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Chen XY, Yang W, Xue Y, Xie AM, Sun XR, Chen L. Orexin increases the neuronal excitability of several brain areas associated with maintaining of arousal. J Neurochem 2024; 168:2379-2390. [PMID: 39092633 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Orexin is exclusively produced in neurons localized within the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and perifornical area (PFA). Orexin has been identified as a key promotor of arousal. The selective loss of orexinergic neurons results in narcolepsy. It is known that the intrinsic electrophysiological properties are critical for neurons to perform their functions in corresponding brain regions. In addition to hypothalamic orexin, other brain nuclei are involved in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. Quite a lot of studies focus on elucidating orexin-induced regulation of sleep-wake states and modulation of neuronal electrophysiological properties in several brain regions. Here, we summarize that the orexinergic neurons exhibit spontaneous firing activity which is associated with the states of sleep-wake cycle. Orexin mainly exerts postsynaptic excitatory effects on multiple brain nuclei associated with the process of sleep and wakefulness. This review may provide a background to guide future research about the cellular mechanisms of orexin-induced maintaining of arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wu Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Xue
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - An-Mu Xie
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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2
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Bandarabadi M, Li S, Aeschlimann L, Colombo G, Tzanoulinou S, Tafti M, Becchetti A, Boutrel B, Vassalli A. Inactivation of hypocretin receptor-2 signaling in dopaminergic neurons induces hyperarousal and enhanced cognition but impaired inhibitory control. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:327-341. [PMID: 38123729 PMCID: PMC11116111 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02329-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Hypocretin/Orexin (HCRT/OX) and dopamine (DA) are both key effectors of salience processing, reward and stress-related behaviors and motivational states, yet their respective roles and interactions are poorly delineated. We inactivated HCRT-to-DA connectivity by genetic disruption of Hypocretin receptor-1 (Hcrtr1), Hypocretin receptor-2 (Hcrtr2), or both receptors (Hcrtr1&2) in DA neurons and analyzed the consequences on vigilance states, brain oscillations and cognitive performance in freely behaving mice. Unexpectedly, loss of Hcrtr2, but not Hcrtr1 or Hcrtr1&2, induced a dramatic increase in theta (7-11 Hz) electroencephalographic (EEG) activity in both wakefulness and rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMS). DAHcrtr2-deficient mice spent more time in an active (or theta activity-enriched) substate of wakefulness, and exhibited prolonged REMS. Additionally, both wake and REMS displayed enhanced theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling. The baseline waking EEG of DAHcrtr2-deficient mice exhibited diminished infra-theta, but increased theta power, two hallmarks of EEG hyperarousal, that were however uncoupled from locomotor activity. Upon exposure to novel, either rewarding or stress-inducing environments, DAHcrtr2-deficient mice featured more pronounced waking theta and fast-gamma (52-80 Hz) EEG activity surges compared to littermate controls, further suggesting increased alertness. Cognitive performance was evaluated in an operant conditioning paradigm, which revealed that DAHcrtr2-ablated mice manifest faster task acquisition and higher choice accuracy under increasingly demanding task contingencies. However, the mice concurrently displayed maladaptive patterns of reward-seeking, with behavioral indices of enhanced impulsivity and compulsivity. None of the EEG changes observed in DAHcrtr2-deficient mice were seen in DAHcrtr1-ablated mice, which tended to show opposite EEG phenotypes. Our findings establish a clear genetically-defined link between monosynaptic HCRT-to-DA neurotransmission and theta oscillations, with a differential and novel role of HCRTR2 in theta-gamma cross-frequency coupling, attentional processes, and executive functions, relevant to disorders including narcolepsy, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Bandarabadi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lea Aeschlimann
- Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, The Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Colombo
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Mehdi Tafti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Becchetti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Benjamin Boutrel
- Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, The Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne Vassalli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Pintwala SK, Peever J. Brain Circuits Underlying Narcolepsy. Neuroscientist 2023; 29:751-766. [PMID: 34704497 DOI: 10.1177/10738584211052263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder manifesting symptoms such as excessive daytime sleepiness and often cataplexy, a sudden and involuntary loss of muscle activity during wakefulness. The underlying neuropathological basis of narcolepsy is the loss of orexin neurons from the lateral hypothalamus. To date numerous animal models of narcolepsy have been produced in the laboratory, being invaluable tools for delineating the brain circuits of narcolepsy. This review will examine the evidence regarding the function of the orexin system, and how loss of this wake-promoting system manifests in excessive daytime sleepiness. This review will also outline the brain circuits controlling cataplexy, focusing on the contribution of orexin signaling loss in narcolepsy. Although our understanding of the brain circuits of narcolepsy has made great progress in recent years, much remains to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Peever
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Hersey M, Tanda G. Modafinil, an atypical CNS stimulant? ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2023; 99:287-326. [PMID: 38467484 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Modafinil is a central nervous system stimulant approved for the treatment of narcolepsy and sleep disorders. Due to its wide range of biochemical actions, modafinil has been explored for other potential therapeutic uses. Indeed, it has shown promise as a therapy for cognitive disfunction resulting from neurologic disorders like ADHD, and as a smart drug in non-medical settings. The mechanism(s) of actions underlying the therapeutic efficacy of this agent remains largely elusive. Modafinil is known to inhibit the dopamine transporter, thus decreasing dopamine reuptake following neuronal release, an effect shared by addictive psychostimulants. However, modafinil is unique in that only a few cases of dependence on this drug have been reported, as compared to other psychostimulants. Moreover, modafinil has been tested, with some success, as a potential therapeutic agent to combat psychostimulant and other substance use disorders. Modafinil has additional, but less understood, actions on other neurotransmitter systems (GABA, glutamate, serotonin, norepinephrine, etc.). These interactions, together with its ability to activate selected brain regions, are likely one of the keys to understand its unique pharmacology and therapeutic activity as a CNS stimulant. In this chapter, we outline the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of modafinil that suggest it has an "atypical" CNS stimulant profile. We also highlight the current approved and off label uses of modafinil, including its beneficial effects as a treatment for sleep disorders, cognitive functions, and substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Hersey
- Medication Development Program, NIDA-IRP, NIH, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Gianluigi Tanda
- Medication Development Program, NIDA-IRP, NIH, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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5
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Bouâouda H, Jha PK. Orexin and MCH neurons: regulators of sleep and metabolism. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1230428. [PMID: 37674517 PMCID: PMC10478345 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1230428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep-wake and fasting-feeding are tightly coupled behavioral states that require coordination between several brain regions. The mammalian lateral hypothalamus (LH) is a functionally and anatomically complex brain region harboring heterogeneous cell populations that regulate sleep, feeding, and energy metabolism. Significant attempts were made to understand the cellular and circuit bases of LH actions. Rapid advancements in genetic and electrophysiological manipulation help to understand the role of discrete LH cell populations. The opposing action of LH orexin/hypocretin and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons on metabolic sensing and sleep-wake regulation make them the candidate to explore in detail. This review surveys the molecular, genetic, and neuronal components of orexin and MCH signaling in the regulation of sleep and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Bouâouda
- Pharmacology Institute, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pawan Kumar Jha
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Chatterjee O, Gopalakrishnan L, Pullimamidi D, Raj C, Yelamanchi S, Gangadharappa BS, Nair B, Mahadevan A, Raju R, Keshava Prasad TS. A molecular network map of orexin-orexin receptor signaling system. J Cell Commun Signal 2023; 17:217-227. [PMID: 36480100 PMCID: PMC10030760 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-022-00700-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexins are excitatory neuropeptides, which are predominantly associated with feeding behavior, sleep-wake cycle and energy homeostasis. The orexinergic system comprises of HCRTR1 and HCRTR2, G-protein-coupled receptors of rhodopsin family and the endogenous ligands processed from HCRT pro-hormone, Orexin A and Orexin B. These neuropeptides are biosynthesized by the orexin neurons present in the lateral hypothalamus area, with dense projections to other brain regions. The orexin-receptor signaling is implicated in various metabolic as well as neurological disorders, making it a promising target for pharmacological interventions. However, there is limited information available on the collective representation of the signal transduction pathways pertaining to the orexin-orexin receptor signaling system. Here, we depict a compendium of the Orexin A/B stimulated reactions in the form of a basic signaling pathway map. This map catalogs the reactions into five categories: molecular association, activation/inhibition, catalysis, transport, and gene regulation. A total of 318 downstream molecules were annotated adhering to the guidelines of NetPath curation. This pathway map can be utilized for further assessment of signaling events associated with orexin-mediated physiological functions and is freely available on WikiPathways, an open-source pathway database ( https://www.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP5094 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oishi Chatterjee
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, 560 066, Bangalore, India
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, 690 525, Kollam, India
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), 575 018, Mangalore, India
| | - Lathika Gopalakrishnan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, 560 066, Bangalore, India
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), 575 018, Mangalore, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), 576 104, Manipal, India
| | | | - Chinmayi Raj
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, 560 066, Bangalore, India
| | - Soujanya Yelamanchi
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, 560 066, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Bipin Nair
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, 690 525, Kollam, India
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Human Brain Tissue Repository, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, 560 029, Bangalore, India
- Department of Neuropathology, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, 560 029, Bangalore, India
| | - Rajesh Raju
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), 575 018, Mangalore, India.
