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Corbi G, Comegna M, Vinciguerra C, Capasso A, Onorato L, Salucci AM, Rapacciuolo A, Cannavo A. Age and sex mediated effects of estrogen and Β3-adrenergic receptor on cardiovascular pathophysiology. Exp Gerontol 2024; 190:112420. [PMID: 38588751 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2024.112420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Sex differences are consistently identified in determining the prevalence, manifestation, and response to therapies in several systemic disorders, including those affecting the cardiovascular (CV), skeletal muscle, and nervous system. Interestingly, such differences are often more noticeable as we age. For example, premenopausal women experience a lower risk of CV disease than men of the same age. While at an advanced age, with menopause, the risk of cardiovascular diseases and adverse outcomes increases exponentially in women, exceeding that of men. However, this effect appears to be reversed in diseases such as pulmonary hypertension, where women are up to seven times more likely than men to develop an idiopathic form of the disease with symptoms developing ten years earlier than their male counterparts. Explaining this is a complex question. However, several factors and mechanisms have been identified in recent decades, including a role for sex hormones, particularly estrogens and their related receptors. Furthermore, an emerging role in these sex differences has also been suggested for β-adrenergic receptors (βARs), which are essential regulators of mammalian physiology. It has in fact been shown that βARs interact with estrogen receptors (ER), providing further demonstration of their involvement in determining sexual differences. Based on these premises, this review article focused on the β3AR subtype, which shows important activities in adipose tissue but with new and interesting roles in regulating the function of cardiomyocytes and vascular cells. In detail, we examined how β3AR and ER signaling are intertwined and whether there would be sex- and age-dependent specific effects of these receptor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziamaria Corbi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marika Comegna
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; CEINGE-Advanced Biotechnologies - Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Vinciguerra
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessio Capasso
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Onorato
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Rapacciuolo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cannavo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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Qi X, Yang Y, Xiong D, Wu S, Cui G, Zhang Q. ER-1 deficiency induces inflammation and lipid deposition in meibomian gland and lacrimal gland. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 696:149526. [PMID: 38241812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigated the role of estrogen receptor-1 (ER-1) in maintaining homeostasis in ocular surface. METHODS ER-1-knockout (ER-1KO) mice were studied at 4 months of age. The ocular surface was examined using a slit lamp. Histological alterations in the meibomian gland (MG) and lacrimal gland (LG) were observed with H&E staining. Protein levels of P-ERK, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), p-NFκB-P65, IL-1β, aquaporin 5 (AQP-5), fatty acid-binding protein 5 (Fabp5) and K10 were determined by immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Gene expressions of APO-F, APO-E, K10, ELOVL4, PPAR-γ, SCD-1, and SREBP1 were quantified by qPCR. Conjunctival (CJ) goblet cell alterations were detected by PAS staining. Lipid metabolism in MG and LG was assessed using LipidTox. Apoptosis in MG and LG was analyzed through the TUNEL assay. RESULTS Both male and female ER-1KO mice demonstrated increased corneal fluorescence staining scores. MG showed abnormal lipid metabolism and ductal dilation. LG displayed lipid deposition and reduced AQP-5 expression. CJ experienced goblet cell loss. MG, LG exhibited signs of inflammation and apoptosis. CONCLUSION ER1 is pivotal for ocular surface homeostasis in both genders of mice. ER1 deficiency induces inflammation and lipid deposition to MG and LG, culminating in dry eye-like manifestations on the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yachun Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Danyu Xiong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Sainan Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guoqiang Cui
- Second Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Horvath C, Kararigas G. Sex-Dependent Mechanisms of Cell Death Modalities in Cardiovascular Disease. Can J Cardiol 2022; 38:1844-1853. [PMID: 36152770 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2022.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite currently available therapies, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are among the leading causes of death globally. Biological sex is a critical determinant of the occurrence, progression and overall outcome of CVD. However, the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. A hallmark of CVD is cell death. Based on the inability of the human heart to regenerate, loss of functional cardiac tissue can lead to irreversible detrimental effects. Here, we summarize current knowledge on how biological sex affects cell death-related mechanisms in CVD. Initially, we discuss apoptosis and necrosis, but we specifically focus on the relatively newly recognized programmed necrosis-like processes: pyroptosis and necroptosis. We also discuss the role of 17β-estradiol (E2) in these processes, particularly in terms of inhibiting pyroptotic and necroptotic signaling. We put forward that a better understanding of the effects of biological sex and E2 might lead to the identification of novel targets with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Horvath
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Georgios Kararigas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.
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Chen J, Liu Y, Pan D, Xu T, Luo Y, Wu W, Wu P, Zhu H, Li D. Estrogen inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress and ameliorates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats by upregulating SERCA2a. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:38. [PMID: 35331264 PMCID: PMC8944077 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00842-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in premenopausal women is significantly lower than that of men of the same age, suggesting protective roles of estrogen for the cardiovascular system against CHD. This study aimed to confirm the protective effect of estrogen on myocardium during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury and explore the underlying mechanisms. Methods Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and Sprague–Dawley rats were used in this study. Different groups were treated by bilateral ovariectomy, 17β-estradiol (E2), adenoviral infection, or siRNA transfection. The expression of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase pump (SERCA2a) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related proteins were measured in each group to examine the effect of different E2 levels and determine the relationship between SERCA2a and ER stress. The cell apoptosis, myocardial infarction size, levels of apoptosis and serum cardiac troponin I, ejection fraction, calcium transient, and morphology changes of the myocardium and ER were examined to verify the effects of E2 on the myocardium. Results Bilateral ovariectomy resulted in reduced SERCA2a levels and more severe MI/R injury. E2 treatment increased SERCA2a expression. Both E2 treatment and exogenous SERCA2a overexpression decreased levels of ER stress-related proteins and alleviated myocardial damage. In contrast, SERCA2a knockdown exacerbated ER stress and myocardial damage. Addition of E2 after SERCA2a knockdown did not effectively inhibit ER stress or reduce myocardial injury. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that estrogen inhibits ER stress and attenuates MI/R injury by upregulating SERCA2a. These results provide a new potential target for therapeutic intervention and drug discovery in CHD. Video Abstract
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12964-022-00842-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Chen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Defeng Pan
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongda Xu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Luo
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanling Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Wu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dongye Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Sex-Related Effects on Cardiac Development and Disease. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9030090. [PMID: 35323638 PMCID: PMC8949052 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9030090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Interestingly, male and female patients with CVD exhibit distinct epidemiological and pathophysiological characteristics, implying a potentially important role for primary and secondary sex determination factors in heart development, aging, disease and therapeutic responses. Here, we provide a concise review of the field and discuss current gaps in knowledge as a step towards elucidating the “sex determination–heart axis”. We specifically focus on cardiovascular manifestations of abnormal sex determination in humans, such as in Turner and Klinefelter syndromes, as well as on the differences in cardiac regenerative potential between species with plastic and non-plastic sexual phenotypes. Sex-biased cardiac repair mechanisms are also discussed with a focus on the role of the steroid hormone 17β-estradiol. Understanding the “sex determination–heart axis” may offer new therapeutic possibilities for enhanced cardiac regeneration and/or repair post-injury.
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Beikoghli Kalkhoran S, Kararigas G. Oestrogenic Regulation of Mitochondrial Dynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031118. [PMID: 35163044 PMCID: PMC8834780 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological sex influences disease development and progression. The steroid hormone 17β-oestradiol (E2), along with its receptors, is expected to play a major role in the manifestation of sex differences. E2 exerts pleiotropic effects in a system-specific manner. Mitochondria are one of the central targets of E2, and their biogenesis and respiration are known to be modulated by E2. More recently, it has become apparent that E2 also regulates mitochondrial fusion–fission dynamics, thereby affecting cellular metabolism. The aim of this article is to discuss the regulatory pathways by which E2 orchestrates the activity of several components of mitochondrial dynamics in the cardiovascular and nervous systems in health and disease. We conclude that E2 regulates mitochondrial dynamics to maintain the mitochondrial network promoting mitochondrial fusion and attenuating mitochondrial fission in both the cardiovascular and nervous systems.
