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Aromolaran KA, Corbin A, Aromolaran AS. Obesity Arrhythmias: Role of IL-6 Trans-Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8407. [PMID: 39125976 PMCID: PMC11313575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic disease that is rapidly increasing in prevalence and affects more than 600 million adults worldwide, and this figure is estimated to increase by at least double by 2030. In the United States, more than one-third of the adult population is either overweight or obese. The global obesity epidemic is a major risk factor for the development of life-threatening arrhythmias occurring in patients with long QT, particularly in conditions where multiple heart-rate-corrected QT-interval-prolonging mechanisms are simultaneously present. In obesity, excess dietary fat in adipose tissue stimulates the release of immunomodulatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, leading to a state of chronic inflammation in patients. Over the last decade, increasing evidence has been found to support IL-6 signaling as a powerful predictor of the severity of heart diseases and increased risk for ventricular arrhythmias. IL-6's pro-inflammatory effects are mediated via trans-signaling and may represent a novel arrhythmogenic risk factor in obese hearts. The first selective inhibitor of IL-6 trans-signaling, olamkicept, has shown encouraging results in phase II clinical studies for inflammatory bowel disease. Nevertheless, the connection between IL-6 trans-signaling and obesity-linked ventricular arrhythmias remains unexplored. Therefore, understanding how IL-6 trans-signaling elicits a cellular pro-arrhythmic phenotype and its use as an anti-arrhythmic target in a model of obesity remain unmet clinical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Aromolaran
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute (CVRTI), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (K.A.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrea Corbin
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute (CVRTI), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (K.A.A.); (A.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Ademuyiwa S. Aromolaran
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute (CVRTI), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (K.A.A.); (A.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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2
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Paccalet A, Badawi S, Pillot B, Augeul L, Mechtouff L, Harhous Z, Gouriou Y, Paillard M, Breuilly M, Amaz C, Varillon Y, Leboube S, Brun C, Prieur C, Rioufol G, Mewton N, Ovize M, Bidaux G, Bochaton T, Crola Da Silva C. Deleterious Anti-Inflammatory Macrophage Recruitment in Early Post-Infarction Phase: Unraveling the IL-6/MCP-1/STAT3 Axis. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2024; 9:593-604. [PMID: 38984050 PMCID: PMC11228110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2024.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Using a translational approach with an ST-segment myocardial infarction (STEMI) cohort and mouse model of myocardial infarction, we highlighted the role of the secreted IL-6 and MCP-1 cytokines and the STAT3 pathway in heart macrophage recruitment and activation. Cardiac myocytes secrete IL-6 and MCP-1 in response to hypoxic stress, leading to a recruitment and/or polarization of anti-inflammatory macrophages via the STAT3 pathway. In our preclinical model of myocardial infarction, neutralization of IL-6 and MCP-1 or STAT3 pathway reduced infarct size. Together, our data demonstrate that anti-inflammatory macrophages can be deleterious in the acute phase of STEMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Paccalet
- Laboratoire CarMeN-IRIS Team, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA-Lyon, University of Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Sally Badawi
- Laboratoire CarMeN-IRIS Team, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA-Lyon, University of Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Bruno Pillot
- Laboratoire CarMeN-IRIS Team, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA-Lyon, University of Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Lionel Augeul
- Laboratoire CarMeN-IRIS Team, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA-Lyon, University of Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Laura Mechtouff
- Laboratoire CarMeN-IRIS Team, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA-Lyon, University of Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Zeina Harhous
- Laboratoire CarMeN-IRIS Team, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA-Lyon, University of Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Yves Gouriou
- Laboratoire CarMeN-IRIS Team, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA-Lyon, University of Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Mélanie Paillard
- Laboratoire CarMeN-IRIS Team, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA-Lyon, University of Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Marine Breuilly
- CIQLE, LyMIC, LABEX CORTEX, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Structure Fédérative de Recherche santé Lyon-Est CNRS UAR3453/Inserm US7, Lyon, France
| | - Camille Amaz
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique de Lyon (CIC 1407 Inserm), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Yvonne Varillon
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique de Lyon (CIC 1407 Inserm), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Simon Leboube
- Laboratoire CarMeN-IRIS Team, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA-Lyon, University of Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Camille Brun
- Laboratoire CarMeN-IRIS Team, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA-Lyon, University of Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Cyril Prieur
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique de Lyon (CIC 1407 Inserm), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Gilles Rioufol
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique de Lyon (CIC 1407 Inserm), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nathan Mewton
- Laboratoire CarMeN-IRIS Team, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA-Lyon, University of Lyon, Bron, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique de Lyon (CIC 1407 Inserm), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Intensive Cardiological Care Division, Louis Pradel Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Michel Ovize
- Laboratoire CarMeN-IRIS Team, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA-Lyon, University of Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Gabriel Bidaux
- Laboratoire CarMeN-IRIS Team, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA-Lyon, University of Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Thomas Bochaton
- Laboratoire CarMeN-IRIS Team, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA-Lyon, University of Lyon, Bron, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique de Lyon (CIC 1407 Inserm), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Claire Crola Da Silva
- Laboratoire CarMeN-IRIS Team, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA-Lyon, University of Lyon, Bron, France
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3
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Johnson RD, Lei M, McVey JH, Camelliti P. Human myofibroblasts increase the arrhythmogenic potential of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:276. [PMID: 37668685 PMCID: PMC10480244 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04924-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) have the potential to remuscularize infarcted hearts but their arrhythmogenicity remains an obstacle to safe transplantation. Myofibroblasts are the predominant cell-type in the infarcted myocardium but their impact on transplanted hiPSC-CMs remains poorly defined. Here, we investigate the effect of myofibroblasts on hiPSC-CMs electrophysiology and Ca2+ handling using optical mapping of advanced human cell coculture systems mimicking cell-cell interaction modalities. Human myofibroblasts altered the electrophysiology and Ca2+ handling of hiPSC-CMs and downregulated mRNAs encoding voltage channels (KV4.3, KV11.1 and Kir6.2) and SERCA2a calcium pump. Interleukin-6 was elevated in the presence of myofibroblasts and direct stimulation of hiPSC-CMs with exogenous interleukin-6 recapitulated the paracrine effects of myofibroblasts. Blocking interleukin-6 reduced the effects of myofibroblasts only in the absence of physical contact between cell-types. Myofibroblast-specific connexin43 knockdown reduced functional changes in contact cocultures only when combined with interleukin-6 blockade. This provides the first in-depth investigation into how human myofibroblasts modulate hiPSC-CMs function, identifying interleukin-6 and connexin43 as paracrine- and contact-mediators respectively, and highlighting their potential as targets for reducing arrhythmic risk in cardiac cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ming Lei
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John H McVey
- School of Biosciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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4
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Bazgir F, Nau J, Nakhaei-Rad S, Amin E, Wolf MJ, Saucerman JJ, Lorenz K, Ahmadian MR. The Microenvironment of the Pathogenesis of Cardiac Hypertrophy. Cells 2023; 12:1780. [PMID: 37443814 PMCID: PMC10341218 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is a key risk factor for the development of heart failure and predisposes individuals to cardiac arrhythmia and sudden death. While physiological cardiac hypertrophy is adaptive, hypertrophy resulting from conditions comprising hypertension, aortic stenosis, or genetic mutations, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, is maladaptive. Here, we highlight the essential role and reciprocal interactions involving both cardiomyocytes and non-myocardial cells in response to pathological conditions. Prolonged cardiovascular stress causes cardiomyocytes and non-myocardial cells to enter an activated state releasing numerous pro-hypertrophic, pro-fibrotic, and pro-inflammatory mediators such as vasoactive hormones, growth factors, and cytokines, i.e., commencing signaling events that collectively cause cardiac hypertrophy. Fibrotic remodeling is mediated by cardiac fibroblasts as the central players, but also endothelial cells and resident and infiltrating immune cells enhance these processes. Many of these hypertrophic mediators are now being integrated into computational models that provide system-level insights and will help to translate our knowledge into new pharmacological targets. This perspective article summarizes the last decades' advances in cardiac hypertrophy research and discusses the herein-involved complex myocardial microenvironment and signaling components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Bazgir
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (F.B.); (J.N.)
| | - Julia Nau
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (F.B.); (J.N.)
| | - Saeideh Nakhaei-Rad
- Stem Cell Biology, and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91779-48974, Iran;
| | - Ehsan Amin
- Institute of Neural and Sensory Physiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Matthew J. Wolf
- Department of Medicine and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA;
| | - Jeffry J. Saucerman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA;
| | - Kristina Lorenz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences, 97078 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Mohammad Reza Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (F.B.); (J.N.)
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5
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Inflammageing and Cardiovascular System: Focus on Cardiokines and Cardiac-Specific Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010844. [PMID: 36614282 PMCID: PMC9820990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The term "inflammageing" was introduced in 2000, with the aim of describing the chronic inflammatory state typical of elderly individuals, which is characterized by a combination of elevated levels of inflammatory biomarkers, a high burden of comorbidities, an elevated risk of disability, frailty, and premature death. Inflammageing is a hallmark of various cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and rapid progression to heart failure. The great experimental and clinical evidence accumulated in recent years has clearly demonstrated that early detection and counteraction of inflammageing is a promising strategy not only to prevent cardiovascular disease, but also to slow down the progressive decline of health that occurs with ageing. It is conceivable that beneficial effects of counteracting inflammageing should be most effective if implemented in the early stages, when the compensatory capacity of the organism is not completely exhausted. Early interventions and treatments require early diagnosis using reliable and cost-effective biomarkers. Indeed, recent clinical studies have demonstrated that cardiac-specific biomarkers (i.e., cardiac natriuretic peptides and cardiac troponins) are able to identify, even in the general population, the individuals at highest risk of progression to heart failure. However, further clinical studies are needed to better understand the usefulness and cost/benefit ratio of cardiac-specific biomarkers as potential targets in preventive and therapeutic strategies for early detection and counteraction of inflammageing mechanisms and in this way slowing the progressive decline of health that occurs with ageing.