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), 575 018, Mangalore, India.
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Guo X, Zhang L, Xiao K. Effect of Kisspeptin-Type Neuropeptide on Locomotor Behavior and Muscle Physiology in the Sea Cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040705. [PMID: 36830492 PMCID: PMC9951865 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptins are neuropeptides encoded by the kiss1 gene, and little is known about them outside the vertebrate lineage. Two kisspeptin-type neuropeptides (KPs) have been discovered in Apostichopus japonicus (AjK1 and AjK2), an edible sea cucumber, and have been linked to reproductive and metabolic regulation. In this study, we evaluated how KPs affected locomotor behavior in one control group and two treatment groups (AjK1 and AjK2). We discovered that AjK1 had a significant dose effect, primarily by shortening the stride length and duration of movement to reduce the sea cucumber movement distance, whereas AjK2 had little inhibitory effect at the same dose. The levels of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), uridine, glycine, and L-serine in the longitudinal muscle of A. japonicus treated with AjK1 differed significantly from those of the control, which may explain the observed changes in locomotor behavior. Treatment with AjK2 induced changes in aspartate levels. Our results imply that AjK1 is more likely than AjK2 to have a role in the regulation of A. japonicus locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Libin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Kang Xiao
- Beijing Yanshan Earth Critical Zone National Research Station, College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
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8
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Guo R, Vaughan DT, Rojo ALA, Huang YH. Sleep-mediated regulation of reward circuits: implications in substance use disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:61-78. [PMID: 35710601 PMCID: PMC9700806 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our modern society suffers from both pervasive sleep loss and substance abuse-what may be the indications for sleep on substance use disorders (SUDs), and could sleep contribute to the individual variations in SUDs? Decades of research in sleep as well as in motivated behaviors have laid the foundation for us to begin to answer these questions. This review is intended to critically summarize the circuit, cellular, and molecular mechanisms by which sleep influences reward function, and to reveal critical challenges for future studies. The review also suggests that improving sleep quality may serve as complementary therapeutics for treating SUDs, and that formulating sleep metrics may be useful for predicting individual susceptibility to SUDs and other reward-associated psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Dylan Thomas Vaughan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ana Lourdes Almeida Rojo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yanhua H Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
- The Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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9
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Stapelberg NJC, Bui TA, Mansour V, Johnson S, Branjerdporn G, Adhikary S, Ashton K, Taylor N, Headrick JP. The pathophysiology of major depressive disorder through the lens of systems biology: Network analysis of the psycho-immune-neuroendocrine physiome. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 372:577959. [PMID: 36095861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The psycho-immune-neuroendocrine (PINE) network is a predominantly physiological (metabolomic) model constructed from the literature, inter-linking multiple biological processes associated with major depressive disorder (MDD), thereby integrating putative mechanistic pathways for MDD into a single network. MATERIAL AND METHODS Previously published metabolomic pathways for the PINE network based on literature searches conducted in 1991-2021 were used to construct an edge table summarizing all physiological pathways in pairs of origin nodes and target nodes. The Gephi software program was used to calculate network metrics from the edge table, including total degree and centrality measures, to ascertain key network nodes and construct a directed network graph. RESULTS An edge table and directional network graph of physiological relationships in the PINE network is presented. The network has properties consistent with complex biological systems, with analysis yielding key network nodes comprising pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF- α, IL6 and IL1), glucocorticoids and corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH). These may represent central structural and regulatory elements in the context of MDD. CONCLUSION The identified hubs have a high degree of connection and are known to play roles in the progression from health to MDD. These nodes represent strategic targets for therapeutic intervention or prevention. Future work is required to build a weighted and dynamic simulation of the network PINE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J C Stapelberg
- Bond University, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Robina, Australia; Gold Coast Health, Southport, Australia
| | | | - Verena Mansour
- Bond University, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Robina, Australia
| | | | - Grace Branjerdporn
- Gold Coast Health, Southport, Australia; Mater Young Adult Health Service, Mater Hospital, South Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Sam Adhikary
- Mater Young Adult Health Service, Mater Hospital, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kevin Ashton
- Bond University, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Robina, Australia
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10
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Onge ES, Phillips B, Rowe C. Daridorexant: A New Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonist for Insomnia. J Pharm Technol 2022; 38:297-303. [PMID: 36046352 PMCID: PMC9420920 DOI: 10.1177/87551225221112546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To review the safety, efficacy, and tolerability of daridorexant in treating insomnia characterized by difficulties with sleep onset and/or sleep maintenance in adult patients. Data Sources: A literature search was performed through PubMed using the following key terms: daridorexant, ACT-541468, orexin, insomnia, and sleep. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Selected articles included those which described clinical studies of the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, or tolerability of daridorexant. Data Synthesis: Daridorexant works through antagonism of the dual orexin receptor. It is the third agent in this class of medications approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Daridorexant, at a dose of 25 mg to 50 mg, was shown to be effective in improving sleep parameters in phase 3 clinical studies and was well tolerated. Adverse event rates from phase 2 and 3 clinical trials were low with fatigue, nasopharyngitis, gait disturbance, somnolence, diarrhea, and headache most commonly reported. Conclusions: All currently available agents for treating insomnia have received a "weak" recommendation in the clinical practice guidelines, including the dual orexin receptor antagonist class of medications. Initial data suggest that with routine use daridorexant does not impair next day functioning, a common issue with other agents used to treat insomnia. In addition, daridorexant appears to be as safe and effective in treating insomnia in patients of all ages including those ≥65 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin St. Onge
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Bradley Phillips
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Casey Rowe
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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11
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Robinson CL, Supra R, Downs E, Kataria S, Parker K, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Urits I. Daridorexant for the Treatment of Insomnia. Health Psychol Res 2022; 10:37400. [PMID: 36045942 PMCID: PMC9425279 DOI: 10.52965/001c.37400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose of Review Insomnia is a complex sleeping disorder that affects the lives of many individuals worldwide. Insomnia often occurs in the presence of coexisting comorbidities making it a complex disorder that requires a multifactorial approach to therapy. First-line therapy is cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I). Pharmacotherapy for insomnia falls into four classes based on mechanism of action: benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BZRAs), histamine receptor antagonists, melatonin receptor agonists, and dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs). Recent Findings Daridorexant is a dual orexin type 1 and types 2 (OX1 and OX2) receptor antagonist that was recently approved by the US FDA for the treatment of adults suffering from insomnia. It was shown to be effective in reducing insomnia symptoms, increasing daytime functioning, and improving the overall quality of sleep. Daridorexant offers patients relief from insomnia while avoiding the severe side effects and dependency issues of traditional treatments like benzodiazepines and sedatives. Summary In this article, we review the most recent data on insomnia treatments and summarize the safety and efficacy of daridorexant in treating insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Evan Downs
- Louisiana State University Health New Orleans School of Medicine
| | - Saurabh Kataria
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center at Shreveport
| | - Katelyn Parker
- Louisiana State University Health New Orleans School of Medicine
| | - Alan D Kaye
- Department of Anesthesia, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans School of Medicine
| | - Omar Viswanath
- Envision Physician Services, Valley Anesthesiology and Pain Consultants
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12
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Karami N, Azari H, Rahimi M, Aligholi H, Kalantari T. A study on the effect of JNJ-10397049 on proliferation and differentiation of neural precursor cells. Anat Cell Biol 2022; 55:179-189. [PMID: 35466086 PMCID: PMC9256489 DOI: 10.5115/acb.21.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The orexin 2 receptor plays a central role in maintaining sleep and wakefulness. Recently, it has been shown that sleep and wakefulness orchestrate the proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocytes. Here, we explored the role of a selective orexin 2 receptor antagonist (JNJ-10397049) in proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). We evaluated the proliferation potential of NPCs after exposure to different concentrations of JNJ-10397049 by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and neurosphere assays. Moreover, the expression of differentiation markers was assessed by immunocytochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction. JNJ-10397049 significantly increased the proliferation of NPCs at lower concentrations. In addition, orexin 2 receptor antagonist facilitated progression of differentiation of NPCs towards oligodendroglial lineage by considerable expression of Olig2 and 2’,3’-cyclic-nucleotide 3’-phosphodiesterase as well as decreased expression of nestin marker. The results open a new avenue for future investigations in which the production of more oligodendrocytes from NPCs is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Karami
