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Sveinsdóttir SÞ, Jóhannsdóttir KR. Is Positive Affect as a Trait Related to Higher Heart Rate Variability in a Stressful Situation? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6919. [PMID: 37887657 PMCID: PMC10606158 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20206919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Most of the studies on the effect of trait positive affect (PA) and cardiovascular activity have focused on heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) rather than heart rate variability (HRV). However, trait PA might sustain homeostasis for the autonomic system (ANS) by reducing activity in the sympathetic system (SNS) and increasing the activity in the parasympathetic system (PNS). A common index for the PNS is the vagal tone measured indirectly through HRV. The present study assessed whether trait PA influences cardiovascular response to various stress tasks by monitoring participants' HRV measured by RMSSD (root mean square of successive differences) along with HR and interbeat interval (IBI). A total of 54 participants performed various cognitive tasks and Trier Social Stress Tasks while their vital signs were monitored, and trait PA was measured with PANAS. The cognitive tasks included both high- and low-stress tasks, including fatigue-inducing 20 min Stroop tasks. The results showed overall higher HRV as measured by RMSSD for participants who have higher levels of trait PA, indicating more PNS activity compared with low-trait-PA individuals, particularly at the end of the task performance during the fatigue induction. High-trait-PA individuals also had a lower HR during the fatigue-inducing task and a higher IBI. The results support previous work by further indicating a more adaptive response and consequently better emotional regulation for high-trait-PA individuals in a complex, prolonged task setting.
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Xiong Y, Khlif MS, Egorova-Brumley N, Brodtmann A, Stark BC. Neural correlates of verbal fluency revealed by longitudinal T1, T2 and FLAIR imaging in stroke. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 38:103406. [PMID: 37104929 PMCID: PMC10165164 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion-weighted imaging has been widely used in the research on post-stroke verbal fluency but acquiring diffusion data is not always clinically feasible. Achieving comparable reliability for detecting brain variables associated with verbal fluency impairments, based on more readily available anatomical, non-diffusion images (T1, T2 and FLAIR), enables clinical practitioners to have complementary neurophysiological information at hand to facilitate diagnosis and treatment of language impairment. Meanwhile, although the predominant focus in the stroke recovery literature has been on cortical contributions to verbal fluency, it remains unclear how subcortical regions and white matter disconnection are related to verbal fluency. Our study thus utilized anatomical scans of ischaemic stroke survivors (n = 121) to identify longitudinal relationships between subcortical volume, white matter tract disconnection, and verbal fluency performance at 3- and 12-months post-stroke. Subcortical grey matter volume was derived from FreeSurfer. We used an indirect probabilistic approach to quantify white matter disconnection in terms of disconnection severity, the proportion of lesioned voxel volume to the total volume of a tract, and disconnection probability, the probability of the overlap between the stroke lesion and a tract. These disconnection variables of each subject were identified based on the disconnectome map of the BCBToolkit. Using a linear mixed multiple regression method with 5-fold cross-validations, we correlated the semantic and phonemic fluency scores with longitudinal measurements of subcortical grey matter volume and 22 bilateral white matter tracts, while controlling for demographic variables (age, sex, handedness and education), total brain volume, lesion volume, and cortical thickness. The results showed that the right subcortical grey matter volume was positively correlated with phonemic fluency averaged over 3 months and 12 months. The finding generalized well on the test data. The disconnection probability of left superior longitudinal fasciculus II and left posterior arcuate fasciculus was negatively associated with semantic fluency only on the training data, but the result aligned with our previous study using diffusion scans in the same clinical population. In sum, our results presented evidence that routinely acquired anatomical scans can serve as a reliable source for deriving neural variables of post-stroke verbal fluency performance. The use of this method might provide an ecologically valid and more readily implementable analysis tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Xiong
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington IN 47408, USA.
| | - Mohamed Salah Khlif
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalia Egorova-Brumley
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy Brodtmann
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brielle C Stark
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington IN 47408, USA
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El-Hayeck R, Wehbé A, Baddoura R, Khoury R, Bassil N, Abou Khaled K, Koussa S, Richa S, Alameddine A, Sellal F. Letter and Category Fluency: Normative Data for Lebanese Older Adults. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 93:321-332. [PMID: 37005886 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Background: Verbal fluency tasks are frequently used for neuropsychological assessment in clinical practice and research. It consists of two tasks namely category and letter fluency tests. Objective: To determine normative values in category (animals, vegetables, fruits) and letter fluency [Mim () “M”, Alif () “A”, Baa () “B”] tasks in Arabic language in 60 s. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional national survey and included 859 community-dwelling, cognitively intact Lebanese residents aged ≥55 years. Norms were presented according to age (55–64 years, 65–74 years, ≥75 years), sex and level of education (illiterate, no diploma, primary certificate, baccalaureate or higher). Results: Level of education had the most significant positive effect on verbal fluency tasks performance amongst Lebanese older adults. The negative effect of older age was more prominent in the category fluency task compared to the letter fluency task. Women outperformed men in vegetables and fruits categories. Conclusion: This study provides clinicians with normative scores of category and letter fluency tests, which can be used for neuropsychological assessment of older Lebanese patients being evaluated for cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita El-Hayeck
- Department of Geriatrics, Saint Joseph University School of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Working Group on Dementia at Saint Joseph University: Groupe de Travail sur les Démences de l'USJ (GTD-USJ), Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amine Wehbé
- Department of Geriatrics, Saint Joseph University School of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Working Group on Dementia at Saint Joseph University: Groupe de Travail sur les Démences de l'USJ (GTD-USJ), Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rafic Baddoura
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Saint Joseph University School of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Working Group on Dementia at Saint Joseph University: Groupe de Travail sur les Démences de l'USJ (GTD-USJ), Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rita Khoury
- Department of Psychiatry, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine & The Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, MO, USA
| | - Nazem Bassil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Karine Abou Khaled
- Department of Neurology, Saint Joseph University School of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Working Group on Dementia at Saint Joseph University: Groupe de Travail sur les Démences de l'USJ (GTD-USJ), Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Salam Koussa
- Department of Neurology, Lebanese University, Lebanese Hospital Geitaoui - UMC, Beirut, Lebanon
- Working Group on Dementia at Saint Joseph University: Groupe de Travail sur les Démences de l'USJ (GTD-USJ), Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sami Richa
- Department of Psychiatry, Saint Joseph University School of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Working Group on Dementia at Saint Joseph University: Groupe de Travail sur les Démences de l'USJ (GTD-USJ), Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Abbas Alameddine
- Department of Psychiatry, Hôtel-Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - François Sellal
- Department of Neurology, Hôpitaux Civils de Colmar and INSERM U-1118, School of Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
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Petri M, Messinis L, Patrikelis P, Nousia A, Nasios G. Illiteracy, Neuropsychological Assessment, and Cognitive Rehabilitation: A Narrative Review. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1425:477-484. [PMID: 37581821 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-31986-0_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT Νeuropsychological assessment is particularly important for the accurate discrimination of cognitive abilities and weaknesses of patients in order to determine the appropriate therapeutic intervention. However, the reliability and validity of neuropsychological assessment appears to be influenced by a wide range of factors, including literacy and educational level. AIM This systematic review evaluates neuropsychological tests appropriate for the valid assessment of illiterate individuals and the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation programs for illiterate and/or low-educated individuals according to the results of English language studies that have been published in the PubMed/Medline electronic database until August 2022 (no initiation date). RESULTS 49 studies were included for neuropsychological assessment and 4 studies for cognitive rehabilitation. In terms of investigating the validity and reliability of neuropsychological tests for the assessment of healthy illiterate individuals, most studies concluded that for the majority of neuropsychological tests there is a significant difference in performance between healthy illiterate and literate individuals. However, there was consensus among studies that the performance of illiterate subjects was equivalent to the performance of literate subjects on tasks depicting colored and real objects. Regarding cognitive rehabilitation programs, all four studies concluded that they are effective in improving the cognitive functions of illiterate and/or low-literate patients with mild cognitive impairment and/or mild dementia. CONCLUSIONS For the assessment of illiterate individuals, it is imperative that neuropsychological tests with high ecological validity (i.e., tests related to activities of daily living) be administered so as not to underestimate their cognitive functioning. At the same time, cognitive enhancement/stimulation programs seem to be effective in this population group; however, this area needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Petri
- Lab of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lambros Messinis
- Lab of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Panayiotis Patrikelis
- Lab of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Nousia
- Department of Speech and Language Therapy, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Grigorios Nasios
- Department of Speech and Language Therapy, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Validation and Normative Data on the Verbal Fluency Test in a Peruvian Population Ranging from Pediatric to Elderly Individuals. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12121613. [PMID: 36552073 PMCID: PMC9775499 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12121613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In neuropsychological evaluation, verbal fluency is a crucial measure of cognitive function, but this measure requires standardized and normative data for use. The present study aimed to obtain validation and normative data for the verbal fluency task in the Peruvian population, with participants ranging from 6 to 94 years and varying in age, educational level, and sex. We recruited 2602 healthy individuals and used linear regression analysis to determine the effect of age, sex, and educational level. We also evaluated internal consistency between categories and phonological tasks with Cronbach's alpha and Pearson's correlation analysis and calculated test-retest reliability after three months. We found significant effects of age, educational level, and sex on phonological and semantic fluency. Participants with more than 12 years of education had the highest scores overall. Regarding age, middle-aged participants (between 31 and 40 years old) had the highest scores; scores gradually decreased outside of this age range. Regarding sex, men performed better than women. These results will increase the ability of clinicians to precisely determine the degree to which verbal fluency is affected in patients of different ages and educational levels.
