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Madl AK, Donnell MT, Covell LT. Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs): adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) and considerations for next generation new approach methods (NAMs). Crit Rev Toxicol 2024:1-51. [PMID: 39287182 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2390020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Fiber dimension, durability/dissolution, and biopersistence are critical factors for the risk of fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis. In the modern era, to reduce, refine, and replace animals in toxicology research, the application of in vitro test methods is paramount for hazard evaluation and designing synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs) for safe use. The objectives of this review are to: (1) summarize the international frameworks and acceptability criteria for implementation of new approach methods (NAMs), (2) evaluate the adverse outcome pathways (AOPs), key events (KEs), and key event relationships (KERs) for fiber-induced fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis in accordance with Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines, (3) consider existing and emerging technologies for in silico and in vitro toxicity testing for the respiratory system and the ability to predict effects in vivo, (4) outline a recommended testing strategy for evaluating the hazard and safety of novel SVFs, and (5) reflect on methods needs for in vitro in vivo correlation (IVIVC) and predictive approaches for safety assessment of new SVFs. AOP frameworks following the conceptual model of the OECD were developed through an evaluation of available molecular and cellular initiating events, which lead to KEs and KERs in the development of fiber-induced fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis. AOP framework development included consideration of fiber physicochemical properties, respiratory deposition and clearance patterns, biosolubility, and biopersistence, as well as cellular, organ, and organism responses. Available data support that fiber AOPs begin with fiber physicochemical characteristics which influence fiber exposure and biosolubility and subsequent key initiating events are dependent on fiber biopersistence and reactivity. Key cellular events of pathogenic fibers include oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and epithelial/fibroblast proliferation and differentiation, which ultimately lead to hyperplasia, metaplasia, and fibrosis/tumor formation. Available in vitro models (e.g. single-, multi-cellular, organ system) provide promising NAMs tools to evaluate these intermediate KEs. However, data on SVFs demonstrate that in vitro biosolubility is a reasonable predictor for downstream events of in vivo biopersistence and biological effects. In vitro SVF fiber dissolution rates >100 ng/cm2/hr (glass fibers in pH 7 and stone fibers in pH 4.5) and in vivo SVF fiber clearance half-life less than 40 or 50 days were not associated with fibrosis or tumors in animals. Long (fiber lengths >20 µm) biodurable and biopersistent fibers exceeding these fiber dissolution and clearance thresholds may pose a risk of fibrosis and cancer. In vitro fiber dissolution assays provide a promising avenue and potentially powerful tool to predict in vivo SVF fiber biopersistence, hazard, and health risk. NAMs for fibers (including SVFs) may involve a multi-factor in vitro approach leveraging in vitro dissolution data in complement with cellular- and tissue- based in vitro assays to predict health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Madl
- Valeo Sciences LLC, Ladera Ranch, CA, USA
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2
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Ziemann C, Schulz F, Koch C, Solvang M, Bitsch A. Methodological steps forward in toxicological in vitro screening of mineral wools in primary rat alveolar macrophages and normal rat mesothelial NRM2 cells. Arch Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s00204-024-03855-7. [PMID: 39261308 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Man-made vitreous fibers (MMVF) comprise diverse materials for thermal and acoustic insulation, including stone wool. Depending on dimension, durability, and dose, MMVF might induce adverse health effects. Therefore, early predictive in vitro (geno)toxicity screening of new MMVF is highly desired to ensure safety for exposed workers and consumers. Here, we investigated, as a starting point, critical in vitro screening determinants and pitfalls using primary rat alveolar macrophages (AM) and normal rat mesothelial cells (NRM2). A stone wool fiber (RIF56008) served as an exemplary MMVF (fibrous vs. ground to estimate impact of fiber shape) and long amosite (asbestos) as insoluble fiber reference. Materials were comprehensively characterized, and in vivo-relevant in vitro concentrations defined, based on different approaches (low to supposed overload: 0.5, 5 and 50 µg/cm2). After 4-48 h of incubation, certain readouts were analyzed and material uptake was investigated by light and fluorescence-coupled darkfield microscopy. DNA-strand break induction was not morphology-dependent and nearly absent in both cell types. However, NRM2 demonstrated material-, morphology- and concentration-dependent membrane