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hassan Azari
- Neural Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Moosa Rahimi
- Laboratory of Basic Sciences, Mohammad Rasul Allah Research Tower, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hadi Aligholi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Kalantari
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Mavanji V, Georgopoulos AP, Kotz CM. Orexin enhances neuronal synchronization in adult rat hypothalamic culture: a model to study hypothalamic function. J Neurophysiol 2022; 127:1221-1229. [PMID: 35353632 PMCID: PMC9054260 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00041.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of sleep/wake behavior and energy homeostasis is maintained in part by the hypothalamic neuropeptide orexin A (OXA, hypocretin). Reduction in orexin signaling is associated with sleep disorders and obesity, whereas higher lateral hypothalamic (LH) orexin signaling and sensitivity promotes obesity resistance. Similarly, dysregulation of hypothalamic neural networks is associated with onset of age-related diseases, including obesity and several neurological diseases. Despite the association of obesity and aging, and that adult populations are the target for the majority of pharmaceutical and obesity studies, conventional models for neuronal networks utilize embryonic neural cultures rather than adult neurons. Synchronous activity describes correlated changes in neuronal activity between neurons and is a feature of normal brain function, and is a measure of functional connectivity and final output from a given neural structure. Earlier studies show alterations in hypothalamic synchronicity following behavioral perturbations in embryonic neurons obtained from obesity-resistant rats and following application of orexin onto embryonic hypothalamic cultures. Synchronous network dynamics in adult hypothalamic neurons remain largely undescribed. To address this, we established an adult rat hypothalamic culture in multi-electrode-array (MEA) dishes and recorded the field potentials. Then we studied the effect of exogenous orexin on network synchronization of these adult hypothalamic cultures. In addition, we studied the wake promoting effects of orexin in vivo when directly injected into the lateral hypothalamus (LH). Our results showed that the adult hypothalamic cultures are viable for nearly 3 mo in vitro, good quality MEA recordings can be obtained from these cultures in vitro, and finally, that cultured adult hypothalamus is responsive to orexin. These results support that adult rat hypothalamic cultures could be used as a model to study the neural mechanisms underlying obesity. In addition, LH administration of OXA enhanced wakefulness in rats, indicating that OXA enhances wakefulness partly by promoting neural synchrony in the hypothalamus.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study, for the first time, demonstrates that adult hypothalamic cultures are viable in vitro for a prolonged duration and are electrophysiologically active. In addition, the study shows that orexin enhances neural synchronization in adult hypothalamic cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Mavanji
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Apostolos P Georgopoulos
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Brain Sciences Center, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Center for Cognitive Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Catherine M Kotz
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Minnesota Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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The 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) and the 3-iodothyroacetic acid (TA1) indicate a novel connection with the histamine system for neuroprotection. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 912:174606. [PMID: 34717926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) and 3-iodothryoacetic acid (TA1), are endogenous occurring compounds structurally related with thyroid hormones (THs, the pro-hormone T4 and the active hormone T3) initially proposed as possible mediators of the rapid effects of T3. However, after years from their identification, the physio-pathological meaning of T1AM and TA1 tissue levels remains an unsolved issue while pharmacological evidence indicates both compounds promote in rodents central and peripheral effects with mechanisms which remain mostly elusive. Pharmacodynamics of T1AM includes the recognition of G-coupled receptors, ion channels but also biotransformation into an active metabolite, i.e. the TA1. Furthermore, long term T1AM treatment associates with post-translational modifications of cell proteins. Such array of signaling may represent an added value, rather than a limit, equipping T1AM to play different functions depending on local expression of targets and enzymes involved in its biotransformation. Up to date, no information regarding TA1 mechanistic is available. We here review some of the main findings describing effects of T1AM (and TA1) which suggest these compounds interplay with the histaminergic system. These data reveal T1AM and TA1 are part of a network of signals involved in neuronal plasticity including neuroprotection and suggest T1AM and TA1 as lead compounds for a novel class of atypical psychoactive drugs.
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15
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A deep learning algorithm for sleep stage scoring in mice based on a multimodal network with fine-tuning technique. Neurosci Res 2021; 173:99-105. [PMID: 34280429 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sleep stage scoring is important to determine sleep structure in preclinical and clinical research. The aim of this study was to develop an automatic sleep stage classification system for mice with a new deep neural network algorithm. For the purpose of base feature extraction, wake-sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) and non- rapid eye movement (NREM) models were developed by extracting defining features from mouse-derived electromyogram (EMG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, respectively. The wake-sleep model and REM-NREM sleep model were integrated into three different algorithms including a rule-based integration approach, an ensemble stacking approach, and a multimodal with fine-tuning approach. The deep learning algorithm assessing sleep stages in animal experiments by the multimodal with fine-tuning approach showed high potential for increasing accuracy in sleep stage scoring in mice and promoting sleep research.
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16
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Kamei C. [Effects of Histamine and Related Compounds on the Central Nervous System]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2021; 141:93-110. [PMID: 33390452 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.20-00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There has been little information about the role of histamine on the central nervous system (CNS), different from dopamine and serotonin. In the present study, therefore, the effects of histamine and related compounds on the CNS were studied using rats. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of histamine and 2-methylhistamine ameliorated memory deficit after long interrution of learning in active avoidance response. First generation H1-antagonists inhibited active avoidance response, whereas newly develpoed H1-antagonists showed little effect. α-Fluoromethylhistidine, an histidine decarboxylase inhibitor, also inhibited active avoidance response. In radial maze performance, almost the same findings were obtained. I.c.v. injection of histamine and H1-agonists inhibited amygdaloid kindled seizures. First generation H1-antagonists attenuated histamine-induced inhibition of amygdaloid kindled seizures. Both i.c.v. and intraperitoneal injections of H3-antagonist, thioperamide, resulted in a dose-related inhibition of amygdaloid kindled seizures. The effect of thioperamide was inhibited by an H3-agonists and H1-antagonists. Similar to nitrazepam, diphenhydramine and chlorpheniramine caused a shortening of sleep latency. On the other hand, no significant effects were observed with second generation H1-antagonists. These findings suggest that histamine plays an important role in learning and memory via H1-receptors, an inhibition of amygdaloid kindled seizures induced by histamine occurred through not only H1-receptors but also H3-receptors, and that classic H1-antagonists can be useful as a effective hypnotic for difficulty in falling asleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Kamei
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yasuda Women's University.,Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
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17
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Nonclinical pharmacology of daridorexant: a new dual orexin receptor antagonist for the treatment of insomnia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2693-2708. [PMID: 34415378 PMCID: PMC8455402 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05954-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) represent a novel type of sleep medication that provide an alternative to the traditionally used positive allosteric gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor modulators. Daridorexant is a new DORA that exhibited in phase 3 trials in insomnia not only a beneficial effect on sleep variables, measured objectively and assessed subjectively, but also an improvement in daytime functioning. Daridorexant was discovered through a tailored research program aimed at identifying an optimized sleep-promoting molecule with pharmacokinetic properties appropriate for covering the whole night while avoiding next-morning residual activity at efficacious doses. By specific binding to both orexin receptors, daridorexant inhibits the actions of the wake-promoting orexin (also called hypocretin) neuropeptides. This mechanism avoids a more widespread inhibition of neuronal pathways and associated side effects that are intrinsic to positive allosteric GABA-A receptor modulators. Here, we review the general pharmacology of daridorexant, based on nonclinical pharmacology studies of daridorexant, unpublished or already described, or based on work with other DORAs. Some unique features of daridorexant will be highlighted, such as the promotion of natural and surmountable sleep, the preservation of memory and cognition, the absence of tolerance development or risk of physical dependence, and how it can benefit daytime functioning.