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da Silva JS, Montagnoli TL, Rocha BS, Tacco MLCA, Marinho SCP, Zapata-Sudo G. Estrogen Receptors: Therapeutic Perspectives for the Treatment of Cardiac Dysfunction after Myocardial Infarction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E525. [PMID: 33430254 PMCID: PMC7825655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptors (ER) mediate functions beyond their endocrine roles, as modulation of cardiovascular, renal, and immune systems through anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, preventing necrosis of cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells, and attenuating cardiac hypertrophy. Estradiol (E2) prevents cardiac dysfunction, increases nitric oxide synthesis, and reduces the proliferation of vascular cells, yielding protective effects, regardless of gender. Such actions are mediated by ER (ER-alpha (ERα), ER-beta (ERβ), or G protein-coupled ER (GPER)) through genomic or non-genomic pathways, which regulate cardiovascular function and prevent tissue remodeling. Despite the extensive knowledge on the cardioprotective effects of estrogen, clinical studies conducted on myocardial infarction (MI) and cardiovascular diseases still include favorable and unfavorable profiles. The purpose of this review is to provide up-to-date information regarding molecular, preclinical, and clinical aspects of cardiovascular E2 effects and ER modulation as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of MI-induced cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline S. da Silva
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (J.S.d.S.); (T.L.M.); (B.S.R.); (M.L.C.A.T.); (S.C.P.M.)
| | - Tadeu L. Montagnoli
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (J.S.d.S.); (T.L.M.); (B.S.R.); (M.L.C.A.T.); (S.C.P.M.)
| | - Bruna S. Rocha
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (J.S.d.S.); (T.L.M.); (B.S.R.); (M.L.C.A.T.); (S.C.P.M.)
| | - Matheus L. C. A. Tacco
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (J.S.d.S.); (T.L.M.); (B.S.R.); (M.L.C.A.T.); (S.C.P.M.)
| | - Sophia C. P. Marinho
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (J.S.d.S.); (T.L.M.); (B.S.R.); (M.L.C.A.T.); (S.C.P.M.)
| | - Gisele Zapata-Sudo
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (J.S.d.S.); (T.L.M.); (B.S.R.); (M.L.C.A.T.); (S.C.P.M.)
- Instituto de Cardiologia Edson Saad, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
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8
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Deng S, Ramos-Castaneda M, Velasco WV, Clowers MJ, Gutierrez BA, Noble O, Dong Y, Zarghooni M, Alvarado L, Caetano MS, Yang S, Ostrin EJ, Behrens C, Wistuba II, Stabile LP, Kadara H, Watowich SS, Moghaddam SJ. Interplay between estrogen and Stat3/NF-κB-driven immunomodulation in lung cancer. Carcinogenesis 2020; 41:1529-1542. [PMID: 32603404 PMCID: PMC7896112 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
K-ras mutant lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common type of lung cancer, displays abysmal prognosis and is tightly linked to tumor-promoting inflammation, which is increasingly recognized as a target for therapeutic intervention. We have recently shown a gender-specific role for epithelial Stat3 signaling in the pathogenesis of K-ras mutant LUAD. The absence of epithelial Stat3 in male K-ras mutant mice (LR/Stat3Δ/Δ mice) promoted tumorigenesis and induced a nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB)-driven pro-tumor immune response while reducing tumorigenesis and enhancing anti-tumor immunity in female counterparts. In the present study, we manipulated estrogen and NF-κB signaling to study the mechanisms underlying this intriguing gender-disparity. In LR/Stat3Δ/Δ females, estrogen deprivation by bilateral oophorectomy resulted in higher tumor burden, an induction of NF-κB-driven immunosuppressive response, and reduced anti-tumor cytotoxicity, whereas estrogen replacement reversed these changes. On the other hand, exogenous estrogen in males successfully inhibited tumorigenesis, attenuated NF-κB-driven immunosuppression and boosted anti-tumor immunity. Mechanistically, genetic targeting of epithelial NF-κB activity resulted in reduced tumorigenesis and enhanced the anti-tumor immune response in LR/Stat3Δ/Δ males, but not females. Our data suggest that estrogen exerts a context-specific anti-tumor effect through inhibiting NF-κB-driven tumor-promoting inflammation and provide insights into developing novel personalized therapeutic strategies for K-ras mutant LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marco Ramos-Castaneda
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Walter V Velasco
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael J Clowers
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Berenice A Gutierrez
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Oscar Noble
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yiping Dong
- Department of Oncology Radiotherapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Melody Zarghooni
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lucero Alvarado
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mauricio S Caetano
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shuanying Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Edwin J Ostrin
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of General Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carmen Behrens
- Department of Thoracic Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ignacio I Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Laura P Stabile
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Humam Kadara
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie S Watowich
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Seyed Javad Moghaddam
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
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Chen D, Li Q, Chen H, Huang Q, Zeng M. Estrogen receptor regulates immune defense by suppressing NF-κB signaling in the Crassostrea hongkongensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:796-803. [PMID: 32846244 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The crosstalk between the estrogen receptor (ER) and NF-κB signalling pathways has merged in vertebrates and plays a key role in the control of genes involved in inflammation, cell proliferation and apoptosis. However, such crosstalk between the endocrine and immune systems needs to be explored in lower invertebrates. In this study, we identified a 2856-bp homologue of the estrogen receptor from Hong Kong oyster (ChER), containing a 5' untranslated region (UTR) of 234 bp, a 3' UTR of 387 bp, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 2235 bp. We observed that overexpression of ChER suppressed ChRel-dependent NF-kappaB (NF-κB) activation in the HEK293T (human embryonic kidney 293T) cell line, and depletion of ChER in vivo resulted in upregulation of two NF-κB-responsive marker genes, namely, TNF-α and IL-17, which confirmed its potential role in controlling NF-κB signalling. Furthermore, an EMSA (electrophoretic mobility shift assay) showed that ChER could negatively regulate the binding of ChRel to NF-κB probe-responsive elements. Serial domain requirement analysis showed that both region C (DNA-binding domain) and region E (ligand-binding domain) of ChER were essential for mediating the crosstalk underlying ChER-dependent NF-κB suppression. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time the negative regulatory role of the ER in NF-κB signalling in oysters, strongly indicating the presence of complex crosstalk between the endocrine and immune systems in lower marine molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbo Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qiuhong Li
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hongmei Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qingsong Huang
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Manhong Zeng
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Is Cardiac Diastolic Dysfunction a Part of Post-Menopausal Syndrome? JACC-HEART FAILURE 2020; 7:192-203. [PMID: 30819374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Post-menopausal women exhibit an exponential increase in the incidence of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction compared with men of the same age, which indicates a potential role of hormonal changes in subclinical and clinical diastolic dysfunction. This paper reviews the preclinical evidence that demonstrates the involvement of estrogen in many regulatory molecular pathways of cardiac diastolic function and the clinical data that investigates the effect of estrogen on diastolic function in post-menopausal women. Published reports show that estrogen deficiency influences both early diastolic relaxation via calcium homeostasis and the late diastolic compliance associated with cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Because of the high risk of diastolic dysfunction and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in post-menopausal women and the positive effects of estrogen on preserving cardiac function, further clinical studies are needed to clarify the role of endogenous estrogen or hormone replacement in mitigating the onset and progression of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in women.
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Choi YS, Baek K, Choi Y. Estrogen reinforces barrier formation and protects against tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced barrier dysfunction in oral epithelial cells. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2018; 48:284-294. [PMID: 30405936 PMCID: PMC6207799 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2018.48.5.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Epithelial barrier dysfunction is involved in the pathophysiology of periodontitis and oral lichen planus. Estrogens have been shown to enhance the physical barrier function of intestinal and esophageal epithelia, and we aimed to investigate the effect of estradiol (E2) on the regulation of physical barrier and tight junction (TJ) proteins in human oral epithelial cell monolayers. Methods HOK-16B cell monolayers cultured on transwells were treated with E2, an estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist (ICI 182,780), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), or dexamethasone (Dexa), and the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) was then measured. Cell proliferation was measured by the cell counting kit (CCK)-8 assay. The levels of TJ proteins and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB were examined by confocal microscopy. Results E2 treatment increased the TER and the levels of junctional adhesion molecule (JAM)-A and zonula occludens (ZO)-1 in a dose-dependent manner, without affecting cell proliferation during barrier formation. Treatment of the tight-junctioned cell monolayers with TNFα induced decreases in the TER and the levels of ZO-1 and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. These TNFα-induced changes were inhibited by E2, and this effect was completely reversed by co-treatment with ICI 182,780. Furthermore, E2 and Dexa presented an additive effect on the epithelial barrier function. Conclusions E2 reinforces the physical barrier of oral epithelial cells through the nuclear ER-dependent upregulation of TJ proteins. The protective effect of E2 on the TNFα-induced impairment of the epithelial barrier and its additive effect with Dexa suggest its potential use to treat oral inflammatory diseases involving epithelial barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Sik Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keumjin Baek
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngnim Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