damage, CINC-1 release, reduction in cell count, and induction of binucleated cells (asbestos > RIF56008 > RIF56008 ground). In contrast to NRM2, asbestos was nearly inactive in AM, with CINC-1 release solely induced by RIF56008. In conclusion, to define an MMVF-adapted, predictive in vitro (geno)toxicity screening tool, references, endpoints, and concentrations should be carefully chosen, based on in vivo relevance, and sensitivity and specificity of the chosen cell model. Next, further endpoints should be evaluated, ideally with validation by in vivo data regarding their predictivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ziemann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai-Fuchs Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Florian Schulz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai-Fuchs Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Koch
- Technical and Environmental Chemistry, Ernst-Abbe-University of Applied Sciences, Carl-Zeiss-Promenade 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Mette Solvang
- ROCKWOOL A/S, Group Research and Development, Hovedgaden 584, 2640, Hedehusene, Denmark
| | - Annette Bitsch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai-Fuchs Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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Otelea MR, Oancea C, Reisz D, Vaida MA, Maftei A, Popescu FG. Club Cells-A Guardian against Occupational Hazards. Biomedicines 2023; 12:78. [PMID: 38255185 PMCID: PMC10813369 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Club cells have a distinct role in the epithelial repair and defense mechanisms of the lung. After exposure to environmental pollutants, during chronic exposure, the secretion of club cells secretory protein (CCSP) decreases. Exposure to occupational hazards certainly has a role in a large number of interstitial lung diseases. According to the American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society, around 40% of the all interstitial lung disease is attributed to occupational hazards. Some of them are very well characterized (pneumoconiosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis), whereas others are consequences of acute exposure (e.g., paraquat) or persistent exposure (e.g., isocyanate). The category of vapors, gases, dusts, and fumes (VGDF) has been proven to produce subclinical modifications. The inflammation and altered repair process resulting from the exposure to occupational respiratory hazards create vicious loops of cooperation between epithelial cells, mesenchymal cells, innate defense mechanisms, and immune cells. The secretions of club cells modulate the communication between macrophages, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts mitigating the inflammation and/or reducing the fibrotic process. In this review, we describe the mechanisms by which club cells contribute to the development of interstitial lung diseases and the potential role for club cells as biomarkers for occupational-related fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ruxandra Otelea
- Clinical Department 5, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Corina Oancea
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Reisz
- Department of Neurology, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Monica Adriana Vaida
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Andreea Maftei
- Doctoral School, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Florina Georgeta Popescu
- Department of Occupational Health, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
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Kuroda A. Recent progress and perspectives on the mechanisms underlying Asbestos toxicity. Genes Environ 2021; 43:46. [PMID: 34641979 PMCID: PMC8507173 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cases of mesothelioma are known to result from exposure to asbestos fibers in the environment or occupational ambient air. The following questions regarding asbestos toxicity remain partially unanswered: (i) why asbestos entering the alveoli during respiration exerts toxicity in the pleura; and (ii) how asbestos causes mesothelioma, even though human mesothelial cells are easily killed upon exposure to asbestos. As for the latter question, it is now thought that the frustrated phagocytosis of asbestos fibers by macrophages prolongs inflammatory responses and gives rise to a “mutagenic microenvironment” around mesothelial cells, resulting in their malignant transformation. Based on epidemiological and genetic studies, a carcinogenic model has been proposed in which BRCA1-associated protein 1 mutations are able to suppress cell death in mesothelial cells and increase genomic instability in the mutagenic microenvironment. This leads to additional mutations, such as CDKN2A [p16], NF2, TP53, LATS2, and SETD2, which are associated with mesothelioma carcinogenesis. Regarding the former question, the receptors involved in the intracellular uptake of asbestos and the mechanism of transfer of inhaled asbestos from the alveoli to the pleura are yet to be elucidated. Further studies using live-cell imaging techniques will be critical to fully understanding the mechanisms underlying asbestos toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Kuroda
- Unit of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8530, Japan.