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18
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James MH, Fragale JE, O'Connor SL, Zimmer BA, Aston-Jones G. The orexin (hypocretin) neuropeptide system is a target for novel therapeutics to treat cocaine use disorder with alcohol coabuse. Neuropharmacology 2020; 183:108359. [PMID: 33091458 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An estimated 50-90% of individuals with cocaine use disorder (CUD) also report using alcohol. Cocaine users report coabusing alcohol to 'self-medicate' against the negative emotional side effects of the cocaine 'crash', including the onset of anxiety. Thus, pharmaceutical strategies to treat CUD would ideally reduce the motivational properties of cocaine, alcohol, and their combination, as well as reduce the onset of anxiety during drug withdrawal. The hypothalamic orexin (hypocretin) neuropeptide system offers a promising target, as orexin neurons are critically involved in activating behavioral and physiological states to respond to both positive and negative motivators. Here, we seek to describe studies demonstrating efficacy of orexin receptor antagonists in reducing cocaine, alcohol- and stress-related behaviors, but note that these studies have largely focused on each of these phenomena in isolation. For orexin-based compounds to be viable in the clinical setting, we argue that it is imperative that their efficacy be tested in animal models that account for polysubstance use patterns. To begin to examine this, we present new data showing that rats' preferred level of cocaine intake is significantly increased following chronic homecage access to alcohol. We also report that cocaine intake and motivation are reduced by a selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist when rats have a history of cocaine + alcohol, but not a limited history of cocaine alone. In light of these proof-of-principle data, we outline what we believe to be the key priorities going forward with respect to further examining the orexin system in models of polysubstance use. This article is part of the special issue on Neurocircuitry Modulating Drug and Alcohol Abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan H James
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer E Fragale
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Shayna L O'Connor
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Benjamin A Zimmer
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Gary Aston-Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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19
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Guevarra JT, Hiensch R, Varga AW, Rapoport DM. Pitolisant to Treat Excessive Daytime Sleepiness and Cataplexy in Adults with Narcolepsy: Rationale and Clinical Utility. Nat Sci Sleep 2020; 12:709-719. [PMID: 33117007 PMCID: PMC7567539 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s264140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder marked by chronic, debilitating excessive daytime sleepiness and can be associated with cataplexy, sleep paralysis and sleep-related hallucinations. Pharmacological therapy for narcolepsy primarily aims to increase wakefulness and reduce cataplexy attacks. Pitolisant is a first-in-class agent utilizing histamine to improve wakefulness by acting as an antagonist/inverse agonist of the presynaptic histamine 3 receptor. This review summarizes the clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability of pitolisant in treating the symptoms of narcolepsy. Randomized and observational studies demonstrate pitolisant to be effective in treating both hypersomnolence and cataplexy while generally being well tolerated at prescribed doses. The most common adverse reactions include headache, insomnia and nausea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay T Guevarra
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029, USA
| | - Robert Hiensch
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029, USA
| | - Andrew W Varga
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029, USA
| | - David M Rapoport
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029, USA
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20
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Préville C, Bonaventure P, Koudriakova T, Lord B, Nepomuceno D, Rizzolio M, Mani N, Coe KJ, Ndifor A, Dugovic C, Dvorak CA, Coate H, Pippel DJ, Fitzgerald A, Allison B, Lovenberg TW, Carruthers NI, Shireman BT. Substituted Azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes as Selective Orexin-1 Antagonists: Discovery of JNJ-54717793. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2002-2009. [PMID: 33062185 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The orexin system consists of two neuropeptides (orexin-A and orexin-B) that exert their mode of action on two receptors (orexin-1 and orexin-2). While the role of the orexin-2 receptor is established as an important modulator of sleep wake states, the role of the orexin-1 receptor is believed to play a role in addiction, panic, or anxiety. In this manuscript, we describe the optimization of a nonselective substituted azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) into orally bioavailable, brain penetrating, selective orexin-1 receptor (OX1R) antagonists. This resulted in the discovery of our first candidate for clinical development, JNJ-54717793.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Préville
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Pascal Bonaventure
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tatiana Koudriakova
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Brian Lord
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Diane Nepomuceno
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michele Rizzolio
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Neelakandha Mani
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kevin J. Coe
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Anthony Ndifor
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Christine Dugovic
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Curt A. Dvorak
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Heather Coate
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Daniel J. Pippel
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Anne Fitzgerald
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Brett Allison
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Timothy W. Lovenberg
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Nicholas I. Carruthers
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Brock T. Shireman
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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21
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Stein T, Tonussi CR. Involvement of the tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus in the modulation of nociception and joint edema in a model of monoarthritis. Life Sci 2020; 262:118521. [PMID: 33022280 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Investigate the involvement of the histaminergic projections from tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) to the spinal cord in the modulation of nociception and peripheral edema in a model of monoarthritis. MAIN METHODS Subacute monoarthritis was induced by an intraarticular injection of carrageenan followed by LPS 72 h later. Disability and joint edema were assessed at the 3rd hour after LPS and at every hour up to 6 h. KEY FINDINGS Intrathecal administration of histamine potentiated joint incapacitation and edema, while the H1R antagonist cetirizine decreased both. The H3R agonist immepip decreased both incapacitation and edema, while the H3R antagonist thioperamide had the opposite effect. The microinjection of glutamate into the ventral TMN (vTMN) caused an increase of incapacitation and articular edema, whereas the blockade of this nucleus by cobalt chloride inhibited both parameters. Intrathecal administration of cetirizine prevented the increase of incapacitation and joint edema caused by glutamate microinjection into the vTMN. Similarly, an intrathecal injection of the NKCC1 cotransporter inhibitor bumetanide prevented the effects of glutamate microinjection into the vTMN, whereas coadministration of histamine with bumetanide only inhibited the potentiation of joint edema. A microinjection of orexin B into the vTMN potentiated incapacitation and joint edema, while coadministration of the OX1/2 receptor antagonist almorexant with orexin B did not. SIGNIFICANCE These data support the notion that TMN participates in the modulation of a peripheral inflammatory process by means of histaminergic projections to the spinal cord, and the hypothalamus may trigger TMN activation by means of glutamate and orexin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Stein
- Program in Biosciences and Health, State University of Western Paraná, Cascavel, PR 85819-110, Brazil
| | - C R Tonussi
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil.
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22
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Yoshikawa T, Nakamura T, Yanai K. Histaminergic neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus as a control centre for wakefulness. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:750-769. [PMID: 32744724 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Histamine plays pleiotropic roles as a neurotransmitter in the physiology of brain function, this includes the maintenance of wakefulness, appetite regulation and memory retrieval. Since numerous studies have revealed an association between histaminergic dysfunction and diverse neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, a large number of compounds acting on the brain histamine system have been developed to treat neurological disorders. In 2016, pitolisant, which was developed as a histamine H3 receptor inverse agonist by Schwartz and colleagues, was launched for the treatment of narcolepsy, emphasising the prominent role of brain histamine on wakefulness. Recent advances in neuroscientific techniques such as chemogenetic and optogenetic approaches have led to remarkable progress in the understanding of histaminergic neural circuits essential for the control of wakefulness. In this review article, we summarise the basic knowledge about the histaminergic nervous system and the mechanisms underlying sleep/wake regulation that are controlled by the brain histamine system. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Neurochemistry in Japan. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.4/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Yoshikawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tadaho Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yanai
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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23
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Natsubori A, Tsunematsu T, Karashima A, Imamura H, Kabe N, Trevisiol A, Hirrlinger J, Kodama T, Sanagi T, Masamoto K, Takata N, Nave KA, Matsui K, Tanaka KF, Honda M. Intracellular ATP levels in mouse cortical excitatory neurons varies with sleep-wake states. Commun Biol 2020; 3:491. [PMID: 32895482 PMCID: PMC7477120 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01215-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Whilst the brain is assumed to exert homeostatic functions to keep the cellular energy status constant under physiological conditions, this has not been experimentally proven. Here, we conducted in vivo optical recordings of intracellular concentration of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), the major cellular energy metabolite, using a genetically encoded sensor in the mouse brain. We demonstrate that intracellular ATP levels in cortical excitatory neurons fluctuate in a cortex-wide manner depending on the sleep-wake states, correlating with arousal. Interestingly, ATP levels profoundly decreased during rapid eye movement sleep, suggesting a negative energy balance in neurons despite a simultaneous increase in cerebral hemodynamics for energy supply. The reduction in intracellular ATP was also observed in response to local electrical stimulation for neuronal activation, whereas the hemodynamics were simultaneously enhanced. These observations indicate that cerebral energy metabolism may not always meet neuronal energy demands, consequently resulting in physiological fluctuations of intracellular ATP levels in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyo Natsubori
- Sleep Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.