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Serum ferritin level is positively associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women: A nationwide population-based study. Maturitas 2017; 103:3-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Bukowska A, Spiller L, Wolke C, Lendeckel U, Weinert S, Hoffmann J, Bornfleth P, Kutschka I, Gardemann A, Isermann B, Goette A. Protective regulation of the ACE2/ACE gene expression by estrogen in human atrial tissue from elderly men. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1412-1423. [PMID: 28661206 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217718808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Data from animal experiments and clinical investigations suggest that components of the renin-angiotensin system are markedly affected by sex hormones. However, whether estrogen affects human atrial myocardium has not been investigated yet. In this study, we determined the effects of estrogen on key components of atrial renin-angiotensin system: angiotensin-converting enzyme, responsible for generation of angiotensin II and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, counteracting majority of AngII effects, and different renin-angiotensin system receptors, AT1R, AT2R, and MAS. First, the expression levels of estrogen receptors mRNA were determined in right atrial appendages obtained from patients undergoing heart surgery. The amounts of estrogen receptor α and estrogen receptor β mRNA were similar between women ( n = 14) and men ( n = 10). Atrial tissue slices (350 µm) were prepared from male donors which were exposed to estrogen (1-100 nM; n = 21) or stimulated at 4 Hz for 24 h in the presence or absence of 100 nM estrogen ( n = 16), respectively. The administration of estrogen did not change mRNA levels of estrogen receptors, but activated MAP kinases, Erk1/2. Furthermore, estrogen increased the amounts of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-mRNA (1.89 ± 0.23; P < 0.05) but reduced that of angiotensin-converting enzyme-mRNA (0.78 ± 0.07, P < 0.05). In addition, the transcript levels of AT2R and MAS were upregulated by estrogen. Pacing of tissue slices significantly increased the angiotensin-converting enzyme/angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ratio at both the mRNA and protein level. During pacing, administration of estrogen substantially lowered the angiotensin-converting enzyme/angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ratio at the transcript (0.92 ± 0.21 vs. 2.12 ± 0.27 at 4 Hz) and protein level (0.94 ± 0.20 vs. 2.14 ± 0.3 at 4 Hz). Moreover, estrogen elicited anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects on renin-angiotensin system-associated downstream effectors such as pro-oxidative LOX-1 and pro-inflammatory ICAM-1. An antagonist of estrogen receptor α reversed these anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of estrogen significantly. Overall, our results demonstrated that estrogen modifies the local renin-angiotensin system homeostasis and achieves protective effects in atrial myocardium from elderly men. Impact statement The present study demonstrates that estrogen affects the human atrial myocardium and mediates protective actions through estrogen receptors-(ER) dependent signaling. Estrogen substantially modulates the local RAS via downregulation of ACE and simultaneous upregulation of ACE2, AT2R and MAS expression levels. This is indicative of a shift of the classical RAS/ACE axis to the alternative, protective RAS/ACE2 axis. In support of this view, estrogen attenuated the expression of RAS-associated downstream effectors, LOX-1, and ICAM-1. A specific antagonist of ERα reversed the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of estrogen in paced and non-paced atrial tissue slices. In summary, our data demonstrate the existence of protective effects of estrogen in atrial tissue from elderly men which are at least in part, mediated by the regulation of local RAS homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bukowska
- 1 Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - L Spiller
- 2 Medical Department I, Division of Rheumatology, Charitá University Medicine Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - C Wolke
- 3 Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17479, Germany
| | - U Lendeckel
- 3 Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17479, Germany
| | - S Weinert
- 4 Department of Cardiology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - J Hoffmann
- 5 Department of Clinical Chemistry, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - P Bornfleth
- 1 Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - I Kutschka
- 6 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - A Gardemann
- 1 Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - B Isermann
- 5 Department of Clinical Chemistry, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - A Goette
- 1 Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg 39120, Germany.,7 St. Vincenz-Hospital, Paderborn 33098, Germany
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Asokan Shibu M, Kuo WW, Kuo CH, Day CH, Shen CY, Chung LC, Lai CH, Pan LF, Vijaya Padma V, Huang CY. Potential phytoestrogen alternatives exert cardio-protective mechanisms via estrogen receptors. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2017; 7:11. [PMID: 28612709 PMCID: PMC5479424 DOI: 10.1051/bmdcn/2017070204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The 17 beta-estradiol (E2) is a sex hormone that is most abundant and most active estrogen in premenopausal women. The importance of E2 in providing cardioprotection and reducing the occurrence of heart disease in women of reproductive age has been well recognized. There are three subtype of estrogen receptors (ERs), including ERα, ERβ and GPR30 have been identified and accumulating evidence reveal their roles on E2-mediated genomic and nongenomic pathway in cardiomyocytes against various cardiac insults. In this review, we focus on the estrogen and ERs mediated signaling pathways in cardiomyocytes that determines cardio-protection against various stresses and further discuss the clinical implication of ERs and phytoestrogens. Further we provide some insights on phytoeostrogens which may play as alternatives in estrogen replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei-Wen Kuo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Kuo
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | | | - Chia-Yao Shen
- Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung 912,Taiwan
| | - Li-Chin Chung
- Department of Hospital and Health Care Administration, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hung Lai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Armed-Force, Taichung General Hospital, Taichung 411, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Fa Pan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Armed-Force, Taichung General Hospital, Taichung 411, Taiwan
| | - V Vijaya Padma
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046, India
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan - School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan - Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
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Abstract
Bone mass in the skeleton is dependent on the coordinated activities of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts in discrete bone multi-cellular units. Remodeling of bone in these units is important not only for maintaining bone mass, but also to repair microdamage, to prevent accumulation of too much old bone, and for mineral homeostasis. The activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts are controlled by a variety of hormones and cytokines, as well as by mechanical loading. Most importantly, sex hormones are very crucial for keeping bone mass in balance, and the lack of either estrogen or testosterone leads to decreased bone mass and increased risk for osteoporosis. The prevalence of osteoporotic fractures is increasing dramatically in the Western part of the world and is a major health problem in many countries. In the present review, the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling bone remodeling and the influence of sex hormones on these processes are summarized. In a separate paper in this issue, the pathogenesis of post-menopausal osteoporosis will be compared with that of inflammation-induced bone remodeling, including the evidence for and against the hypothesis that concomitant post-menopausal osteoporotic disease influences the progression of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- U H Lerner
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Umeå University, Umeå SE-901 87, Sweden.
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16
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Stacey W, Bhave S, Uht RM. Mechanisms by Which 17β-Estradiol (E2) Suppress Neuronal cox-2 Gene Expression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161430. [PMID: 27588681 PMCID: PMC5010190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
E2 attenuates inflammatory responses by suppressing expression of pro-inflammatory genes. Given that inflammation is increasingly being associated with neurodegenerative and psychiatric processes, we sought to elucidate mechanisms by which E2 down-regulates a component of an inflammatory response, cyclooxygenase- 2 (COX-2) expression. Although inflammatory processes in the brain are usually associated with microglia and astrocytes, we found that the COX-2 gene (cox-2) was expressed in a neuronal context, specifically in an amygdalar cell line (AR-5). Given that COX-2 has been reported to be in neurons in the brain, and that the amygdala is a site involved in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric processes, we investigated mechanisms by which E2 could down-regulate cox-2 expression in the AR-5 line. These cells express estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ), and as shown here cox-2. At the level of RNA, E2 and the ERβ selective ligand diarylpropionitrile (DPN) both attenuated gene expression, whereas the ERα selective ligand propyl pyrazole triol (PPT) had no effect. Neither ligand increased ERβ at the cox-2 promoter. Rather, DPN decreased promoter occupancy of NF-κB p65 and histone 4 (H4) acetylation. Treatment with the non-specific HDAC inhibitor Trichostatin A (TSA) counteracted DPN's repressive effects on cox-2 expression. In keeping with the TSA effect, E2 and DPN increased histone deacetylase one (HDAC1) and switch-independent 3A (Sin3A) promoter occupancy. Lastly, even though E2 increased CpG methylation, DPN did not. Taken together, the pharmacological data indicate that ERβ contributes to neuronal cox-2 expression, as measured by RNA levels. Furthermore, ER ligands lead to increased recruitment of HDAC1, Sin3A and a concomitant reduction of p65 occupancy and Ac-H4 levels. None of the events, however, are associated with a significant recruitment of ERβ at the promoter. Thus, ERβ directs recruitment to the cox-2 promoter, but does so in the absence of being recruited itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winfred Stacey
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Healthy Aging, Center for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shreyas Bhave
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Healthy Aging, Center for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rosalie M. Uht
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Healthy Aging, Center for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Luo T, Kim JK. The Role of Estrogen and Estrogen Receptors on Cardiomyocytes: An Overview. Can J Cardiol 2015; 32:1017-25. [PMID: 26860777 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in the onset and manifestation of cardiovascular diseases are well known, yet the mechanism behind this discrepancy remains obscure. Estrogen and its corresponding receptors have been studied for their positive salutary effects in women for decades. Estrogen protects the heart from various forms of stress, including cytotoxic, ischemic, and hypertrophic stimuli. The postulated underlying mechanism is complex, and involves the actions of the hormone on the endothelium and myocardium. Although the effects of estrogen on the coronary endothelium are well-described, delineation of the hormone's action on cardiomyocytes is still evolving. The focus of this article is to review the accumulated literature and latest data on the role of estrogen and its receptors on cardiomyocytes, the contractile cellular units of the myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Luo
- University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jin Kyung Kim
- University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA.
