1
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Downs KM. The mouse allantois: new insights at the embryonic-extraembryonic interface. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210251. [PMID: 36252214 PMCID: PMC9574631 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During the early development of Placentalia, a distinctive projection emerges at the posterior embryonic-extraembryonic interface of the conceptus; its fingerlike shape presages maturation into the placental umbilical cord, whose major role is to shuttle fetal blood to and from the chorion for exchange with the mother during pregnancy. Until recently, the biology of the cord's vital vascular anlage, called the body stalk/allantois in humans and simply the allantois in rodents, has been largely unknown. Here, new insights into the development of the mouse allantois are featured, from its origin and mechanism of arterial patterning through its union with the chorion. Key to generating the allantois and its critical functions are the primitive streak and visceral endoderm, which together are sufficient to create the entire fetal-placental connection. Their newly discovered roles at the embryonic-extraembryonic interface challenge conventional wisdom, including the physical limits of the primitive streak, its function as sole purveyor of mesoderm in the mouse, potency of visceral endoderm, and the putative role of the allantois in the germ line. With this working model of allantois development, understanding a plethora of hitherto poorly understood orphan diseases in humans is now within reach. This article is part of the theme issue 'Extraembryonic tissues: exploring concepts, definitions and functions across the animal kingdom'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M. Downs
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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2
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Saranya I, Akshaya R, Selvamurugan N. Regulation of Wnt signaling by non-coding RNAs during osteoblast differentiation. Differentiation 2022; 128:57-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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3
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Abstract
Formation of the vasculature is a critical step within the developing embryo and its disruption causes early embryonic lethality. This complex process is driven by a cascade of signaling events that controls differentiation of mesodermal progenitors into primordial endothelial cells and their further specification into distinct subtypes (arterial, venous, hemogenic) that are needed to generate a blood circulatory network. Hemogenic endothelial cells give rise to hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells that generate all blood cells in the body during embryogenesis and postnatally. We focus our discussion on the regulation of endothelial cell differentiation, and subsequent hemogenic specification, and highlight many of the signaling pathways involved in these processes, which are conserved across vertebrates. Gaining a better understanding of the regulation of these processes will yield insights needed to optimize the treatment of vascular and hematopoietic disease and generate human stem cell-derived vascular and hematopoietic cells for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordon W Aragon
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Karen K Hirschi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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4
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Kulikauskas MR, X S, Bautch VL. The versatility and paradox of BMP signaling in endothelial cell behaviors and blood vessel function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:77. [PMID: 35044529 PMCID: PMC8770421 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04033-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Blood vessels expand via sprouting angiogenesis, and this process involves numerous endothelial cell behaviors, such as collective migration, proliferation, cell–cell junction rearrangements, and anastomosis and lumen formation. Subsequently, blood vessels remodel to form a hierarchical network that circulates blood and delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissue. During this time, endothelial cells become quiescent and form a barrier between blood and tissues that regulates transport of liquids and solutes. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling regulates both proangiogenic and homeostatic endothelial cell behaviors as blood vessels form and mature. Almost 30 years ago, human pedigrees linked BMP signaling to diseases associated with blood vessel hemorrhage and shunts, and recent work greatly expanded our knowledge of the players and the effects of vascular BMP signaling. Despite these gains, there remain paradoxes and questions, especially with respect to how and where the different and opposing BMP signaling outputs are regulated. This review examines endothelial cell BMP signaling in vitro and in vivo and discusses the paradox of BMP signals that both destabilize and stabilize endothelial cell behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly R Kulikauskas
- Curriculum in Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Shaka X
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Victoria L Bautch
- Curriculum in Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- McAllister Heart Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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5
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Elmore SA, Cochran RZ, Bolon B, Lubeck B, Mahler B, Sabio D, Ward JM. Histology Atlas of the Developing Mouse Placenta. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 50:60-117. [PMID: 34872401 PMCID: PMC8678285 DOI: 10.1177/01926233211042270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of the mouse as a model organism is common in translational research. This mouse-human similarity holds true for placental development as well. Proper formation of the placenta is vital for development and survival of the maturing embryo. Placentation involves sequential steps with both embryonic and maternal cell lineages playing important roles. The first step in placental development is formation of the blastocyst wall (approximate embryonic days [E] 3.0-3.5). After implantation (∼E4.5), extraembryonic endoderm progressively lines the inner surface of the blastocyst wall (∼E4.5-5.0), forming the yolk sac that provides histiotrophic support to the embryo; subsequently, formation of the umbilical vessels (∼E8.5) supports transition to the chorioallantoic placenta and hemotrophic nutrition. The fully mature ("definitive") placenta is established by ∼E12.5. Abnormal placental development often leads to embryonic mortality, with the timing of death depending on when placental insufficiency takes place and which cells are involved. This comprehensive macroscopic and microscopic atlas highlights the key features of normal and abnormal mouse placental development from E4.5 to E18.5. This in-depth overview of a transient (and thus seldom-analyzed) developmental tissue should serve as a useful reference to aid researchers in identifying and describing mouse placental changes in engineered, induced, and spontaneous disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Elmore
- National Toxicology Program, 6857National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Robert Z Cochran
- National Toxicology Program, 6857National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Beth Lubeck
- National Toxicology Program, 6857National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Beth Mahler
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - David Sabio
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jerrold M Ward
- Global Vet Pathology, Montgomery Village, MD, USA *Co-first authors
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6
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Jiang Y, Cao X, Wang H. Comparative genomic analysis of a naturally born serpentized pig reveals putative mutations related to limb and bone development. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:629. [PMID: 34454433 PMCID: PMC8399796 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07925-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is believed that natural selection acts on the phenotypical changes caused by mutations. Phenotypically, from fishes to amphibians to reptiles, the emergence of limbs greatly facilitates the landing of ancient vertebrates, but the causal mutations and evolutionary trajectory of this process remain unclear. RESULTS We serendipitously obtained a pig of limbless phenotype. Mutations specific to this handicapped pig were identified using genome re-sequencing and comparative genomic analysis. We narrowed down the causal mutations to particular chromosomes and even several candidate genes and sites, such like a mutation-containing codon in gene BMP7 (bone morphogenetic protein) which was conserved in mammals but variable in lower vertebrates. CONCLUSIONS We parsed the limbless-related mutations in the light of evolution. The limbless pig shows phenocopy of the clades before legs were evolved. Our findings might help deduce the emergence of limbs during vertebrate evolution and should be appealing to the broad community of human genetics and evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankai Jiang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, Shandong, China
| | - Xinyue Cao
- School of Medicine and Nursing, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, Shandong, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, Shandong, China.
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7
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Warsi S, Blank U, Dahl M, Hooi Min Grahn T, Schmiderer L, Andradottir S, Karlsson S. BMP signaling is required for postnatal murine hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal. Haematologica 2021; 106:2203-2214. [PMID: 32675226 PMCID: PMC8327730 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.236125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Life-long production of blood from hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) is a process of strict modulation. Intrinsic and extrinsic signals govern fate options like self-renewal – a cardinal feature of HSC. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) have an established role in embryonic hematopoiesis, but less is known about its functions in adulthood. Previously, SMAD-mediated BMP signaling has been proven dispensable for HSC. However, the BMP type-II receptor (BMPR-II) is highly expressed in HSC, leaving the possibility that BMP function via alternative pathways. Here, we establish that BMP signaling is required for selfrenewal of adult HSC. Through conditional knockout we show that BMPR-II deficient HSC have impaired self-renewal and regenerative capacity. BMPR-II deficient cells have reduced p38 activation, implying that non-SMAD pathways operate downstream of BMP in HSC. Indeed, a majority of primitive hematopoietic cells do not engage in SMADmediated responses downstream of BMP in vivo. Furthermore, deficiency of BMPR-II results in increased expression of TJP1, a known regulator of self-renewal in other stem cells, and knockdown of TJP1 in primitive hematopoietic cells partly rescues the BMPR-II null phenotype. This suggests TJP1 may be a universal stem cell regulator. In conclusion, BMP signaling, in part mediated through TJP1, is required endogenously by adult HSC to maintain self-renewal capacity and proper resilience of the hematopoietic system during regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Warsi
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Blank
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Dahl
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tan Hooi Min Grahn
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ludwig Schmiderer
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Stefan Karlsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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8
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Mutation profiling of a limbless pig reveals genome-wide regulation of RNA processing related to bone development. J Appl Genet 2021; 62:643-653. [PMID: 34278546 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-021-00653-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutation is the basis of phenotypic changes and serves as the source of natural selection. The development of limbs has been the milestone in vertebrate evolution. Several limb and bone-related genes were verified experimentally, but other indirect and regulatory factors of limb development remained untested, especially very few cases were observed in natural environment. We report a naturally born serpentized pig without hindlimbs. Whole genome sequencing followed by comparative genomic analysis revealed multiple interesting patterns on the handicapped pig-specific mutations. Although the bone-related genes are not directly subjected to mutations, other regulatory factors such as the RNA deaminase genes Adar are damaged in the handicapped pig, leading to the abolished A-to-I deamination in many functional, conserved genes as well as the bone-related genes. This is a precious case that the limbless phenotype is observed in naturally born non-model organisms. Our study broadened the generality of the limbless phenotype across mammals and extended the regulation of hindlimb development to other non-bone-related genes. Our knowledge of limb and bone-related mutations and regulation would also contribute to human genetics.