| | - Tomomi Tsunematsu
- Super-network Brain Physiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Division, Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Akihiro Karashima
- Tohoku Institute of Technology, 35-1, Yagiyama Kasumi-cho, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, 982-8577, Japan
| | - Hiromi Imamura
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Naoya Kabe
- Neural Prosthesis Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Andrea Trevisiol
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Gottingen, 37075, Germany
| | - Johannes Hirrlinger
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Gottingen, 37075, Germany
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 27, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tohru Kodama
- Sleep Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Tomomi Sanagi
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Division, Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kazuto Masamoto
- Department of Mechanical and Intelligent Systems Engineering, University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan
| | - Norio Takata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Gottingen, 37075, Germany
| | - Ko Matsui
- Super-network Brain Physiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kenji F Tanaka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Makoto Honda
- Sleep Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
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24
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Tang H, Zhu Q, Li W, Qin S, Gong Y, Wang H, Shioda S, Li S, Huang J, Liu B, Fang Y, Liu Y, Wang S, Guo Y, Xia Q, Guo Y, Xu Z. Neurophysiology and Treatment of Disorders of Consciousness Induced by Traumatic Brain Injury: Orexin Signaling as a Potential Therapeutic Target. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:4208-4220. [PMID: 31663471 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191029101830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause disorders of consciousness (DOC) by impairing the neuronal circuits of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) structures, including the hypothalamus, which are responsible for the maintenance of the wakefulness and awareness. However, the effectiveness of drugs targeting ARAS activation is still inadequate, and novel therapeutic modalities are urgently needed. METHODS The goal of this work is to describe the neural loops of wakefulness, and explain how these elements participate in DOC, with emphasis on the identification of potential new therapeutic options for DOC induced by TBI. RESULTS Hypothalamus has been identified as a sleep/wake center, and its anterior and posterior regions have diverse roles in the regulation of the sleep/wake function. In particular, the posterior hypothalamus (PH) possesses several types of neurons, including the orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) with widespread projections to other wakefulness-related regions of the brain. Orexins have been known to affect feeding and appetite, and recently their profound effect on sleep disorders and DOC has been identified. Orexin antagonists are used for the treatment of insomnia, and orexin agonists can be used for narcolepsy. Additionally, several studies demonstrated that the agonists of orexin might be effective in the treatment of DOC, providing novel therapeutic opportunities in this field. CONCLUSION The hypothalamic-centered orexin has been adopted as the point of entry into the system of consciousness control, and modulators of orexin signaling opened several therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of DOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Tang
- Acupuncture Research Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiumei Zhu
- Acupuncture Research Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Li
- Acupuncture Research Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Siru Qin
- Acupuncture Research Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yinan Gong
- Acupuncture Research Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Seiji Shioda
- Peptide Drug Innovation, Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Shanshan Li
- Acupuncture Research Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Acupuncture Research Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Baohu Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Fang
- Acupuncture Research Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Acupuncture Research Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shenjun Wang
- Acupuncture Research Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongming Guo
- Acupuncture Research Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Xia
- Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Acupuncture Research Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhifang Xu
- Acupuncture Research Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Abdulhadi MH, Hussien NR, Al-Niemi MS, Rasheed HA, Al-Gareeb AI. Involvement of orexinergic system in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders: A scoping review. Brain Circ 2020; 6:70-80. [PMID: 33033776 PMCID: PMC7511915 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_42_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexin is a neuropeptide secreted from lateral hypothalamus and pre-frontal cortex concerned in the wakefulness and excitement. This study aimed to review the possible neurobiological effect of orexin. A diversity of search strategies was adopted and assumed which included electronic database searches of Medline and PubMed using MeSH terms, keywords, and title words during the search. Orexin plays a vital role in activation of learning, memory acquisition, and consolidation through activation of monoaminergic system, which affect cognitive flexibility and cognitive function. Orexin stimulates adrenocorticotropin and corticosteroid secretions via activation of central corticotropin-releasing hormone. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum orexin serum levels are reduced in depression, schizophrenia, and narcolepsy. However, high orexin serum levels are revealed in drug addictions. Regarding neurodegenerative brain diseases, CSF and serum orexin serum levels are reduced Parkinson disease, Alzheimer dementia, Huntington's disease, amyotrphic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. Orexin antagonist leads to significant reduction of sympathetic over-activity during withdrawal syndrome. As well, orexin antagonist improves sleep pattern. Orexinergic system is involved in the different psychiatric and neurological disorders; therefore, targeting of this system could be possible novel pathway in the management of these disorders. In addition, measurement of CSF and serum orexin levels might predict the relapse and withdrawal of addict patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine Almustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - May H Abdulhadi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine Almustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Nawar R Hussien
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine Almustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Marwa S Al-Niemi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine Almustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Huda A Rasheed
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine Almustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine Almustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
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Beuckmann CT, Ueno T, Nakagawa M, Suzuki M, Akasofu S. Preclinical in vivo characterization of lemborexant (E2006), a novel dual orexin receptor antagonist for sleep/wake regulation. Sleep 2020; 42:5421821. [PMID: 30923834 PMCID: PMC6559177 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives To present results from in vivo studies underlying the preclinical development of lemborexant (E2006), a novel dual orexin (hypocretin) receptor antagonist for sleep/wake regulation. Methods Rodent (wild-type rats and wild-type and orexin neuron-deficient [orexin/ataxin-3 Tg/+] mice) studies were performed to evaluate the effects of single-dose oral lemborexant (1–300 mg/kg) on orexin-induced increases in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), locomotor activity, vigilance state measures (wakefulness, nonrapid eye movement [non-REM] sleep, rapid eye movement [REM] sleep), ethanol-induced anesthesia, and motor coordination, and the effects of multiple-dose oral lemborexant (30 mg/kg) on vigilance state measures. Active comparators were almorexant and zolpidem. Pharmacokinetics were assessed after single-dose lemborexant in mice and rats. Results Lemborexant prevented the orexin-promoted increase in ACTH in rats, therefore demonstrating inhibition of the orexin signaling pathway. Furthermore, lemborexant promoted sleep in wild-type mice and rats. Lemborexant promoted REM and non-REM sleep at an equal rate (there was no change in the REM sleep ratio). In contrast, zolpidem reduced REM sleep. The sleep-promoting effect of lemborexant was mediated via the orexin-peptide signaling pathway as demonstrated by a lack of sleep promotion in orexin neuron-deficient mice. Chronic dosing was not associated with a change in effect size or sleep architecture immediately postdosing. Lemborexant did not increase the sedative effects of ethanol or impair motor coordination, showing good safety margin in animals. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic data for mice and rats were well aligned. Conclusions These findings supported further clinical evaluation (ongoing at this time) of lemborexant as a potential candidate for treating insomnia and other sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takashi Ueno
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakagawa
- Neurology Business Group, Discovery, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Michiyuki Suzuki
- Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs Department, Marketing Authorization Group, EA Pharma Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Akasofu
- Neurology Business Group, Discovery, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
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Transgenic Archaerhodopsin-3 Expression in Hypocretin/Orexin Neurons Engenders Cellular Dysfunction and Features of Type 2 Narcolepsy. J Neurosci 2019; 39:9435-9452. [PMID: 31628177 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0311-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Narcolepsy, characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, is associated with dysfunction of the hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt) system, either due to extensive loss of Hcrt cells (Type 1, NT1) or hypothesized Hcrt signaling impairment (Type 2, NT2). Accordingly, efforts to recapitulate narcolepsy-like symptoms in mice have involved ablating these cells or interrupting Hcrt signaling. Here, we describe orexin/Arch mice, in which a modified archaerhodopsin-3 gene was inserted downstream of the prepro-orexin promoter, resulting in expression of the yellow light-sensitive Arch-3 proton pump specifically within Hcrt neurons. Histological examination along with ex vivo and in vivo electrophysiological recordings of male and female orexin/Arch mice demonstrated silencing of Hcrt neurons when these cells were photoilluminated. However, high expression of the Arch transgene affected cellular and physiological parameters independent of photoillumination. The excitability of Hcrt neurons was reduced, and both circadian and metabolic parameters were perturbed in a subset of orexin/Arch mice that exhibited high levels of Arch expression. Orexin/Arch mice also had increased REM sleep under baseline conditions but did not exhibit cataplexy, a sudden loss of muscle tone during wakefulness characteristic of NT1. These aberrations resembled some aspects of mouse models with Hcrt neuron ablation, yet the number of Hcrt neurons in orexin/Arch mice was not reduced. Thus, orexin/Arch mice may be useful to investigate Hcrt system dysfunction when these neurons are intact, as is thought to occur in narcolepsy without cataplexy (NT2). These results also demonstrate the utility of extended phenotypic screening of transgenic models when specific neural circuits have been manipulated.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Optogenetics has become an invaluable tool for functional dissection of neural circuitry. While opsin expression is often achieved by viral injection, stably integrated transgenes offer some practical advantages. Here, we demonstrate successful transgenic expression of an inhibitory opsin in hypocretin/orexin neurons, which are thought to promote or maintain wakefulness. Both brief and prolonged illumination resulted in inhibition of these neurons and induced sleep. However, even in the absence of illumination, these cells exhibited altered electrical characteristics, particularly when transgene expression was high. These aberrant properties affected metabolism and sleep, resulting in a phenotype reminiscent of the narcolepsy Type 2, a sleep disorder for which no good animal model currently exists.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleepiness and decrease in attention are dose-limiting side effects of opioids. The orexin/hypocretin system plays an important role in maintaining wakefulness. This study aimed to explore the potential of a nonpeptide orexin receptor agonist to alleviate morphine-induced sedative effects. METHODS Morphine sedative effects were evaluated as changes in electroencephalogram (EEG), locomotor activity, and acoustic startle response in rats (n = 5 to 9 per group). Effects of intracerebroventricular orexin-A and systemic orexin type-2 receptor agonist, YNT-185, on EEG changes induced by morphine were examined. Furthermore, the authors examined effects of morphine administered with or without YNT-185 on locomotor activity and on acoustic startle response. RESULTS Morphine-induced, frequent, short epochs of increased power (total epoch duration: 0.5 [0.0 to 8.0] s/10 min during baseline vs. 74.0 [49.0 to 115.0] s/10 min during the post-morphine administration period; P = 0.012). EEG analyses revealed that morphine-induced, high-amplitude, slow activity (increase in spectral power of frequencies less than 15 Hz, baseline vs. postmorphine; P < 0.001). Orexin-A and YNT-185 attenuated these changes. Locomotor activity decreased after morphine (268 [103 to 889] ambulatory movement counts during baseline period [20 min] vs. 138 [7 to 434] counts during 40 to 59 min postadministration; P = 0.012), but did not change after morphine with YNT-185 (363 [121 to 636] vs. 864 [381 to 1092] counts, difference within morphine + YNT-185 group; P = 0.071). Startle response latency was longer after morphine (26 [20 to 28] ms) than after morphine with YNT-185 (17 [16 to 18] ms; P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS Orexin-A and/or YNT-185 attenuated morphine-induced sedative effects assessed by EEG changes and behavioral measures in rats. The authors' results suggest that orexin-2 receptor activation alleviates morphine-induced sedative effects.