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18
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Cai L, Gao C, Tang S, Wang J, Xue X, Yue M, Deng X, Su J, Peng Z, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Wang J. Sex-specific association of estrogen receptor 2 polymorphisms with hepatitis C virus infection outcomes in a high-risk Chinese Han population. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:118-24. [PMID: PMID: 25261585 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has different clinical and biological characteristics in women versus men, which suggests the potential involvement of estrogen. Estrogen signaling is mediated by the estrogen receptor, and genetic variations in the estrogen receptor gene might affect the pathology of HCV infection. We performed logistic regression analysis to explore the associations between rs1256049, rs4986938 and rs944459 polymorphisms of the estrogen receptor 2 gene (ESR2) and HCV infection outcomes. The variant A allele of rs4986938 was associated with an increased HCV infection susceptibility in the males (additive model: adjusted OR=1.493, P=0.010) and a significantly reduced risk of HCV infection in the female subgroup (GA vs. GG: adjusted OR=0.710, P=0.012; dominant model: adjusted OR=0.686, P=0.004; additive model: adjusted OR=0.703, P=0.002). In addition, females carrying the rs4986938 AA genotype appeared to clear HCV spontaneously more readily (adjusted OR=0.237, P=0.011), and additive model analyses showed that each additional allele contributed a decreased risk of approximately 34% for HCV chronicity (adjusted OR=0.659, P=0.006). Furthermore, a significant multiplicative interaction between the combined rs1256049 and rs4986938 genotypes was found to decrease HCV infection risk (adjusted OR=0.583, P=3.000×10(-4)). The area under the curve, based on the model and including age, gender, HCV genotypes and the three SNPs, was significantly related to the clearance of HCV (P=0.003). We provide here the first report that rs4986938 in the ESR2 gene played a potential sex-specific role in the etiology of HCV infection in a high-risk Chinese Han population, suggesting that ESR2 is a candidate susceptibility gene for HCV infection and viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, No. 818 East Tianyuan Road, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunfang Gao
- Institute of Anus and Intestine, The 150th Hospital of PLA, No. 2 West Huaxia Road, Luoyang 471031, Henan, China
| | - Shaidi Tang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, No. 818 East Tianyuan Road, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, No. 818 East Tianyuan Road, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xingxin Xue
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, No. 818 East Tianyuan Road, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Yue
- Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Huadong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechnics, No. 293 Zhongshan East Road, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaozhao Deng
- Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Huadong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechnics, No. 293 Zhongshan East Road, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Su
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, No. 818 East Tianyuan Road, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhihang Peng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, No. 818 East Tianyuan Road, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Epidemic Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 8 Longyuan Road, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, No. 818 East Tianyuan Road, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Huadong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechnics, No. 293 Zhongshan East Road, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, No. 818 East Tianyuan Road, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China; Department of General Practice, Kangda College, Nanjing Medical University, No. 818 East Tianyuan Road, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China.
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19
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Yakimchuk K, Jondal M, Okret S. Estrogen receptor α and β in the normal immune system and in lymphoid malignancies. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 375:121-9. [PMID: 23707618 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens regulate various normal and pathophysiological processes including cancers. Cellular signaling by estrogens is mediated by estrogen receptor α (ERα) and β (ERβ), respectively. Binding of agonists to the ERs affects gene transcription. The main endogenous estrogen, 17β-estradiol (E2), binds to both ERα and ERβ with similar affinity. However, the ligand-binding pocket of ERα and ERβ are slightly different which has allowed the development of selective ER ligands. Importantly, while estrogens via ERα stimulate proliferation, signaling via ERβ inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis. In both normal and cancer cells the ERs are co-expressed with ER splice variants which may modify the transcriptional activity of the wild-type receptors. Estrogens have prominent effects on immune functions and both ERα and ERβ are expressed in immune cells and lymphoid malignancies. With regard to lymphoid malignancies, most show estrogen influence as several epidemiological studies of lymphoid cancers demonstrate gender differences in incidence and prognosis with males being more affected. In line with these findings, recent results generated by us have shown that ERβ selective agonists inhibit growth and induce apoptosis in human and murine lymphomas in vivo in xenograft experiments. This suggests that ERβ selective agonists in the future may be useful in the treatment of lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Yakimchuk
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, SE-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
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Tbx20 functions as an important regulator of estrogen-mediated cardiomyocyte protection during oxidative stress. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:3704-14. [PMID: 23871353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a transcription factor mainly expressed in cardiovascular system, T-box 20 (Tbx20) plays an important role in embryonic cardiovascular system development and adult heart function. Here, we determined the mechanism by which Tbx20 regulates cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiomyopathies. METHODS We analyzed Tbx20 expression levels and apoptosis rates in normal and heart failure human autopsy heart samples. Female C57BL/6 mice were ovariectomized and treated with 17β-estradiol to determine Tbx20 expression levels. ROS production, TUNEL, DNA laddering, qRT-PCR, Western blot, immunohistochemistry and ChIP analyses were performed on male C57BL/6 transverse aortic constriction-induced heart failure samples and on neonatal rat ventricular myocytes that were treated with H2O2 to investigate the role of Tbx20 in estrogen-mediated heart protection. RESULTS Tbx20 expression was down regulated during heart failure, accompanied by elevated cardiomyocyte apoptotic levels in humans and mice. H2O2 led to a concurrent decrease in Tbx20 expression and increase in apoptosis in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Tbx20 overexpression reduced H2O2-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and was associated with a profound inhibition of p38MAPK, Bax and caspase3 and the activation of Bcl-2. Estrogen was able to protect cardiomyocytes from H2O2-induced apoptosis by upregulating Tbx20 expression in a concentration-dependent manner. Tbx20 silencing increased oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cells. Moreover, Tbx20 directly regulated Esrra expression to enhance the heart-protective effect of estrogen. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that Tbx20 functions as an important regulator of estrogen-mediated cardiomyocyte protection during oxidative stress, suggesting that estorgen-Tbx20-ERR-α may represent a crucial regulatory cascade and a potential therapeutic target for heart failure.
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21
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Janicki JS, Spinale FG, Levick SP. Gender differences in non-ischemic myocardial remodeling: are they due to estrogen modulation of cardiac mast cells and/or membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase. Pflugers Arch 2013; 465:687-97. [PMID: 23417570 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1229-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This review is focused on gender differences in cardiac remodeling secondary to sustained increases in cardiac volume (VO) and generated pressure (PO). Estrogen has been shown to favorably alter the course of VO-induced remodeling. That is, the VO-induced increased extracellular matrix proteolytic activity and mast cell degranulation responsible for the adverse cardiac remodeling in males and ovariectomized rodents do not occur in intact premenopausal females. While less is known regarding the mechanisms responsible for female cardioprotection in PO-induced stress, gender differences in remodeling have been reported indicating the ability of premenopausal females to adequately compensate. In view of the fact that, in male mice with PO, mast cells have been shown to play a role in the adverse remodeling suggests favorable estrogen modification of mast cell phenotype may also be responsible for cardioprotection in females with PO. Thus, while evidence is accumulating regarding premenopausal females being cardioprotected, there remains the need for in-depth studies to identify critical downstream molecular targets that are under the regulation of estrogen and relevant to cardiac remodeling. Such studies would result in the development of therapy which provides cardioprotection while avoiding the adverse effects of systemic estrogen delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Janicki
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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22
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Xing D, Oparil S, Yu H, Gong K, Feng W, Black J, Chen YF, Nozell S. Estrogen modulates NFκB signaling by enhancing IκBα levels and blocking p65 binding at the promoters of inflammatory genes via estrogen receptor-β. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36890. [PMID: 22723832 PMCID: PMC3378567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background NFκB signaling is critical for expression of genes involved in the vascular injury response. We have shown that estrogen (17β-estradiol, E2) inhibits expression of these genes in an estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent manner in injured rat carotid arteries and in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α treated rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs). This study tested whether E2 inhibits NFκB signaling in RASMCs and defined the mechanisms. Methodology/Principal Findings TNF-α treated RASMCs demonstrated rapid degradation of IκBα (10–30 min), followed by dramatic increases in IκBα mRNA and protein synthesis (40–60 min). E2 enhanced TNF-α induced IκBα synthesis without affecting IκBα degradation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays revealed that E2 pretreatment both enhanced TNF-α induced binding of NFκB p65 to the IκBα promoter and suppressed TNF-α induced binding of NFκB p65 to and reduced the levels of acetylated histone 3 at promoters of monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-2β genes. ChIP analyses also demonstrated that ERβ can be recruited to the promoters of MCP-1 and CINC-2β during co-treatment with TNF-α and E2. Conclusions These data demonstrate that E2 inhibits inflammation in RASMCs by two distinct mechanisms: promoting new synthesis of IκBα, thus accelerating a negative feedback loop in NFκB signaling, and directly inhibiting binding of NFκB to the promoters of inflammatory genes. This first demonstration of multifaceted modulation of NFκB signaling by E2 may represent a novel mechanism by which E2 protects the vasculature against inflammatory injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqi Xing
- Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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23