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Pereira A, Ortiz KZ. Language skills differences between adults without formal education and low formal education. PSICOLOGIA-REFLEXAO E CRITICA 2022; 35:4. [PMID: 34982275 PMCID: PMC8727659 DOI: 10.1186/s41155-021-00205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of education on cognition has been extensively researched, particularly in countries with high levels of illiteracy. However, the impact of low education in all cognitive functions appears to differ. Regarding to language, the effects of education on many linguistic tasks-supported by different processing-remain unclear. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether oral language task performance differs among individuals with no formal and low-educated subjects, as measured by the Brazilian Montreal-Toulouse Language Assessment Battery (MTL-BR). This is the only language battery available for use in Brazil, but lacks normative data for illiterate individuals. The secondary objective was to gather data for use as clinical parameters in assessing persons with aphasia (PWA) not exposed to a formal education. METHODS A total of 30 healthy illiterate individuals aged 34-60 years were assessed. All participants underwent the MTL-BR Battery, excluding its written communication tasks. The data obtained in the present study were compared against results of a previous investigation of individuals with 1-4 years of education evaluated using the same MTL-BR instrument. RESULTS Statistically significant differences in performance were found between non-formal education and the low-educated (2-4 years) groups on the tasks Auditory Comprehension, Repetition, Orthographic/Phonological Fluency, Number dictation, Reading of numbers and also on simple numerical calculations. CONCLUSION The study results showed that individuals with no formal education/illiterate had worse performance than low-education individuals on some of the language tasks of the MTL-Br Battery, suggesting that each year of education impacts cognitive-language performance. Also, data were obtained which can serve as a guide for PWA not exposed to a formal education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Pereira
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu, São Paulo, 802 Brazil
| | - Karin Zazo Ortiz
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu, São Paulo, 802 Brazil
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Cova I, Nicotra A, Maestri G, Canevelli M, Pantoni L, Pomati S. Translations and cultural adaptations of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment: a systematic and qualitative review. Neurol Sci 2021; 43:113-124. [PMID: 34750686 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05716-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study provides a systematic review of linguistically and culturally adapted versions of the original Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) full version. Adapted versions were identified through a systematic review in 3 databases and on the MoCA website. Overall, 86 culturally different versions of MoCA are available: 74 versions on the MoCA website (25 of them have a corresponding paper concerning the translation process found with the systematic review) and 12 additional versions identified only with the search in biomedical databases. Culturally different adapted versions of the MoCA were unevenly distributed across different geographic areas. The quality of the process of cultural adaptation of MoCA differs considerably among different available versions as well as the number of items adapted in the various language versions. The potential availability of many culturally adapted and translated versions of the MoCA increases the chance of offering a linguistically and culturally sensitive screening for cognitive impairment to diverse populations; further studies are needed to identify if MoCA can be considered a truly cross-cultural fair test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Cova
- Neurology Unit, "Luigi Sacco" Hospital, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 74, 20157, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessia Nicotra
- Neurology Unit, "Luigi Sacco" Hospital, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 74, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Maestri
- Neurology Unit, "Luigi Sacco" Hospital, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 74, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Canevelli
- National Center for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Leonardo Pantoni
- Stroke and Dementia Lab, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Luigi Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Pomati
- Neurology Unit, "Luigi Sacco" Hospital, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 74, 20157, Milan, Italy
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Dassanayake TL, Hewawasam C, Baminiwatta A, Ariyasinghe DI. Regression-based, demographically adjusted norms for Victoria Stroop Test, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency for Sri Lankan adults. Clin Neuropsychol 2021; 35:S32-S49. [PMID: 34499569 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2021.1973109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lack of test norms is a major limitation in neuropsychological assessment in many non-English-speaking countries. Our objective was to generate sex-, age-, and education-adjusted, regression-based norms for three pen-and-paper-based executive function/working memory tests, viz. Victoria Stroop Test (VST), Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency, for Sinhala-Speaking Sri Lankan adults. METHOD Six-hundred and six healthy, community-living, Sinhala-speaking adults (273 men) aged 19-83 years completed VST, Digit Span (forward and backward), and Phonemic (Sinhala phonemes "N," "P," and "S") and Category (animals and vegetables) Fluency tests. We conducted multiple linear regression analyses with sex, age, and years of education fitted as predictors to model the test outcome variables. RESULTS Younger age was associated with better performance in all tests except in Phonemic Fluency. Longer education was associated with better performance in all outcomes except VST errors and interference. Women had a significant but small advantage over men in VST Neutral and Color Word tests, and Phonemic Fluency. We report regression equations to predict norms for the test performance measures based on sex, age, and years of education; and the test variances accounted by these factors. CONCLUSIONS We propose demographically adjusted norms for VST, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency for Sinhala-speaking Sri Lankans aged 19-83 years, and supplement the regression formulae with a calculator that produces predicted and standard scores. These norms would help in interpreting the results of clinical samples in the future, taking into account the variability introduced by sex, age, and education.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chandana Hewawasam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura 50008, Sri Lanka
| | - Anuradha Baminiwatta
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
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Instruction in second language enhances linguistic and cognitive abilities in first language as well: evidence from public school education in Nepal. JOURNAL OF CULTURAL COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41809-021-00084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Cholet J, Rousselet M, Donnio Y, Burlot M, Pere M, Lambert S, Rocher B, Chirio-Espitalier M, Eyzop E, Grall-Bronnec M. Evaluation of cognitive impairment in a French sample of patients with restrictive anorexia nervosa: two distinct profiles emerged with differences in impaired functions and psychopathological symptoms. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:1559-1570. [PMID: 32767255 PMCID: PMC8128741 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-00981-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The cognitive profiles of patients suffering from anorexia nervosa (AN) are currently explored as potential facilitating and/or maintenance factors. Specific data in restrictive AN (AN-R) remain contradictory. This study focused on women with AN-R to evaluate their cognitive functions to develop a more specific cognitive remediation program. METHODS Female patients older than 15 years who were suffering from AN-R were recruited in a specialized unit for eating disorder management. Female healthy control (HC) participants were recruited who were matched with AN patients on age. All participants completed a cognitive evaluation (premorbid intelligence quotient (IQ), planning, information processing speed, cognitive flexibility) and a clinical evaluation (impulsivity, anxiety, depression). RESULTS A total of 122 participants were included. Patients suffering from AN-R had significant impairment in information processing speed and planning. Patients exhibited significantly better cognitive flexibility than did the HC group when adjustments were made for other cognitive functions and impulsivity. Two distinct subgroups of patients were identified. The first subgroup had more marked cognitive impairment and fewer psychopathological symptoms than did the second subgroup of patients and the HC group. CONCLUSION Our results highlight cognitive impairment in patients with AN who had normal premorbid IQ. Two distinct profiles emerge. In clinical practice, these results open up perspectives for the development of more specific cognitive remediation programs (one specific program for cold cognitions and another specific program targeting emotions and hot cognitions). These results warrant confirmation by larger studies with a more specific evaluation of the impact of emotional status. Trial registration NTC02381639, Date of registration. March 6, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cholet
- Clinical Investigation Unit BALANCED "BehaviorAL AddictioNs and ComplEx Mood Disorders", Addictology and Psychiatry Department, University Hospital of Nantes, 85 Rue Saint Jacques, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - M Rousselet
- Clinical Investigation Unit BALANCED "BehaviorAL AddictioNs and ComplEx Mood Disorders", Addictology and Psychiatry Department, University Hospital of Nantes, 85 Rue Saint Jacques, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France. .,U1246 SPHERE "methodS in Patient-Centered Outcomes and HEalth ResEarch", INSERM, University of Nantes and Tours, 22 Boulevard Benoni-Goullin, 44200, Nantes, France.