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29
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Azeez IA, Del Gallo F, Cristino L, Bentivoglio M. Daily Fluctuation of Orexin Neuron Activity and Wiring: The Challenge of "Chronoconnectivity". Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1061. [PMID: 30319410 PMCID: PMC6167434 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the heterogeneous hub represented by the lateral hypothalamus, neurons containing the orexin/hypocretin peptides play a key role in vigilance state transitions and wakefulness stability, energy homeostasis, and other functions relevant for motivated behaviors. Orexin neurons, which project widely to the neuraxis, are innervated by multiple extra- and intra-hypothalamic sources. A key property of the adaptive capacity of orexin neurons is represented by daily variations of activity, which is highest in the period of the animal’s activity and wakefulness. These sets of data are here reviewed. They concern the discharge profile during the sleep/wake cycle, spontaneous Fos induction, peptide synthesis and release reflected by immunostaining intensity and peptide levels in the cerebrospinal fluid as well as postsynaptic effects. At the synaptic level, adaptive capacity of orexin neurons subserved by remodeling of excitatory and inhibitory inputs has been shown in response to changes in the nutritional status and prolonged wakefulness. The present review wishes to highlight that synaptic plasticity in the wiring of orexin neurons also occurs in unperturbed conditions and could account for diurnal variations of orexin neuron activity. Data in zebrafish larvae have shown rhythmic changes in the density of inhibitory innervation of orexin dendrites in relation to vigilance states. Recent findings in mice have indicated a diurnal reorganization of the excitatory/inhibitory balance in the perisomatic innervation of orexin neurons. Taken together these sets of data point to “chronoconnectivity,” i.e., a synaptic rearrangement of inputs to orexin neurons over the course of the day in relation to sleep and wake states. This opens questions on the underlying circadian and homeostatic regulation and on the involved players at synaptic level, which could implicate dual transmitters, cytoskeletal rearrangements, hormonal regulation, as well as surrounding glial cells and extracellular matrix. Furthermore, the question arises of a “chronoconnectivity” in the wiring of other neuronal cell groups of the sleep-wake-regulatory network, many of which are characterized by variations of their firing rate during vigilance states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris A Azeez
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Del Gallo
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Marina Bentivoglio
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,National Institute of Neuroscience, Verona Unit, Verona, Italy
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30
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Sharma R, Sahota P, Thakkar MM. Melatonin promotes sleep in mice by inhibiting orexin neurons in the perifornical lateral hypothalamus. J Pineal Res 2018; 65:e12498. [PMID: 29654707 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin promotes sleep. However, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Orexin neurons in the perifornical lateral hypothalamus (PFH) are pivotal for wake promotion. Does melatonin promote sleep by inhibiting orexin neurons? We used C57BL/6J mice and designed 4 experiments to address this question. Experiment 1 used double-labeled immunofluorescence and examined the presence of melatonin receptors on orexin neurons. Second, mice, implanted with bilateral guides targeted toward PFH and sleep-recording electrodes, were infused with melatonin (500 pmole/50 nL/side) at dark onset (onset of active period), and spontaneous bouts of sleep-wakefulness were examined. Third, mice, implanted with bilateral guides into the PFH, were infused with melatonin (500 pmole/50 nL/side) at dark onset and euthanized 2 hours later, to examine the activation of orexin neurons using c-Fos expression in orexin neurons. Fourth, mice, implanted with PFH bilateral guides and sleep-recording electrodes, were infused with melatonin receptor antagonist, luzindole (10 pmol/50 nL/side), at light onset (onset of sleep period), and spontaneous bouts of sleep-wakefulness were examined. Our results suggest that orexin neurons express MT1, but not MT2 receptors. Melatonin infusion into the PFH, at dark onset, site-specifically and significantly increased NREM sleep (43.7%, P = .003) and reduced wakefulness (12.3%, P = .013). Local melatonin infusion at dark onset inhibited orexin neurons as evident by a significant reduction (66%, P = .0004) in the number of orexin neurons expressing c-Fos. Finally, luzindole infusion-induced blockade of melatonin receptors in PFH at sleep onset significantly increased wakefulness (44.1%, P = .015). Based on these results, we suggest that melatonin may act via the MT1 receptors to inhibit orexin neurons and promote sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Sharma
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Pradeep Sahota
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mahesh M Thakkar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
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Héricé C, Patel AA, Sakata S. Circuit mechanisms and computational models of REM sleep. Neurosci Res 2018; 140:77-92. [PMID: 30118737 PMCID: PMC6403104 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
REM sleep was discovered in the 1950s. Many hypothalamic and brainstem areas have been found to contribute to REM sleep. An up-to-date picture of REM-sleep-regulating circuits is reviewed. A brief overview of computational models for REM sleep regulation is provided. Outstanding issues for future studies are discussed.
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep or paradoxical sleep is an elusive behavioral state. Since its discovery in the 1950s, our knowledge of the neuroanatomy, neurotransmitters and neuropeptides underlying REM sleep regulation has continually evolved in parallel with the development of novel technologies. Although the pons was initially discovered to be responsible for REM sleep, it has since been revealed that many components in the hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, and medulla also contribute to REM sleep. In this review, we first provide an up-to-date overview of REM sleep-regulating circuits in the brainstem and hypothalamus by summarizing experimental evidence from neuroanatomical, neurophysiological and gain- and loss-of-function studies. Second, because quantitative approaches are essential for understanding the complexity of REM sleep-regulating circuits and because mathematical models have provided valuable insights into the dynamics underlying REM sleep genesis and maintenance, we summarize computational studies of the sleep-wake cycle, with an emphasis on REM sleep regulation. Finally, we discuss outstanding issues for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Héricé
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Amisha A Patel
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Shuzo Sakata
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
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32
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Ikeno T, Yan L. A comparison of the orexin receptor distribution in the brain between diurnal Nile grass rats (Arvicanthis niloticus) and nocturnal mice (Mus musculus). Brain Res 2018; 1690:89-95. [PMID: 29630859 PMCID: PMC5944353 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide orexin/hypocretin regulates a wide range of behaviors and physiology through its receptors OX1R and OX2R, or HCRTR-1 and HCRTR-2. Although the distributions of these receptors have been established in nocturnal rodents, their distributions in the brain of diurnal species have not been studied. In the present study, we examined spatial patterns of OX1R and OX2R mRNA expression in diurnal Nile grass rats (Arvicanthis niloticus) by in situ hybridization and compared them with those in nocturnal mice (Mus musculus). Both receptors showed similar spatial patterns between species in most brain regions. However, species-specific expression was found in several regions that are mainly implicated in regulation of sleep/wakefulness, emotion and cognition. OX1R expression was detected in the caudate putamen and ventral tuberomammillary nucleus only in grass rats, while it was detected in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division, posteromedial part only in mice. The distribution of OX2R mRNA was mostly consistent between the two species, although it was more widely expressed in the ventral tuberomammillary nucleus in grass rats compared to mice. These results suggest that neuronal pathways of the orexin system differ between chronotypes, and these differences could underlie the distinct profiles in behaviors and physiology between diurnal and nocturnal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ikeno
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Lily Yan
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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33
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Enevoldsen LH, Tindborg M, Hovmand NL, Christoffersen C, Ellingsgaard H, Suetta C, Stallknecht BM, Jennum PJ, Kjær A, Gammeltoft S. Functional brown adipose tissue and sympathetic activity after cold exposure in humans with type 1 narcolepsy. Sleep 2018; 41:4996398. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Hahn Enevoldsen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Marie Tindborg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Christina Christoffersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | | | - Charlotte Suetta
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Bente Merete Stallknecht
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Andreas Kjær
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
The hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of homeostatic mechanisms and migraine-related trigeminal nociception and as such has been hypothesized to play a central role in the migraine syndrome from the earliest stages of the attack. The hypothalamus hosts many key neuropeptide systems that have been postulated to play a role in this pathophysiology. Such neuropeptides include but are not exclusive too orexins, oxytocin, neuropeptide Y, and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating protein, which will be the focus of this review. Each of these peptides has its own unique physiological role and as such many preclinical studies have been conducted targeting these peptide systems with evidence supporting their role in migraine pathophysiology. Preclinical studies have also begun to explore potential therapeutic compounds targeting these systems with some success in all cases. Clinical efficacy of dual orexin receptor antagonists and intranasal oxytocin have been tested; however, both have yet to demonstrate clinical effect. Despite this, there were limitations in these cases and strong arguments can be made for the further development of intranasal oxytocin for migraine prophylaxis. Regarding neuropeptide Y, work has yet to begun in a clinical setting, and clinical trials for pituitary adenylate cyclase activating protein are just beginning to be established with much optimism. Regardless, it is becoming increasingly clear the prominent role that the hypothalamus and its peptide systems have in migraine pathophysiology. Much work is required to better understand this system and the early stages of the attack to develop more targeted and effective therapies aimed at reducing attack susceptibility with the potential to prevent the attack all together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Strother
- Headache Group, Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Anan Srikiatkhachorn
- International Medical College, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Weera Supronsinchai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand.