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6
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Matzer I, Voglhuber J, Kiessling M, Djalinac N, Trummer-Herbst V, Mabotuwana N, Rech L, Holzer M, Sossalla S, Rainer PP, Zirlik A, Ljubojevic-Holzer S. β-Adrenergic Receptor Stimulation Maintains NCX-CaMKII Axis and Prevents Overactivation of IL6R-Signaling in Cardiomyocytes upon Increased Workload. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071648. [PMID: 35884952 PMCID: PMC9313457 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive β-adrenergic stimulation and tachycardia are potent triggers of cardiac remodeling; however, their exact cellular effects remain elusive. Here, we sought to determine the potency of β-adrenergic stimulation and tachycardia to modulate gene expression profiles of cardiomyocytes. Using neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes, we showed that tachycardia caused a significant upregulation of sodium–calcium exchanger (NCX) and the activation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) in the nuclear region. Acute isoprenaline treatment ameliorated NCX-upregulation and potentiated CaMKII activity, specifically on the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope, while preincubation with the β-blocker propranolol abolished both isoprenaline-mediated effects. On a transcriptional level, screening for hypertrophy-related genes revealed tachycardia-induced upregulation of interleukin-6 receptor (IL6R). While isoprenaline prevented this effect, pharmacological intervention with propranolol or NCX inhibitor ORM-10962 demonstrated that simultaneous CaMKII activation on the subcellular Ca2+ stores and prevention of NCX upregulation are needed for keeping IL6R activation low. Finally, using hypertensive Dahl salt-sensitive rats, we showed that blunted β-adrenergic signaling is associated with NCX upregulation and enhanced IL6R signaling. We therefore propose a previously unrecognized protective role of β-adrenergic signaling, which is compromised in cardiac pathologies, in preventing IL6R overactivation under increased workload. A better understanding of these processes may contribute to refinement of therapeutic options for patients receiving β-blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Matzer
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (I.M.); (M.K.); (N.D.); (V.T.-H.); (N.M.); (L.R.); (P.P.R.); (A.Z.)
| | - Julia Voglhuber
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (I.M.); (M.K.); (N.D.); (V.T.-H.); (N.M.); (L.R.); (P.P.R.); (A.Z.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (S.L.-H.)
| | - Mara Kiessling
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (I.M.); (M.K.); (N.D.); (V.T.-H.); (N.M.); (L.R.); (P.P.R.); (A.Z.)
| | - Nataša Djalinac
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (I.M.); (M.K.); (N.D.); (V.T.-H.); (N.M.); (L.R.); (P.P.R.); (A.Z.)
| | - Viktoria Trummer-Herbst
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (I.M.); (M.K.); (N.D.); (V.T.-H.); (N.M.); (L.R.); (P.P.R.); (A.Z.)
| | - Nishani Mabotuwana
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (I.M.); (M.K.); (N.D.); (V.T.-H.); (N.M.); (L.R.); (P.P.R.); (A.Z.)
- College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Lavinia Rech
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (I.M.); (M.K.); (N.D.); (V.T.-H.); (N.M.); (L.R.); (P.P.R.); (A.Z.)
| | - Michael Holzer
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Otto-Loewi Research Centre, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Samuel Sossalla
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Centre Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Peter P. Rainer
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (I.M.); (M.K.); (N.D.); (V.T.-H.); (N.M.); (L.R.); (P.P.R.); (A.Z.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Andreas Zirlik
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (I.M.); (M.K.); (N.D.); (V.T.-H.); (N.M.); (L.R.); (P.P.R.); (A.Z.)
| | - Senka Ljubojevic-Holzer
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (I.M.); (M.K.); (N.D.); (V.T.-H.); (N.M.); (L.R.); (P.P.R.); (A.Z.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (S.L.-H.)
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7
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Siddiq MM, Chan AT, Miorin L, Yadaw AS, Beaumont KG, Kehrer T, Cupic A, White KM, Tolentino RE, Hu B, Stern AD, Tavassoly I, Hansen J, Sebra R, Martinez P, Prabha S, Dubois N, Schaniel C, Iyengar-Kapuganti R, Kukar N, Giustino G, Sud K, Nirenberg S, Kovatch P, Albrecht RA, Goldfarb J, Croft L, McLaughlin MA, Argulian E, Lerakis S, Narula J, García-Sastre A, Iyengar R. Functional Effects of Cardiomyocyte Injury in COVID-19. J Virol 2022; 96:e0106321. [PMID: 34669512 PMCID: PMC8791272 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01063-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 affects multiple organs. Clinical data from the Mount Sinai Health System show that substantial numbers of COVID-19 patients without prior heart disease develop cardiac dysfunction. How COVID-19 patients develop cardiac disease is not known. We integrated cell biological and physiological analyses of human cardiomyocytes differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the presence of interleukins (ILs) with clinical findings related to laboratory values in COVID-19 patients to identify plausible mechanisms of cardiac disease in COVID-19 patients. We infected hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes from healthy human subjects with SARS-CoV-2 in the absence and presence of IL-6 and IL-1β. Infection resulted in increased numbers of multinucleated cells. Interleukin treatment and infection resulted in disorganization of myofibrils, extracellular release of troponin I, and reduced and erratic beating. Infection resulted in decreased expression of mRNA encoding key proteins of the cardiomyocyte contractile apparatus. Although interleukins did not increase the extent of infection, they increased the contractile dysfunction associated with viral infection of cardiomyocytes, resulting in cessation of beating. Clinical data from hospitalized patients from the Mount Sinai Health System show that a significant portion of COVID-19 patients without history of heart disease have elevated troponin and interleukin levels. A substantial subset of these patients showed reduced left ventricular function by echocardiography. Our laboratory observations, combined with the clinical data, indicate that direct effects on cardiomyocytes by interleukins and SARS-CoV-2 infection might underlie heart disease in COVID-19 patients. IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2 infects multiple organs, including the heart. Analyses of hospitalized patients show that a substantial number without prior indication of heart disease or comorbidities show significant injury to heart tissue, assessed by increased levels of troponin in blood. We studied the cell biological and physiological effects of virus infection of healthy human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes in culture. Virus infection with interleukins disorganizes myofibrils, increases cell size and the numbers of multinucleated cells, and suppresses the expression of proteins of the contractile apparatus. Viral infection of cardiomyocytes in culture triggers release of troponin similar to elevation in levels of COVID-19 patients with heart disease. Viral infection in the presence of interleukins slows down and desynchronizes the beating of cardiomyocytes in culture. The cell-level physiological changes are similar to decreases in left ventricular ejection seen in imaging of patients' hearts. These observations suggest that direct injury to heart tissue by virus can be one underlying cause of heart disease in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa M. Siddiq
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Angel T. Chan
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine and Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lisa Miorin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Arjun S. Yadaw
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kristin G. Beaumont
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas Kehrer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anastasija Cupic
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kris M. White
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rosa E. Tolentino
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alan D. Stern
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Iman Tavassoly
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jens Hansen
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert Sebra
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Sema4, a Mount Sinai Venture, Stamford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Pedro Martinez
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Som Prabha
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicole Dubois
- Department of Cell Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christoph Schaniel
- Black Family Stem Cell Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rupa Iyengar-Kapuganti
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nina Kukar
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gennaro Giustino
- Black Family Stem Cell Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Karan Sud
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sharon Nirenberg
- Department of Scientific Computing and Data Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Patricia Kovatch
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Scientific Computing and Data Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Randy A. Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joseph Goldfarb
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lori Croft
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maryann A. McLaughlin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Edgar Argulian
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stamatios Lerakis
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jagat Narula
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ravi Iyengar
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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8
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Aragão LGHS, Oliveira JT, Temerozo JR, Mendes MA, Salerno JA, Pedrosa CSG, Puig-Pijuan T, Veríssimo CP, Ornelas IM, Torquato T, Vitória G, Sacramento CQ, Fintelman-Rodrigues N, da Silva Gomes Dias S, Cardoso Soares V, Souza LRQ, Karmirian K, Goto-Silva L, Biagi D, Cruvinel EM, Dariolli R, Furtado DR, Bozza PT, Borges HL, Souza TML, Guimarães MZP, Rehen SK. WIN 55,212-2 shows anti-inflammatory and survival properties in human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes infected with SARS-CoV-2. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12262. [PMID: 34707939 PMCID: PMC8504461 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which can infect several organs, especially impacting respiratory capacity. Among the extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 is myocardial injury, which is associated with a high risk of mortality. Myocardial injury, caused directly or indirectly by SARS-CoV-2 infection, can be triggered by inflammatory processes that lead to damage to the heart tissue. Since one of the hallmarks of severe COVID-19 is the "cytokine storm", strategies to control inflammation caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection have been considered. Cannabinoids are known to have anti-inflammatory properties by negatively modulating the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Herein, we investigated the effects of the cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2 (WIN) in human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) infected with SARS-CoV-2. WIN did not modify angiotensin-converting enzyme II protein levels, nor reduced viral infection and replication in hiPSC-CMs. On the other hand, WIN reduced the levels of interleukins six, eight, 18 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) released by infected cells, and attenuated cytotoxic damage measured by the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Our findings suggest that cannabinoids should be further explored as a complementary therapeutic tool for reducing inflammation in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Júlia T. Oliveira
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jairo R. Temerozo
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation in Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT/IDPN), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mayara A. Mendes
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Alexandre Salerno
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina S. G. Pedrosa
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Teresa Puig-Pijuan
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carla P. Veríssimo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isis M. Ornelas
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thayana Torquato
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Vitória
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina Q. Sacramento
- National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation in Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT/IDPN), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natalia Fintelman-Rodrigues
- National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation in Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT/IDPN), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Suelen da Silva Gomes Dias
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Cardoso Soares
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Program of Immunology and Inflammation, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Letícia R. Q. Souza
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karina Karmirian
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Livia Goto-Silva
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diogo Biagi
- Pluricell Biotech, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Dariolli
- Pluricell Biotech, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Daniel R. Furtado
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia T. Bozza
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helena L. Borges
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thiago M. L. Souza
- National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation in Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT/IDPN), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marília Zaluar P. Guimarães
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stevens K. Rehen
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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9
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Chen J, Norling LV, Cooper D. Cardiac Dysfunction in Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Role of Inflammation. Cells 2021; 10:881. [PMID: 33924323 PMCID: PMC8070480 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disease that carries an increased risk of mortality due to cardiovascular disease. The link between inflammation and atherosclerotic disease is clear; however, recent evidence suggests that inflammation may also play a role in the development of nonischemic heart disease in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. We consider here the link between inflammation and cardiovascular disease in the RA community with a focus on heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. The effect of current anti-inflammatory therapeutics, used to treat RA patients, on cardiovascular disease are discussed as well as whether targeting resolution of inflammation might offer an alternative strategy for tempering inflammation and subsequent inflammation-driven comorbidities in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Chen
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (J.C.); (L.V.N.)
| | - Lucy V. Norling
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (J.C.); (L.V.N.)
- Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Dianne Cooper
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (J.C.); (L.V.N.)
- Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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10
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Inhibition of fibroblast IL-6 production by ACKR4 deletion alleviates cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 547:139-147. [PMID: 33610913 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibrotic scarring is tightly linked to the development of heart failure in patients with post-myocardial infarction (MI). Atypical chemokine receptor 4 (ACKR4) can eliminate chemokines, such as C-C chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21), which is independently associated with heart failure mortality. However, the role of ACKR4 in the heart during MI is unrevealed. This study aimed to determine whether ACKR4 modulates cardiac remodeling following MI and to illuminate the potential molecular mechanisms. The expression of ACKR4 was upregulated in the border/infarct area, and ACKR4 was predominantly expressed in cardiac fibroblasts (CFs). Knockout of ACKR4 protected against adverse ventricular remodeling in mice post-MI. These protective effects of ACKR4 deficiency were independent of dendritic cell immune response but could be attributed to downregulated CF-derived IL-6, affecting CF proliferation and endothelial cell (EC) functions, which consequently inhibited cardiac fibrosis. ACKR4 promoted IL-6 generation and proliferation of CFs. Besides, ACKR4 induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in ECs through IL-6 paracrine effect. The p38 MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway was involved in ACKR4 facilitated IL-6 generation. Moreover, ACKR4 overexpression in vivo via AAV9 carrying a periostin promoter aggravated heart functional impairment post-MI, which was abolished by IL-6 neutralizing antibody. Therefore, our study established a novel link between ACKR4 and IL-6 post-MI, indicating that ACKR4 may be a novel therapeutic target to ameliorate cardiac remodeling.
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11
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Hall C, Gehmlich K, Denning C, Pavlovic D. Complex Relationship Between Cardiac Fibroblasts and Cardiomyocytes in Health and Disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e019338. [PMID: 33586463 PMCID: PMC8174279 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.019338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts are the primary cell type responsible for deposition of extracellular matrix in the heart, providing support to the contracting myocardium and contributing to a myriad of physiological signaling processes. Despite the importance of fibrosis in processes of wound healing, excessive fibroblast proliferation and activation can lead to pathological remodeling, driving heart failure and the onset of arrhythmias. Our understanding of the mechanisms driving the cardiac fibroblast activation and proliferation is expanding, and evidence for their direct and indirect effects on cardiac myocyte function is accumulating. In this review, we focus on the importance of the fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition and the cross talk of cardiac fibroblasts with cardiac myocytes. We also consider the current use of models used to explore these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Hall
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences University of Birmingham United Kingdom
| | - Katja Gehmlich
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences University of Birmingham United Kingdom.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Radcliffe Department of Medicine and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Oxford University of Oxford United Kingdom
| | - Chris Denning
- Biodiscovery Institute University of Nottingham United Kingdom
| | - Davor Pavlovic
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences University of Birmingham United Kingdom
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12
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Vaziri N, Shariati L, Javanmard SH. Leukemia inhibitory factor: A main controller of breast cancer. J Biosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-00115-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Siddiq MM, Chan AT, Miorin L, Yadaw AS, Beaumont KG, Kehrer T, White KM, Cupic A, Tolentino RE, Hu B, Stern AD, Tavassoly I, Hansen J, Martinez P, Dubois N, Schaniel C, Iyengar-Kapuganti R, Kukar N, Giustino G, Sud K, Nirenberg S, Kovatch P, Goldfarb J, Croft L, McLaughlin MA, Argulian E, Lerakis S, Narula J, García-Sastre A, Iyengar R. Physiology of cardiomyocyte injury in COVID-19. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.11.10.20229294. [PMID: 33200140 PMCID: PMC7668750 DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.10.20229294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 affects multiple organs. Clinical data from the Mount Sinai Health System shows that substantial numbers of COVID-19 patients without prior heart disease develop cardiac dysfunction. How COVID-19 patients develop cardiac disease is not known. We integrate cell biological and physiological analyses of human cardiomyocytes differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the presence of interleukins, with clinical findings, to investigate plausible mechanisms of cardiac disease in COVID-19 patients. We infected hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes, from healthy human subjects, with SARS-CoV-2 in the absence and presence of interleukins. We find that interleukin treatment and infection results in disorganization of myofibrils, extracellular release of troponin-I, and reduced and erratic beating. Although interleukins do not increase the extent, they increase the severity of viral infection of cardiomyocytes resulting in cessation of beating. Clinical data from hospitalized patients from the Mount Sinai Health system show that a significant portion of COVID-19 patients without prior history of heart disease, have elevated troponin and interleukin levels. A substantial subset of these patients showed reduced left ventricular function by echocardiography. Our laboratory observations, combined with the clinical data, indicate that direct effects on cardiomyocytes by interleukins and SARS-CoV-2 infection can underlie the heart disease in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa M. Siddiq
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
| | - Angel T. Chan
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
- Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Lisa Miorin
- Department of Microbiology and Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
| | - Arjun S. Yadaw
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
| | - Kristin G. Beaumont
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
| | - Thomas Kehrer
- Department of Microbiology and Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
| | - Kris M. White
- Department of Microbiology and Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
| | - Anastasija Cupic
- Department of Microbiology and Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
| | - Rosa E. Tolentino
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
| | - Alan D. Stern
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
| | - Iman Tavassoly
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
| | - Jens Hansen
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
| | - Pedro Martinez
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
| | - Nicole Dubois
- Department of Cell Developmental and Regenerative Biology and Black Family Stem Cell Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
| | - Christoph Schaniel
- Division of Hematology & Oncology Department of Medicine and Black Family Stem Cell Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
| | - Rupa Iyengar-Kapuganti
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
| | - Nina Kukar
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
| | - Gennaro Giustino
- Division of Hematology & Oncology Department of Medicine and Black Family Stem Cell Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
| | - Karan Sud
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
| | - Sharon Nirenberg
- Department of Scientific Computing and Data Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
| | - Patricia Kovatch
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
- Department of Scientific Computing and Data Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
| | - Joseph Goldfarb
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
| | - Lori Croft
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
| | - Maryann A. McLaughlin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
| | - Edgar Argulian
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
| | - Stamatios Lerakis
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
| | - Jagat Narula
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology and Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
| | - Ravi Iyengar
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
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14
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Chiang CC, Chen CM, Suen JL, Su HH, Hsieh CC, Cheng CM. Stimulatory effect of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) on pulmonary fibroblast differentiation. Dig Liver Dis 2020; 52:988-994. [PMID: 32727693 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that prolonged micro-aspiration of gastric fluid is associated in gastroesophageal reflux disease with the development of chronic respiratory diseases, possibly caused by inflammation-related immunomodulation. Therefore, we sought to ascertain the effect of gastric fluid exposure on pulmonary residential cells. The expression of α-smooth muscle actin as a fibrotic marker was increased in both normal human pulmonary fibroblast cells and mouse macrophages. Gastric fluid enhanced the proliferation and migration of HFL-1 cells and stimulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines in an antibody assay. Elevated expression of the Rho signaling pathway was noted in fibroblast cells stimulated with gastric fluid or conditioned media. These results indicate that gastric fluid alone, or the mixture of proinflammatory mediators induced by gastric fluid in the pulmonary context, can stimulate pulmonary fibroblast cell inflammation, migration, and differentiation, suggesting that a wound healing process is initiated. Subsequent aberrant repair in pulmonary residential cells may lead to pulmonary fibroblast differentiation and fibrotic progression. The results point to a stimulatory effect of chronic GERD on pulmonary fibroblast differentiation, and this may promote the development of chronic pulmonary diseases in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Che Chiang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Ming Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Chun Shan Medicine University, Taichung Taiwan
| | - Jau Ling Suen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang Han Su
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chong Chao Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Mei Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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15
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VEGF-A in Cardiomyocytes and Heart Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155294. [PMID: 32722551 PMCID: PMC7432634 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a homodimeric vasoactive glycoprotein, is the key mediator of angiogenesis. Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is responsible for a wide variety of physio/pathological processes, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Cardiomyocytes (CM), the main cell type present in the heart, are the source and target of VEGF-A and express its receptors, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, on their cell surface. The relationship between VEGF-A and the heart is double-sided. On the one hand, VEGF-A activates CM, inducing morphogenesis, contractility and wound healing. On the other hand, VEGF-A is produced by CM during inflammation, mechanical stress and cytokine stimulation. Moreover, high concentrations of VEGF-A have been found in patients affected by different CVD, and are often correlated with an unfavorable prognosis and disease severity. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge about the expression and effects of VEGF-A on CM and the role of VEGF-A in CVD, which are the most important cause of disability and premature death worldwide. Based on clinical studies on angiogenesis therapy conducted to date, it is possible to think that the control of angiogenesis and VEGF-A can lead to better quality and span of life of patients with heart disease.