| | - Y Donnio
- Clinical Investigation Unit BALANCED "BehaviorAL AddictioNs and ComplEx Mood Disorders", Addictology and Psychiatry Department, University Hospital of Nantes, 85 Rue Saint Jacques, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - M Burlot
- Clinical Investigation Unit BALANCED "BehaviorAL AddictioNs and ComplEx Mood Disorders", Addictology and Psychiatry Department, University Hospital of Nantes, 85 Rue Saint Jacques, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - M Pere
- Biostatistics Unit, Research Board, Nantes University Hospital, 5 Allées de l'île Gloriette, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - S Lambert
- Clinical Investigation Unit BALANCED "BehaviorAL AddictioNs and ComplEx Mood Disorders", Addictology and Psychiatry Department, University Hospital of Nantes, 85 Rue Saint Jacques, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - B Rocher
- Clinical Investigation Unit BALANCED "BehaviorAL AddictioNs and ComplEx Mood Disorders", Addictology and Psychiatry Department, University Hospital of Nantes, 85 Rue Saint Jacques, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - M Chirio-Espitalier
- Reference Centre for Therapeutic Education and Cognitive Remediation Care (CReSERC), Psychiatry and Mental Health Department, University Hospital of Nantes, 85 Rue Saint Jacques, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - E Eyzop
- Clinical Investigation Unit BALANCED "BehaviorAL AddictioNs and ComplEx Mood Disorders", Addictology and Psychiatry Department, University Hospital of Nantes, 85 Rue Saint Jacques, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - M Grall-Bronnec
- Clinical Investigation Unit BALANCED "BehaviorAL AddictioNs and ComplEx Mood Disorders", Addictology and Psychiatry Department, University Hospital of Nantes, 85 Rue Saint Jacques, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France.,U1246 SPHERE "methodS in Patient-Centered Outcomes and HEalth ResEarch", INSERM, University of Nantes and Tours, 22 Boulevard Benoni-Goullin, 44200, Nantes, France
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11
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Lam BPW, Marquardt TP. Emotional and Non-Emotional Verbal Fluency in Native and Non-Native Speakers. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2021; 37:199-209. [PMID: 33969381 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Native speakers frequently outperform non-native speakers on classic semantic verbal fluency tasks that target concrete non-emotional word retrieval. Much less is known about performance differences in retrieval of emotional words, which are abstract and crucial to social-emotional competence. This study compared native and non-native speakers' verbal productivity on emotional and non-emotional verbal fluency tasks. METHOD Forty-seven native and 37 non-native speakers of English participated in the study. Participants completed seven semantic verbal fluency tasks in English including classic semantic (e.g., "animals"), action (e.g., "things people do"), and emotional variants (e.g., "things that make people happy"). Subjective and objective measures of English proficiency, information about language usage, and cognitive measures (working memory) were obtained for each participant. RESULTS Verbal productivity for classic semantic, action, and emotional verbal fluency was lower for non-native speakers. Smaller language-specific vocabulary in non-native speakers did not moderate positivity biases in emotional verbal fluency. Subjective and objective language proficiency measures were less predictive of performance on the emotional than the non-emotional verbal fluency tasks. CONCLUSION Non-native speakers perform more poorly than native speakers on semantic verbal fluency in English for both emotional and non-emotional variants. Positivity biases are not moderated by language proficiency and are reliable features of emotional verbal fluency. Proficiency measures may be less effective in predicting generation of emotional than neutral words.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boji P W Lam
- Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Thomas P Marquardt
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Texas-Austin, Austin, USA
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12
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Domergue H, Regueme SC, Zafra OL, Manaz-Rodriguez L, Sinclair A, Bourdel-Marchasson I. Gait Speed and Evolution of Verbal Fluencies in Frail or Prefrail Older People with Type 2 Diabetes. A Pilot Study. J Nutr Health Aging 2021; 25:802-807. [PMID: 34179937 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-021-1636-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a risk factor of frailty and cognitive impairment. Impaired gait in older people is associated with incident vascular dementia. We aimed to assess whether in frail or prefrail older subjects with T2D, lower gait speed can be associated with faster cognitive decline. DESIGN Case-control study nested in a large randomized control trial (RCT, MID-frail); post hoc analysis. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Older frail and prefrail subjects (>70y) with T2D and with no history of cognitive problems were enrolled in a single recruiting center. Participants were divided into two groups depending on their walking speed - above (fast walkers) or below (slow walkers) using a cut off of 1 m/sec. MEASURE Cognitive function was assessed at baseline and during follow-up with the MMSE, category and letter fluencies at 15 sec (initiation) and 15-60 sec (late). RESULTS 48 subjects were included, 22 were fast walkers, 26 were slow walkers. The mean follow-up was 60.9 (SD 17.5) weeks. The baseline 0-15 sec letter fluency was higher in fast walkers (p=0.008). There was no difference at baseline with MMSE scores and category fluency. The MID-Frail intervention did not change the evolution of any cognitive changes. Comparisons were adjusted for age, sex and baseline performance, and showed a steeper decline of category fluency score in slow walkers (fast walkers +0.04 (-1.49 to1.56) compared with -0.89 (-2.15 to 0.38), p=0.049) with a moderate effect size. CONCLUSION In frail or prefrail older adults with diabetes, we observed a decline in category fluency in those with low gait speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Domergue
- Professor Isabelle Bourdel-Marchasson, Centre Henri Choussat, Hôpital Xavier Arnozan, 33604 Pessac cedex, France, tel: 33 (0)5 57 65 65 71, fax 33 (0)5 57 65 62 26,
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Magnusdottir BB, Haraldsson HM, Sigurdsson E. Trail Making Test, Stroop, and Verbal Fluency: Regression-Based Norms for the Icelandic Population. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2019; 36:253-266. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acz049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
The aim of this study was to construct regression-based norms for 3 executive-function tests: the Trail Making Test, Stroop, and Verbal Fluency.
Method
A sample of 1,034 healthy Icelandic adults (18–64 years) was used to calculate predicted scores for test measures from all 3 tests, controlled for the effects of age, gender, and education, as well as the interaction between these variables.
Results
The 3 demographic variables showed significant effects on most test measures and were included in the final equation for estimating predicted scores. An older age and less education predicted worse cognitive performances in most cases, and women tended to outperform men.