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9
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Ramachandran A, Mehić M, Wasim L, Malinova D, Gori I, Blaszczyk BK, Carvalho DM, Shore EM, Jones C, Hyvönen M, Tolar P, Hill CS. Pathogenic ACVR1 R206H activation by Activin A-induced receptor clustering and autophosphorylation. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106317. [PMID: 34003511 PMCID: PMC8280795 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) and diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) are debilitating diseases that share causal mutations in ACVR1, a TGF-β family type I receptor. ACVR1R206H is a frequent mutation in both diseases. Pathogenic signaling via the SMAD1/5 pathway is mediated by Activin A, but how the mutation triggers aberrant signaling is not known. We show that ACVR1 is essential for Activin A-mediated SMAD1/5 phosphorylation and is activated by two distinct mechanisms. Wild-type ACVR1 is activated by the Activin type I receptors, ACVR1B/C. In contrast, ACVR1R206H activation does not require upstream kinases, but is predominantly activated via Activin A-dependent receptor clustering, which induces its auto-activation. We use optogenetics and live-imaging approaches to demonstrate Activin A-induced receptor clustering and show it requires the type II receptors ACVR2A/B. Our data provide molecular mechanistic insight into the pathogenesis of FOP and DIPG by linking the causal activating genetic mutation to disrupted signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anassuya Ramachandran
- Developmental Signalling LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
- Present address:
Department of Molecular Medicine and PathologyUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Merima Mehić
- Developmental Signalling LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Laabiah Wasim
- Immune Receptor Activation LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | | | - Ilaria Gori
- Developmental Signalling LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | | | - Diana M Carvalho
- Division of Molecular PathologyThe Institute of Cancer ResearchSuttonUK
| | - Eileen M Shore
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and GeneticsPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Chris Jones
- Division of Molecular PathologyThe Institute of Cancer ResearchSuttonUK
| | - Marko Hyvönen
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Pavel Tolar
- Immune Receptor Activation LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
- Present address:
Division of Infection and ImmunityInstitute of Immunity and TransplantationUniversity CollegeLondonUK
| | - Caroline S Hill
- Developmental Signalling LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
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10
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Endometrial receptivity and implantation require uterine BMP signaling through an ACVR2A-SMAD1/SMAD5 axis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3386. [PMID: 34099644 PMCID: PMC8184938 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23571-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During early pregnancy in the mouse, nidatory estrogen (E2) stimulates endometrial receptivity by activating a network of signaling pathways that is not yet fully characterized. Here, we report that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) control endometrial receptivity via a conserved activin receptor type 2 A (ACVR2A) and SMAD1/5 signaling pathway. Mice were generated to contain single or double conditional deletion of SMAD1/5 and ACVR2A/ACVR2B receptors using progesterone receptor (PR)-cre. Female mice with SMAD1/5 deletion display endometrial defects that result in the development of cystic endometrial glands, a hyperproliferative endometrial epithelium during the window of implantation, and impaired apicobasal transformation that prevents embryo implantation and leads to infertility. Analysis of Acvr2a-PRcre and Acvr2b-PRcre pregnant mice determined that BMP signaling occurs via ACVR2A and that ACVR2B is dispensable during embryo implantation. Therefore, BMPs signal through a conserved endometrial ACVR2A/SMAD1/5 pathway that promotes endometrial receptivity during embryo implantation. Building on the known role of BMP signalling in implantation, the authors define the role of uterine ACVR2A and ALK3 (via SMAD1/5) in vivo in regulating murine endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation.
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11
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Borok MJ, Mademtzoglou D, Relaix F. Bu-M-P-ing Iron: How BMP Signaling Regulates Muscle Growth and Regeneration. J Dev Biol 2020; 8:jdb8010004. [PMID: 32053985 PMCID: PMC7151139 DOI: 10.3390/jdb8010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway is best known for its role in promoting bone formation, however it has been shown to play important roles in both development and regeneration of many different tissues. Recent work has shown that the BMP proteins have a number of functions in skeletal muscle, from embryonic to postnatal development. Furthermore, complementary studies have recently demonstrated that specific components of the pathway are required for efficient muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Borok
- Inserm, IMRB U955-E10, 94010 Créteil, France; (M.J.B.); (D.M.)
- Faculté de santé, Université Paris Est, 94000 Creteil, France
| | - Despoina Mademtzoglou
- Inserm, IMRB U955-E10, 94010 Créteil, France; (M.J.B.); (D.M.)
- Faculté de santé, Université Paris Est, 94000 Creteil, France
| | - Frederic Relaix
- Inserm, IMRB U955-E10, 94010 Créteil, France; (M.J.B.); (D.M.)
- Faculté de santé, Université Paris Est, 94000 Creteil, France
- Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d’Alfort, 94700 Maison Alfort, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang, 94017 Créteil, France
- APHP, Hopitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, DHU Pepsy & Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires GNMH, 94000 Créteil, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-149-813-940
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12
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Aluganti Narasimhulu C, Singla DK. The Role of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 (BMP-7) in Inflammation in Heart Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020280. [PMID: 31979268 PMCID: PMC7073173 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-7 is (BMP-7) is a potent anti-inflammatory growth factor belonging to the Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β) superfamily. It plays an important role in various biological processes, including embryogenesis, hematopoiesis, neurogenesis and skeletal morphogenesis. BMP-7 stimulates the target cells by binding to specific membrane-bound receptor BMPR 2 and transduces signals through mothers against decapentaplegic (Smads) and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. To date, rhBMP-7 has been used clinically to induce the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells bordering the bone fracture site into chondrocytes, osteoclasts, the formation of new bone via calcium deposition and to stimulate the repair of bone fracture. However, its use in cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and diabetic cardiomyopathy is currently being explored. More importantly, these cardiovascular diseases are associated with inflammation and infiltrated monocytes where BMP-7 has been demonstrated to be a key player in the differentiation of pro-inflammatory monocytes, or M1 macrophages, into anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, which reduces developed cardiac dysfunction. Therefore, this review focuses on the molecular mechanisms of BMP-7 treatment in cardiovascular disease and its role as an anti-fibrotic, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory growth factor, which emphasizes its potential therapeutic significance in heart diseases.