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16
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Martini E, Giugliano S, Rescigno M, Kallikourdis M. Regulatory T Cells Beyond Autoimmunity: From Pregnancy to Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:509. [PMID: 32296427 PMCID: PMC7136891 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of the full range of functions of regulatory T cells (Treg) coincides with the evolution of mammalian pregnancy. Accordingly, Treg function has been shown to be crucial for maternal-fetal tolerance and implantation. As reproduction is a key point of selective pressure, mammalian pregnancy may represent an evolutionary driver for the development of Treg. Yet beyond the chronological boundaries of mammalian pregnancy, several key physiological and pathological events are being gradually uncovered as involving the immunomodulating functions of Treg cells. These include autoimmunity, age-related inflammation in males and in post-menopausal females, but also oncological and cardiovascular diseases. The latter two sets of diseases collectively compose the main causes of mortality world-wide. Emerging data point to Treg-modulable effects in these diseases, in a departure from the relatively narrower perceived role of Treg as master regulators of autoimmunity. Yet recent evidence also suggests that changes in intestinal microbiota can affect the above pathological conditions. This is likely due to the finding that, whilst the presence and maintenance of intestinal microbiota requires active immune tolerance, mediated by Treg, the existence of microbiota per se profoundly affects the polarization, stability, and balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory T cell populations, including Treg and induced Treg cells. The study of these “novel,” but possibly highly relevant from an ontogenesis perspective, facets of Treg function may hold great potential for our understanding of the mechanisms underlying human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Martini
- Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Giugliano
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology and Microbiota, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rescigno
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology and Microbiota, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Marinos Kallikourdis
- Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
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17
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Rikard SM, Athey TL, Nelson AR, Christiansen SLM, Lee JJ, Holmes JW, Peirce SM, Saucerman JJ. Multiscale Coupling of an Agent-Based Model of Tissue Fibrosis and a Logic-Based Model of Intracellular Signaling. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1481. [PMID: 31920691 PMCID: PMC6928129 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing and fibrosis following myocardial infarction (MI) is a dynamic process involving many cell types, extracellular matrix (ECM), and inflammatory cues. As both incidence and survival rates for MI increase, management of post-MI recovery and associated complications are an increasingly important focus. Complexity of the wound healing process and the need for improved therapeutics necessitate a better understanding of the biochemical cues that drive fibrosis. To study the progression of cardiac fibrosis across spatial and temporal scales, we developed a novel hybrid multiscale model that couples a logic-based differential equation (LDE) model of the fibroblast intracellular signaling network with an agent-based model (ABM) of multi-cellular tissue remodeling. The ABM computes information about cytokine and growth factor levels in the environment including TGFβ, TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6, which are passed as inputs to the LDE model. The LDE model then computes the network signaling state of individual cardiac fibroblasts within the ABM. Based on the current network state, fibroblasts make decisions regarding cytokine secretion and deposition and degradation of collagen. Simulated fibroblasts respond dynamically to rapidly changing extracellular environments and contribute to spatial heterogeneity in model predicted fibrosis, which is governed by many parameters including cell density, cell migration speeds, and cytokine levels. Verification tests confirmed that predictions of the coupled model and network model alone were consistent in response to constant cytokine inputs and furthermore, a subset of coupled model predictions were validated with in vitro experiments with human cardiac fibroblasts. This multiscale framework for cardiac fibrosis will allow for systematic screening of the effects of molecular perturbations in fibroblast signaling on tissue-scale extracellular matrix composition and organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Michaela Rikard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Thomas L Athey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Anders R Nelson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Steven L M Christiansen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Jia-Jye Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Holmes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Shayn M Peirce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Saucerman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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18
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Re-enforcing hypoxia-induced polyploid cardiomyocytes enter cytokinesis through activation of β-catenin. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17865. [PMID: 31780774 PMCID: PMC6883062 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte (CM) loss is a characteristic of various heart diseases, including ischaemic heart disease. Cardiac regeneration has been suggested as a promising strategy to address CM loss. Although many studies of regeneration have focused mainly on mononucleated or diploid CM, the limitations associated with the cytokinesis of polyploid and multinucleated CMs remain less well known. Here, we show that β-catenin, a key regulator in heart development, can increase cytokinesis in polyploid multinucleated CMs. The activation of β-catenin increases the expression of the cytokinesis-related factor epithelial cell transforming 2 (ECT2), which regulates the actomyosin ring and thus leads to the completion of cytokinesis in polyploid CMs. In addition, hypoxia can induce polyploid and multinucleated CMs by increasing factors related to the G1-S-anaphase of the cell cycle, but not those related to cytokinesis. Our study therefore reveals that the β-catenin can promote the cytokinesis of polyploid multinucleated CMs via upregulation of ECT2. These findings suggest a potential field of polyploid CM research that may be exploitable for cardiac regeneration therapy.
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19
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Martini E, Kunderfranco P, Peano C, Carullo P, Cremonesi M, Schorn T, Carriero R, Termanini A, Colombo FS, Jachetti E, Panico C, Faggian G, Fumero A, Torracca L, Molgora M, Cibella J, Pagiatakis C, Brummelman J, Alvisi G, Mazza EMC, Colombo MP, Lugli E, Condorelli G, Kallikourdis M. Single-Cell Sequencing of Mouse Heart Immune Infiltrate in Pressure Overload-Driven Heart Failure Reveals Extent of Immune Activation. Circulation 2019; 140:2089-2107. [PMID: 31661975 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.041694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is a key component of cardiac disease, with macrophages and T lymphocytes mediating essential roles in the progression to heart failure. Nonetheless, little insight exists on other immune subsets involved in the cardiotoxic response. METHODS Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing to map the cardiac immune composition in the standard murine nonischemic, pressure-overload heart failure model. By focusing our analysis on CD45+ cells, we obtained a higher resolution identification of the immune cell subsets in the heart, at early and late stages of disease and in controls. We then integrated our findings using multiparameter flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and tissue clarification immunofluorescence in mouse and human. RESULTS We found that most major immune cell subpopulations, including macrophages, B cells, T cells and regulatory T cells, dendritic cells, Natural Killer cells, neutrophils, and mast cells are present in both healthy and diseased hearts. Most cell subsets are found within the myocardium, whereas mast cells are found also in the epicardium. Upon induction of pressure overload, immune activation occurs across the entire range of immune cell types. Activation led to upregulation of key subset-specific molecules, such as oncostatin M in proinflammatory macrophages and PD-1 in regulatory T cells, that may help explain clinical findings such as the refractivity of patients with heart failure to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy and cardiac toxicity during anti-PD-1 cancer immunotherapy, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Despite the absence of infectious agents or an autoimmune trigger, induction of disease leads to immune activation that involves far more cell types than previously thought, including neutrophils, B cells, Natural Killer cells, and mast cells. This opens up the field of cardioimmunology to further investigation by using toolkits that have already been developed to study the aforementioned immune subsets. The subset-specific molecules that mediate their activation may thus become useful targets for the diagnostics or therapy of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Martini
- Adaptive Immunity Laboratory (E.M., M.C., M.K.), Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Kunderfranco
- Bioinformatics Unit (P.K., R.C., A.T.), Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Clelia Peano
- Genomic Unit (C. Peano, J.C.), Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, UoS Milan, National Research Council, Rozzano, Italy (C. Peano, P.C., G.C.)
| | - Pierluigi Carullo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.C., C. Panico, C. Pagiatakis, G.C.), Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, UoS Milan, National Research Council, Rozzano, Italy (C. Peano, P.C., G.C.)
| | - Marco Cremonesi
- Adaptive Immunity Laboratory (E.M., M.C., M.K.), Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Tilo Schorn
- Advanced Imaging Unit (T.S.), Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Carriero
- Bioinformatics Unit (P.K., R.C., A.T.), Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Termanini
- Bioinformatics Unit (P.K., R.C., A.T.), Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Simone Colombo
- Flow Cytometry Core (F.S.C., E.L.), Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Jachetti
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (E.J., M.P.C.)
| | - Cristina Panico
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.C., C. Panico, C. Pagiatakis, G.C.), Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Faggian
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Verona, Italy (G.F.)
| | - Andrea Fumero
- Cardiac Surgery Division, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.F., L.T.), Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Torracca
- Cardiac Surgery Division, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.F., L.T.), Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Molgora
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunopathology (M.M.), Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Javier Cibella
- Genomic Unit (C. Peano, J.C.), Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Christina Pagiatakis
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.C., C. Panico, C. Pagiatakis, G.C.), Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jolanda Brummelman
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology (J.B., G.A., E.M.C., E.L.), Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Alvisi
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology (J.B., G.A., E.M.C., E.L.), Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emilia Maria Cristina Mazza
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology (J.B., G.A., E.M.C., E.L.), Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Paolo Colombo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (E.J., M.P.C.)
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Flow Cytometry Core (F.S.C., E.L.), Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Translational Immunology (J.B., G.A., E.M.C., E.L.), Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Condorelli
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.C., C. Panico, C. Pagiatakis, G.C.), Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, UoS Milan, National Research Council, Rozzano, Italy (C. Peano, P.C., G.C.).,Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy (G.C., M.K.)
| | - Marinos Kallikourdis
- Adaptive Immunity Laboratory (E.M., M.C., M.K.), Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy (G.C., M.K.)