Conclusion
These results highlight the importance of adjusting for age, gender, and educational level when constructing normative data. Controlling for age alone may be insufficient or misleading in clinical-practice settings. A simple, user-friendly program for predicting executive-function test scores is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Magnusdottir
- Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - H M Haraldsson
- Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - E Sigurdsson
- School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
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Narme P, Maillet D, Palisson J, Le Clésiau H, Moroni C, Belin C. How to Assess Executive Functions in a Low-Educated and Multicultural Population Using a Switching Verbal Fluency Test (the TFA-93) in Neurodegenerative Diseases? Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2019; 34:469-477. [PMID: 30827122 PMCID: PMC10653371 DOI: 10.1177/1533317519833844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Few neuropsychological tests are available to assess executive dysfunction in low-educated and multicultural populations. To address this issue, the TFA-93, a switching verbal fluency test to assess cognitive flexibility, was administered to 70 healthy controls, 57 patients with a clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, and 21 with a clinical diagnosis of a neurodegenerative disease associated with frontal disorders. Most of the participants were low-educated and nonnative French speakers. The TFA-93 comprises 2 categorical fluency tasks (animals and fruits) and a fluency task in which participants have to switch between animals and fruits. Correct responses and errors were collected, and a flexibility index expressed the switching cost. Results showed that correct responses were lower, and the switching cost was greater in both patient groups. In low-educated and multicultural populations, the TFA-93 seems to be a good alternative to assess flexibility compared to the standard neuropsychological tools based on academic abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Narme
- Equipe Neuropsychologie du Vieillissement (EA 4468), Institut de Psychologie, Université Paris Descartes, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- Laboratoire Mémoire, Cerveau et Cognition (EA 7536), Institut de Psychologie, Université Paris Descartes, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Didier Maillet
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis APHP, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Laboratoire PSITEC, EA 4072, UFR de psychologie, Université de Lille, Pont de Bois, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Juliette Palisson
- Unité Fonctionnelle Mémoire et Maladies Neurodégénératives, Service de Neurologie, CHU Avicenne, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Bobigny, France
| | - Hervé Le Clésiau
- Centre d’Examens de Santé de la Caisse primaire d’Assurance Maladie de la Seine-Saint-Denis, Bobigny, France
| | - Christine Moroni
- Laboratoire PSITEC, EA 4072, UFR de psychologie, Université de Lille, Pont de Bois, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Catherine Belin
- Equipe Neuropsychologie du Vieillissement (EA 4468), Institut de Psychologie, Université Paris Descartes, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis APHP, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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Rosqvist I, Sandgren O, Andersson K, Hansson K, Lyberg-Åhlander V, Sahlén B. Children's development of semantic verbal fluency during summer vacation versus during formal schooling. LOGOP PHONIATR VOCO 2019; 45:134-142. [PMID: 31272256 DOI: 10.1080/14015439.2019.1637456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Children's results on school-related achievements tests, such as aspects of math, reading and writing, have been shown to decline following a lengthy summer vacation. Few studies have investigated whether this also applies to vocabulary skills. The purpose of this study is to investigate how lexical organization and retrieval, assessed by a semantic verbal fluency (SVF) task, develops during a lengthy summer vacation versus formal schooling.Method: Sixty-eight children with mean age of 7.9 (ranging from 6.5 to 9.1), were assessed pre- and post-summer vacation and post-fall semester using two SVF categories (Animals and Clothes). The number of words produced in both categories gave the total score.Results: The result of the SVF tests decreased following summer vacation. The loss was recouped at the post-fall semester assessment, but no gains compared to initial testing were shown. Neither level of parental education, general language ability, non-verbal IQ, nor bilingualism explained the variance in development during the summer vacation or the fall semester.Conclusions: Our findings indicate that a lengthy summer vacation causes a recess in the expected development of SVF ability and that this recess is recouped after a semester of formal schooling. The findings are in line with previous research indicating that summer vacation may have negative impact on the development of important scholastic abilities in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Rosqvist
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Logopedics, Phoniatrics and Audiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Olof Sandgren
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Logopedics, Phoniatrics and Audiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of School Development & Leadership, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ketty Andersson
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Logopedics, Phoniatrics and Audiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kristina Hansson
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Logopedics, Phoniatrics and Audiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Viveka Lyberg-Åhlander
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Logopedics, Phoniatrics and Audiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Sahlén
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Logopedics, Phoniatrics and Audiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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The Reliability and Validity of the Action Fluency Test in Healthy College Students. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2019; 34:1175-1191. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
This study examined the test–retest reliability and construct validity of the Action Fluency Test (AFT) as a measure of executive functioning.
Method
Using a correlational design, 128 healthy college students (M Age = 19.24, SD = 2.01; M education = 13.29 years, SD = 0.81) completed the AFT, and measures of verbal and figural fluency, executive functioning and other relevant constructs (e.g., vocabulary, working memory, and attention).
Results
Coefficients of stability were acceptable for AFT correct words (r = .76; p < .01), but not for errors (r = .41) or perseverations (r = .14). No practice effects were observed upon repeat testing (M interval = 39.21 days). Divergent validity evidence was mixed. AFT scores were unrelated to working memory and perceptual-reasoning abilities; however, correlations with vocabulary (r = .32; p < .01) and information-processing speed (r = .30; p < .01) were greater than associations between AFT scores and executive measures. Regarding convergent validity, AFT scores correlated with other fluency tasks (r = .4 range), but correlations with measures of executive functioning were absent or small. Action and letter fluency correlated with measures of attentional control and inhibition; however, these associations were no longer significant after controlling for shared variance with information-processing speed.
Conclusions
Findings are consistent with previous research suggesting vocabulary and information-processing speed underlie effective fluency performance to a greater extent than executive functioning. The AFT measures unique variance not accounted for by semantic and letter fluency tasks, and therefore may be used for a variety of research and clinical purposes.
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Ng KP, Chiew HJ, Lim L, Rosa-Neto P, Kandiah N, Gauthier S. The influence of language and culture on cognitive assessment tools in the diagnosis of early cognitive impairment and dementia. Expert Rev Neurother 2018; 18:859-869. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2018.1532792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kok Pin Ng
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui Jin Chiew
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Levinia Lim
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Unit, The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nagaendran Kandiah
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Serge Gauthier
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Unit, The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Montreal, Canada
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Akashi DA, Ortiz KZ. Formal language assessment in low-educated healthy subjects. Dement Neuropsychol 2018; 12:284-291. [PMID: 30425792 PMCID: PMC6200164 DOI: 10.1590/1980-57642018dn12-030009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many studies have shown the influence of education on cognition, the impact of low education on the various cognitive functions appears to differ. The hypothesis of the present study is that, with regards to language, the use of parameters derived from populations with 5-8 years of education leads to false-positive results. OBJECTIVE to determine the influence of low education on the language tasks assessed by the MTL-Brazil Battery. METHODS 30 healthy adults with 2-4 years of education were submitted to the MTL-Br Battery, comprising 22 subtests. The data were submitted to descriptive statistical analysis for each subtest and Z-scores were then calculated based on the parameters of a population with 5-8 years of education. All participants would be considered impaired if the Battery had been applied according to published normative criteria for a population with 5-8 years of education. RESULTS Separate analysis revealed that published scores for 17 out of the 22 Battery tasks were inappropriate for a population with 2-4 years of education. CONCLUSION Education was found to effect performance for each of the language abilities differently. In addition, the study results can be applied to language assessments of individuals with 1-4 years of education using the MTL-Br battery, since this is the only language test for adults available in Brazil, and for which there are no normative data for low-educated subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Aiko Akashi
- Speech Pathologist, Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Karin Zazo Ortiz
- PhD, Speech Pathologist, Associate Professor, Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Gauthier S, LeBlanc J, Seresova A, Laberge-Poirier A, A Correa J, Alturki AY, Marcoux J, Maleki M, Feyz M, de Guise E. Acute prediction of outcome and cognitive-communication impairments following traumatic brain injury: The influence of age, education and site of lesion. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2018; 73:77-90. [PMID: 29709658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Communication impairment following a traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been well documented, yet information regarding communication skills in the acute period following the injury is limited in the literature. Also, little is known about the influence of TBI severity (mild, moderate or severe) on cognitive-communication impairments and how these impairments are related to short-term functional outcome. The goal of this study was to assess the performance of adults with mild, moderate and severe TBI on different language tests and to determine how this performance is related to functional capacity. We also aimed to explore which variables among age, sex, education, TBI severity and site of cerebral damage would predict initial language impairments. METHODS Several language tests were administered to a sample of 145 adult patients with TBI of a range of severities admitted to an acute care service and to 113 healthy participants from the community. RESULTS TBI patients of a range of severities performed poorly on all language tests in comparison to the healthy controls. In addition, patients with mild TBI performed better than the moderate and severe groups, except on the reading test and on the semantic naming test. In addition, their performance on verbal fluency, conversational discourse and procedural discourse tasks predicted acute functional outcome. Finally, age, education and TBI severity and site of lesion predicted some language performance. A left temporal lesion was associated with poorer performance in conversational discourse and auditory comprehension tasks, a left frontal lesion with a decrease in the verbal fluency results and a right parietal lesion with decreased auditory comprehension and reasoning skills. CONCLUSION Health care professionals working in the acute care setting should be aware of the possible presence of cognitive-communication impairments in patients with TBI, even for those with mild TBI. These deficits can lead to functional communication problems and assistance may be required for tasks frequently encountered in acute care requiring intact comprehension and expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gauthier
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en réadaptation du Montréal métropolitain (CRIR), Montréal, Canada
| | - Joanne LeBlanc
- Traumatic Brain Injury Program-McGill University Health Center, Montréal, Canada
| | - Alena Seresova
- Traumatic Brain Injury Program-McGill University Health Center, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - José A Correa
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Abdulrahman Y Alturki
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, the National Neuroscience Institute, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Judith Marcoux
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Mohammed Maleki
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Mitra Feyz
- Traumatic Brain Injury Program-McGill University Health Center, Montréal, Canada
| | - Elaine de Guise
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en réadaptation du Montréal métropolitain (CRIR), Montréal, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, the National Neuroscience Institute, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Research Institute-McGill University Health Center, Montréal, Canada.