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13
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Thielen NGM, van der Kraan PM, van Caam APM. TGFβ/BMP Signaling Pathway in Cartilage Homeostasis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8090969. [PMID: 31450621 PMCID: PMC6769927 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage homeostasis is governed by articular chondrocytes via their ability to modulate extracellular matrix production and degradation. In turn, chondrocyte activity is regulated by growth factors such as those of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) family. Members of this family include the TGFβs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and growth and differentiation factors (GDFs). Signaling by this protein family uniquely activates SMAD-dependent signaling and transcription but also activates SMAD-independent signaling via MAPKs such as ERK and TAK1. This review will address the pivotal role of the TGFβ family in cartilage biology by listing several TGFβ family members and describing their signaling and importance for cartilage maintenance. In addition, it is discussed how (pathological) processes such as aging, mechanical stress, and inflammation contribute to altered TGFβ family signaling, leading to disturbed cartilage metabolism and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie G M Thielen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan P M van Caam
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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14
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Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT By compiling findings from recent studies, this review will garner novel insight on the dynamic and complex role of BMP signaling in diseases of inflammation, highlighting the specific roles played by both individual ligands and endogenous antagonists. Ultimately, this summary will help inform the high therapeutic value of targeting this pathway for modulating diseases of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Wu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of
Medicine and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Antonis K Hatzopoulos
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of
Medicine and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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15
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Kir D, Schnettler E, Modi S, Ramakrishnan S. Regulation of angiogenesis by microRNAs in cardiovascular diseases. Angiogenesis 2018; 21:699-710. [DOI: 10.1007/s10456-018-9632-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Goumans MJ, Ten Dijke P. TGF-β Signaling in Control of Cardiovascular Function. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a022210. [PMID: 28348036 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies in animals and humans indicate that gene mutations that functionally perturb transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling are linked to specific hereditary vascular syndromes, including Osler-Rendu-Weber disease or hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and Marfan syndrome. Disturbed TGF-β signaling can also cause nonhereditary disorders like atherosclerosis and cardiac fibrosis. Accordingly, cell culture studies using endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells (SMCs), cultured alone or together in two- or three-dimensional cell culture assays, on plastic or embedded in matrix, have shown that TGF-β has a pivotal effect on endothelial and SMC proliferation, differentiation, migration, tube formation, and sprouting. Moreover, TGF-β can stimulate endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, a process shown to be of key importance in heart valve cushion formation and in various pathological vascular processes. Here, we discuss the roles of TGF-β in vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis and the deregulation of TGF-β signaling in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-José Goumans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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17
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Ramachandran A, Vizán P, Das D, Chakravarty P, Vogt J, Rogers KW, Müller P, Hinck AP, Sapkota GP, Hill CS. TGF-β uses a novel mode of receptor activation to phosphorylate SMAD1/5 and induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. eLife 2018; 7:e31756. [PMID: 29376829 PMCID: PMC5832415 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The best characterized signaling pathway downstream of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is through SMAD2 and SMAD3. However, TGF-β also induces phosphorylation of SMAD1 and SMAD5, but the mechanism of this phosphorylation and its functional relevance is not known. Here, we show that TGF-β-induced SMAD1/5 phosphorylation requires members of two classes of type I receptor, TGFBR1 and ACVR1, and establish a new paradigm for receptor activation where TGFBR1 phosphorylates and activates ACVR1, which phosphorylates SMAD1/5. We demonstrate the biological significance of this pathway by showing that approximately a quarter of the TGF-β-induced transcriptome depends on SMAD1/5 signaling, with major early transcriptional targets being the ID genes. Finally, we show that TGF-β-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition requires signaling via both the SMAD3 and SMAD1/5 pathways, with SMAD1/5 signaling being essential to induce ID1. Therefore, combinatorial signaling via both SMAD pathways is essential for the full TGF-β-induced transcriptional program and physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Vizán
- Developmental Signalling LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Debipriya Das
- Developmental Signalling LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Probir Chakravarty
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics FacilityThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Janis Vogt
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation UnitUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Patrick Müller
- Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck SocietyTübingenGermany
| | - Andrew P Hinck
- Department of Structural BiologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghUnited States
| | - Gopal P Sapkota
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation UnitUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Caroline S Hill
- Developmental Signalling LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
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18
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Somashekar ST, Sammour I, Huang J, Dominguez-Bendala J, Pastori R, Alvarez-Cubela S, Torres E, Wu S, Young KC. Intra-Amniotic Soluble Endoglin Impairs Lung Development in Neonatal Rats. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:468-476. [PMID: 28590142 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0165oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble endoglin (sENG) is increased in the amniotic fluid of women with preeclampsia and chorioamnionitis. Preterm infants born to women with these disorders have an increased risk of aberrant lung development. Whether this increased risk is secondary to elevated sENG levels is unclear. The objective of this study was to determine whether intrauterine exposure to an adenovirus overexpressing sENG impairs neonatal lung angiogenesis by modulating lung endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) signaling. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to receive ultrasound-guided intra-amniotic injections of adenovirus overexpressing sENG (Ad-sENG) or control adenovirus (Ad-control) on embryonic day 17. After this exposure, rat pups were maintained in normoxia and evaluated on postnatal day 14. Intra-amniotic Ad-sENG decreased lung vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 and eNOS expression in rat pups. This was accompanied by a marked decrease in lung angiogenesis and alveolarization. Ad-sENG-exposed pups also had an increase in right ventricular systolic pressure, weight ratio of right ventricle to left ventricle plus septum, and pulmonary vascular remodeling. In addition, exposure of human pulmonary artery endothelial cells to recombinant sENG reduced endothelial tube formation and protein levels of eNOS, phosphorylated eNOS, and phosphorylated Smad1/5. Together, our findings demonstrate that intrauterine exposure to an adenovirus overexpressing sENG disrupts lung development by impairing Smad1/5-eNOS signaling. We speculate that sENG-mediated dysregulation of Smad1/5-eNOS signaling contributes to impaired lung development and potentially primes the developing lung for further postnatal insults. Further studies exploring the relationship between amniotic fluid sENG levels and preterm respiratory outcomes will be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh T Somashekar
- 1 Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics.,2 Neonatal Developmental Biology Laboratory, Batchelor Children's Research Institute, and
| | - Ibrahim Sammour
- 1 Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics.,2 Neonatal Developmental Biology Laboratory, Batchelor Children's Research Institute, and
| | - Jian Huang
- 1 Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics.,2 Neonatal Developmental Biology Laboratory, Batchelor Children's Research Institute, and
| | - Juan Dominguez-Bendala
- 3 Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Ricardo Pastori
- 3 Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Silvia Alvarez-Cubela
- 3 Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Eneida Torres
- 1 Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics.,2 Neonatal Developmental Biology Laboratory, Batchelor Children's Research Institute, and
| | - Shu Wu
- 1 Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics.,2 Neonatal Developmental Biology Laboratory, Batchelor Children's Research Institute, and
| | - Karen C Young
- 1 Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics.,2 Neonatal Developmental Biology Laboratory, Batchelor Children's Research Institute, and
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19
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Monsivais D, Matzuk MM, Pangas SA. The TGF-β Family in the Reproductive Tract. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a022251. [PMID: 28193725 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family has a profound impact on the reproductive function of various organisms. In this review, we discuss how highly conserved members of the TGF-β family influence the reproductive function across several species. We briefly discuss how TGF-β-related proteins balance germ-cell proliferation and differentiation as well as dauer entry and exit in Caenorhabditis elegans. In Drosophila melanogaster, TGF-β-related proteins maintain germ stem-cell identity and eggshell patterning. We then provide an in-depth analysis of landmark studies performed using transgenic mouse models and discuss how these data have uncovered basic developmental aspects of male and female reproductive development. In particular, we discuss the roles of the various TGF-β family ligands and receptors in primordial germ-cell development, sexual differentiation, and gonadal cell development. We also discuss how mutant mouse studies showed the contribution of TGF-β family signaling to embryonic and postnatal testis and ovarian development. We conclude the review by describing data obtained from human studies, which highlight the importance of the TGF-β family in normal female reproductive function during pregnancy and in various gynecologic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Monsivais
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030.,Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Martin M Matzuk
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030.,Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas 77030.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030.,Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Stephanie A Pangas
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030.,Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas 77030
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20
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Smad1/5 is required for erythropoietin-mediated suppression of hepcidin in mice. Blood 2017; 130:73-83. [PMID: 28438754 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-12-759423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia suppresses liver hepcidin expression to supply adequate iron for erythropoiesis. Erythroferrone mediates hepcidin suppression by anemia, but its mechanism of action remains uncertain. The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-SMAD signaling pathway has a central role in hepcidin transcriptional regulation. Here, we explored the contribution of individual receptor-activated SMADs in hepcidin regulation and their involvement in erythroferrone suppression of hepcidin. In Hep3B cells, SMAD5 or SMAD1 but not SMAD8, knockdown inhibited hepcidin (HAMP) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. Hepatocyte-specific double-knockout Smad1fl/fl;Smad5fl/fl;Cre+ mice exhibited ∼90% transferrin saturation and massive liver iron overload, whereas Smad1fl/fl;Smad5fl/wt;Cre+ mice or Smad1fl/wt;Smad5fl/fl;Cre+ female mice with 1 functional Smad5 or Smad1 allele had modestly increased serum and liver iron, and single-knockout Smad5fl/fl;Cre+ or Smad1fl/fl;Cre+ mice had minimal to no iron loading, suggesting a gene dosage effect. Hamp mRNA was reduced in all Cre+ mouse livers at 12 days and in all Cre+ primary hepatocytes. However, only double-knockout mice continued to exhibit low liver Hamp at 8 weeks and failed to induce Hamp in response to Bmp6 in primary hepatocyte cultures. Epoetin alfa (EPO) robustly induced bone marrow erythroferrone (Fam132b) mRNA in control and Smad1fl/fl;Smad5fl/fl;Cre+ mice but suppressed hepcidin only in control mice. Likewise, erythroferrone failed to decrease Hamp mRNA in Smad1fl/fl;Smad5fl/fl;Cre+ primary hepatocytes and SMAD1/SMAD5 knockdown Hep3B cells. EPO and erythroferrone reduced liver Smad1/5 phosphorylation in parallel with Hamp mRNA in control mice and Hep3B cells. Thus, Smad1 and Smad5 have overlapping functions to govern hepcidin transcription. Moreover, erythropoietin and erythroferrone target Smad1/5 signaling and require Smad1/5 to suppress hepcidin expression.