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20
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Alí A, Boutjdir M, Aromolaran AS. Cardiolipotoxicity, Inflammation, and Arrhythmias: Role for Interleukin-6 Molecular Mechanisms. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1866. [PMID: 30666212 PMCID: PMC6330352 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid infiltration of the myocardium, acquired in metabolic disorders (obesity, type-2 diabetes, insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia) is critically associated with the development of lipotoxic cardiomyopathy. According to a recent Presidential Advisory from the American Heart Association published in 2017, the current average dietary intake of saturated free-fatty acid (SFFA) in the US is 11–12%, which is significantly above the recommended <10%. Increased levels of circulating SFFAs (or lipotoxicity) may represent an unappreciated link that underlies increased vulnerability to cardiac dysfunction. Thus, an important objective is to identify novel targets that will inform pharmacological and genetic interventions for cardiomyopathies acquired through excessive consumption of diets rich in SFFAs. However, the molecular mechanisms involved are poorly understood. The increasing epidemic of metabolic disorders strongly implies an undeniable and critical need to further investigate SFFA mechanisms. A rapidly emerging and promising target for modulation by lipotoxicity is cytokine secretion and activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. This objective can be advanced through fundamental mechanisms of cardiac electrical remodeling. In this review, we discuss cardiac ion channel modulation by SFFAs. We further highlight the contribution of downstream signaling pathways involving toll-like receptors and pathological increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our expectation is that if we understand pathological remodeling of major cardiac ion channels from a perspective of lipotoxicity and inflammation, we may be able to develop safer and more effective therapies that will be beneficial to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Alí
- Cardiovascular Research Program, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States.,Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Mohamed Boutjdir
- Cardiovascular Research Program, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ademuyiwa S Aromolaran
- Cardiovascular Research Program, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
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21
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GSK-3β Inhibitor CHIR-99021 Promotes Proliferation Through Upregulating β-Catenin in Neonatal Atrial Human Cardiomyocytes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2017; 68:425-432. [PMID: 27575008 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The renewal capacity of neonate human cardiomyocytes provides an opportunity to manipulate endogenous cardiogenic mechanisms for supplementing the loss of cardiomyocytes caused by myocardial infarction or other cardiac diseases. GSK-3β inhibitors have been recently shown to promote cardiomyocyte proliferation in rats and mice, thus may be ideal candidates for inducing human cardiomyocyte proliferation. METHODS Human cardiomyocytes were isolated from right atrial specimens obtained during routine surgery for ventricle septal defect and cultured with either GSK-3β inhibitor (CHIR-99021) or β-catenin inhibitor (IWR-1). Immunocytochemistry was performed to visualize 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU)-positive or Ki67-positive cardiomyocytes, indicative of proliferative cardiomyocytes. RESULTS GSK-3β inhibitor significantly increased β-catenin accumulation in cell nucleus, whereas β-catenin inhibitor significantly reduced β-catenin accumulation in cell plasma. In parallel, GSK-3β inhibitor increased EdU-positive and Ki67-positive cardiomyocytes, whereas β-catenin inhibitor decreased EdU-positive and Ki67-positive cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that GSK-3β inhibitor can promote human atrial cardiomyocyte proliferation. Although it remains to be determined whether the observations in atrial myocytes could be directly applicable to ventricular myocytes, the current findings imply that Wnt/β-catenin pathway may be a valuable pathway for manipulating endogenous human heart regeneration.
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22
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Sustained β-AR stimulation induces synthesis and secretion of growth factors in cardiac myocytes that affect on cardiac fibroblast activation. Life Sci 2017; 193:257-269. [PMID: 29107793 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Paracrine factors, including growth factors and cytokines, released from cardiac myocytes following β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) stimulation regulate cardiac fibroblasts. Activated cardiac fibroblasts have the ability to increase collagen synthesis, cell proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation, leading to cardiac fibrosis. However, it is unknown which β-AR subtypes and signaling pathways mediate the upregulation of paracrine factors in cardiac myocytes. In this study, we demonstrated that sustained stimulation of β-ARs significantly induced synthesis and secretion of growth factors, including connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), via the cAMP-dependent and protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent pathways. In addition, isoproterenol (ISO)-mediated synthesis and secretion of CTGF and VEGF through the β1-AR and β2-AR subtypes. Paracrine factors released by cardiac myocytes following sustained β-AR stimulation are necessary for the induction of cell proliferation and synthesis of collagen I, collagen III and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in cardiac fibroblasts, confirming that β-AR overstimulation of cardiac myocytes induces cardiac fibrosis by releasing several paracrine factors. These effects can be antagonized by β-blockers, including atenolol, metoprolol, and propranolol. Thus, the use of β-blockers may have beneficial effects on the treatment of myocardial fibrosis in patients with heart failure.
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23
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Kallikourdis M, Martini E, Carullo P, Sardi C, Roselli G, Greco CM, Vignali D, Riva F, Ormbostad Berre AM, Stølen TO, Fumero A, Faggian G, Di Pasquale E, Elia L, Rumio C, Catalucci D, Papait R, Condorelli G. T cell costimulation blockade blunts pressure overload-induced heart failure. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14680. [PMID: 28262700 PMCID: PMC5343521 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of mortality. Inflammation is implicated in HF, yet clinical trials targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines in HF were unsuccessful, possibly due to redundant functions of individual cytokines. Searching for better cardiac inflammation targets, here we link T cells with HF development in a mouse model of pathological cardiac hypertrophy and in human HF patients. T cell costimulation blockade, through FDA-approved rheumatoid arthritis drug abatacept, leads to highly significant delay in progression and decreased severity of cardiac dysfunction in the mouse HF model. The therapeutic effect occurs via inhibition of activation and cardiac infiltration of T cells and macrophages, leading to reduced cardiomyocyte death. Abatacept treatment also induces production of anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). IL-10-deficient mice are refractive to treatment, while protection could be rescued by transfer of IL-10-sufficient B cells. These results suggest that T cell costimulation blockade might be therapeutically exploited to treat HF. Abatacept is an FDA-approved drug used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Here the authors show that abatacept reduces cardiomyocyte death in a mouse model of heart failure by inhibiting activation and heart infiltration of T cells and macrophages, an effect mediated by IL-10, suggesting a potential therapy for heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinos Kallikourdis
- Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Manzoni 113, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Martini
- Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Carullo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy.,Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB)-UOS of Milan, National Research Council of Italy, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Sardi
- Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuliana Roselli
- Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Carolina M Greco
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Debora Vignali
- Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Riva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Anne Marie Ormbostad Berre
- KG Jebsen Centre of Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Postboks 8905, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tomas O Stølen
- KG Jebsen Centre of Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Postboks 8905, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.,Norwegian Health Association, Oscars gate 36A, 0258 Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrea Fumero
- Cardiac Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Faggian
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Di Pasquale
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy.,Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB)-UOS of Milan, National Research Council of Italy, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Leonardo Elia
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristiano Rumio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Catalucci
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB)-UOS of Milan, National Research Council of Italy, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Signal Transduction in Cardiac Pathologies, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Papait
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy.,Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB)-UOS of Milan, National Research Council of Italy, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Condorelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Manzoni 113, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
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24
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Myocyte-Derived Hsp90 Modulates Collagen Upregulation via Biphasic Activation of STAT-3 in Fibroblasts during Cardiac Hypertrophy. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00611-16. [PMID: 28031326 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00611-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT-3)-mediated signaling in relation to upregulated collagen expression in fibroblasts during cardiac hypertrophy is well defined. Our recent findings have identified heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) to be a critical modulator of fibrotic signaling in cardiac fibroblasts in this disease milieu. The present study was therefore intended to analyze the role of Hsp90 in the STAT-3-mediated collagen upregulation process. Our data revealed a significant difference between in vivo and in vitro results, pointing to a possible involvement of myocyte-fibroblast cross talk in this process. Cardiomyocyte-targeted knockdown of Hsp90 in rats (Rattus norvegicus) in which the renal artery was ligated showed downregulated collagen synthesis. Furthermore, the results obtained with cardiac fibroblasts conditioned with Hsp90-inhibited hypertrophied myocyte supernatant pointed toward cardiomyocytes' role in the regulation of collagen expression in fibroblasts during hypertrophy. Our study also revealed a novel signaling mechanism where myocyte-derived Hsp90 orchestrates not only p65-mediated interleukin-6 (IL-6) synthesis but also its release in exosomal vesicles. Such myocyte-derived exosomes and myocyte-secreted IL-6 are responsible in unison for the biphasic activation of STAT-3 signaling in cardiac fibroblasts that culminates in excess collagen synthesis, leading to severely compromised cardiac function during cardiac hypertrophy.