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Hollamby A, Davelaar EJ, Cadar D. Increased Physical Fitness Is Associated with Higher Executive Functioning in People with Dementia. Front Public Health 2017; 5:346. [PMID: 29312919 PMCID: PMC5742628 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical fitness (PF) has been associated with improved cognition in older age, but less is known about its effects on different cognitive domains in individuals diagnosed with dementia. We explored the associations between PF and cognitive performance in 40 healthy elderly and 30 individuals with dementia. Participants completed a battery of standardized cognitive tests (Mini-Mental State Exam, Verbal Fluency, Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire, Clock Drawing, and California Verbal Learning Test) and were classified into high versus low levels of PF based on their score on the Physical Fitness Questionnaire. Analyses took into account age, gender, education, occupation, head injury, Internet use, brain training, and past levels of exercise and revealed overall benefits of PF, in particular for the people with dementia. Discriminant analysis showed high accuracy of reclassification, with most errors being due to the misclassification of dementia cases as healthy when they had high PF. The first discriminant function accounted for 83% of the variance. Using individual estimates of this function, which reflected global cognitive performance, confirmed the beneficial role of PF in dementia, even when taking into account age, past level of exercise, and the number of years since the dementia diagnosis. Finally, univariate analyses confirmed the differential sensitivity of the cognitive tests, with MMSE and clock drawing showing reliable interaction effects. This work shows that PF is associated with a reduced level of cognitive deterioration expected with dementia, especially in executive functioning and provides empirical support for the cognitive benefits of interventions promoting PF for individuals with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Hollamby
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eddy J. Davelaar
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dorina Cadar
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Jenkinson TM, Muncer S, Wheeler M, Brechin D, Evans S. Estimating verbal fluency and naming ability from the test of premorbid functioning and demographic variables: Regression equations derived from a regional UK sample. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 57:135-147. [DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Don Brechin
- South Tees Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; Middlesbrough UK
| | - Stephen Evans
- South Tees Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; Middlesbrough UK
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Neu P, Gooren T, Niebuhr U, Schlattmann P. Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and depression: A comparison of stability and course. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2017; 26:215-228. [PMID: 29161150 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2017.1392962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits are clinically relevant features in schizophrenia and depression, yet little comparative data on changes in both disorders is available. This study compares cognitive performance of inpatients with schizophrenia (N = 52) and unipolar major depression (N = 67) during psychiatric treatment, assessing performance twice: after admission to hospital (acute) and prior to discharge (postacute) on average seven weeks later. A group of healthy controls was tested at comparable intervals. Data was analyzed using a multivariate linear model. Patients with schizophrenia and depression showed significantly impaired performance compared to healthy controls. On follow-up both patient groups showed improved performance. Contrary to expectation, patients with schizophrenia showed greater improvement in verbal memory, visual memory, and psychomotor speed than depressive patients. Verbal fluency presented as a possible candidate to differentiate between both disorders. Similar profiles of generalized cognitive deficits were observed in both patient-groups on acute and postacute assessment, which might indicate trait-like deficits with persistent functional implications in both disorders. Findings do not support assumptions of greater cognitive impairment in schizophrenia compared to depression. A distinction of the disorders on the grounds of cognitive functioning seems to be less specific than presumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Neu
- a Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin , Germany.,b Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Jewish Hospital , Berlin , Germany
| | - Tina Gooren
- a Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Ulrike Niebuhr
- c Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Vivantes Hospital Neukölln , Berlin , Germany
| | - Peter Schlattmann
- d Department of Medical Statistics, Computer Sciences and Documentation , Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany
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Julayanont P, Ruthirago D. The illiterate brain and the neuropsychological assessment: From the past knowledge to the future new instruments. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2016; 25:174-187. [PMID: 27841690 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2016.1250211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The lifetime learning of illiterate and low-educated individuals shapes their cognitive skills, which are challenging to grade by the current available neuropsychological tools. Eight hundred million of the global population are illiterate. It is very challenging to interpret the cognitive performance of this population by the available formal neuropsychological tests, mainly developed for higher educated people. From extensive literature investigation, we reviewed the cognitive process and performance of illiterate and low-educated population on various cognitive domains including language, executive function, memory, visual-related function, and motor skills. We also suggested the concept in the development of the appropriate tools for the cognitive assessment among this population. Finally, we provide the available cognitive screening tools validated in the illiterate and low-educated subjects within the last three decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parunyou Julayanont
- a Department of Neurology , Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Lubbock , Texas , USA
| | - Doungporn Ruthirago
- a Department of Neurology , Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Lubbock , Texas , USA
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Abdel Aziz K, Khater MS, Emara T, Tawfik HM, Rasheedy D, Mohammedin AS, Tolba MF, El-Gabry DA, Qassem T. Effects of age, education, and gender on verbal fluency in healthy adult Arabic-speakers in Egypt. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2016; 24:331-341. [PMID: 27282630 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2016.1185424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to establish the effects of age, gender, and education and to provide preliminary normative data for letter and category fluency tasks in the Egyptian Arabic-speaking population. We evaluated 139 cognitively healthy volunteers aged 20-93 by adapting the letter and category verbal fluency tasks for the Egyptian population. On the letter fluency task, mean number of words generated in one-minute beginning with the Arabic letter "Sheen" (pronounced "sh") was 8.14 words per minute (SD = 3.25). Letter fluency was significantly influenced by education. On category fluency tasks, mean number of animal names generated in one minute was 14.63 words (SD = 5.28). Category fluency was significantly influenced by age and education. We were able identify that age significantly affects category fluency while education significantly affected both letter and category fluency. We were also able to provide preliminary normative data for both tasks in the Egyptian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Abdel Aziz
- a Department of Psychiatry , United Arab Emirates University , Al-Ain , United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed S Khater
- b Geriatrics and Gerontology Department, Faculty of Medicine , Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Tamer Emara
- c Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine , Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Heba M Tawfik
- b Geriatrics and Gerontology Department, Faculty of Medicine , Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Doha Rasheedy
- b Geriatrics and Gerontology Department, Faculty of Medicine , Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Mohammedin
- b Geriatrics and Gerontology Department, Faculty of Medicine , Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Mohammad F Tolba
- b Geriatrics and Gerontology Department, Faculty of Medicine , Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
| | | | - Tarik Qassem
- d Psychiatry Department , Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt.,e Old Age Psychiatry Service , Black Country Partnership NHS Foundation NHS Trust , West Bromwich , United Kingdom.,f Psychiatry Department , University of Warwick , Coventry , United Kingdom
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Bellaj T, Salhi I, Le Gall D, Roy A. Development of executive functioning in school-age Tunisian children. Child Neuropsychol 2015; 22:919-54. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2015.1058349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Voos MC, Piemonte MEP, Castelli LZ, Machado MSA, Teixeira PPDS, Caromano FA, Do Valle LER. Association between Educational Status and Dual-Task Performance in Young Adults. Percept Mot Skills 2015; 120:416-37. [DOI: 10.2466/22.pms.120v18x8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The influence of educational status on perceptual-motor performance has not been investigated. The single- and dual-task performances of 15 Low educated adults (9 men, 6 women; M age = 24.1 yr.; 6–9 yr. of education) and 15 Higher educated adults (8 men, 7 women; M age = 24.7 yr.; 10–13 yr. of education) were compared. The perceptual task consisted of verbally classifying two figures (equal or different). The motor task consisted of alternating steps from the floor to a stool. Tasks were assessed individually and simultaneously. Two analyses of variance (2 groups × 4 blocks) compared the errors and steps. The Low education group committed more errors and had less improvement on the perceptual task than the High education group. During and after the perceptual-motor task performance, errors increased only in the Low education group. Education correlated to perceptual and motor performance. The Low education group showed more errors and less step alternations on the perceptual-motor task compared to the High education group. This difference on the number of errors was also observed after the dual-task, when the perceptual task was performed alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Callil Voos
- Department of Physical Therapy, Speech Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo
| | - Maria Elisa Pimentel Piemonte
- Department of Physical Therapy, Speech Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo
| | - Lilian Zanchetta Castelli
- Department of Physical Therapy, Speech Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo
| | - Mariane Silva Andrade Machado
- Department of Physical Therapy, Speech Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo
| | | | - Fátima Aparecida Caromano
- Department of Physical Therapy, Speech Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo