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21
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Jung B, Staudacher JJ, Beauchamp D. Transforming Growth Factor β Superfamily Signaling in Development of Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:36-52. [PMID: 27773809 PMCID: PMC5550896 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β cytokines signal via a complex network of pathways to regulate proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, migration, and other functions in many cell types. A high percentage of colorectal tumors contain mutations that disrupt TGF-β family member signaling. We review how TGF-β family member signaling is altered during development of colorectal cancer, models of study, interaction of pathways, and potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Jung
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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22
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Lee S, Park C, Han JW, Kim JY, Cho K, Kim EJ, Kim S, Lee SJ, Oh SY, Tanaka Y, Park IH, An HJ, Shin CM, Sharma S, Yoon YS. Direct Reprogramming of Human Dermal Fibroblasts Into Endothelial Cells Using ER71/ETV2. Circ Res 2016; 120:848-861. [PMID: 28003219 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Direct conversion or reprogramming of human postnatal cells into endothelial cells (ECs), bypassing stem or progenitor cell status, is crucial for regenerative medicine, cell therapy, and pathophysiological investigation but has remained largely unexplored. OBJECTIVE We sought to directly reprogram human postnatal dermal fibroblasts to ECs with vasculogenic and endothelial transcription factors and determine their vascularizing and therapeutic potential. METHODS AND RESULTS We utilized various combinations of 7 EC transcription factors to transduce human postnatal dermal fibroblasts and found that ER71/ETV2 (ETS variant 2) alone best induced endothelial features. KDR+ (kinase insert domain receptor) cells sorted at day 7 from ER71/ETV2-transduced human postnatal dermal fibroblasts showed less mature but enriched endothelial characteristics and thus were referred to as early reprogrammed ECs (rECs), and did not undergo maturation by further culture. After a period of several weeks' transgene-free culture followed by transient reinduction of ER71/ETV2, early rECs matured during 3 months of culture and showed reduced ETV2 expression, reaching a mature phenotype similar to postnatal human ECs. These were termed late rECs. While early rECs exhibited an immature phenotype, their implantation into ischemic hindlimbs induced enhanced recovery from ischemia. These 2 rECs showed clear capacity for contributing to new vessel formation through direct vascular incorporation in vivo. Paracrine or proangiogenic effects of implanted early rECs played a significant role in repairing hindlimb ischemia. CONCLUSIONS This study for the first time demonstrates that ER71/ETV2 alone can directly reprogram human postnatal cells to functional, mature ECs after an intervening transgene-free period. These rECs could be valuable for cell therapy, personalized disease investigation, and exploration of the reprogramming process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangho Lee
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago (C.P., E.J.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.P., J.Y.K., S.Y.O.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L., J.W.H., K.C., S.K., H.J.A., C.M.S., S.S., Y.-s.Y.); Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Y.T., I.-H.P.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-J.L., Y.-s.Y.)
| | - Changwon Park
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago (C.P., E.J.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.P., J.Y.K., S.Y.O.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L., J.W.H., K.C., S.K., H.J.A., C.M.S., S.S., Y.-s.Y.); Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Y.T., I.-H.P.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-J.L., Y.-s.Y.)
| | - Ji Woong Han
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago (C.P., E.J.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.P., J.Y.K., S.Y.O.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L., J.W.H., K.C., S.K., H.J.A., C.M.S., S.S., Y.-s.Y.); Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Y.T., I.-H.P.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-J.L., Y.-s.Y.)
| | - Ju Young Kim
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago (C.P., E.J.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.P., J.Y.K., S.Y.O.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L., J.W.H., K.C., S.K., H.J.A., C.M.S., S.S., Y.-s.Y.); Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Y.T., I.-H.P.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-J.L., Y.-s.Y.)
| | - Kyuwon Cho
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago (C.P., E.J.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.P., J.Y.K., S.Y.O.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L., J.W.H., K.C., S.K., H.J.A., C.M.S., S.S., Y.-s.Y.); Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Y.T., I.-H.P.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-J.L., Y.-s.Y.)
| | - Eun Jae Kim
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago (C.P., E.J.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.P., J.Y.K., S.Y.O.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L., J.W.H., K.C., S.K., H.J.A., C.M.S., S.S., Y.-s.Y.); Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Y.T., I.-H.P.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-J.L., Y.-s.Y.)
| | - Sangsung Kim
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago (C.P., E.J.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.P., J.Y.K., S.Y.O.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L., J.W.H., K.C., S.K., H.J.A., C.M.S., S.S., Y.-s.Y.); Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Y.T., I.-H.P.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-J.L., Y.-s.Y.)
| | - Shin-Jeong Lee
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago (C.P., E.J.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.P., J.Y.K., S.Y.O.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L., J.W.H., K.C., S.K., H.J.A., C.M.S., S.S., Y.-s.Y.); Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Y.T., I.-H.P.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-J.L., Y.-s.Y.)
| | - Se Yeong Oh
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago (C.P., E.J.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.P., J.Y.K., S.Y.O.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L., J.W.H., K.C., S.K., H.J.A., C.M.S., S.S., Y.-s.Y.); Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Y.T., I.-H.P.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-J.L., Y.-s.Y.)
| | - Yoshiaki Tanaka
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago (C.P., E.J.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.P., J.Y.K., S.Y.O.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L., J.W.H., K.C., S.K., H.J.A., C.M.S., S.S., Y.-s.Y.); Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Y.T., I.-H.P.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-J.L., Y.-s.Y.)
| | - In-Hyun Park
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago (C.P., E.J.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.P., J.Y.K., S.Y.O.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L., J.W.H., K.C., S.K., H.J.A., C.M.S., S.S., Y.-s.Y.); Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Y.T., I.-H.P.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-J.L., Y.-s.Y.)
| | - Hyo Jae An
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago (C.P., E.J.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.P., J.Y.K., S.Y.O.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L., J.W.H., K.C., S.K., H.J.A., C.M.S., S.S., Y.-s.Y.); Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Y.T., I.-H.P.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-J.L., Y.-s.Y.)
| | - Claire Min Shin
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago (C.P., E.J.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.P., J.Y.K., S.Y.O.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L., J.W.H., K.C., S.K., H.J.A., C.M.S., S.S., Y.-s.Y.); Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Y.T., I.-H.P.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-J.L., Y.-s.Y.)
| | - Shraya Sharma
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago (C.P., E.J.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.P., J.Y.K., S.Y.O.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L., J.W.H., K.C., S.K., H.J.A., C.M.S., S.S., Y.-s.Y.); Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Y.T., I.-H.P.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-J.L., Y.-s.Y.)
| | - Young-Sup Yoon
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago (C.P., E.J.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.P., J.Y.K., S.Y.O.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (S.L., J.W.H., K.C., S.K., H.J.A., C.M.S., S.S., Y.-s.Y.); Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Y.T., I.-H.P.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-J.L., Y.-s.Y.)
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23
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Conditional Deletion of Smad1 Ameliorates Glomerular Injury in Progressive Glomerulonephritis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31216. [PMID: 27492138 PMCID: PMC4974558 DOI: 10.1038/srep31216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix expansion and cell proliferation are concomitantly observed in various glomerular injuries. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for these changes have not been fully elucidated. We have reported that Smad1 is a key signalling molecule that regulates the transcription of type IV collagen (Col4) in mesangial matrix expansion and is thereby involved in glomerular injury in an acute model of glomerulonephritis. In this study, we addressed the role of Smad1 signalling in accelerated nephrotoxic nephritis (NTN), a model of progressive glomerulonephritis, using conditional deletion of Smad1 in Rosa26CreERT2 mice (Smad1-CKO). Mesangial matrix expansion in the Smad1-CKO mice with NTN was significantly inhibited compared with that in wild type mice with NTN, which was consistent with the decrease in Col4 expression level. On the other hand, STAT3 activation and cell proliferation were not influenced by Smad1 deletion in the NTN model. Therefore, we investigated another factor that activates cell proliferation in the absence of Smad1. Id2 induced VEGF secretion and subsequent STAT3 activation, independently of Smad1 expression in mouse mesangial cells. Here we show that Smad1 plays an important role in the development of glomerular injury without affecting cell proliferation, in progressive glomerulonephritis.