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Innes E, Yiu HHP, McLean P, Brown W, Boyles M. Simulated biological fluids - a systematic review of their biological relevance and use in relation to inhalation toxicology of particles and fibres. Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:217-248. [PMID: 33905298 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1903386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of simulated biological fluids (SBFs) is a promising in vitro technique to better understand the release mechanisms and possible in vivo behaviour of materials, including fibres, metal-containing particles and nanomaterials. Applications of SBFs in dissolution tests allow a measure of material biopersistence or, conversely, bioaccessibility that in turn can provide a useful inference of a materials biodistribution, its acute and long-term toxicity, as well as its pathogenicity. Given the wide range of SBFs reported in the literature, a review was conducted, with a focus on fluids used to replicate environments that may be encountered upon material inhalation, including extracellular and intracellular compartments. The review aims to identify when a fluid design can replicate realistic biological conditions, demonstrate operation validation, and/or provide robustness and reproducibility. The studies examined highlight simulated lung fluids (SLFs) that have been shown to suitably replicate physiological conditions, and identify specific components that play a pivotal role in dissolution mechanisms and biological activity; including organic molecules, redox-active species and chelating agents. Material dissolution was not always driven by pH, and likewise not only driven by SLF composition; specific materials and formulations correspond to specific dissolution mechanisms. It is recommended that SLF developments focus on biological predictivity and if not practical, on better biological mimicry, as such an approach ensures results are more likely to reflect in vivo behaviour regardless of the material under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Innes
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK
| | - Humphrey H P Yiu
- Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Polly McLean
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK
| | - William Brown
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK
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Bodó K, Baranzini N, Girardello R, Kokhanyuk B, Németh P, Hayashi Y, Grimaldi A, Engelmann P. Nanomaterials and Annelid Immunity: A Comparative Survey to Reveal the Common Stress and Defense Responses of Two Sentinel Species to Nanomaterials in the Environment. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9100307. [PMID: 32977601 PMCID: PMC7598252 DOI: 10.3390/biology9100307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Nanotechnology is a dynamically developing field producing large amounts of nanocompounds that are applied in industry, daily life, and health care. During production, use, and waste these materials could end up in water or soil. Large scale contaminations of our environment are a threat to public health. Pollution can have harmful effects on the immune system, as revealed by numerous studies in humans and other vertebrates. The relative simplicity of invertebrate immune functions offers potentially sensitive and accessible means of monitoring the effects and complex interactions of nanoparticles which ultimately affect host resistance. Among terrestrial and freshwater invertebrates, earthworms and leeches are the “keystone” species to evaluate the health of our ecosystems. In this review we compare the conserved stress and immune responses of these invertebrate model organisms toward nanoparticles. The obtained knowledge provides exciting insights into the conserved molecular and cellular mechanisms of nanomaterial-related toxicity in invertebrates and vertebrates. Understanding the unique characteristics of engineered nanoproducts and their interactions with biological systems in our environment is essential to the safe realization of these materials in novel biomedical applications. Abstract Earthworms and leeches are sentinel animals that represent the annelid phylum within terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, respectively. One early stress signal in these organisms is related to innate immunity, but how nanomaterials affect it is poorly characterized. In this survey, we compare the latest literature on earthworm and leeches with examples of their molecular/cellular responses to inorganic (silver nanoparticles) and organic (carbon nanotubes) nanomaterials. A special focus is placed on the role of annelid immunocytes in the evolutionarily conserved antioxidant and immune mechanisms and protein corona formation and probable endocytosis pathways involved in nanomaterial uptake. Our summary helps to realize why these environmental sentinels are beneficial to study the potential detrimental effects of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornélia Bodó
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u, 12, 7643 Pécs, Hungary; (K.B.); (B.K.); (P.N.)
| | - Nicoló Baranzini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Rossana Girardello
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.B.); (R.G.)
- Quantitative Biology Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1A-B, rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Bohdana Kokhanyuk
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u, 12, 7643 Pécs, Hungary; (K.B.); (B.K.); (P.N.)
| | - Péter Németh
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u, 12, 7643 Pécs, Hungary; (K.B.); (B.K.); (P.N.)
| | - Yuya Hayashi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.B.); (R.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (P.E.); Tel.: +39-0332-421-325 (A.G.); +36-72-536-288 (P.E.); Fax: +39-0332-421-326 (A.G.); +36-72-536-289 (P.E.)
| | - Péter Engelmann
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u, 12, 7643 Pécs, Hungary; (K.B.); (B.K.); (P.N.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (P.E.); Tel.: +39-0332-421-325 (A.G.); +36-72-536-288 (P.E.); Fax: +39-0332-421-326 (A.G.); +36-72-536-289 (P.E.)