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Dehaene S, Cohen L, Morais J, Kolinsky R. Illiterate to literate: behavioural and cerebral changes induced by reading acquisition. Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 16:234-44. [PMID: 25783611 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Marshall C, Rowley K, Atkinson J. Modality-dependent and -independent factors in the organisation of the signed language lexicon: insights from semantic and phonological fluency tasks in BSL. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2014; 43:587-610. [PMID: 24043510 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-013-9271-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We used fluency tasks to investigate lexical organisation in Deaf adults who use British sign language (BSL). The number of responses produced to semantic categories did not differ from reports in spoken languages. However, there was considerable variability in the number of responses across phonological categories, and some signers had difficulty retrieving items. Responses were richly clustered according to semantic and/or phonological properties. With respect to phonology, there was significantly more clustering around the parameters "handshape" and "location" compared to "movement". We conclude that the BSL lexicon is organised in similar ways to the lexicons of spoken languages, but that lexical retrieval is characterised by strong links between semantics and phonology; movement is less readily retrieved than handshape and location; and phonological fluency is difficult for signers because they have little metaphonological awareness in BSL and because signs do not display the onset salience that characterises spoken words.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloë Marshall
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Institute of Education, University of London, 25 Woburn Square, London, WC1H 0AA, UK,
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Kolinsky R, Monteiro-Plantin RS, Mengarda EJ, Grimm-Cabral L, Scliar-Cabral L, Morais J. How formal education and literacy impact on the content and structure of semantic categories. Trends Neurosci Educ 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tine.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Residual negative symptoms differentiate cognitive performance in clinically stable patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2014; 2014:785310. [PMID: 25024847 PMCID: PMC4082914 DOI: 10.1155/2014/785310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits in various domains have been shown in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. The purpose of the present study was to examine if residual psychopathology explained the difference in cognitive function between clinically stable patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. We compared the performance on tests of attention, visual and verbal memory, and executive function of 25 patients with schizophrenia in remission and 25 euthymic bipolar disorder patients with that of 25 healthy controls. Mediation analysis was used to see if residual psychopathology could explain the difference in cognitive function between the patient groups. Both patient groups performed significantly worse than healthy controls on most cognitive tests. Patients with bipolar disorder displayed cognitive deficits that were milder but qualitatively similar to those of patients with schizophrenia. Residual negative symptoms mediated the difference in performance on cognitive tests between the two groups. Neither residual general psychotic symptoms nor greater antipsychotic doses explained this relationship. The shared variance explained by the residual negative and cognitive deficits that the difference between patient groups may be explained by greater frontal cortical neurophysiological deficits in patients with schizophrenia, compared to bipolar disorder. Further longitudinal work may provide insight into pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie these deficits.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Even though cognitive deficits are well recognised in schizophrenia and depression, direct comparisons between the disorders are scarce in literature. This study aims to assess specificity and degree of cognitive deficits in inpatients with acute schizophrenia and unipolar major depression. METHODS A neuropsychological test battery was administered to 76 schizophrenic patients, 102 patients with unipolar major depression and 85 healthy controls (HCs), assessing verbal learning [Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT)], processing speed (Trail Making Test), verbal fluency and visual memory (Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised test). RESULTS Both patient groups were significantly impaired compared with HCs with regard to all test outcomes. The schizophrenia group (SG) performed significantly worse in the Wechsler Memory Scale and verbal fluency than the depression group (DG). The DG reached significantly lower scores than the SG in the RAVLT delayed recall subtest. No significant group difference between SG and DG was found for the Trail Making Test and the RAVLT direct recall trails. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that cognitive impairment is present in both disorders. Schizophrenic patients performed worse than patients with unipolar depression in only two of the administered tests. Differences in cognitive performance between the groups are not as general as often assumed. Therefore, during the acute phase of illness, a diagnostic classification on the grounds of the patients' neurocognitive performance has to be done with caution.
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Robbins RN, Joska JA, Thomas KGF, Stein DJ, Linda T, Mellins CA, Remien RH. Exploring the utility of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment to detect HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder: the challenge and need for culturally valid screening tests in South Africa. Clin Neuropsychol 2013; 27:437-54. [PMID: 23336183 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2012.759627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
There is a strong need in South Africa for neuropsychological tests that can help detect HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) in the country's 5.6 million people living with HIV. Yet South African neuropsychologists are challenged to do so, as few neuropsychological tests or batteries have been developed or adapted for, and normed on, South Africa's linguistically, culturally, educationally, and economically diverse population. The purpose of this study was to explore the utility of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment to detect HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment among a sample of HIV+ and HIV- Black, Xhosa-speaking South Africans. HIV+ participants performed significantly worse overall and specifically in the domains of visuospatial, executive, attention, and language (confrontation naming). Regression analysis indicated that HIV status and education were the strongest predictors of total scores. Floor effects were observed on cube drawing, rhinoceros naming, serial 7s, and one abstraction item, suggesting those items might not be useful in this population. While the Montreal Cognitive Assessment holds promise to help detect HAND in South Africa, it will likely need modification before it can be normed and validated for this population. Findings from this study may help neuropsychologists working with similar populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben N Robbins
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Cavaco S, Gonçalves A, Pinto C, Almeida E, Gomes F, Moreira I, Fernandes J, Teixeira-Pinto A. Semantic Fluency and Phonemic Fluency: Regression-based Norms for the Portuguese Population. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2013; 28:262-71. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/act001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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John S, Rajashekhar B. Word retrieval ability on semantic fluency task in typically developing Malayalam-speaking children. Child Neuropsychol 2013; 20:182-95. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2012.760538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Nagels A, Kircher T, Dietsche B, Backes H, Marquetand J, Krug A. Neural processing of overt word generation in healthy individuals: the effect of age and word knowledge. Neuroimage 2012; 61:832-40. [PMID: 22521476 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Verbal fluency is a classical and widely used neuropsychological instrument to assess cognitive abilities. Results of previous studies indicate an influence on verbal fluency performance of both, age and word knowledge. So far, no imaging study has investigated the neural mechanisms underlying an age and word knowledge related decline on the quantitative verbal output in a highly demanding overt and continuous semantic fluency task. Fifty healthy volunteers (age 22-56 years, verbal IQ 95-143) overtly and continuously articulated words in response to ten visually presented semantic categories while BOLD signal was measured with fMRI. Verbal responses were recorded with an MRI compatible microphone and transcribed after the scanning session. The number of produced words as well as age, word knowledge and level of education was implemented in the design matrix enabling a separate analysis of these factors on both, neural responses and behavioral differences. There was a significant correlation of level of education and number of generated words, but no significant correlations of generated words and age or word knowledge were observed. On the neural level, a widespread network was found for the word production task as contrasted with the resting condition, encompassing the bilateral superior temporal gyri, the cerebellum and the SMA. An age related positive correlation was found in the bilateral inferior and middle frontal gyri, the anterior cingulate gyrus, the left precentral gyrus and the right insula. A lower word knowledge resulted in enhanced BOLD responses in the right superior temporal gyrus and the left superior frontal gyrus. Results are interpreted in terms of compensation mechanisms countervailing potential age and word knowledge related effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Nagels
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Rudolf-Bultmann-Str. 8, 35039 Marburg, Germany
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Normative study of the category fluency test (CFT) from nationwide data on community-dwelling elderly in Korea. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2012; 54:305-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kamat R, Ghate M, Gollan TH, Meyer R, Vaida F, Heaton RK, Letendre S, Franklin D, Alexander T, Grant I, Mehendale S, Marcotte TD. Effects of Marathi-Hindi bilingualism on neuropsychological performance. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2012; 18:305-13. [PMID: 22206622 PMCID: PMC3581332 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617711001731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine if bilingualism affects executive functions and verbal fluency in Marathi and Hindi, two major languages in India, with a considerable cognate (e.g., activity is actividad in Spanish) overlap. A total of 174 native Marathi speakers from Pune, India, with varying levels of Hindi proficiency were administered tests of executive functioning and verbal performance in Marathi. A bilingualism index was generated using self-reported Hindi and Marathi proficiency. After controlling for demographic variables, the association between bilingualism and cognitive performance was examined. Degree of bilingualism predicted better performance on the switching (Color Trails-2) and inhibition (Stroop Color-Word) components of executive functioning; but not for the abstraction component (Halstead Category Test). In the verbal domain, bilingualism was more closely associated with noun generation (where the languages share many cognates) than verb generation (which are more disparate across these languages), as predicted. However, contrary to our hypothesis that the bilingualism "disadvantage" would be attenuated on noun generation, bilingualism was associated with an advantage on these measures. These findings suggest distinct patterns of bilingualism effects on cognition for this previously unexamined language pair, and that the rate of cognates may modulate the association between bilingualism and verbal performance on neuropsychological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujvi Kamat
- San Diego University/ University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92103, USA.