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Long L, Ormiston ML, Yang X, Southwood M, Gräf S, Machado RD, Mueller M, Kinzel B, Yung LM, Wilkinson JM, Moore SD, Drake KM, Aldred MA, Yu P, Upton PD, Morrell NW. Selective enhancement of endothelial BMPR-II with BMP9 reverses pulmonary arterial hypertension. Nat Med 2015; 21:777-85. [PMID: 26076038 PMCID: PMC4496295 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic evidence implicates the loss of bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor (BMPR-II) signaling in the endothelium as an initiating factor in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, selective targeting of this signaling pathway using BMP ligands has not yet been explored as a therapeutic strategy. Here, we identify BMP9 as the preferred ligand for preventing apoptosis and enhancing monolayer integrity in both pulmonary arterial endothelial cells and blood outgrowth endothelial cells from subjects with PAH who bear mutations in the gene encoding BMPR-II, BMPR2. Mice bearing a heterozygous knock-in allele of a human BMPR2 mutation, R899X, which we generated as an animal model of PAH caused by BMPR-II deficiency, spontaneously developed PAH. Administration of BMP9 reversed established PAH in these mice, as well as in two other experimental PAH models, in which PAH develops in response to either monocrotaline or VEGF receptor inhibition combined with chronic hypoxia. These results demonstrate the promise of direct enhancement of endothelial BMP signaling as a new therapeutic strategy for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Long
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark L. Ormiston
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xudong Yang
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Southwood
- Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, UK
| | - Stefan Gräf
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Bernd Kinzel
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, CH
| | - Lai Ming Yung
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Janine M. Wilkinson
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen D. Moore
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kylie M. Drake
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, OH
| | - Micheala A. Aldred
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, OH
| | - Paul Yu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Paul D. Upton
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas W. Morrell
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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25
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Rahman MS, Akhtar N, Jamil HM, Banik RS, Asaduzzaman SM. TGF-β/BMP signaling and other molecular events: regulation of osteoblastogenesis and bone formation. Bone Res 2015; 3:15005. [PMID: 26273537 PMCID: PMC4472151 DOI: 10.1038/boneres.2015.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) plays a fundamental role in the regulation of bone organogenesis through the activation of receptor serine/threonine kinases. Perturbations of TGF-β/BMP activity are almost invariably linked to a wide variety of clinical outcomes, i.e., skeletal, extra skeletal anomalies, autoimmune, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Phosphorylation of TGF-β (I/II) or BMP receptors activates intracellular downstream Smads, the transducer of TGF-β/BMP signals. This signaling is modulated by various factors and pathways, including transcription factor Runx2. The signaling network in skeletal development and bone formation is overwhelmingly complex and highly time and space specific. Additive, positive, negative, or synergistic effects are observed when TGF-β/BMP interacts with the pathways of MAPK, Wnt, Hedgehog (Hh), Notch, Akt/mTOR, and miRNA to regulate the effects of BMP-induced signaling in bone dynamics. Accumulating evidence indicates that Runx2 is the key integrator, whereas Hh is a possible modulator, miRNAs are regulators, and β-catenin is a mediator/regulator within the extensive intracellular network. This review focuses on the activation of BMP signaling and interaction with other regulatory components and pathways highlighting the molecular mechanisms regarding TGF-β/BMP function and regulation that could allow understanding the complexity of bone tissue dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shaifur Rahman
- Tissue Banking and Biomaterial Research Unit, Atomic Energy Research Establishment , Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Naznin Akhtar
- Tissue Banking and Biomaterial Research Unit, Atomic Energy Research Establishment , Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Hossen Mohammad Jamil
- Tissue Banking and Biomaterial Research Unit, Atomic Energy Research Establishment , Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Rajat Suvra Banik
- Lab of Network Biology, Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University , Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Sikder M Asaduzzaman
- Tissue Banking and Biomaterial Research Unit, Atomic Energy Research Establishment , Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
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Sepulveda-Sanchez J, Ramos A, Hilario A, DE Velasco G, Castellano D, Garcia DE LA Torre M, Rodon J, Lahn MF. Brain perfusion and permeability in patients with advanced, refractory glioblastoma treated with lomustine and the transforming growth factor-β receptor I kinase inhibitor LY2157299 monohydrate. Oncol Lett 2015; 9:2442-2448. [PMID: 26137087 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is associated with tumor progression and vascularization in malignant glioma. In the present study, magnetic resonance imaging was used to evaluate changes in the size and vascularity of glioblastomas in 12 patients who were treated with lomustine and the novel inhibitor of TGF-β signaling, LY2157299 monohydrate. A response in tumor size was observed in 2 of the 12 patients; in 1 of these 2 patients, a reduction in vascular permeability and perfusion was also detected. The effect was observed following 4 cycles of treatment (~3 months). Changes in vascularity have not previously been attributed to treatment with lomustine; therefore, the effect may be associated with LY2157299 treatment. LY2157299 does not appear to have an anti-angiogenic effect when combined with lomustine, and hence may have a different mechanism of action profile compared with anti-angiogenic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Ramos
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital October 12, Madrid 28041, Spain
| | - Amaya Hilario
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital October 12, Madrid 28041, Spain
| | - Guillermo DE Velasco
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital October 12, Madrid 28041, Spain
| | - Daniel Castellano
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital October 12, Madrid 28041, Spain
| | | | - Jordi Rodon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and The Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08999, Spain
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) superfamily signaling regulates essential reproductive functions. Dysregulation of TGFB signaling results in cellular and molecular deficiencies in the ovary, leading to reproductive diseases and cancer development. SMAD proteins are canonical TGFB signaling components consisting of receptor-regulated SMADs (SMAD1/2/3/5/9), a common SMAD (SMAD4), and inhibitory SMADs (SMAD6/7). Inhibitory SMADs are negative regulators of TGFB and bone morphogenetic protein signaling, and their reproductive functions are poorly defined. Emerging evidence supports that inhibitory SMADs are potential regulators of ovarian function. Further efforts and new genetic models are needed to unveil the role of inhibitory SMADs in the ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglei Li
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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Larabee SM, Coia H, Jones S, Cheung E, Gallicano GI. miRNA-17 members that target Bmpr2 influence signaling mechanisms important for embryonic stem cell differentiation in vitro and gastrulation in embryos. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 24:354-71. [PMID: 25209090 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Body axes and germ layers evolve at gastrulation, and in mammals are driven by many genes; however, what orchestrates the genetic pathways during gastrulation remains elusive. Previously, we presented evidence that microRNA-17 (miRNA-17) family members, miR-17-5p, miR-20a, miR-93, and miR-106a were differentially expressed in mouse embryos and functioned to control differentiation of the stem cell population. Here, we identify function(s) that these miRNAs have during gastrulation. Fluorescent in situ hybridization miRNA probes reveal that these miRNAs are localized at the mid/posterior primitive streak (ps) in distinct populations of primitive ectoderm, mesendoderm, and mesoderm. Seven different miRNA prediction algorithms are identified in silico bone morphogenic protein receptor 2 (Bmpr2) as a target of these miRNAs. Bmpr2 is a member of the TGFβ pathway and invokes stage-specific changes during gastrulation. Recently, Bmpr2 was shown regulating cytoskeletal dynamics, cell movement, and invasion. Our previous and current data led to a hypothesis by which members of the miR-17 family influence gastrulation by suppressing Bmpr2 expression at the primitive streak. This suppression influences fate decisions of cells by affecting genes downstream of BMPR2 as well as mesoderm invasion through regulation of actin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Larabee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center , Washington, District of Columbia
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Abstract
Current dogma is that mouse primordial germ cells (PGCs) segregate within the allantois, or source of the umbilical cord, and translocate to the gonads, differentiating there into sperm and eggs. In light of emerging data on the posterior embryonic-extraembryonic interface, and the poorly studied but vital fetal-umbilical connection, we have reviewed the past century of experiments on mammalian PGCs and their relation to the allantois. We demonstrate that, despite best efforts and valuable data on the pluripotent state, what is and is not a PGC in vivo is obscure. Furthermore, sufficient experimental evidence has yet to be provided either for an extragonadal origin of mammalian PGCs or for their segregation within the posterior region. Rather, most evidence points to an alternative hypothesis that PGCs in the mouse allantois are part of a stem/progenitor cell pool that exhibits all known PGC "markers" and that builds/reinforces the fetal-umbilical interface, common to amniotes. We conclude by suggesting experiments to distinguish the mammalian germ line from the soma.