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Puzianowska-Kuźnicka M. ESR1 in myocardial infarction. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413:81-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Lin DY, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH, Huang CY. Mechanisms governing the protective effect of 17β-estradiol and estrogen receptors against cardiomyocyte injury. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomed.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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25
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Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Demonstrated Efficacy of 17β-Estradiol Therapy in Male Rats After Trauma-Hemorrhage and Extended Hypotension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 69:1266-73. [DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e3181dbb0b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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26
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VEGF signaling is disrupted in the hearts of mice lacking estrogen receptor alpha. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 641:168-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Pradhan M, Bembinster LA, Baumgarten SC, Frasor J. Proinflammatory cytokines enhance estrogen-dependent expression of the multidrug transporter gene ABCG2 through estrogen receptor and NF{kappa}B cooperativity at adjacent response elements. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:31100-6. [PMID: 20705611 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.155309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Constitutive activation of NFκB in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer is associated with tumor recurrence and development of anti-estrogen resistance. Furthermore, a gene expression signature containing common targets for ER and NFκB has been identified and found to be associated with the more aggressive luminal B intrinsic subtype of ER-positive breast tumors. Here, we describe a novel mechanism by which ER and NFκB cooperate to up-regulate expression of one important gene from this signature, ABCG2, which encodes a transporter protein associated with the development of drug-resistant breast cancer. We and others have confirmed that this gene is regulated primarily by estrogen in an ER- and estrogen response element (ERE)-dependent manner. We found that whereas proinflammatory cytokines have little effect on this gene in the absence of 17β-estradiol, they can potentiate ER activity in an NFκB-dependent manner. ER allows the NFκB family member p65 to access a latent NFκB response element located near the ERE in the gene promoter. NFκB recruitment to the gene is, in turn, required to stabilize ER occupancy at the functional ERE. The result of this cooperative binding of ER and p65 at adjacent response elements leads to a major increase in both ABCG2 mRNA and protein expression. These findings indicate that estrogen and inflammatory factors can modify each other's activity through modulation of transcription factor accessibility and/or occupancy at adjacent response elements. This novel transcriptional mechanism could have important implications in breast cancer, where both inflammation and estrogen can promote cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Pradhan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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Bouma W, Noma M, Kanemoto S, Matsubara M, Leshnower BG, Hinmon R, Gorman JH, Gorman RC. Sex-related resistance to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury is associated with high constitutive ARC expression. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 298:H1510-7. [PMID: 20173041 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01021.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The female sex has been associated with improved myocardial salvage after ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). Estrogen, specifically 17beta-estradiol, has been demonstrated to mediate this phenomenon by limiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis. We sought to quantitatively assess the effect of sex, ovarian hormone loss, and I/R on myocardial Bax, Bcl-2, and apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) expression. Male (n = 48), female (n = 26), and oophorectomized female (n = 20) rabbits underwent 30 min of regional ischemia and 3 h of reperfusion. The myocardial area at risk and infarct size were determined using a double-staining technique and planimetry. In situ oligo ligation was used to assess apoptotic cell death. Western blot analysis was used to determine proapoptotic (Bax) and antiapoptotic (Bcl-2 and ARC) protein levels in all three ischemic groups and, additionally, in three nonischemic groups. Infarct size (43.7 +/- 3.2%) and apoptotic cell death (0.51 +/- 0.10%) were significantly attenuated in females compared with males (56.4 +/- 1.6%, P < 0.01, and 4.29 +/- 0.95%, P < 0.01) and oophorectomized females (55.7 +/- 3.4%, P < 0.05, and 4.36 +/- 0.51%, P < 0.01). Females expressed significantly higher baseline ARC levels (3.62 +/- 0.29) compared with males (1.78 +/- 0.18, P < 0.01) and oophorectomized females (1.08 +/- 0.26, P < 0.01). Males expressed a significantly higher baseline Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratio (4.32 +/- 0.99) compared with females (0.65 +/- 0.13, P < 0.01) and oophorectomized females (0.42 +/- 0.10, P < 0.01). I/R significantly reduced Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratios in males. In all other groups, ARC levels and Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratios did not significantly change. These results support the conclusion that in females, endogenous estrogen limits I/R-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis by producing a baseline antiapoptotic profile, which is associated with estrogen-dependent high constitutive myocardial ARC expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wobbe Bouma
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, Glenolden Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 500 S. Ridgeway Ave., Glenolden, PA 19036, USA
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Wu M, Han M, Li J, Xu X, Li T, Que L, Ha T, Li C, Chen Q, Li Y. 17β-estradiol inhibits angiotensin II-induced cardiac myofibroblast differentiation. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 616:155-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mahmoodzadeh S, Fritschka S, Dworatzek E, Pham TH, Becher E, Kuehne A, Davidson MM, Regitz-Zagrosek V. Nuclear factor-kappaB regulates estrogen receptor-alpha transcription in the human heart. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:24705-14. [PMID: 19584059 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated effects have been associated with the modulation of myocardial hypertrophy in animal models and in humans, but the regulation of ER expression in the human heart has not yet been analyzed. In various cell lines and tissues, multiple human estrogen receptor alpha (hERalpha) mRNA isoforms are transcribed from distinct promoters and differ in their 5'-untranslated regions. Using PCR-based strategies, we show that in the human heart the ERalpha mRNA is transcribed from multiple promoters, namely, A, B, C, and F, of which the F-promoter is most frequently used variant. Transient transfection reporter assays in a human cardiac myocyte cell line (AC16) with F-promoter deletion constructs demonstrated a negative regulatory region within this promoter. Site-directed mutagenesis and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that NF-kappaB binds to this region. An inhibition of NF-kappaB activity by parthenolide significantly increased the transcriptional activity of the F-promoter. Increasing NF-kappaB expression by tumor necrosis factor-alpha reduced the expression of ERalpha, indicating that the NF-kappaB pathway inhibits expression of ERalpha in human cardiomyocytes. Finally, 17beta-estradiol induced the transcriptional activity of hERalpha promoters A, B, C, and F. In conclusion, inflammatory stimuli suppress hERalpha expression via activation and subsequent binding of NF-kappaB to the ERalpha F-promoter, and 17beta-estradiol/hERalpha may antagonize the inhibitory effect of NF-kappaB. This suggests interplay between estrogen/estrogen receptors and the pro-hypertrophic and inflammatory responses to NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokoufeh Mahmoodzadeh
- Institute of Gender in Medicine, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10115, Germany.
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Wu F, Ivanov I, Xu R, Safe S. Role of SP transcription factors in hormone-dependent modulation of genes in MCF-7 breast cancer cells: microarray and RNA interference studies. J Mol Endocrinol 2009; 42:19-33. [PMID: 18952783 PMCID: PMC2642616 DOI: 10.1677/jme-08-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
17beta-estradiol (E(2)) binds estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) in MCF-7 cells and increases cell proliferation and survival through induction or repression of multiple genes. ESR1 interactions with DNA-bound specificity protein (SP) transcription factors is a nonclassical genomic estrogenic pathway and the role of SP transcription factors in mediating hormone-dependent activation or repression of genes in MCF-7 cells was investigated by microarrays and RNA interference. MCF-7 cells were transfected with a nonspecific oligonucleotide or a cocktail of small inhibitory RNAs (iSP), which knockdown SP1, SP3, and SP4 proteins, and treated with dimethylsulfoxide or 10 nM E(2) for 6 h. E(2) induced 62 and repressed 134 genes and the induction or repression was reversed in approximately 62% of the genes in cells transfected with iSP (ESR1/SP dependent), whereas hormonal activation or repression of the remaining genes was unaffected by iSP (SP independent). Analysis of the ESR1/SP-dependent and SP-independent genes showed minimal overlap with respect to the GO terms (functional processes) in genes induced or repressed, suggesting that the different genomic pathways may contribute independently to the hormone-induced phenotype in MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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Yin Y, Huang WW, Lin C, Chen H, MacKenzie A, Ma L. Estrogen suppresses uterine epithelial apoptosis by inducing birc1 expression. Mol Endocrinol 2008; 22:113-25. [PMID: 17901126 PMCID: PMC2171041 DOI: 10.1210/me.2007-0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The decision whether or not a cell undergoes apoptosis is determined by the opposing forces of pro- and antiapoptotic effectors. Here we demonstrate genetically that estrogen can tip this balance toward cell survival in uterine epithelial cells by inducing the expression of baculoviral inhibitors of apoptosis repeat-containing 1 (Birc1), a family of antiapoptotic proteins. In neonatal mice, both 17beta-estradiol and the potent synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol strongly suppress uterine epithelial apoptosis while markedly elevating Birc1 transcript level in an estrogen receptor-alpha-dependent manner. The induction of Birc1 before any effect on apoptosis suppression and failure of diethylstilbestrol to completely inhibit apoptosis in Birc1a-deficient uterine epithelium indicate a functional role for Birc1a in estrogen-mediated apoptosis suppression. In ovariectomized adult mice, expression of Birc1 is also induced by ovarian hormones, suggesting a role for these proteins in normal uterine physiology. We propose that by binding to active caspases, Birc1 proteins can eliminate them through proteasome degradation. These results for the first time establish Birc1 proteins as functional targets of estrogen in suppressing apoptosis in the uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Higgins KJ, Liu S, Abdelrahim M, Vanderlaag K, Liu X, Porter W, Metz R, Safe S. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 expression is down-regulated by 17beta-estradiol in MCF-7 breast cancer cells by estrogen receptor alpha/Sp proteins. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 22:388-402. [PMID: 18006642 DOI: 10.1210/me.2007-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