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Manly JJ, Smith C, Crystal HA, Richardson J, Golub ET, Greenblatt R, Robison E, Martin EM, Young M. Relationship of ethnicity, age, education, and reading level to speed and executive function among HIV+ and HIV- women: the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) Neurocognitive Substudy. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2011; 33:853-63. [PMID: 21950512 PMCID: PMC3383771 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2010.547662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Use of neuropsychological tests to identify HIV-associated neurocognitive dysfunction must involve normative standards that are well suited to the population of interest. Norms should be based on a population of HIV-uninfected individuals as closely matched to the HIV-infected group as possible and must include examination of the potential effects of demographic factors on test performance. This is the first study to determine the normal range of scores on measures of psychomotor speed and executive function among a large group of ethnically and educationally diverse HIV-uninfected, high-risk women, as well as their HIV-infected counterparts. Participants (n = 1,653) were administered the Trail Making Test Parts A and B (Trails A and Trails B), the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), and the Wide Range Achievement Test-3 (WRAT-3). Among HIV-uninfected women, race/ethnicity accounted for almost 5% of the variance in cognitive test performance. The proportions ofvariance in cognitive test performance accounted for by age (13.8%), years of school (4.1%), and WRAT-3 score (11.5%) were each significant, but did not completely account for the effect of race (3%). HIV-infected women obtained lower scores than HIV-uninfected women on time to complete Trails A and B, SDMT total correct, and SDMT incidental recall score, but after adjustment for age, years of education, racial/ethnic classification, and reading level, only the difference on SDMT total correct remained significant. Results highlight the need to adjust for demographic variables when diagnosing cognitive impairment in HIV-infected women. Advantages of demographically adjusted regression equations developed using data from HIV-uninfected women are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Manly
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Department of Neurology, and the Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, USA.
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Araujo NBD, Barca ML, Engedal K, Coutinho ESF, Deslandes AC, Laks J. Verbal fluency in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and major depression. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66:623-7. [PMID: 21655757 PMCID: PMC3093793 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011000400017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare verbal fluency among Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and major depression and to assess the sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with the disease severity. METHODS Patients from an outpatient university center with a clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease or major depression were studied. Severity was staged using the Hoehn & Yahr scale, the Hamilton Depression scale and the Clinical Dementia Rating for Parkinson's disease, major depression, and Alzheimer's disease, respectively. All subjects were tested with the Mini-Mental State Examination, the digit span test, and the verbal fluency test (animals). We fit four types of regression models for the count variable: Poisson model, negative binomial model, zero-inflated Poisson model, and zero-inflated negative binomial model. RESULTS The mean digit span and verbal fluency scores were lower in patients with Alzheimer's disease (n = 34) than in patients with major depression (n = 52) or Parkinson's disease (n = 17) (p<0.001). The average number of words listed was much lower for Alzheimer's disease patients (7.2 words) compared to the patients presenting with major depression (14.6 words) or Parkinson's disease (15.7 words) (KW test = 32.4; p<0.01). Major depression and Parkinson's disease groups listed 44% (ROM = 1.44) and 48% (ROM = 1.48) more words, respectively, compared to those patients with Alzheimer's disease; these results were independent of age, education, disease severity and attention. Independently of diagnosis, age, and education, severe disease showed a 26% (ROM = 0.74) reduction in the number of words listed when compared to mild cases. CONCLUSIONS Verbal fluency provides a better characterization of Alzheimer's disease, major depression, and Parkinson's disease, even at later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narahyana Bom de Araujo
- Laboratory of Exercise, EEFD-related Neuroscience, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Andersson U. Working memory as a predictor of written arithmetical skills in children: The importance of central executive functions. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010; 78:181-203. [PMID: 17535520 DOI: 10.1348/000709907x209854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study was conducted in an attempt to further our understanding of how working memory contributes to written arithmetical skills in children. AIM The aim was to pinpoint the contribution of different central executive functions and to examine the contribution of the two subcomponents of children's written arithmetical skills. SAMPLE AND METHOD A total of 141 third- and fourth-graders were administered arithmetical tasks and measures of working memory, fluid IQ and reading. Regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between working memory and written arithmetical skills. RESULTS Three central executive measures (counting span, trail making and verbal fluency) and one phonological loop measure (Digit Span) were significant and predictors of arithmetical performance when the influence of reading, age and IQ was controlled for in the analysis. CONCLUSIONS The present findings demonstrate that working memory, in general, and the central executive, in particular, contribute to children's arithmetical skills. It was hypothesized that monitoring and coordinating multiple processes, and accessing arithmetical knowledge from long-term memory, are important central executive functions during arithmetical performance. The contribution of the phonological loop and the central executive (concurrent processing and storage of numerical information) indicates that children aged 9-10 years primarily utilize verbal coding strategies during written arithmetical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Andersson
- Department of Behavioural Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden.
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Lim ML, Collinson SL, Feng L, Ng TP. Cross-cultural application of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS): performances of elderly Chinese Singaporeans. Clin Neuropsychol 2010; 24:811-26. [PMID: 20560092 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2010.490789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
There is a paucity of normative studies outside of North America and on elderly populations with very low education level. In the present study we examined the performance of poorly educated elderly on the Repeatable Battery Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) with 352 cognitively normal elderly Chinese persons living in the community in Singapore who were enrolled in the Singapore Longitudinal Ageing Study (SLAS). Those with no formal education performed significantly less well than those with some years of formal education across four of five RBANS indices as well as the Total Scale score. Age- and education-adjusted normative data for the RBANS were established for the sample. The means and standard deviations of each of 12 subtests raw scores, five Index scores and the Total Scale score were calculated and stratified by age and education. Data from the present study should considerably advance the clinical utility of the RBANS in Chinese geriatric evaluations in Singapore, and can serve as a reference source for poorly educated elderly Chinese from around the region and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- May-Li Lim
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Effects of educational background on verbal fluency task performance in older adults with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Int Psychogeriatr 2010; 22:995-1002. [PMID: 20602860 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610210000839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that the verbal fluency test (VFT) is a sensitive measure of cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, other studies have shown that the performances were significantly influenced by education in the normal elderly population. In order to examine the utility of the VFT as a tool for screening for AD, it is necessary to study the effect of education not only in the cognitively intact population but also in the population of early AD patients. METHODS Patients with AD (n = 345) and individuals with amnestic type of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (n = 123) were asked to generate as many words as possible belonging to a category "animal" and beginning with " [ka]" in syllabic Japanese "kana" script. In order to determine the education effect after adjusting for age and cognitive state on the VFT performance in early stage of AD, we performed multiple regression analysis with 396 individuals including both amnestic MCI and AD. RESULTS After adjusting for patients' age, sex, and cognitive state, the years of education were significantly related to category fluency test scores, but not significantly related to letter fluency test scores. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that a category fluency performance reflected not only AD-specific changes but also educational background. These results suggest the limitation of using the category fluency task for screening subjects at risk for developing AD without taking subjects' educational background into consideration.