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35
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DePorter DP, Coborn JE, Teske JA. Partial Sleep Deprivation Reduces the Efficacy of Orexin-A to Stimulate Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:1716-1722. [PMID: 28815952 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sufficient sleep is required for weight maintenance. Sleep deprivation due to noise exposure stimulates weight gain by increasing hyperphagia and reducing energy expenditure (EE). Yet the mechanistic basis underlying the weight gain response is unclear. Orexin-A promotes arousal and negative energy balance, and orexin terminals project to the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO), which is involved in sleep-to-wake transitions. To determine whether sleep deprivation reduces orexin function in VLPO and to test the hypothesis that sleep deprivation would attenuate the orexin-A-stimulated increase in arousal, physical activity (PA), and EE. METHODS Electroencephalogram, electromyogram, distance traveled, and EE were determined in male Sprague-Dawley rats following orexin-A injections into VLPO both before and after acute (12-h) and chronic (8 h/d, 9 d) sleep deprivation by noise exposure. RESULTS Orexin-A in the VLPO significantly increased arousal, PA, total EE, and PA-related EE and reduced sleep and respiratory quotient before sleep deprivation. In contrast to after acute sleep deprivation in which orexin-A failed to stimulate EE during PA only, orexin-A failed to significantly increase arousal, PA, fat oxidation, total EE, and PA-related EE after chronic sleep deprivation. CONCLUSIONS Sleep deprivation may reduce sensitivity to endogenous stimuli that enhance EE due to PA and thus stimulate weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle P DePorter
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jamie E Coborn
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jennifer A Teske
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Minnesota Obesity Center, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
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36
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Optogenetic Investigation of Arousal Circuits. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081773. [PMID: 28809797 PMCID: PMC5578162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation between sleep and wake states is controlled by a number of heterogeneous neuron populations. Due to the topological proximity and genetic co-localization of the neurons underlying sleep-wake state modulation optogenetic methods offer a significant improvement in the ability to benefit from both the precision of genetic targeting and millisecond temporal control. Beginning with an overview of the neuron populations mediating arousal, this review outlines the progress that has been made in the investigation of arousal circuits since the incorporation of optogenetic techniques and the first in vivo application of optogenetic stimulation in hypocretin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. This overview is followed by a discussion of the future progress that can be made by incorporating more recent technological developments into the research of neural circuits.
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Hu W, Chen Z. The roles of histamine and its receptor ligands in central nervous system disorders: An update. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 175:116-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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38
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Posterior hypothalamus glutamate infusion decreases pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures of male rats through hippocampal histamine increase. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 158:7-13. [PMID: 28495313 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Seizures are epileptic manifestations that are intrinsically modulated through different neurotransmitters and receptor systems. Although glutamate increases excitation and hence seizures, it activates other systems which could potentially terminate seizures. Histamine originates from neurons of the posterior hypothalamus (PH) and can mediate anticonvulsant properties, but the effect of local PH glutamate on hippocampal histamine content is unknown. Therefore, in this study, the effect of PH glutamate and the involvement of hippocampal histamine in pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) induced seizure activity was studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS OX2R antagonist (TCS OX2 29, 40nmol/1μl, intra-PH), AMPA/Kainate receptor antagonist (CNQX, 3mM, intra-PH) and glutamate (1mM) were injected bilaterally into PH using stereotaxic surgery. The intravenous PTZ infusion model was used to generate behavioral convulsions and the amount of hippocampal histamine content was then measured using a biochemical method. RESULTS Administration of glutamate into PH decreased both seizure stage and the duration of tonic-clonic convulsion (TCC) with increasing TCC latency and hippocampal histamine content. Blocking OX2Rs alone or coinhibition of OX2Rs and AMPA/kainate receptors reversed these effects by increasing both seizure stage and TCC duration, and by decreasing both latency and consequent histamine content. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that glutamate administration into PH may control seizures (stages and duration) through increasing the hippocampal histamine content.
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39
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Mieda M. The roles of orexins in sleep/wake regulation. Neurosci Res 2017; 118:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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40
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Coborn JE, DePorter DP, Mavanji V, Sinton CM, Kotz CM, Billington CJ, Teske JA. Role of orexin-A in the ventrolateral preoptic area on components of total energy expenditure. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:1256-1262. [PMID: 28392556 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying whether components of total energy expenditure (EE) are affected by orexin receptor (OXR1 and OXR2) stimulation or antagonism with dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) has relevance for obesity treatment. Orexin receptor stimulation reduces weight gain by increasing total EE and EE during spontaneous physical activity (SPA). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine if a DORA (TCS-1102) in the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) reduced orexin-A-induced arousal, SPA, total EE and EE during sleep, rest, wake and SPA and whether the DORA alone reduced total EE and its components. We hypothesized that: (1) a DORA would reduce orexin-A induced increases in arousal, SPA, components of total EE, reductions in sleep and the EE during sleep and (2) the DORA alone would reduce baseline (non-stimulated) SPA and total EE. SUBJECTS/METHODS Sleep, wakefulness, SPA and EE were determined after microinjection of the DORA (TCS-1102) and orexin-A in the VLPO of male Sprague-Dawley rats with a unilateral cannula targeted towards the VLPO. Individual components of total EE were determined based on time-stamped data. RESULTS The DORA reduced orexin-A-induced increases in arousal, SPA, total EE and EE during SPA, wake, rest and sleep 1 h post injection (P<0.05). Orexin-A significantly reduced sleep and significantly increased EE during sleep 1 h post injection (P<0.05). Furthermore, the DORA alone significantly reduced total EE, EE during sleep (NREM and REM) and resting EE 2 h post injection (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that orexin-A reduces weight gain by stimulating total EE through increases in EE during SPA, rest and sleep. Residual effects of the DORA alone include decreases in total EE and EE during sleep and rest, which may promote weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Coborn
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - D P DePorter
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - V Mavanji
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - C M Sinton
- Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - C M Kotz
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Minnesota Obesity Center, Saint Paul, MN, USA.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - C J Billington
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Minnesota Obesity Center, Saint Paul, MN, USA.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J A Teske
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Minnesota Obesity Center, Saint Paul, MN, USA.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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41
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Genetic Analysis of Histamine Signaling in Larval Zebrafish Sleep. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0286-16. [PMID: 28275716 PMCID: PMC5334454 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0286-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological studies in mammals and zebrafish suggest that histamine plays an important role in promoting arousal. However, genetic studies using rodents with disrupted histamine synthesis or signaling have revealed only subtle or no sleep/wake phenotypes. Studies of histamine function in mammalian arousal are complicated by its production in cells of the immune system and its roles in humoral and cellular immunity, which can have profound effects on sleep/wake states. To avoid this potential confound, we used genetics to explore the role of histamine in regulating sleep in zebrafish, a diurnal vertebrate in which histamine production is restricted to neurons in the brain. Similar to rodent genetic studies, we found that zebrafish that lack histamine due to mutation of histidine decarboxylase (hdc) exhibit largely normal sleep/wake behaviors. Zebrafish containing predicted null mutations in several histamine receptors also lack robust sleep/wake phenotypes, although we are unable to verify that these mutants are completely nonfunctional. Consistent with some rodent studies, we found that arousal induced by overexpression of the neuropeptide hypocretin (Hcrt) or by stimulation of hcrt-expressing neurons is not blocked in hdc or hrh1 mutants. We also found that the number of hcrt-expressing or histaminergic neurons is unaffected in animals that lack histamine or Hcrt signaling, respectively. Thus, while acute pharmacological manipulation of histamine signaling has been shown to have profound effects on zebrafish and mammalian sleep, our results suggest that chronic loss of histamine signaling due to genetic mutations has only subtle effects on sleep in zebrafish, similar to rodents.
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42
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Schöne C, Burdakov D. Orexin/Hypocretin and Organizing Principles for a Diversity of Wake-Promoting Neurons in the Brain. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2017; 33:51-74. [PMID: 27830577 PMCID: PMC5767105 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2016_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An enigmatic feature of behavioural state control is the rich diversity of wake-promoting neural systems. This diversity has been rationalized as 'robustness via redundancy', wherein wakefulness control is not critically dependent on one type of neuron or molecule. Studies of the brain orexin/hypocretin system challenge this view by demonstrating that wakefulness control fails upon loss of this neurotransmitter system. Since orexin neurons signal arousal need, and excite other wake-promoting neurons, their actions illuminate nonredundant principles of arousal control. Here, we suggest such principles by reviewing the orexin system from a collective viewpoint of biology, physics and engineering. Orexin peptides excite other arousal-promoting neurons (noradrenaline, histamine, serotonin, acetylcholine neurons), either by activating mixed-cation conductances or by inhibiting potassium conductances. Ohm's law predicts that these opposite conductance changes will produce opposite effects on sensitivity of neuronal excitability to current inputs, thus enabling orexin to differentially control input-output gain of its target networks. Orexin neurons also produce other transmitters, including glutamate. When orexin cells fire, glutamate-mediated downstream excitation displays temporal decay, but orexin-mediated excitation escalates, as if orexin transmission enabled arousal controllers to compute a time integral of arousal need. Since the anatomical and functional architecture of the orexin system contains negative feedback loops (e.g. orexin ➔ histamine ➔ noradrenaline/serotonin-orexin), such computations may stabilize wakefulness via integral feedback, a basic engineering strategy for set point control in uncertain environments. Such dynamic behavioural control requires several distinct wake-promoting modules, which perform nonredundant transformations of arousal signals and are connected in feedback loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Schöne
- Department of Neurology, University of Bern, Bern University Hospital, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Denis Burdakov
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, NW7 1AA, UK.