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Kandyba E, Hazen VM, Kobielak A, Butler SJ, Kobielak K. Smad1 and 5 but not Smad8 establish stem cell quiescence which is critical to transform the premature hair follicle during morphogenesis toward the postnatal state. Stem Cells 2014; 32:534-47. [PMID: 24023003 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hair follicles (HFs) are regenerative miniorgans that offer a highly informative model system to study the regulatory mechanisms of hair follicle stem cells (hfSCs) homeostasis and differentiation. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is key in both of these processes, governing hfSCs quiescence in the bulge and differentiation of matrix progenitors. However, whether canonical or noncanonical pathways of BMP signaling are responsible for these processes remains unresolved. Here, we conditionally ablated two canonical effectors of BMP signaling, Smad1 and Smad5 during hair morphogenesis and postnatal cycling in mouse skin. Deletion of Smad1 and Smad5 (dKO) in the epidermis during morphogenesis resulted in neonatal lethality with lack of visible whiskers. Interestingly, distinct patterns of phospho-Smads (pSmads) activation were detected with pSmad8 restricted to epidermis and pSmad1 and pSmad5 exclusively activated in HFs. Engraftment of dKO skin revealed retarded hair morphogenesis and failure to differentiate into visible hair. The formation of the prebulge and bulge reservoir for quiescent hfSCs was precluded in dKO HFs which remained in prolonged anagen. Surprisingly, in postnatal telogen HFs, pSmad8 expression was no longer limited to epidermis and was also present in dKO bulge hfSCs and matrix progenitors. Although pSmad8 activity alone could not prevent dKO hfSCs precocious anagen activation, it sustained efficient postnatal differentiation and regeneration of visible hairs. Together, our data suggest a pivotal role for canonical BMP signaling demonstrating distinguished nonoverlapping function of pSmad8 with pSmad1 and pSmad5 in hfSCs regulation and hair morphogenesis but a redundant role in adult hair progenitors differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Kandyba
- Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USC Norris Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Pathology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USC Norris Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Wang RN, Green J, Wang Z, Deng Y, Qiao M, Peabody M, Zhang Q, Ye J, Yan Z, Denduluri S, Idowu O, Li M, Shen C, Hu A, Haydon RC, Kang R, Mok J, Lee MJ, Luu HL, Shi LL. Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling in development and human diseases. Genes Dis 2014; 1:87-105. [PMID: 25401122 PMCID: PMC4232216 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 691] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are a group of signaling molecules that belongs to the Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of proteins. Initially discovered for their ability to induce bone formation, BMPs are now known to play crucial roles in all organ systems. BMPs are important in embryogenesis and development, and also in maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis. Mouse knockout models of various components of the BMP signaling pathway result in embryonic lethality or marked defects, highlighting the essential functions of BMPs. In this review, we first outline the basic aspects of BMP signaling and then focus on genetically manipulated mouse knockout models that have helped elucidate the role of BMPs in development. A significant portion of this review is devoted to the prominent human pathologies associated with dysregulated BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N. Wang
- The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jordan Green
- The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Zhongliang Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medicine, and Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Youlin Deng
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medicine, and Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Min Qiao
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medicine, and Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Michael Peabody
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Qian Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medicine, and Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jixing Ye
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- School of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengjian Yan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medicine, and Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Sahitya Denduluri
- The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Olumuyiwa Idowu
- The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Melissa Li
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Christine Shen
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alan Hu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rex C. Haydon
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Richard Kang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - James Mok
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael J. Lee
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hue L. Luu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lewis L. Shi
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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BMP signaling balances murine myeloid potential through SMAD-independent p38MAPK and NOTCH pathways. Blood 2014; 124:393-402. [PMID: 24894772 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-02-556993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling regulates early hematopoietic development, proceeding from mesoderm patterning through the progressive commitment and differentiation of progenitor cells. The BMP pathway signals largely through receptor-mediated activation of Mothers Against Decapentaplegic homolog (SMAD) proteins, although alternate pathways are modulated through various components of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Using a conditional, short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-based knockdown system in the context of differentiating embryonic stem cells (ESCs), we demonstrated previously that Smad1 promotes hemangioblast specification, but then subsequently restricts primitive progenitor potential. Here we show that co-knockdown of Smad5 restores normal progenitor potential of Smad1-depleted cells, suggesting opposing functions for Smad1 and Smad5. This balance was confirmed by cotargeting Smad1/5 with a specific chemical antagonist, LDN193189 (LDN). However, we discovered that LDN treatment after hemangioblast commitment enhanced primitive myeloid potential. Moreover, inhibition with LDN (but not SMAD depletion) increased expression of Delta-like ligands Dll1 and Dll3 and NOTCH activity; abrogation of NOTCH activity restored LDN-enhanced myeloid potential back to normal, corresponding with expression levels of the myeloid master regulator, C/EBPα. LDN but not SMAD activity was also associated with activation of the p38MAPK pathway, and blocking this pathway was sufficient to enhance myelopoiesis. Therefore, NOTCH and p38MAPK pathways balance primitive myeloid progenitor output downstream of the BMP pathway.
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Kumar A, Lualdi M, Loncarek J, Cho YW, Lee JE, Ge K, Kuehn MR. Loss of function of mouse Pax-Interacting Protein 1-associated glutamate rich protein 1a (Pagr1a) leads to reduced Bmp2 expression and defects in chorion and amnion development. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:937-47. [PMID: 24633704 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human PAX-Interacting Protein 1 (PAXIP1)-associated glutamate rich protein 1 (PAGR1, also known as PA1) originally was discovered as part of a complex containing PAXIP1 and histone H3K4 methyltransferases MLL3 and MLL4, suggesting a role in epigenetic gene regulation. Further in vitro studies suggested additional functions in DNA damage repair and transcription. However, in vivo analysis of PAGR1 function has been lacking. RESULTS Here we show that expression of the cognate mouse gene Pagr1a is found predominately in the extraembryonic and chorionic ectoderm from pregastrulation stages and is up-regulated within the embryo proper after gastrulation. Embryos with a germ line deletion of Pagr1a establish the anterior-posterior axis, and show normal neuroectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal patterning, but fail to develop beyond the four- to five-somite stage or to undergo axial rotation. Pagr1a(-) (/) (-) embryos also show abnormal development of extraembryonic tissues with defects seen in the amnion, chorion and visceral yolk sac. At the molecular level, Pagr1a(-) (/) (-) embryos have reduced expression of BMP2, a known regulator of extraembryonic development. CONCLUSIONS Loss of mouse Pagr1a function leads to defective extraembryonic development, likely due at least in part to altered BMP signaling, contributing to developmental arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
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Wei CY, Wang HP, Zhu ZY, Sun YH. Transcriptional factors smad1 and smad9 act redundantly to mediate zebrafish ventral specification downstream of smad5. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6604-6618. [PMID: 24488494 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.549758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multifunctional growth factors that play crucial roles during embryonic development and cell fate determination. Nuclear transduction of BMP signals requires the receptor type Smad proteins, Smad1, Smad5, and Smad9. However, how these Smad proteins cooperate in vivo to regulate various developmental processes is largely unknown. In zebrafish, it was widely believed that the maternally expressed smad5 is essential for dorso-ventral (DV) patterning, and the zygotically transcribed smad1 is not required for normal DV axis establishment. In the present study, we have identified zygotically expressed smad9, which cooperates with smad1 downstream of smad5, to mediate zebrafish early DV patterning in a functional redundant manner. Although knockdown of smad1 or smad9 alone does not lead to visible dorsalization, double knockdown strongly dorsalizes zebrafish embryos, which cannot be efficiently rescued by smad5 overexpression, whereas the dorsalization induced by smad5 knockdown can be fully rescued by overexpression of smad1 or smad9. We have further revealed that the transcription initiations of smad1 and smad9 are repressed by each other, that they are direct transcriptional targets of Smad5, and that smad9, like smad1, is required for myelopoiesis. In conclusion, our study uncovers that smad1 and smad9 act redundantly to each other downstream of smad5 to mediate ventral specification and to regulate embryonic myelopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hou-Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zuo-Yan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yong-Hua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Anti-Müllerian hormone recruits BMPR-IA in immature granulosa cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81551. [PMID: 24312319 PMCID: PMC3842941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a member of the TGF-β superfamily secreted by the gonads of both sexes. This hormone is primarily known for its role in the regression of the Müllerian ducts in male fetuses. In females, AMH is expressed in granulosa cells of developing follicles. Like other members of the TGF-β superfamily, AMH transduces its signal through two transmembrane serine/threonine kinase receptors including a well characterized type II receptor, AMHR-II. The complete signalling pathway of AMH involving Smads proteins and the type I receptor is well known in the Müllerian duct and in Sertoli and Leydig cells but not in granulosa cells. In addition, few AMH target genes have been identified in these cells. Finally, while several co-receptors have been reported for members of the TGF-β superfamily, none have been described for AMH. Here, we have shown that none of the Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) co-receptors, Repulsive guidance molecules (RGMs), were essential for AMH signalling. We also demonstrated that the main Smad proteins used by AMH in granulosa cells were Smad 1 and Smad 5. Like for the other AMH target cells, the most important type I receptor for AMH in these cells was BMPR-IA. Finally, we have identified a new AMH target gene, Id3, which could be involved in the effects of AMH on the differentiation of granulosa cells and its other target cells.
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Icli B, Wara AKM, Moslehi J, Sun X, Plovie E, Cahill M, Marchini JF, Schissler A, Padera RF, Shi J, Cheng HW, Raghuram S, Arany Z, Liao R, Croce K, MacRae C, Feinberg MW. MicroRNA-26a regulates pathological and physiological angiogenesis by targeting BMP/SMAD1 signaling. Circ Res 2013; 113:1231-41. [PMID: 24047927 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.301780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The rapid induction and orchestration of new blood vessels are critical for tissue repair in response to injury, such as myocardial infarction, and for physiological angiogenic responses, such as embryonic development and exercise. OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify and characterize microRNAs (miR) that regulate pathological and physiological angiogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS We show that miR-26a regulates pathological and physiological angiogenesis by targeting endothelial cell (EC) bone morphogenic protein/SMAD1 signaling in vitro and in vivo. MiR-26a expression is increased in a model of acute myocardial infarction in mice and in human subjects with acute coronary syndromes. Ectopic expression of miR-26a markedly induced EC cycle arrest and inhibited EC migration, sprouting angiogenesis, and network tube formation in matrigel, whereas blockade of miR-26a had the opposite effects. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that miR-26a inhibits the bone morphogenic protein/SMAD1 signaling pathway in ECs by binding to the SMAD1 3'-untranslated region, an effect that decreased expression of Id1 and increased p21(WAF/CIP) and p27. In zebrafish, miR-26a overexpression inhibited formation of the caudal vein plexus, a bone morphogenic protein-responsive process, an effect rescued by ectopic SMAD1 expression. In mice, miR-26a overexpression inhibited EC SMAD1 expression and exercise-induced angiogenesis. Furthermore, systemic intravenous administration of an miR-26a inhibitor, locked nucleic acid-anti-miR-26a, increased SMAD1 expression and rapidly induced robust angiogenesis within 2 days, an effect associated with reduced myocardial infarct size and improved heart function. CONCLUSIONS These findings establish miR-26a as a regulator of bone morphogenic protein/SMAD1-mediated EC angiogenic responses, and that manipulating miR-26a expression could provide a new target for rapid angiogenic therapy in ischemic disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basak Icli
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine (B.I., A.K.M.W., J.M., X.S., E.P., M.C., J.F.M., A.S., J.S., H.-W.C., R.L., K.C., C.M., M.W.F.) and Pathology (R.F.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.R., Z.A.)