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25
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Lazzerini PE, Capecchi PL, Guidelli GM, Selvi E, Acampa M, Laghi-Pasini F. Spotlight on sirukumab for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: the evidence to date. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:3083-3098. [PMID: 27713619 PMCID: PMC5044992 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s99898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease primarily affecting synovial joints and is characterized by persistent high-grade systemic inflammation. Proinflammatory cytokines, particularly interleukin-6 (IL-6), are of crucial importance in the pathogenesis of the disease, driving both joint inflammation and extra-articular comorbidities. Tocilizumab, a humanized IL-6 receptor-inhibiting monoclonal antibody, has been the first, and, to date, the only, IL-6 inhibitor approved for the treatment of RA. Many studies have demonstrated the potency and effectiveness of tocilizumab in controlling disease activity and radiological progression of RA. These successful results have encouraged the development of novel IL-6 inhibitors, among which a promising agent is sirukumab (SRK), a human anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody currently under evaluation in Phase II/III studies in patients with RA, systemic lupus erythematosus, giant-cell arteritis, and major depressive disorder. The evidence to date indicates SRK as an effective and well-tolerated new therapeutic tool for patients with active RA, with some preliminary data suggesting a specific beneficial impact on relevant systemic complications associated with the disease, such as depression and cardiovascular disease. Conversely, although pathophysiological considerations make plausible the hypothesis that IL-6 blockade with SRK may also be beneficial in the treatment of many diseases other than RA (either autoimmune or not), available clinical data in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus do not seem to support this view, also giving rise to potentially relevant concerns about drug safety. If large Phase III clinical trials currently in progress in patients with RA confirm the efficacy and tolerability of SRK, then in the long term, this drug could, in the near future, occupy a place in the treatment of the disease, potentially also opening the doors to a more extended use of SRK in a wide range of disorders in which IL-6 plays a key pathogenic role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Enrico Selvi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena
| | | | - Franco Laghi-Pasini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena
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26
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Ye L, Qiu L, Zhang H, Chen H, Jiang C, Hong H, Liu J. Cardiomyocytes in Young Infants With Congenital Heart Disease: a Three-Month Window of Proliferation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23188. [PMID: 26976548 PMCID: PMC4791641 DOI: 10.1038/srep23188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Perinatal reduction in cardiomyocyte cell cycle activity is well established in animal models and humans. However, cardiomyocyte cell cycle activity in infants with congenital heart disease (CHD) is unknown, and may provide important information to improve treatment. Human right atrial specimens were obtained from infants during routine surgery to repair ventricular septal defects. The specimens were divided into three groups: group A (age 1–3 months); group B (age, 4–6 months); and group C (age 7–12 months). A dramatic fall in the number of Ki67 -positive CHD cardiac myocytes occurred after three months. When cultured in vitro, young CHD myocytes (≤3 months) showed more abundant Ki67-positive cardiomyocytes and greater incorporation of EdU, indicating enhanced proliferation. YAP1 and NICD—important transcript factors in cardiomyocyte development and proliferation—decreased with age and β-catenin increased with age. Compared with those of older infants, cardiomyocytes of young CHD infants (≤3 months) have a higher proliferating capacity in vivo and in vitro. From the perspective of cardiac muscle regeneration, CHD treatment at a younger age (≤3 months) may be more optimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lincai Ye
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of PediatricCongenital Heart Disease, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lisheng Qiu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiwen Chen
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of PediatricCongenital Heart Disease, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifa Hong
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinfen Liu
- Shanghai Institute of PediatricCongenital Heart Disease, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Huang TQ, Willis MS, Meissner G. IL-6/STAT3 signaling in mice with dysfunctional type-2 ryanodine receptor. JAKSTAT 2016; 4:e1158379. [PMID: 27217982 PMCID: PMC4861591 DOI: 10.1080/21623996.2016.1158379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice with genetically modified cardiac ryanodine receptor (Ryr2ADA/ADA mice) are impaired in regulation by calmodulin, develop severe cardiac hypertrophy and die about 2 weeks after birth. We hypothesized that the interleukin 6 (IL-6)/signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) signaling pathway has a role in the development of the Ryr2ADA/ADA cardiac hypertrophy phenotype, and determined cardiac function and protein levels of IL-6, phosphorylation levels of STAT3, and downstream targets c-Fos and c-Myc in wild-type and RyR2ADA/ADA mice, mice with a disrupted IL-6 gene, and mice treated with STAT3 inhibitor NSC74859. IL-6 protein levels were increased at postnatal day 1 but not day 10, whereas pSTAT3-Tyr705/STAT3 ratio and c-Fos and c-Myc protein levels increased in hearts of 10-day but not 1-day old Ryr2ADA/ADA mice compared with wild type. Both STAT3 and pSTAT3-Tyr705 accumulated in the nuclear fraction of 10-day old Ryr2ADA/ADA mice compared with wild type. Ryr2ADA /ADA /IL-6−/− mice lived 1.5 times longer, had decreased heart to body weight ratio, and reduced c-Fos and c-Myc protein levels. The STAT3 inhibitor NSC74859 prolonged life span by 1.3-fold, decreased heart to body weight ratio, increased cardiac performance, and decreased pSTAT-Tyr705/STAT3 ratio and IL-6, c-Fos and c-Myc protein levels of Ryr2ADA /ADA mice. The results suggest that upregulation of IL-6 and STAT3 signaling contributes to cardiac hypertrophy and early death of mice with a dysfunctional ryanodine receptor. They further suggest that STAT3 inhibitors may be clinically useful agents in patients with altered Ca2+ handling in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Qin Huang
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics; University of North Carolina ; Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Monte S Willis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of North Carolina ; Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Gerhard Meissner
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics; University of North Carolina ; Chapel Hill, NC USA
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Dostal D, Glaser S, Baudino TA. Cardiac Fibroblast Physiology and Pathology. Compr Physiol 2015; 5:887-909. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Hsieh YP, Huang CH, Lee CY, Lin CY, Chang CC. Silencing of hepcidin enforces the apoptosis in iron-induced human cardiomyocytes. J Occup Med Toxicol 2014; 9:11. [PMID: 24641804 PMCID: PMC3995429 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6673-9-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron is essential not only for erythropoisis but also for several bioenergetics' processes in myocardium. Hepcidin is a well-known regulator of iron homeostasis. Recently, researchers identified low hepcidin was independently associated with increased 3-year mortality among systolic heart failure patients. In addition, our previous in vivo study revealed that the left ventricular mass index increased in chronic kidney disease patients with lower serum hepcidin. We hypothesize that hepcidin interacts with the apoptotic pathway of cardiomyocytes during oxidative stress conditions. METHODS To test this hypothesis, human cardiomyocytes were cultured and treated with ferrous iron. The possible underlying signaling pathways of cardiotoxicity were examined following knockdown studies using siRNAs of hepcidin (siRNA1 was used as a negative control and siRNA2 was used to silence hepcidin). RESULTS We found that ferrous iron induces apoptosis in human cardiomyocytes in a dose-dependent manner. This iron-induced apoptosis was linked to enhanced caspase 8, reduced Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, phosphorylated Akt and GATA-4. Hepcidin levels increased in human cardiomyocytes pretreated with ferrous iron and returned to non-iron treated levels following siRNA2 transfection. In iron pretreated cardiomyocytes, the siRNA2 transfection further increased caspase 8 expression and decreased the expression of GATA-4, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and phosphorylated Akt than iron pretreatment alone, but caspase 9 levels remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that hepcidin can rescue human cardiomyocytes from iron-induced apoptosis through the regulation of GATA-4/Bcl-2 and the extrinsic apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Peng Hsieh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, 135 Nanhsiao St., Changhua 500, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hui Huang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Lee
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, China Medical University Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yuang Lin
- Clinical Immunological Center, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yuh-Der Road, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Program for Aging, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chu Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, 135 Nanhsiao St., Changhua 500, Taiwan.,Program for Aging, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Effects of ischemic preconditioning on myocardium Caspase-3, SOCS-1, SOCS-3, TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression levels in myocardium IR rats. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:5741-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2677-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Transcriptional effects of E3 ligase atrogin-1/MAFbx on apoptosis, hypertrophy and inflammation in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53831. [PMID: 23335977 PMCID: PMC3545877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrogin-1/MAFbx is an ubiquitin E3 ligase that regulates myocardial structure and function through the ubiquitin-dependent protein modification. However, little is known about the effect of atrogin-1 activation on the gene expression changes in cardiomyocytes. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were infected with adenovirus atrogin-1 (Ad-atrogin-1) or GFP control (Ad-GFP) for 24 hours. The gene expression profiles were compared with microarray analysis. 314 genes were identified as differentially expressed by overexpression of atrogin-1, of which 222 were up-regulated and 92 were down-regulated. Atrogin-1 overexpression significantly modulated the expression of genes in 30 main functional categories, most genes clustered around the regulation of cell death, proliferation, inflammation, metabolism and cardiomyoctye structure and function. Moreover, overexpression of atrogin-1 significantly inhibited cardiomyocyte survival, hypertrophy and inflammation under basal condition or in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In contrast, knockdown of atrogin-1 by siRNA had opposite effects. The mechanisms underlying these effects were associated with inhibition of MAPK (ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and p38) and NF-κB signaling pathways. In conclusion, the present microarray analysis reveals previously unappreciated atrogin-1 regulation of genes that could contribute to the effects of atrogin-1 on cardiomyocyte survival, hypertrophy and inflammation in response to endotoxin, and may provide novel insight into how atrogin-1 modulates the programming of cardiac muscle gene expression.
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Sahin NM, Avci Z, Malbora B, Abaci A, Kinik ST, Ozbek NY. Cushing syndrome related to leukemic infiltration of the central nervous system: a case report and a possible role of LIF. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2013; 26:967-70. [PMID: 23729555 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2012-0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-dependent Cushing syndrome (CS) in the presence of leukemic central nervous system infiltration is very rare. CASE A 3.8-year-old girl who had been treated for B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) for 1.5 years was admitted to our hospital with excessive weight gain and depression for the last 2 months. Prior to her admission, she was on maintenance with the ALL-BFM95 study protocol for 10 months that does not contain corticosteroids. On physical examination, central obesity and moon face appearance were determined. Laboratory tests revealed high morning ACTH, cortisol level, and 24-h urinary free cortisol level. Morning cortisol level was 33.94 nmol/L after a 2-day (4 × 0.5 mg) dexamethasone suppression test. A lumbar puncture revealed leukemic cells in the cerebrospinal fluid. No pituitary adenoma was detected on magnetic resonance imaging. We diagnosed the patient with ACTH-dependent CS related to leukemic infiltration of the central nervous system. CONCLUSION Central nervous system infiltration should be considered in leukemic patients who have developed CS. We believe increased leukemia inhibitory factor levels may be a factor for CS in our patient with ALL.
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Chatelier A, Mercier A, Tremblier B, Thériault O, Moubarak M, Benamer N, Corbi P, Bois P, Chahine M, Faivre JF. A distinct de novo expression of Nav1.5 sodium channels in human atrial fibroblasts differentiated into myofibroblasts. J Physiol 2012; 590:4307-19. [PMID: 22802584 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.233593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts play a major role in heart physiology. They are at the origin of the extracellular matrix renewal and production of various paracrine and autocrine factors. In pathological conditions, fibroblasts proliferate, migrate and differentiate into myofibroblasts leading to cardiac fibrosis. This differentiated status is associated with changes in expression profile leading to neo-expression of proteins such as ionic channels. The present study investigates further electrophysiological changes associated with fibroblast differentiation focusing on the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels in human atrial fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Using the patch clamp technique we show that human atrial myofibroblasts display a fast inward voltage gated sodium current with a density of 13.28 ± 2.88 pA pF(-1) whereas no current was detectable in non-differentiated fibroblasts. Quantitative RT-PCR reveals a large amount of transcripts encoding the Na(v)1.5 α-subunit with a fourfold increased expression level in myofibroblasts when compared to fibroblasts. Accordingly, half of the current was blocked by 1 μm of tetrodotoxin and immunocytochemistry experiments reveal the presence of Na(v)1.5 proteins. Overall, this current exhibits similar biophysical characteristics to sodium currents found in cardiac myocytes except for the window current that is enlarged for potentials between -100 and -20 mV. Since fibrosis is one of the fundamental mechanisms implicated in atrial fibrillation, it is of great interest to investigate how this current could influence myofibroblast properties. Moreover, since several Na(v)1.5 mutations are related to cardiac pathologies, this study offers a new avenue on the fibroblasts involvement of these mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Chatelier
- Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, FRE 3511, CNRS/Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.
