and bloodstream forms. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2013; 190:16-22. [PMID: 23747277 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Choline is an essential nutrient for eukaryotic cells, where it is used as precursor for the synthesis of choline-containing phospholipids, such as phosphatidylcholine (PC). According to published data, Trypanosoma brucei parasites are unable to take up choline from the environment but instead use lyso-phosphatidylcholine as precursor for choline lipid synthesis. We now show that T. brucei procyclic forms in culture readily incorporate [(3)H]-labeled choline into PC, indicating that trypanosomes express a transporter for choline at the plasma membrane. Characterization of the transport system in T. brucei procyclic and bloodstream forms shows that uptake of choline is independent of sodium and potassium ions and occurs with a Km in the low micromolar range. In addition, we demonstrate that choline uptake can be blocked by the known choline transport inhibitor, hemicholinium-3, and by synthetic choline analogs that have been established as anti-malarials. Together, our results show that T. brucei parasites express an uptake system for choline and that exogenous choline is used for PC synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Macêdo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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50
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Ray B, Bailey JA, Simon JR, Lahiri DK. High-affinity choline uptake (HACU) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in neuronal cultures for mechanistic and drug discovery studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; Chapter 7:Unit 7.23. [PMID: 22752895 DOI: 10.1002/0471142301.ns0723s60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) is the neurotransmitter used by cholinergic neurons at the neuromuscular junction, in parasympathetic peripheral nerve terminals, and in important memory-related circuits in the brain, and takes part in other critical functions. ACh is synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme A by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). The formation of ACh in cholinergic nerve terminals requires the transport of choline into cells from the extracellular space and the activity of ChAT. High-affinity choline uptake (HACU) represents the majority of choline uptake into the nerve terminal and is the acutely regulated, rate-limiting step in ACh synthesis. HACU can be differentiated from nonspecific choline uptake by inhibition of the choline transporter with hemicholinium. Several methods have been described previously to measure HACU and ChAT activity simultaneously in synaptosomes, but a well-documented protocol for cultured cells is lacking. We describe a procedure for simultaneous measurement of HACU and ChAT in cultured cells by simple radionuclide-based techniques. Using this procedure, we have quantitatively determined HACU and ChAT activity in cholinergically differentiated human neuroblastoma (SK-N-SH) cells. These simple methods can be used for neurochemical and drug discovery studies relevant to several disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, myasthenia gravis, and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balmiki Ray
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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