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Garside VC, Chang AC, Karsan A, Hoodless PA. Co-ordinating Notch, BMP, and TGF-β signaling during heart valve development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:2899-917. [PMID: 23161060 PMCID: PMC4996658 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart defects affect approximately 1-5 % of human newborns each year, and of these cardiac defects 20-30 % are due to heart valve abnormalities. Recent literature indicates that the key factors and pathways that regulate valve development are also implicated in congenital heart defects and valve disease. Currently, there are limited options for treatment of valve disease, and therefore having a better understanding of valve development can contribute critical insight into congenital valve defects and disease. There are three major signaling pathways required for early specification and initiation of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) in the cardiac cushions: BMP, TGF-β, and Notch signaling. BMPs secreted from the myocardium set up the environment for the overlying endocardium to become activated; Notch signaling initiates EMT; and both BMP and TGF-β signaling synergize with Notch to promote the transition of endothelia to mesenchyme and the mesenchymal cell invasiveness. Together, these three essential signaling pathways help form the cardiac cushions and populate them with mesenchyme and, consequently, set off the cascade of events required to develop mature heart valves. Furthermore, integration and cross-talk between these pathways generate highly stratified and delicate valve leaflets and septa of the heart. Here, we discuss BMP, TGF-β, and Notch signaling pathways during mouse cardiac cushion formation and how they together produce a coordinated EMT response in the developing mouse valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C. Garside
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Alex C. Chang
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Aly Karsan
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Pamela A. Hoodless
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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Hegarty SV, O'Keeffe GW, Sullivan AM. BMP-Smad 1/5/8 signalling in the development of the nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 109:28-41. [PMID: 23891815 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factors, Smad1, Smad5 and Smad8, are the pivotal intracellular effectors of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family of proteins. BMPs and their receptors are expressed in the nervous system (NS) throughout its development. This review focuses on the actions of Smad 1/5/8 in the developing NS. The mechanisms by which these Smad proteins regulate the induction of the neuroectoderm, the central nervous system (CNS) primordium, and finally the neural crest, which gives rise to the peripheral nervous system (PNS), are reviewed herein. We describe how, following neural tube closure, the most dorsal aspect of the tube becomes a signalling centre for BMPs, which directs the pattern of the development of the dorsal spinal cord (SC), through the action of Smad1, Smad5 and Smad8. The direct effects of Smad 1/5/8 signalling on the development of neuronal and non-neuronal cells from various neural progenitor cell populations are then described. Finally, this review discusses the neurodevelopmental abnormalities associated with the knockdown of Smad 1/5/8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane V Hegarty
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Ghosh-Choudhury N, Mandal CC, Das F, Ganapathy S, Ahuja S, Ghosh Choudhury G. c-Abl-dependent molecular circuitry involving Smad5 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulates bone morphogenetic protein-2-induced osteogenesis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:24503-17. [PMID: 23821550 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.455733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal remodeling consists of timely formation and resorption of bone by osteoblasts and osteoclasts in a quantitative manner. Patients with chronic myeloid leukemia receiving inhibitors of c-Abl tyrosine kinase often show reduced bone remodeling due to impaired osteoblast and osteoclast function. BMP-2 plays a significant role in bone generation and resorption by contributing to the formation of mature osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The effects of c-Abl on BMP-2-induced bone remodeling and the underlying mechanisms are not well studied. Using a pharmacological inhibitor and expression of a dominant negative mutant of c-Abl, we show an essential role of this tyrosine kinase in the development of bone nodules containing mature osteoblasts and formation of multinucleated osteoclasts in response to BMP-2. Calvarial osteoblasts prepared from c-Abl null mice showed the absolute requirement of this tyrosine kinase in maturation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)/Akt signaling by BMP-2 leads to osteoblast differentiation. Remarkably, inhibition of c-Abl significantly suppressed BMP-2-stimulated PI 3-kinase activity and its downstream Akt phosphorylation. Interestingly, c-Abl regulated BMP-2-induced osteoclastogenic CSF-1 expression. More importantly, we identified the requirements of c-Abl in BMP-2 autoregulation and the expressions of alkaline phosphatase and osterix that are necessary for osteoblast differentiation. c-Abl contributed to BMP receptor-specific Smad-dependent transcription of CSF-1, osterix, and BMP-2. Finally, c-Abl associates with BMP receptor IA and regulates phosphorylation of Smad in response to BMP-2. We propose that activation of c-Abl is an important step, which induces into two signaling pathways involving noncanonical PI 3-kinase and canonical Smads to integrate BMP-2-induced osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Ghosh-Choudhury
- Veterans Affairs Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.
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40
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Differential phosphorylation of Smad1 integrates BMP and neurotrophin pathways through Erk/Dusp in axon development. Cell Rep 2013; 3:1592-606. [PMID: 23665221 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory axon development requires concerted actions of growth factors for the precise control of axonal outgrowth and target innervation. How developing sensory neurons integrate different cues is poorly understood. We demonstrate here that Smad1 activation is required for neurotrophin-mediated sensory axon growth in vitro and in vivo. Through differential phosphorylation, Smad1 exerts transcriptional selectivity to regulate the expression and activity of Erk1 and Erk2-two key neurotrophin effectors. Specifically, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) signal through carboxy-terminal phosphorylation of Smad1 (pSmad1C) to induce Erk1/2 transcription for enhanced neurotrophin responsiveness. Meanwhile, neurotrophin signaling results in linker phosphorylation of Smad1 (pSmad1L), which in turn upregulates an Erk-specific dual-specificity phosphatase, Dusp6, leading to reduced pErk1/2 and constituting a negative-feedback loop for the prevention of axon overgrowth. Together, the BMP and neurotrophin pathways form a tightly regulated signaling network with a balanced ratio of Erk1/2 and pErk1/2 to direct the precise connections between sensory neurons and peripheral targets.
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41
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Islam SS, Mokhtari RB, Kumar S, Maalouf J, Arab S, Yeger H, Farhat WA. Spatio-temporal distribution of Smads and role of Smads/TGF-β/BMP-4 in the regulation of mouse bladder organogenesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61340. [PMID: 23620745 PMCID: PMC3631207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Shh, TGF-β and BMP-4 regulate radial patterning of the bladder mesenchyme and smooth muscle differentiation, it is not known what transcription factors, local environmental cues or signaling cascades mediate bladder smooth muscle differentiation. We investigated the expression patterns of signaling mediated by Smad2 and Smad3 in the mouse embryonic bladder from E12.5 to E16.5 by using qRT-PCR, in situ hybridization and antibodies specifically recognizing individual Smad proteins. The role of Smad2 and Smad3 during smooth muscle formation was examined by disrupting the Smad2/3 signaling pathway using TβR1 inhibitor SB-431542 in organ culture system. qRT-PCR results showed that R-Smads, Co-Smad and I-Smads were all expressed during bladder development. RNA ISH for BMP-4 and immunostaining of TGF-β1 showed that BMP-4 and TGF-β1 were expressed in the transitional epithelium, lamina propia and muscularis mucosa. Smad1, Smad5 and Smad8 were first expressed in the bladder epithelium and continued to be expressed in the transitional epithelium, muscularis mesenchyme and lamina propia as the bladder developed. Smad2, Smad3 and Smad4 were first detected in the bladder epithelium and subsequently were expressed in the muscularis mesenchyme and lamina propia. Smad6 and Smad7 showed overlapping expression with R-Smads, which are critical for bladder development. In bladder explants (E12.5 to E16.5) culture, Smad2 and Smad3 were found localized within the nuclei, suggesting critical transcriptional regulatory effects during bladder development. E12.5 to E16.5 bladders were cultured with and without TβR1 inhibitor SB-431542 and assessed by qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence. After three days in culture in SB-431542, α-SMA, Smad2 and Smad3 expressions were significantly decreased compared with controls, however, with no significant changes in the expression of smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM-Myh. Based on the Smad expression patterns, we suggest that individual or combinations of Smads may be necessary during mouse bladder organogenesis and may be critical mediators for bladder smooth muscle differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed S. Islam
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Reza Bayat Mokhtari
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Sara Arab
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Herman Yeger
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Walid A. Farhat