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Cherneva ZV, Denchev SV, Gospodinova MV, Cakova A, Cherneva RV. Inflammatory cytokines at admission—Independent prognostic markers in patients with acute coronary syndrome and hyperglycaemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 14:13-9. [DOI: 10.3109/17482941.2011.655292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Fursov N, Gates IV, Panavas T, Giles-Komar J, Powers G. Development and utilization of activated STAT3 detection assays for screening a library of secreted proteins. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2011; 9:420-9. [PMID: 21294636 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2010.0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines are multifunctional proteins that play an important role in host defenses, acute phase reactions, immune responses, hematopoiesis, and tumorigenesis. The cytokines are produced by various lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells and mediate their biological activity through initial low-affinity binding to cell surface receptors, which are specific for their respective ligands. Ligand-specific receptor binding results in the receptor heterodimerization with ubiquitously expressed signal-transducing transmembrane component gp130 followed by activation of the gp130-associated Janus kinase, which, in turn, phosphorylates signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) dimerizes and translocates to the nucleus, where it activates gene transcription. Activation of STAT3 is essential to IL-6 family-associated physiological effects. Therefore, the ability to assess STAT3 phosphorylation is important for drug discovery efforts targeting IL-6 family cytokines. Various reagents and technologies are available to detect the effect of IL-6 type cytokines in treated cells. The present study describes the development of two pSTAT3 detection assays: the high-throughput screening assay based on Meso-Scale Discovery technology, which utilizes electrochemoluminescent signal measurements for the detection of pSTAT3 in treated cell extracts, and the secondary characterization assay based on fluorescent imaging analysis, which monitors pSTAT3 nuclear translocation in cells after activation. We have successfully utilized these assays to screen a small library of secreted proteins and identified inducers of STAT3 phosphorylation. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that both assays are robust, reliable, and amenable to high-throughput screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Fursov
- Biologics Research, Centocor, Radnor, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Influence of physical exercise on neuroimmunological functioning and health: aging and stress. Neurotox Res 2010; 20:69-83. [PMID: 20953749 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic and acute stress, with associated pathophysiology, are implicated in a variety of disease states, with neuroimmunological dysregulation and inflammation as major hazards to health and functional sufficiency. Psychosocial stress and negative affect are linked to elevations in several inflammatory biomarkers. Immunosenescence, the deterioration of immune competence observed in the aged aspect of the life span, linked to a dramatic rise in morbidity and susceptibility to diseases with fatal outcomes, alters neuroimmunological function and is particularly marked in the neurodegenerative disorders, e.g., Parkinson's disease and diabetes. Physical exercise diminishes inflammation and elevates agents and factors involved in immunomodulatory function. Both the alleviatory effects of life-long physical activity upon multiple cancer forms and the palliative effects of physical activity for individuals afflicted by cancer offer advantages in health intervention. Chronic conditions of stress and affective dysregulation are associated with neuroimmunological insufficiency and inflammation, contributing to health risk and mortality. Physical exercise regimes have induced manifest anti-inflammatory benefits, mediated possibly by brain-derived neurotrophic factor. The epidemic proportions of metabolic disorders, obesity, and diabetes demand attention; several variants of exercise regimes have been found repeatedly to induce both prevention and improvement under both laboratory and clinical conditions. Physical exercise offers a unique non-pharmacologic intervention incorporating multiple activity regimes, e.g., endurance versus resistance exercise that may be adapted to conform to the particular demands of diagnosis, intervention and prognosis inherent to the staging of autoimmune disorders and related conditions.
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Wang HH, Li PC, Huang HJ, Lee TY, Lin CY. Peritoneal dialysate effluent during peritonitis induces human cardiomyocyte apoptosis by regulating the expression of GATA-4 and Bcl-2 families. J Cell Physiol 2010; 226:94-102. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
The permanent cellular constituents of the heart include cardiac fibroblasts, myocytes, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. Previous studies have demonstrated that there are undulating changes in cardiac cell populations during embryonic development, through neonatal development and into the adult. Transient cell populations include lymphocytes, mast cells, and macrophages, which can interact with these permanent cell types to affect cardiac function. It has also been observed that there are marked differences in the makeup of the cardiac cell populations depending on the species, which may be important when examining myocardial remodeling. Current dogma states that the fibroblast makes up the largest cell population of the heart; however, this appears to vary for different species, especially mice. Cardiac fibroblasts play a critical role in maintaining normal cardiac function, as well as in cardiac remodeling during pathological conditions such as myocardial infarct and hypertension. These cells have numerous functions, including synthesis and deposition of extracellular matrix, cell-cell communication with myocytes, cell-cell signaling with other fibroblasts, as well as with endothelial cells. These contacts affect the electrophysiological properties, secretion of growth factors and cytokines, as well as potentiating blood vessel formation. Although a plethora of information is known about several of these processes, relatively little is understood about fibroblasts and their role in angiogenesis during development or cardiac remodeling. In this review, we provide insight into the various properties of cardiac fibroblasts that helps illustrate their importance in maintaining proper cardiac function, as well as their critical role in the remodeling heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colby A. Souders
- Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Division of Molecular Cardiology, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Stephanie L.K. Bowers
- Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Division of Molecular Cardiology, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Troy A. Baudino
- Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Division of Molecular Cardiology, Temple, TX 76504
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Lin L, Wu XD, Davey AK, Wang J. The anti-inflammatory effect of baicalin on hypoxia/reoxygenation and TNF-α induced injury in cultural rat cardiomyocytes. Phytother Res 2009; 24:429-37. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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40
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Turner NA, Das A, Warburton P, O'Regan DJ, Ball SG, Porter KE. Interleukin-1alpha stimulates proinflammatory cytokine expression in human cardiac myofibroblasts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H1117-27. [PMID: 19648252 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00372.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac myofibroblasts (CMF) play a key role in infarct repair and scar formation following myocardial infarction (MI) and are also an important source of proinflammatory cytokines. We postulated that interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), a potential early trigger of acute inflammation post-MI, could stimulate human CMF to express additional proinflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, we hypothesized that these effects may be modulated by the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). Human CMF were cultured from atrial biopsies from multiple patients. Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) mRNA expression and secretion were measured using quantitative real-time RT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IL-1alpha (0.001-10 ng/ml, 0-6 h) stimulated IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 mRNA expression with distinct temporal and concentration profiles, resulting in increased cytokine secretion. The response to IL-1alpha was much greater than with TNF-alpha. Neither IL-1alpha nor TNF-alpha treatment modulated CT-1 mRNA expression. Immunoblotting with phosphospecific antibodies revealed that IL-1alpha stimulated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)/protein kinase B (Akt), and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB signaling pathways. Pharmacological inhibitor studies indicated roles for PI 3-kinase/Akt and NF-kappaB pathways in mediating IL-1beta expression, and for NF-kappaB and p38 MAPK pathways in mediating TNF-alpha expression. IL-1alpha-induced IL-6 mRNA expression was reduced by p38 MAPK inhibition, but increased by ERK and JNK pathway inhibitors. IL-10 produced a consistent but modest reduction in IL-1alpha-induced IL-6 mRNA levels (not IL-1beta or TNF-alpha), but this was not reflected by reduced IL-6 protein secretion. In conclusion, IL-1alpha stimulates human CMF to express IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 via specific signaling pathways, responses that are unaffected by IL-10 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Turner
- Division of Cardiovascular and Neuronal Remodelling, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health, and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
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Zinc- and Copper-Induced Interleukin-6 Release in Primary Cell Cultures From Rat Heart. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2009; 9:86-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s12012-009-9043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Cardiac fibroblasts: at the heart of myocardial remodeling. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 123:255-78. [PMID: 19460403 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 737] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts are the most prevalent cell type in the heart and play a key role in regulating normal myocardial function and in the adverse myocardial remodeling that occurs with hypertension, myocardial infarction and heart failure. Many of the functional effects of cardiac fibroblasts are mediated through differentiation to a myofibroblast phenotype that expresses contractile proteins and exhibits increased migratory, proliferative and secretory properties. Cardiac myofibroblasts respond to proinflammatory cytokines (e.g. TNFalpha, IL-1, IL-6, TGF-beta), vasoactive peptides (e.g. angiotensin II, endothelin-1, natriuretic peptides) and hormones (e.g. noradrenaline), the levels of which are increased in the remodeling heart. Their function is also modulated by mechanical stretch and changes in oxygen availability (e.g. ischaemia-reperfusion). Myofibroblast responses to such stimuli include changes in cell proliferation, cell migration, extracellular matrix metabolism and secretion of various bioactive molecules including cytokines, vasoactive peptides and growth factors. Several classes of commonly prescribed therapeutic agents for cardiovascular disease also exert pleiotropic effects on cardiac fibroblasts that may explain some of their beneficial outcomes on the remodeling heart. These include drugs for reducing hypertension (ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers), cholesterol levels (statins, fibrates) and insulin resistance (thiazolidinediones). In this review, we provide insight into the properties of cardiac fibroblasts that underscores their importance in the remodeling heart, including their origin, electrophysiological properties, role in matrix metabolism, functional responses to environmental stimuli and ability to secrete bioactive molecules. We also review the evidence suggesting that certain cardiovascular drugs can reduce myocardial remodeling specifically via modulatory effects on cardiac fibroblasts.