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43
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Histamine elimination from the cerebrospinal fluid across the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier: involvement of plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT/SLC29A4). J Neurochem 2016; 139:408-418. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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44
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Kumar A, Chanana P, Choudhary S. Emerging role of orexin antagonists in insomnia therapeutics: An update on SORAs and DORAs. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:231-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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45
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The Dual Hypocretin Receptor Antagonist Almorexant is Permissive for Activation of Wake-Promoting Systems. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:1144-55. [PMID: 26289145 PMCID: PMC4748439 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The dual hypocretin receptor (HcrtR) antagonist almorexant (ALM) may promote sleep through selective disfacilitation of wake-promoting systems, whereas benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BzRAs) such as zolpidem (ZOL) induce sleep through general inhibition of neural activity. Previous studies have indicated that HcrtR antagonists cause less-functional impairment than BzRAs. To gain insight into the mechanisms underlying these differential profiles, we compared the effects of ALM and ZOL on functional activation of wake-promoting systems at doses equipotent for sleep induction. Sprague-Dawley rats, implanted for EEG/EMG recording, were orally administered vehicle (VEH), 100 mg/kg ALM, or 100 mg/kg ZOL during their active phase and either left undisturbed or kept awake for 90 min after which their brains were collected. ZOL-treated rats required more stimulation to maintain wakefulness than VEH- or ALM-treated rats. We measured Fos co-expression with markers for wake-promoting cell groups in the lateral hypothalamus (Hcrt), tuberomammillary nuclei (histamine; HA), basal forebrain (acetylcholine; ACh), dorsal raphe (serotonin; 5HT), and singly labeled Fos(+) cells in the locus coeruleus (LC). Following SD, Fos co-expression in Hcrt, HA, and ACh neurons (but not in 5HT neurons) was consistently elevated in VEH- and ALM-treated rats, whereas Fos expression in these neuronal groups was unaffected by SD in ZOL-treated rats. Surprisingly, Fos expression in the LC was elevated in ZOL- but not in VEH- or ALM-treated SD animals. These results indicate that Hcrt signaling is unnecessary for the activation of Hcrt, HA, or ACh wake-active neurons, which may underlie the milder cognitive impairment produced by HcrtR antagonists compared to ZOL.
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46
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Orexinergic system in the locus coeruleus modulates the CO2 ventilatory response. Pflugers Arch 2016; 468:763-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1793-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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47
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Branch AF, Navidi W, Tabuchi S, Terao A, Yamanaka A, Scammell TE, Diniz Behn C. Progressive Loss of the Orexin Neurons Reveals Dual Effects on Wakefulness. Sleep 2016; 39:369-77. [PMID: 26446125 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Narcolepsy is caused by loss of the orexin (also known as hypocretin) neurons. In addition to the orexin peptides, these neurons release additional neurotransmitters, which may produce complex effects on sleep/wake behavior. Currently, it remains unknown whether the orexin neurons promote the initiation as well as the maintenance of wakefulness, and whether the orexin neurons influence initiation or maintenance of sleep. To determine the effects of the orexin neurons on the dynamics of sleep/wake behavior, we analyzed sleep/wake architecture in a novel mouse model of acute orexin neuron loss. METHODS We used survival analysis and other statistical methods to analyze sleep/wake architecture in orexin-tTA ; TetO diphtheria toxin A mice at different stages of orexin neuron degeneration. RESULTS Progressive loss of the orexin neurons dramatically reduced survival of long wake bouts, but it also improved survival of brief wake bouts. In addition, with loss of the orexin neurons, mice were more likely to wake during the first 30 sec of nonrapid eye movement sleep and then less likely to return to sleep during the first 60 sec of wakefulness. CONCLUSIONS These findings help explain the sleepiness and fragmented sleep that are characteristic of narcolepsy. Orexin neuron loss impairs survival of long wake bouts resulting in poor maintenance of wakefulness, but this neuronal loss also fragments sleep by increasing the risk of awakening at the beginning of sleep and then reducing the likelihood of quickly returning to sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail F Branch
- Department of Applied Mathematics & Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO
| | - William Navidi
- Department of Applied Mathematics & Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO
| | - Sawako Tabuchi
- Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Terao
- Department of Biology, Tokai University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamanaka
- Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Thomas E Scammell
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Cecilia Diniz Behn
- Department of Applied Mathematics & Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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48
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Abbas MG, Shoji H, Soya S, Hondo M, Miyakawa T, Sakurai T. Comprehensive Behavioral Analysis of Male Ox1r (-/-) Mice Showed Implication of Orexin Receptor-1 in Mood, Anxiety, and Social Behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:324. [PMID: 26696848 PMCID: PMC4674555 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides orexin A and orexin B, which are exclusively produced by neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area, play an important role in the regulation of a wide range of behaviors and homeostatic processes, including regulation of sleep/wakefulness states and energy homeostasis. The orexin system has close anatomical and functional relationships with systems that regulate the autonomic nervous system, emotion, mood, the reward system, and sleep/wakefulness states. Recent pharmacological studies using selective antagonists have suggested that orexin receptor-1 (OX1R) is involved in physiological processes that regulate emotion, the reward system, and autonomic nervous system. Here, we examined Ox1r (-/-) mice with a comprehensive behavioral test battery to screen additional OX1R functions. Ox1r (-/-) mice showed increased anxiety-like behavior, altered depression-like behavior, slightly decreased spontaneous locomotor activity, reduced social interaction, increased startle response, and decreased prepulse inhibition. These results suggest that OX1R plays roles in social behavior and sensory motor gating in addition to roles in mood and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md G Abbas
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Shoji
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University Toyoake, Japan
| | - Shingo Soya
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mari Hondo
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University Kanazawa, Japan ; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University Toyoake, Japan ; Section of Behavior Patterns, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences Okazaki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University Kanazawa, Japan ; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba Tsukuba, Japan
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49
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Abstract
Cortical electroencephalographic activity arises from corticothalamocortical interactions, modulated by wake-promoting monoaminergic and cholinergic input. These wake-promoting systems are regulated by hypothalamic hypocretin/orexins, while GABAergic sleep-promoting nuclei are found in the preoptic area, brainstem and lateral hypothalamus. Although pontine acetylcholine is critical for REM sleep, hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone/GABAergic cells may "gate" REM sleep. Daily sleep-wake rhythms arise from interactions between a hypothalamic circadian pacemaker and a sleep homeostat whose anatomical locus has yet to be conclusively defined. Control of sleep and wakefulness involves multiple systems, each of which presents vulnerability to sleep/wake dysfunction that may predispose to physical and/or neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Schwartz
- Biosciences Division, Center for Neuroscience, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Thomas S Kilduff
- Biosciences Division, Center for Neuroscience, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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50
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Shan L, Dauvilliers Y, Siegel JM. Interactions of the histamine and hypocretin systems in CNS disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2015; 11:401-13. [PMID: 26100750 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2015.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Histamine and hypocretin neurons are localized to the hypothalamus, a brain area critical to autonomic function and sleep. Narcolepsy type 1, also known as narcolepsy with cataplexy, is a neurological disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, impaired night-time sleep, cataplexy, sleep paralysis and short latency to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep after sleep onset. In narcolepsy, 90% of hypocretin neurons are lost; in addition, two groups reported in 2014 that the number of histamine neurons is increased by 64% or more in human patients with narcolepsy, suggesting involvement of histamine in the aetiology of this disorder. Here, we review the role of the histamine and hypocretin systems in sleep-wake modulation. Furthermore, we summarize the neuropathological changes to these two systems in narcolepsy and discuss the possibility that narcolepsy-associated histamine abnormalities could mediate or result from the same processes that cause the hypocretin cell loss. We also review the changes in the hypocretin and histamine systems, and the associated sleep disruptions, in Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, Huntington disease and Tourette syndrome. Finally, we discuss novel therapeutic approaches for manipulation of the histamine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Shan
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Research Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Veterans' Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (VA GLAHS), 16111 Plummer Street North Hills, 151A3, CA 91343, USA
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- Centre de Référence Nationale Maladies Rares, Narcolepsie et Hypersomnie Idiopathique, Département de Neurologie, Hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, INSERM U1061, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier 34295, France
| | - Jerome M Siegel
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Research Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Veterans' Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (VA GLAHS), 16111 Plummer Street North Hills, 151A3, CA 91343, USA
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