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Han C, Hong KH, Kim YH, Kim MJ, Song C, Kim MJ, Kim SJ, Raizada MK, Oh SP. SMAD1 deficiency in either endothelial or smooth muscle cells can predispose mice to pulmonary hypertension. Hypertension 2013; 61:1044-52. [PMID: 23478097 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.199158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A deficiency in bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) signaling is a central contributor in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We have recently shown that endothelial-specific Bmpr2 deletion by a novel L1Cre line resulted in pulmonary hypertension. SMAD1 is one of the canonical signal transducers of the BMPR2 pathway, and its reduced activity has been shown to be associated with PAH. To determine whether SMAD1 is an important downstream mediator of BMPR2 signaling in the pathogenesis of PAH, we analyzed pulmonary hypertension phenotypes in Smad1-conditional knockout mice by deleting the Smad1 gene either in endothelial cells or in smooth muscle cells using L1Cre or Tagln-Cre mouse lines, respectively. A significant number of the L1Cre(+);Smad1 (14/35) and Tagln-Cre(+);Smad1 (4/33) mutant mice showed elevated pulmonary pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy, and a thickening of pulmonary arterioles. A pulmonary endothelial cell line in which the Bmpr2 gene deletion can be induced by 4-hydroxy tamoxifen was established. SMAD1 phosphorylation in Bmpr2-deficient cells was markedly reduced by BMP4 but unaffected by BMP7. The sensitivity of SMAD2 phosphorylation by transforming growth factor-β1 was enhanced in the Bmpr2-deficient cells, and the inhibitory effect of transforming growth factor-β1-mediated SMAD2 phosphorylation by BMP4 was impaired in the Bmpr2-deficient cells. Furthermore, transcript levels of several known transforming growth factor-β downstream genes implicated in pulmonary hypertension were elevated in the Bmpr2-deficient cells. Taken together, these data suggest that SMAD1 is a critical mediator of BMPR2 signaling pertinent to PAH, and that an impaired balance between BMP4 and transforming growth factor-β1 may account for the pathogenesis of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Han
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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43
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Wang J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Ma Y, Lan Y, Yang X. Transforming growth factor β-regulated microRNA-29a promotes angiogenesis through targeting the phosphatase and tensin homolog in endothelium. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:10418-26. [PMID: 23426367 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.444463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The TGF-β pathway plays an important role in physiological and pathological angiogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of 18- to 25-nucleotide, small, noncoding RNAs that function by regulating gene expression. A number of miRNAs have been found to be regulated by the TGF-β pathway. However, the role of endothelial miRNAs in the TGF-β-mediated control of angiogenesis is still largely unknown. Here we investigated the regulation of endothelial microRNA-29a (miR-29a) by TGF-β signaling and the potential role of miR-29a in angiogenesis. MiR-29a was directly up-regulated by TGF-β/Smad4 signaling in human and mice endothelial cells. In a chick chorioallantoic membrane assay, miR-29a overexpression promoted the formation of new blood vessels, and miR-29a suppression completely blocked TGF-β1-stimulated angiogenesis. Consistently, miR-29a overexpression increased tube formation and migration in endothelial cultures. Mechanistically, miR-29a directly targeted the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in endothelial cells, leading to activation of the AKT pathway. PTEN knockdown recapitulated the role of miR-29a in endothelial migration, whereas AKT inhibition completely attenuated the stimulating role of miR-29a in angiogenesis. Taken together, these results reveal a crucial role of a TGF-β-regulated miRNA in promoting angiogenesis by targeting PTEN to stimulate AKT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
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44
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Lebrun JJ. The Dual Role of TGFβ in Human Cancer: From Tumor Suppression to Cancer Metastasis. ISRN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 2012:381428. [PMID: 27340590 PMCID: PMC4899619 DOI: 10.5402/2012/381428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) superfamily encompasses widespread and evolutionarily conserved polypeptide growth factors that regulate and orchestrate growth and differentiation in all cell types and tissues. While they regulate asymmetric cell division and cell fate determination during early development and embryogenesis, TGFβ family members play a major regulatory role in hormonal and immune responses, cell growth, cell death and cell immortalization, bone formation, tissue remodeling and repair, and erythropoiesis throughout adult life. The biological and physiological functions of TGFβ, the founding member of this family, and its receptors are of central importance to human diseases, particularly cancer. By regulating cell growth, death, and immortalization, TGFβ signaling pathways exert tumor suppressor effects in normal cells and early carcinomas. Thus, it is not surprising that a high number of human tumors arise due to mutations or deletions in the genes coding for the various TGFβ signaling components. As tumors develop and progress, these protective and cytostatic effects of TGFβ are often lost. TGFβ signaling then switches to promote cancer progression, invasion, and tumor metastasis. The molecular mechanisms underlying this dual role of TGFβ in human cancer will be discussed in depth in this paper, and it will highlight the challenge and importance of developing novel therapeutic strategies specifically aimed at blocking the prometastatic arm of the TGFβ signaling pathway without affecting its tumor suppressive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Jacques Lebrun
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1A1
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45
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Marks-Bluth J, Pimanda JE. Cell signalling pathways that mediate haematopoietic stem cell specification. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:2175-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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46
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Pereira PNG, Dobreva MP, Maas E, Cornelis FM, Moya IM, Umans L, Verfaillie CM, Camus A, de Sousa Lopes SMC, Huylebroeck D, Zwijsen A. Antagonism of Nodal signaling by BMP/Smad5 prevents ectopic primitive streak formation in the mouse amnion. Development 2012; 139:3343-54. [PMID: 22912414 DOI: 10.1242/dev.075465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The strength and spatiotemporal activity of Nodal signaling is tightly controlled in early implantation mouse embryos, including by autoregulation and feedback loops, and involves secreted and intracellular antagonists. These control mechanisms, which are established at the extra-embryonic/embryonic interfaces, are essential for anterior-posterior patterning of the epiblast and correct positioning of the primitive streak. Formation of an ectopic primitive streak, or streak expansion, has previously been reported in mutants lacking antagonists that target Nodal signaling. Here, we demonstrate that loss-of-function of a major bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) effector, Smad5, results in formation of an ectopic primitive streak-like structure in mutant amnion accompanied by ectopic Nodal expression. This suggests that BMP/Smad5 signaling contributes to negative regulation of Nodal. In cultured cells, we find that BMP-activated Smad5 antagonizes Nodal signaling by interfering with the Nodal-Smad2/4-Foxh1 autoregulatory pathway through the formation of an unusual BMP4-induced Smad complex containing Smad2 and Smad5. Quantitative expression analysis supports that ectopic Nodal expression in the Smad5 mutant amnion is induced by the Nodal autoregulatory loop and a slow positive-feedback loop. The latter involves BMP4 signaling and also induction of ectopic Wnt3. Ectopic activation of these Nodal feedback loops in the Smad5 mutant amnion results in the eventual formation of an ectopic primitive streak-like structure. We conclude that antagonism of Nodal signaling by BMP/Smad5 signaling prevents primitive streak formation in the amnion of normal mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo N G Pereira
- Laboratory of Developmental Signaling of the VIB11 Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, and Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Tmem100, an ALK1 receptor signaling-dependent gene essential for arterial endothelium differentiation and vascular morphogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:12064-9. [PMID: 22783020 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1207210109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily play essential roles in various aspects of embryonic development and physiological organ function. Among them, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 9 and BMP10 regulate embryonic vascular development by activating their endothelial receptor ALK1 (activin receptor-like kinase 1, also called Acvrl1). ALK1-mediated intracellular signaling is implicated in the etiologies of human diseases, but their downstream functional proteins are largely unknown. In this study, we identified Tmem100, a gene encoding a previously uncharacterized intracellular transmembrane protein, to be an embryonic endothelium-enriched gene activated by BMP9 and BMP10 through the ALK1 receptor. Tmem100 null mice showed embryonic lethality due to impaired differentiation of arterial endothelium and defects of vascular morphogenesis, which phenocopied most of the vascular abnormalities observed with the Acvrl1/Alk1 deficiency. The activity of Notch- and Akt-mediated signaling, which is essential for vascular development, was down-regulated in Tmem100 null mice. Cre-mediated deletion of Tmem100 in endothelial cells was sufficient to recapitulate the null phenotypes. These data indicated that TMEM100 may play indispensable roles downstream of BMP9/BMP10-ALK1 signaling during endothelial differentiation and vascular morphogenesis.
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48
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Effects of bone morphogenetic protein 2 on human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Microvasc Res 2012; 84:81-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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49
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Kovacic JC, Mercader N, Torres M, Boehm M, Fuster V. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition: from cardiovascular development to disease. Circulation 2012; 125:1795-808. [PMID: 22492947 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.040352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Kovacic
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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50
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Kruithof BPT, Duim SN, Moerkamp AT, Goumans MJ. TGFβ and BMP signaling in cardiac cushion formation: lessons from mice and chicken. Differentiation 2012; 84:89-102. [PMID: 22656450 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac cushion formation is crucial for both valvular and septal development. Disruption in this process can lead to valvular and septal malformations, which constitute the largest part of congenital heart defects. One of the signaling pathways that is important for cushion formation is the TGFβ superfamily. The involvement of TGFβ and BMP signaling pathways in cardiac cushion formation has been intensively studied using chicken in vitro explant assays and in genetically modified mice. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the role of TGFβ and BMP signaling components in cardiac cushion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boudewijn P T Kruithof
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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