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Trimarchi T, Pachuau J, Shepherd A, Dey D, Martin-Caraballo M. CNTF-evoked activation of JAK and ERK mediates the functional expression of T-type Ca2+ channels in chicken nodose neurons. J Neurochem 2008; 108:246-59. [PMID: 19046323 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Culture of chicken nodose neurons with CNTF but not BDNF causes a significant increase in T-type Ca(2+) channel expression. CNTF-induced channel expression requires 12 h stimulation to reach maximal expression and is not affected by inhibition of protein synthesis, suggesting the involvement of a post-translational mechanism. In this study, we have investigated the biochemical mechanism responsible for the CNTF-dependent stimulation of T-type channel expression in nodose neurons. Stimulation of nodose neurons with CNTF evoked a considerable increase in signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. CNTF-evoked ERK phosphorylation was transient whereas BDNF-evoked activation of ERK was sustained. Pre-treatment of nodose neurons with the Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK) inhibitor P6 blocked STAT3 and ERK phosphorylation, whereas the ERK inhibitor U0126 prevented ERK activation but not STAT3 phosphorylation. Both P6 and U0126 inhibited the stimulatory effect of CNTF on T-type channel expression. Inhibition of STAT3 activation by the selective blocker stattic has no effect on ERK phosphorylation and T-type channel expression. These results indicate that CNTF-evoked stimulation of T-type Ca(2+) channel expression in chicken nodose neurons requires JAK-dependent ERK signaling. A cardiac tissue extract derived from E20 chicken heart was also effective in promoting T-type Ca(2+) channel expression and STAT3 and ERK phosphorylation. The ability of the heart extract to stimulate JAK/STAT and ERK activation was developmentally regulated. These findings provide further support to the idea that CNTF or a CNTF-like factor mediates normal expression of T-type channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Trimarchi
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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Zerwes HG, Li J, Kovarik J, Streiff M, Hofmann M, Roth L, Luyten M, Pally C, Loewe RP, Wieczorek G, Bänteli R, Thoma G, Luckow B. The chemokine receptor Cxcr3 is not essential for acute cardiac allograft rejection in mice and rats. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:1604-13. [PMID: 18557719 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine receptors have gained attention as potential targets for novel therapeutic strategies. We investigated the mechanisms of allograft rejection in chemokine receptor Cxcr3-deficient mice using a model of acute heart allograft rejection in the strain combination BALB/c to C57BL/6. Allograft survival was minimally prolonged in Cxcr3-deficient mice compared to wild-type (wt) animals (8 vs. 7 days) and treatment with a subtherapeutic dose of cyclosporine A (CsA) led to similar survival in Cxcr3-deficient and wt recipients (13 vs. 12 days). At rejection grafts were histologically indistinguishable. Microarray analysis revealed that besides Cxcr3 only few genes were differentially expressed in grafts or in spleens from transplanted or untransplanted animals. Transcript analysis by quantitative RT-PCR of selected cytokines, chemokines, or chemokine receptors or serum levels of selected cytokines and chemokines showed similar levels between the two groups. Furthermore, in a rat heart allograft transplantation model treatment with a small molecule CXCR3 antagonist did not prolong survival despite full blockade of Cxcr3 in vivo. In summary, Cxcr3 deficiency or pharmacologic blockade does not diminish graft infiltration, tempo and severity of rejection. Thus, Cxcr3 does not appear to play a pivotal role in the allograft rejection models described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-G Zerwes
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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Totlandsdal AI, Skomedal T, Låg M, Osnes JB, Refsnes M. Pro-inflammatory potential of ultrafine particles in mono- and co-cultures of primary cardiac cells. Toxicology 2008; 247:23-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Revised: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pachuau J, Martin-Caraballo M. Extrinsic regulation of T-type Ca(2+) channel expression in chick nodose ganglion neurons. Dev Neurobiol 2008; 67:1915-31. [PMID: 17874459 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Functional expression of T-type Ca(2+) channels is developmentally regulated in chick nodose neurons. In this study we have tested the hypothesis that extrinsic factors regulate the expression of T-type Ca(2+) channels in vitro. Voltage-gated Ca(2+) currents were measured using whole-cell patch clamp recordings in E7 nodose neurons cultured under various conditions. Culture of E7 nodose neurons for 48 h with a heart extract induced the expression of T-type Ca(2+) channels without any significant effect on HVA currents. T-type Ca(2+) channel expression was not stimulated by survival promoting factors such as BDNF. The stimulatory effect of heart extract was mediated by a heat-labile, trypsin-sensitive factor. Various hematopoietic cytokines including CNTF and LIF mimic the stimulatory effect of heart extract on T-type Ca(2+) channel expression. The stimulatory effect of heart extract and CNTF requires at least 12 h continuous exposure to reach maximal expression and is not altered by culture of nodose neurons with the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin, suggesting that T-type Ca(2+) channel expression is regulated by a posttranslational mechanism. Disruption of the Golgi apparatus with brefeldin-A inhibits the stimulatory effect of heart extract and CNTF suggesting that protein trafficking regulates the functional expression of T-type Ca(2+) channels. Heart extract- or CNTF-evoked stimulation of T-type Ca(2+) channel expression is blocked by the Jak/STAT and MAP kinase blockers, AG490 and U0126, respectively. This study provides new insights into the electrical differentiation of placode-derived sensory neurons and the role of extrinsic factors in regulating the functional expression of Ca(2+) channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Pachuau
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Broholm C, Mortensen OH, Nielsen S, Akerstrom T, Zankari A, Dahl B, Pedersen BK. Exercise induces expression of leukaemia inhibitory factor in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2008; 586:2195-201. [PMID: 18292129 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.149781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) belongs to the interleukin (IL)-6 cytokine superfamily and is constitutively expressed in skeletal muscle. We tested the hypothesis that LIF expression in human skeletal muscle is regulated by exercise. Fifteen healthy young male volunteers performed either 3 h of cycle ergometer exercise at approximately 60% of VO2,max(n = 8) or rested (n = 7). Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis prior to exercise, immediately after exercise, and at 1.5, 3, 6 and 24 h post exercise. Control subjects had biopsy samples taken at the same time points as during the exercise trial. Skeletal muscle LIF mRNA increased immediately after the exercise and declined gradually during recovery. However, LIF protein was unchanged at the investigated time points. Moreover, we tested the hypothesis that LIF mRNA and protein expressions are modulated by calcium (Ca(2+)) in primary human skeletal myocytes. Treatment of myocytes with the Ca(2+) ionophore, ionomycin, for 6 h resulted in an increase in both LIF mRNA and LIF protein levels. This finding suggests that Ca(2+) may be involved in the regulation of LIF in endurance-exercised skeletal muscle. In conclusion, primary human skeletal myocytes have the capability to produce LIF in response to ionomycin stimulation and LIF mRNA levels increase in skeletal muscle following concentric exercise. The finding that the increase in LIF mRNA levels is not followed by a similar increase in skeletal muscle LIF protein suggests that other exercise stimuli or repetitive stimuli are necessary in order to induce a detectable accumulation of LIF protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Broholm
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet - Section 7641, Tagensvej 20, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Hagiwara Y, Miyoshi S, Fukuda K, Nishiyama N, Ikegami Y, Tanimoto K, Murata M, Takahashi E, Shimoda K, Hirano T, Mitamura H, Ogawa S. SHP2-mediated signaling cascade through gp130 is essential for LIF-dependent I CaL, [Ca2+]i transient, and APD increase in cardiomyocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2007; 43:710-6. [PMID: 17961593 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Revised: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a cardiac hypertrophic cytokine, increases L-type Ca(2+) current (I(CaL)) via ERK-dependent and PKA-independent phosphorylation of serine 1829 in the Cav(1.2) subunit. The signaling cascade through gp130 is involved in this augmentation. However, there are two major cascades downstream of gp130, i.e. JAK/STAT3 and SHP2/ERK. In this study, we attempted to clarify which of these two cascades plays a more important role. Knock-in mouse line, in which the SHP2 signal was disrupted (gp130(F759/F759) group), and wild-type mice (WT group) were used. A whole-cell patch clamp experiment was performed, and intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i) transient) was monitored. The I(CaL) density and [Ca(2+)](i) transient were measured from the untreated cells and the cells treated with LIF or IL-6 and soluble IL-6 receptor (IL-6+sIL-6r). Action potential duration (APD) was also recorded from the ventricle of each mouse, with or without LIF. Both LIF and IL-6+sIL-6r increased I(CaL) density significantly in WT (+27.0%, n=16 p<0.05, and +32.2%, n=15, p<0.05, respectively), but not in gp130(F759/F759) (+9.4%, n=16, NS, and -6.1%, n=13, NS, respectively). Administration of LIF and IL-6+sIL-6r increased [Ca(2+)](i) transient significantly in WT (+18.8%, n=13, p<0.05, and +32.0%, n=21, p<0.05, respectively), but not in gp130(F759/F759) (-3.8%, n=7, NS, and -6.4%, n=10, NS, respectively). LIF prolonged APD(80) significantly in WT (10.5+/-4.3%, n=12, p<0.05), but not in gp130(F759/F759) (-2.1+/-11.2%, n=7, NS). SHP2-mediated signaling cascade is essential for the LIF and IL-6+sIL-6r-dependent increase in I(CaL), [Ca(2+)](i) transient and APD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Hagiwara
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan
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Ishii T, Zhao Y, Shi J, Sozer S, Hoffman R, Xu M. T cells from patients with polycythemia vera elaborate growth factors which contribute to endogenous erythroid and megakaryocyte colony formation. Leukemia 2007; 21:2433-41. [PMID: 17713553 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we report that media conditioned by polycythemia vera (PV) CD3+ cells promote BFU-E and CFU-Mk colony formation by both cord blood and PV peripheral blood CD34+ cells in the absence of exogenous cytokines and promoting megakaryocyte proplatelet formation. CD3+ cells constitutively produce elevated levels of IL-11, while stimulation with the addition of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) increased GM-CSF levels in most of the patients with PV. Anti-IL-11-neutralizing antibody partially inhibited the formation of BFU-E and CFU-Mk colonies promoted by PV CD3+ cell-conditioned media. Although IL-11 is not produced by normal T cells, real-time PCR and flow cytometric analysis showed that IL-11 was upregulated in the CD3+ cells of most PV patients as compared to normal CD3+ cells. In addition, a greater percentage of BFU-E colonies formed by PV CD34+ cells in the presence of PV CD3+ cell-conditioned media alone were JAK2V617F-positive as compared with that induced by EPO. We conclude that dysregulated production of soluble growth factor(s), including IL-11 and GM-CSF by PV T cells, contributes to the in vitro formation of erythroid colonies in the absence of exogenous cytokines by PV CD34+ cells and likely plays a role in sustaining hematopoiesis in PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ishii
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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