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Choca JP, Krueger KR, de la Torre GG, Corral S, Garside D. Demographic adjustments for the Spanish version of the WAIS-III. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2009; 24:619-29. [PMID: 19679592 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acp049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Spanish version of the third edition of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III) by TEA Ediciones is an excellent addition to available instruments for Spanish speakers. The Spanish norms function similarly to US norms for individuals aged 16-35. The norms become increasingly different for individuals 35 and older, seemingly because of the lower levels of formal education of the older Spanish cohorts. Using data from a random half of the Spanish sample, the authors developed regression equations to adjust the scaled scores for individuals with a low level of education. The adjustment is made to the level that would have been expected if the individual had 12 years of education, the median level of education of the US norms. The article includes the methodology and values necessary to make the adjustments. The scaled scores were then adjusted for individuals on the second random half of the Spanish sample and compared to the United States norms. The results showed the adjustments succeed in bringing the Spanish norms closer to the US norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Choca
- Psychology Department, Roosevelt University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
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Machado TH, Fichman HC, Santos EL, Carvalho VA, Fialho PP, Koenig AM, Fernandes CS, Lourenço RA, Paradela EMDP, Caramelli P. Normative data for healthy elderly on the phonemic verbal fluency task - FAS. Dement Neuropsychol 2009; 3:55-60. [PMID: 29213611 PMCID: PMC5619033 DOI: 10.1590/s1980-57642009dn30100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phonemic verbal fluency tests assess the production of words beginning with specific letters. Of these letters, the most frequently used are F, A and S. It is a sensitive test for assessing frontal lobe functions. Objective To provide normative data for the elderly Brazilian population on the FAS test and to investigate the effects of age and schooling on test performance. Methods The individuals were divided into three age groups (60-69, 70-79 and =80 years), and into four groups according to education (1-3, 4-7, 8-11 and 12 years). All subjects were assessed by the Mini Mental State Examination and the FAS. Data were analyzed with Student's t test, ANOVA, simple linear regression and Spearman's correlation. Results We evaluated 345 cognitively healthy volunteers, 66.66% being female, aged 60 to 93 years, with an educational level ranging from one to 24 years. The average (number of items) ±SD for the whole sample was 28.28±11.53. No significant effect of gender was observed (p=0.5). Performance on the MMSE and education exerted a direct influence on FAS scores (p<0.001), with education being the most significant factor. A positive correlation was found between FAS and the MMSE (r=0.404; p<0.001). Conclusion The performance of Brazilian elderly on the phonemic verbal fluency tests-FAS is significantly influenced by education, where individuals with higher educational level present better performance than those with fewer years of schooling. Age and gender did not prove significant with the FAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Helena Machado
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurologia Cognitiva e do Comportamento, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG; Ambulatório de Neurologia Cognitiva do Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Helenice Charchat Fichman
- Departamento de Psicologia, Pontíficia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Departamento de Neurologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Etelvina Lucas Santos
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurologia Cognitiva e do Comportamento, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG; Ambulatório de Neurologia Cognitiva do Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Viviane Amaral Carvalho
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurologia Cognitiva e do Comportamento, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG; Ambulatório de Neurologia Cognitiva do Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Paes Fialho
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurologia Cognitiva e do Comportamento, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG; Ambulatório de Neurologia Cognitiva do Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Anne Marise Koenig
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurologia Cognitiva e do Comportamento, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG; Ambulatório de Neurologia Cognitiva do Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Conceição Santos Fernandes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Envelhecimento Humano - GeronLab, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberto Alves Lourenço
- Disciplina de Geriatria, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Caramelli
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurologia Cognitiva e do Comportamento, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG; Ambulatório de Neurologia Cognitiva do Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Fichman HC, Fernandes CS, Nitrini R, Lourenço RA, Paradela EMDP, Carthery-Goulart MT, Caramelli P. Age and educational level effects on the performance of normal elderly on category verbal fluency tasks. Dement Neuropsychol 2009; 3:49-54. [PMID: 29213610 PMCID: PMC5619032 DOI: 10.1590/s1980-57642009dn30100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive decline, particularly executive dysfunction, is observed in normal aging. In Brazil, the elderly population presents broad educational diversity. Category verbal fluency tests are frequently used to detect cognitive impairment, assessing executive function, language and semantic memory. Objective To investigate the effects of age and education on category animal fluency task (CAF) in healthy elderly. Methods We evaluated 319 healthy elderly from outpatient care units of two university reference centers of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. The sample was divided into two age, and five schooling subgroups. To be included participants had to demonstrate preservation of global cognitive functioning, independence for activities of daily living and not fulfill diagnostic criteria for dementia. All participants were submitted to neurological and neuropsychological evaluations. Results There was a correlation between age and CAF performance (r= -0.26, p<0.01), which was not confirmed when years of education were included as a covariant in univariate ANCOVA. Significant differences were found in CAF performance among the different educational level groups on correlation analysis (r=0.42, p<0.01) and ANCOVA analysis (F=18.8, p<0.05). Illiteracy was associated with worst CAF performance, while university level was associated with best performance. Conclusion The best CAF performance was found in the first years of schooling (literacy learning process) compared to illiteracy, and when finishing high school and starting university courses compared to all other educational levels. These stages are associated with significant gains in semantic memory and executive function which are critical for verbal fluency performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helenice Charchat Fichman
- Departamento de Psicologia, Pontíficia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Neurologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Laboratório de Pesquisa em Envelhecimento Humano - GeronLab, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Departamento de Neurologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Conceição Santos Fernandes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Envelhecimento Humano - GeronLab, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Departamento de Neurologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto Alves Lourenço
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Envelhecimento Humano - GeronLab, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Departamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paulo Caramelli
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurologia Cognitiva e do Comportamento, Departamento de Clínica Médica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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TALLBERG IM, IVACHOVA E, JONES TINGHAG K, ÖSTBERG P. Swedish norms for word fluency tests: FAS, animals and verbs. Scand J Psychol 2008; 49:479-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2008.00653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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49
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Lifecourse Social Conditions and Racial and Ethnic Patterns of Cognitive Aging. Neuropsychol Rev 2008; 18:223-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s11065-008-9064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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Lee JY, Dong Woo Lee, Cho SJ, Na DL, Hong Jin Jeon, Kim SK, You Ra Lee, Youn JH, Kwon M, Lee JH, Maeng Je Cho. Brief screening for mild cognitive impairment in elderly outpatient clinic: validation of the Korean version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2008; 21:104-10. [PMID: 18474719 DOI: 10.1177/0891988708316855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a brief cognitive screening tool with high sensitivity for screening patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The authors examined the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the MoCA (MoCA-K) in elderly outpatients. The MoCA-K, a Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale, and neuropsychological batteries were administered to 196 elderly persons (mild Alzheimer's disease [AD] = 44, MCI = 37, normal controls [NC] = 115). MoCA-K scores were highly correlated with those of MMSE and CDR. Using a cutoff score of 22/23, the MoCA-K had an excellent sensitivity of 89% and a good specificity of 84% for screening MCI. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were good. The results obtained show that the MoCA-K is brief, reliable, and suitable for use as a screening tool to screen MCI patients in elderly outpatient clinic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Young Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Boramae Hospital, Seoul, South Korea. benji@ snu.ac.kr
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