17beta-Estradiol (E2) induces and represses gene expression in breast cancer cells; however, the mechanisms of gene repression are not well understood. In this study, we show that E2 decreases vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) mRNA levels in MCF-7 cells, and this gene was used as a model for investigating pathways associated with E2-dependent gene repression. Deletion analysis of the VEGFR2 promoter indicates that the proximal GC-rich motifs at -58 and -44 are critical for the E2-dependent decreased response in MCF-7 cells. Mutation or deletion of these GC-rich elements results in loss of hormone responsiveness and shows that the -60 to -37 region of the VEGFR2 promoter is critical for both basal and hormone-dependent decreased VEGFR2 expression in MCF-7 cells. Western blot, immunofluorescent staining, RNA interference, and EMSAs support a role for Sp proteins in hormone-dependent down-regulation of VEGFR2 in MCF-7 cells, primarily through estrogen receptor (ER)alpha/Sp1 and ERalpha/Sp3 interactions with the VEGFR2 promoter. Using chromatin immuno-precipitation and transient transfection/RNA interference assays we show that the ERalpha/Sp protein-promoter interactions are accompanied by recruitment of the co-repressors SMRT (silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid hormone receptor) and NCoR (nuclear receptor corepressor) to the promoter and that SMRT and NCoR knockdown reverse E2-mediated down-regulation of VEGFR2 expression in MCF-7 cells. This study illustrates that both SMRT and NCoR are involved in E2-dependent repression of VEGFR2 in MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Higgins
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA
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Booth EA, Lucchesi BR. Medroxyprogesterone acetate prevents the cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of 17β-estradiol in an in vivo model of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H1408-15. [PMID: 17434982 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00993.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated the protective effects of estrogen administration in models of cardiovascular disease. However, there is a discrepancy between these data and those from the recent clinical trials with hormone replacement therapy in menopausal women. One possible explanation for the divergent results is the addition of progestin to the hormone regimen in the Women's Health Initiative and the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study trials. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of a combination of 17β-estradiol (E2, 20 μg) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA, 80 μg) on infarct size in New Zealand White rabbits. Infarct size as a percentage of the area at risk was significantly reduced by administration of E2 30 min before induction of myocardial ischemia compared with vehicle (19.5 ± 3.1 vs. 55.7 ± 2.6%, P < 0.001). However, E2 + MPA failed to elicit a reduction in infarct size (52.5 ± 4.6%), and MPA had no effect (50.8 ± 2.6%). E2 also reduced serum levels of cardiac troponin I, immune complex deposition in myocardial tissue, activation of the complement system, and lipid peroxidation. All these effects were reversed by MPA. The results suggest that MPA antagonizes the infarct-sparing effects of E2, possibly through modulation of the immune response after ischemia and reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Booth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301C Medical Science Research Bldg. III, 1150 West Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0632, USA
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Terrell AM, Crisostomo PR, Markel TA, Wang M, Abarbanell AM, Herrmann JL, Meldrum DR. Postischemic infusion of 17-beta-estradiol protects myocardial function and viability. J Surg Res 2007; 146:218-24. [PMID: 17644110 PMCID: PMC2390775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Revised: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Females demonstrate improved cardiac recovery after ischemia/reperfusion injury compared with males. Attenuation of myocardial dysfunction with preischemic estradiol suggests that estrogen may be an important mediator of this cardioprotection. However, it remains unclear whether post-injury estradiol may have clinical potential in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. We hypothesize that postischemic administration of 17beta-estradiol will decrease myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and improve left ventricular cardiac function. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male Sprague Dawley rat hearts (n = 20) (Harlan, Indianapolis, IN) were isolated, perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution via Langendorff model, and subjected to 15 min of equilibration, 25 min of warm ischemia, and 40 min reperfusion. Experimental hearts received postischemic 17beta-estradiol infusion, 1 nm (n = 4), 10 nm (n = 4), 25 nm (n = 4), or 50 nm (n = 4), throughout reperfusion. Control hearts (n = 4) were infused with perfusate vehicle. RESULTS Postischemic recovery of left ventricular developed pressure was significantly greater with 1 nm (51.6% +/- 7.4%) and 10 nm estradiol (47.7% +/- 8.6%) than with vehicle (37.8% +/- 9.7%) at end reperfusion. There was also greater recovery of the end diastolic pressure with 1 nm (47.8 +/- 4.0 mmHg) and 10 nm estradiol (54.0 +/- 4.0) compared with vehicle (75.3 +/- 7.5). Further, 1 nm and 10 nm estrogen preserved coronary flow after ischemia and decreased coronary effluent lactated dehydrogenase compared with controls. Estrogen at 25 nm and 50 nm did not provide additional benefit in terms of functional recovery. Estrogen at all concentrations increased extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Postischemic infusion of 17beta-estradiol protects myocardial function and viability. The attractive potential for the clinical application of postischemic estrogen therapy warrants further study to elucidate the mechanistic pathways and differences between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Terrell
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Paul R. Crisostomo
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Troy A. Markel
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Meijing Wang
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Aaron M. Abarbanell
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jeremy L. Herrmann
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Daniel R. Meldrum
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Booth EA, Marchesi M, Knittel AK, Kilbourne EJ, Lucchesi BR. The Pathway-Selective Estrogen Receptor Ligand WAY-169916 Reduces Infarct Size After Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion by an Estrogen Receptor Dependent Mechanism. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2007; 49:401-7. [PMID: 17577105 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3180544527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that estrogen treatment protects the heart from reperfusion injury. The adverse effects of long-term estrogen treatment limit its clinical use and emphasize the need for the development of specific pharmacological interventions such as pathway-selective estrogen receptor (ER) ligands. Pathway-selective ER ligands are compounds that retain estrogen's anti-inflammatory ability, but they are devoid of conventional estrogenic action. In the present study, the pathway-selective ER ligand WAY-169916 was assessed for its cardioprotective potential in an in vivo model of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Anesthetized, ovariectomized rabbits were administered WAY-169916 (1 mg/kg), 17beta-estradiol (E2; 20 microg/rabbit), or vehicle intravenously 30 minutes before a 30-minute occlusion and 4 hours of reperfusion. Acute treatment with either WAY-169916 or E2 resulted in a decrease in infarct size, expressed as a percent of area at risk (WAY-169916, 21.2 +/- 3.3; P < 0.001 and E2, 18.8 +/- 1.7; P < 0.001) compared with vehicle 59.4 +/- 5.4). Pretreatment with estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780 significantly limited the infarct size sparing effect of both WAY-169916 and E2 when expressed as a percent of the risk region (WAY 169916, 47.4 +/- 4.4; E2, 53.01 +/- 5.0). The results demonstrate that WAY-169916 protects the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury through an ER-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Booth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0632, USA.
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Paimela T, Ryhänen T, Mannermaa E, Ojala J, Kalesnykas G, Salminen A, Kaarniranta K. The effect of 17beta-estradiol on IL-6 secretion and NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Immunol Lett 2007; 110:139-44. [PMID: 17532054 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2007.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Revised: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and inflammatory cascades participate in the pathology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The effect of estrogens on the development of AMD is poorly understood, although many studies indicate that these compounds can modulate inflammatory responses. In this study, we investigated the regulatory role of TLR agonists and 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) on IL-6 expression and NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19). The inflammatory response of ARPE-19 cells to various TLR agonists, e.g. Pam, zymosan, flagellin, SLTA and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposures were examined via the secretion of IL-6 cytokine as analyzed by ELISA. In addition, the IL-6 responses to the estrogen-receptor agonist, E(2), and to the estrogen-receptor antagonist ICI 182.780 as well as to the NF-kappaB inhibitor helenalin were compared. The DNA-binding activity of NF-kappaB transcription factor of nuclear cell extracts was analyzed by the gel mobility shift assay (EMSA). TLR4 gene expression was studied by quantitave PCR. The TLR4 agonist, LPS, caused a clear IL-6 response that was attenuated by E(2) in ARPE-19-cells. The anti-inflammatory properties of E(2) were mediated through estrogen receptors and were associated with decreased NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity. The level of TLR4 gene expression was not affected by LPS exposure. Our results indicate that IL-6 expression is regulated through NF-kappaB transcription factor and stereoid-receptor signalling pathways in ARPE-19 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas Paimela
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
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Guo SW. Nuclear factor-kappab (NF-kappaB): an unsuspected major culprit in the pathogenesis of endometriosis that is still at large? Gynecol Obstet Invest 2006; 63:71-97. [PMID: 17028437 DOI: 10.1159/000096047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis, defined as the ectopic presence of endometrial glandular and stromal cells outside the uterine cavity, is a common benign gynecological disorder with an enigmatic pathogenesis. Many genes and gene products have been reported to be altered in endometriosis, yet some of them may not be major culprits but merely unwitting accomplices or even innocent bystanders. Therefore, the identification and apprehension of major culprits in the pathogenesis of endometriosis are crucial to the understanding of the pathogenesis and would help to develop better therapeutics for endometriosis. Although so far NF-kappaB only has left few traces of incriminating fingerprints, several lines of investigation suggest that NF-kappaB, a pivotal pro-inflammatory transcription factor, could promote and maintain endometriosis. Various inflammatory agents, growth factors, and oxidative stress activate NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB proteins themselves and proteins regulated by them have been linked to cellular transformation, proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and invasion. Interestingly, all existing and nearly all investigational medications for endometriosis appear to act through suppression of NF-kappaB activation. In endometriotic cells, NF-kappaB appears to be constitutively activated, and suppression of NF-kappaB activity by NF-kappaB inhibitors or proteasome inhibitors suppresses proliferation in vitro. Viewing NF-kappaB as a major culprit, an autoregulatory loop model can be postulated, which is consistent with existing data and, more importantly, can explain several puzzling phenomena that are otherwise difficult to interpret based on prevailing theories. This view has immediate and important implications for novel ways to treat endometriosis. Further research is warranted to precisely delineate the roles of NF-kappaB in the pathogenesis of endometriosis and to indict and convict its aiders and abettors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Wei Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226-0509, USA.
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Ling S, Komesaroff P, Sudhir K. Cellular mechanisms underlying the cardiovascular actions of oestrogens. Clin Sci (Lond) 2006; 111:107-18. [PMID: 16831130 DOI: 10.1042/cs20050084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although pre-menopausal women enjoy relative cardiovascular protection, hormone (oestrogen±progestin)-replacement therapy has not shown cardiovascular benefits in post-menopausal women, suggesting that the effects of oestrogens on the cardiovascular system are much more complex than previously expected. Endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts, the cellular components of blood vessels and the heart, play important roles in cardiovascular health and disease. During the development and progression of cardiovascular disease, changes occur both in the structure and function of these cells, resulting in a wide range of abnormalities, which affect growth, death and physiological function. These cells contain functional oestrogen receptors and are targets for oestrogen action. This review focuses on recent studies on the effects of oestrogen on cardiovascular cell function. Oestrogens, particularly 17β-oestradiol, exert multiple effects on cardiovascular cells, and these effects may contribute to the gender-associated protection against cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanhong Ling
- Department of Medicine, Central and Eastern Clinical School, Monash University, Commercial Road, Prahran, Melbourne, VIC 3181, Australia
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Yang L, Hu Y, Hou Y. Effects of 17β-estradiol on the maturation, nuclear factor kappa B p65 and functions of murine spleen CD11c-positive dendritic cells. Mol Immunol 2006; 43:357-66. [PMID: 16310049 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2005] [Accepted: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Physiological gender differences in immune capabilities are now well recognized and suggest that sex steroid hormones such as estrogens may be involved in the regulation of the immunocompetence. In this paper, CD11c-positive murine spleen dendritic cells (SDCs) were treated with various concentrations of 17beta-estradiol (E2) for 24h. The viability, phenotype, nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-kappaBp65), endocytosis, stimulatory capacity and cytokine expression were analyzed. Our results showed that E2 increased the viability and MHC-II expression but decreased nuclear NF-kappaBp65 level and endocytosis of SDCs. E2 also increased the stimulatory capacity of SDCs from low-dose group but decreased it from middle- and high-dose ones. In addition, E2 increased the intracellular expression of IL-6 and IL-10 in SDCs, but no obvious change appeared in IL-12 and TNF-alpha. These data suggested that E2 might influence the immune responses by changing the viability, maturation, NF-kappaBp65, endocytosis, stimulatory capacity and cytokine expression of SDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linsong Yang
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Lab, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
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Wlodarska EK, Konka M, Zaleska T, Ploski R, Cedro K, Pucilowska B, Bekiesinska-Figatowska M, Rydlewska-Sadowska W, Ruzyllo W, Hoffman P. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in two pairs of monozygotic twins. Int J Cardiol 2006; 105:126-33. [PMID: 16243102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2004.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Revised: 10/27/2004] [Accepted: 11/07/2004] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is an inheritant disease with an autosomal dominant mode of transmission with incomplete penetrance and variable expression. Linkage analysis in affected families succeeds in identifying 9 loci determining 9 subtypes of the disease. Genotype phenotype correlation is unclear and the influence of various environmental factors is discussed. OBJECTIVES Genotype phenotype correlation in 2 pairs of monozygotic twins with ARVC and the role of environmental factors are analyzed. PATIENTS AND METHODS Among 40 pts with ARVC and their 195 relatives there were 2 pairs of monozygotic twins: brothers, age 47 y; and sisters, age 48 y. History, ECG, Holter monitoring, 2D and Doppler Echo, and MRI were analyzed. RESULTS Twin brothers: ARVC was diagnosed in the proband after the episode of VT with LBBB morphology (enlarged right ventricle, focal hypokinesia of apex, MR evidence of adipose tissue in RV wall). Identical morphology of RV was seen in asymptomatic twin brother. The patient presenting arrhythmia has been rowing for 4 years. Twin sisters: diagnosis was done during family screening. Both were asymptomatic. RV morphology typical for ARVC was found discrete in one of them (bulges adipose tissue in the RV apex); the latter showed changes suggesting RV abnormality (mild segmental dilatation of infundibulum, adipose tissue in a free wall of the RV). No differences in previous viral infections and sports involvement were observed. CONCLUSIONS 1. Clinical picture of ARVC in monozygotic twins is not identical. 2. Strenuous effort may be a factor triggering the arrhythmia in pts with ARVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbiet K Wlodarska
- Department of Congenital Heart Diseases, I Department of Coronary Arteries Disease, Institute of Cardiology, Alpejska 42, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland.
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42
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Du XJ, Fang L, Kiriazis H. Sex dimorphism in cardiac pathophysiology: experimental findings, hormonal mechanisms, and molecular mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 111:434-75. [PMID: 16439025 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Accepted: 10/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The higher cardiovascular risk in men and post-menopausal women implies a protective action of estrogen. A large number of experimental studies have provided strong support to this concept. However, the recent clinical trials with negative outcomes regarding hormone replacement therapy call for "post hoc" reassessment of existing information, models, and research strategies as well as a summary of recent findings. Sex steroid hormones, in particular estrogen, regulate numerous processes that are related to the development and progression of cardiovascular disease through a variety of signaling pathways. Use of genetically modified models has resulted in interesting information on diverse actions mediated by steroid receptors. By focusing on experimental findings, we have reviewed hormonal, cellular, and signaling mechanisms responsible for sex dimorphism and actions of hormone replacement therapy and addressed current limitations and future directions of experimental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jun Du
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Baker Heart Research Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
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Valdez KE, Turzillo AM. Regulation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activity and apoptosis by estradiol in bovine granulosa cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2005; 243:66-73. [PMID: 16225986 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2005.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2004] [Revised: 08/22/2005] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although atresia of bovine follicles is associated with apoptosis of granulosa cells, the signals initiating this cell death have not been resolved. NF-kappaB has been implicated as an important regulator of genes controlling apoptosis, and previous studies indicate that estradiol may modulate NF-kappaB activation. We hypothesized that estradiol activates NF-kappaB, and thus, inhibits apoptosis in granulosa cells of dominant follicles. Dominant follicles were collected on Days 4, 6, and 8 of the first follicular wave following ovulation and assayed for NF-kappaB activity. Concentrations of estradiol in follicular fluid decreased on Day 6 compared to Day 4 of the wave. NF-kappaB activity in granulosa cells was lower on Day 8 compared to Days 4 and 6. In vitro, NF-kappaB activity and minimal incidence of apoptosis (<4%), as measured by Annexin V and TUNEL assays, were associated with production of estradiol. However, inhibition of NF-kappaB in vitro led to a suppression of apoptosis. These results indicate that follicular NF-kappaB activation is associated with estradiol production. However, whether NF-kappaB is playing a pro- or anti-apoptotic role in granulosa cells of the dominant bovine follicle remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli E Valdez
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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44
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Pelfrey CM, Moldovan IR, Cotleur AC, Zamor N, Rudick RA. Effects of sex hormones on costimulatory molecule expression in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 167:190-203. [PMID: 16046001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sex hormones play a central role as modulators of immune responses and autoimmune diseases. We hypothesized that suppression of MS disease during pregnancy may be mediated by sex steroid hormones via regulation of costimulatory molecules such as CD40L or CD80/CD86 (B7-1/B7-2). We tested two sex hormones that are implicated in immune suppression during pregnancy: estriol and progesterone. We also examined whether this regulation is gender-specific or disease-related. PBMC from untreated relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RR MS) patients and controls were examined for expression of T cell and monocyte costimulatory molecules following mitogen stimulation in the presence or absence of sex hormones. In the absence of hormones, we confirmed that mitogen stimulation induced significantly more CD40L on the surface of CD4(+)T cells in MS patients compared to controls, and we extend these findings by showing there were no gender differences in induction of CD40L. Although supra-physiologic doses of hormones mildly suppressed CD40L expression on activated T cells, in vitro exposure to typical pregnancy-related physiologic doses of estriol or progesterone showed very little or no suppression of CD40L. On monocytes, neither estriol nor progesterone significantly altered the expression of CD80/CD86. These results suggest that physiologic doses of estriol or progesterone cannot alter CD40L on T cells or CD80/CD86 on monocytes sufficiently to explain the improvement observed in MS during pregnancy. Thus, although amelioration of MS and other autoimmune diseases during pregnancy is thought to be due to increased sex hormones, the present results do not support a role for suppression of costimulation via estriol or progesterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara M Pelfrey
- Department of Neurosciences, NC30, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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45
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Inaba K, Suzuki S, Ihara H, Sakaguchi T, Baba S, Urano T, Konno H, Nakamura S. Sexual dimorphism in endotoxin susceptibility after partial hepatectomy in rats. J Hepatol 2005; 42:719-27. [PMID: 15826722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2004] [Revised: 11/17/2004] [Accepted: 12/24/2004] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Liver failure due to endotoxemia after hepatectomy is a fatal complication. Little is known regarding the gender influence on this pathophysiological condition. This study was conducted to investigate whether a gender difference exists in the endotoxin susceptibility after hepatectomy. METHODS Sexually mature male and female rats received an intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as endotoxin, 48h after a two-thirds hepatectomy. RESULTS The 24-h survival rate after LPS administration was significantly higher in females (75%) than in males (38%). Ovariectomy reduced the survival rate in females to 44%. Plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels 1h after LPS were significantly elevated in males and ovariectomized females. The inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression in liver and spleen, and consequent nitric oxide production 3h after LPS were significantly enhanced in males and ovariectomized females when compared to females, in addition to less functional and structural liver damage in females. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate a gender difference in the susceptibility to endotoxemia in the early phase after hepatectomy. Female tolerance to these conditions may be mediated by an inhibition of excessive inflammatory response in the liver and the spleen, partially via the suppression of iNOS gene up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Inaba
- Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan.
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Al-Khlaiwi T, Al-Drees A, Gursoy E, Qureshi I, Biber T, Kalimi M. Estrogen Protects Cardiac Myogenic (H9c2) Rat Cells Against Lethal Heat Shock-Induced Cell Injury. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2005; 45:217-24. [PMID: 15725946 DOI: 10.1097/01.fjc.0000152033.46373.ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we have established that exposure of rat cardiac myoblasts (H9c2 cells) to 46 degrees C for 1 hour (lethal heat shock) resulted in optimal cell injury as determined by lactate dehydrogenase release. Pretreatment of H9c2 cells for 24 hours with 17beta-estradiol significantly protects myoblasts against subsequent lethal heat shock exposure in a concentration-dependent manner with maximum protection obtained at 1 microM of 17beta-estradiol. With Western blotting, it was observed that 17beta-estradiol-protected cells had significantly higher levels of the estrogen receptor alpha and inducible heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels compared with lethal heat shock-exposed cells. In contrast, lethal heat shock-exposed cells had significantly higher levels of total cellular glucocorticoid receptors (GR), both cytoplasmic and nuclear, compared with 17beta-estradiol-protected cells. Immunofluorescence technique using confocal microscopy revealed nuclear localization of the glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in lethal heat shock-exposed H9c2 cells while 17beta-estradiol-protected cells had primarily extranuclear localization of GR. We conclude that (1) 17beta-estradiol protects H9c2 cells against lethal heat shock insult by a receptor-independent mechanism, and (2) the protective effects are likely mediated by modulation of GR, hsp 70, and iNOS expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamir Al-Khlaiwi
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0551, USA
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47
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Abstract
The NF-kappaB family of transcription factors regulates many genes that are essential primarily for the development, maintenance and function of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Thus, aberrant activity of the nuclear factor NF-kappaB has a role in many pathological conditions with inflammatory and autoimmune components. Estrogen receptors (ERs) are transcription factors that mediate the biological responses to the sex hormone estrogen and are essential for reproduction and for functions of the cardiovascular, skeletal and nervous systems. Recent studies have demonstrated molecular cross-talk between these families of transcription factors in which the ER mediates inhibition of NF-kappaB activity at several levels. Such cross-talk between these important regulators of the endocrine and immune systems might be exploited for the treatment of cancer and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetrios Kalaitzidis
- Boston University, Department of Biology, 5 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Jung ME, Gatch MB, Simpkins JW. Estrogen neuroprotection against the neurotoxic effects of ethanol withdrawal: potential mechanisms. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2005; 230:8-22. [PMID: 15618121 DOI: 10.1177/153537020523000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol withdrawal (EW) produces substantial neurotoxic effects, whereas estrogen is neuroprotective. Given observations that both human and nonhuman female subjects often show less impairment following EW, it is reasonable to hypothesize that estrogens may protect females from the neurotoxic effects of ethanol. This article is based on the assumption that the behavioral deficits seen following EW are produced in part by neuronal death triggered by oxidative insults produced by EW. The EW leads to activation of protein kinase C, especially PKCepsilon, which subsequently triggers apoptotic downstream events such as phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkappaB) complex. On phosphorylation, active NFkappaB translocates to the nucleus, binds to DNA, and activates caspases, which trigger DNA fragmentation and apoptosis. In contrast, estrogens are antioxidant, inhibit overexpression of PKCepsilon, and suppress expression of NFkappaB and caspases. Estrogen treatment reduces the behavioral deficits seen during EW and attenuates molecular signals of apoptosis. The effects of ethanol and estrogen on each step in the signaling cascade from ethanol exposure to apoptosis are reviewed, and potential mechanisms by which estrogen could produce neuronal protection against the neurotoxicity produced by EW are identified. These studies serve as a guide for continuing research into the mechanisms of the neuroprotective effects of estrogen during EW and for the development of potential estrogen-based treatments for male and female alcoholics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Jung
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
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Lu X, Farmer P, Rubin J, Nanes MS. Integration of the NfkappaB p65 subunit into the vitamin D receptor transcriptional complex: identification of p65 domains that inhibit 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-stimulated transcription. J Cell Biochem 2005; 92:833-48. [PMID: 15211579 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to the action of vitamin D (D) occurs in response to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), an effect mediated by nuclear factor kappa B (NfkappaB). To determine the mechanism of NfkappaB inhibition of D-stimulated transcription, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays (CHIP) were done in osteoblastic ROS 17/2.8 cells that had been treated with TNF-alpha or transfected with the p65 subunit of NfkappaB. These treatments caused stable incorporation of p65 into the transcription complex bound to the vitamin D response element (VDRE) of the osteocalcin promoter. Deletion analysis of p65 functional domains revealed that the p65 N-terminus and a midmolecular region were both required for the inhibitory action of p65. Pull-down assays were done using an immobilized glutathione S-transferase (GST)-VDR fusion protein to study the effect of p65 on VDR binding to steroid coactivator-1 (SRC-1), a major D-dependent coactivator. p65 inhibited VDR-SRC-1 binding in a dose-dependent manner. Mutations of p65 that abrogated the inhibitory effect on D-stimulated transcription also failed to inhibit VDR-SRC-1 binding. The inhibitory effect of p65 on VDR transactivation was not due to recruitment of a histone deacetylase (HDAC), since inhibition was not relieved by the HDAC inhibitors sodium butyrate or trichostatin A. Overexpression of SRC-1 or the general coactivators, Creb binding protein or SRC-3, also failed to relieve p65 inhibition of transcription. In addition, Chip assays revealed that TNF-alpha treatment prevented D recruitment of SRC-1 to the transcription complex. These results show that TNF-alpha inhibition of vitamin D-action includes stable integration of p65 in the VDR transcription complex. Once anchored to proteins within the complex, p65 disrupts VDR binding to SRC-1, thus decreasing the efficiency of D-stimulated gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghuai Lu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Emory University School of Medicine and VA Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30033, USA
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50
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Harnish DC, Albert LM, Leathurby Y, Eckert AM, Ciarletta A, Kasaian M, Keith JC. Beneficial effects of estrogen treatment in the HLA-B27 transgenic rat model of inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004; 286:G118-25. [PMID: 12958017 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00024.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A well-established model of bowel inflammation is the HLA-B27 transgenic rat that exhibits a spontaneous disease phenotype resulting in chronic diarrhea caused by immune cell activation. Estrogens have previously been shown to modulate the immune system, and both estrogen receptors (ERalpha and ERbeta) are present in the intestine and cells of the immune system. Therefore, the ability of estrogen to ameliorate disease progression in the HLA-B27 transgenic rat was determined. HLA-B27 transgenic rats with chronic diarrhea were treated with 17alpha-ethynyl-17beta-estradiol (EE) for 5 days. EE treatment dramatically improved stool scores after only 3 days. Histological scores of the degree of ulceration, inflammatory cell infiltration, fibrosis, and lesion depth of the colon were also improved by EE treatment. Because neutrophil infiltration into the colon is involved in the development and propagation of disease, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was measured. MPO levels were reduced by 80% by EE treatment. Cotreatment with the pure ER antagonist ICI-182780 (ICI) blocked the effects of EE on stool character, MPO activity, and histology scores, strongly suggesting that the activity of EE is mediated through ER. Mast cell proteases can promote neutrophil infiltration, and gene expression analysis demonstrated that mast cell protease 1, 3, and 4 mRNA were all decreased in colons from estrogen-treated rats. In addition, a direct effect of estrogen on bone marrow-derived mast cell activity was demonstrated, suggesting that ER-mediated inactivation of mast cells may contribute to the improvement in the clinical sign and histological scores in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Harnish
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research, Wyeth, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
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