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7
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Baschieri F, Porshneva K, Montagnac G. Frustrated clathrin-mediated endocytosis – causes and possible functions. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/11/jcs240861. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.240861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is the main entry route for most cell surface receptors and their ligands. It is regulated by clathrin-coated structures that are endowed with the ability to cluster receptors and to locally bend the plasma membrane, resulting in the formation of receptor-containing vesicles that bud into the cytoplasm. This canonical role of clathrin-coated structures has been shown to play a fundamental part in many different aspects of cell physiology. However, it has recently become clear that the ability of clathrin-coated structures to deform membranes can be perturbed. In addition to chemical or genetic alterations, numerous environmental conditions can physically prevent or slow down membrane bending and/or budding at clathrin-coated structures. The resulting ‘frustrated endocytosis’ is emerging as not merely a passive consequence, but one that actually fulfils some very specific and important cellular functions. In this Review, we provide an historical and defining perspective on frustrated endocytosis in the clathrin pathway of mammalian cells, before discussing its causes and highlighting the possible functional consequences in physiology and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Baschieri
- Inserm U1279, Gustave Roussy Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif 94805, France
| | - Kseniia Porshneva
- Inserm U1279, Gustave Roussy Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif 94805, France
| | - Guillaume Montagnac
- Inserm U1279, Gustave Roussy Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif 94805, France
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Ishida T, Fujihara N, Nishimura T, Funabashi H, Hirota R, Ikeda T, Kuroda A. Live-cell imaging of macrophage phagocytosis of asbestos fibers under fluorescence microscopy. Genes Environ 2019; 41:14. [PMID: 31178942 PMCID: PMC6549298 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-019-0129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Frustrated phagocytosis occurs when an asbestos fiber > 10 μm in length is engulfed imperfectly by a macrophage, and it is believed to be associated with chromosomal instability. Few studies have focused on dynamic cellular imaging to assess the toxicity of hazardous inorganic materials such as asbestos. One reason for this is the relative lack of fluorescent probes available to facilitate experimental visualization of inorganic materials. We recently developed asbestos-specific fluorescent probes based on asbestos-binding proteins, and achieved efficient fluorescent labeling of asbestos. Results Live-cell imaging with fluorescent asbestos probes was successfully utilized to dynamically analyze asbestos phagocytosis. The fluorescently labeled asbestos fibers were phagocytosed by RAW 264.7 macrophages. Internalized fibers of < 5 μm in length were visualized clearly via overlaid phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy images, but they were not clearly depicted using phase contrast images alone. Approximately 60% of the cells had phagocytosed asbestos fibers after 2 h, but over 96% of cells remained alive even 24 h after the addition of asbestos fibers. Immediate cell death was only observed when an asbestos fiber was physically pulled from a cell by an external force. Notably, at 24 h after the addition of asbestos fibers an approximately 4-fold increase in the number of binucleated cells was observed. Monitoring of individual cell divisions of cells that had phagocytosed asbestos suggested that binucleated cells were formed via the inhibition of cell separation, by asbestos fibers of > 10 μm in length that were localized in the proximity of the intercellular bridge. Conclusions Fluorescently labeled asbestos facilitated visualization of the dynamic biological processes that occur during and after the internalization of asbestos fibers, and indicated that (i) frustrated phagocytosis itself does not lead to immediate cell death unless the asbestos fiber is physically pulled from the cell by an external force, and (ii) macrophages that have phagocytosed asbestos can divide but sometimes the resulting daughter cells fuse, leading to the formation of a binucleated cell. This fusion only seemed to occur when a comparatively long asbestos fiber (> 10 μm) was shared by two daughter cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takenori Ishida
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8530 Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Fujihara
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8530 Japan
| | - Tomoki Nishimura
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8530 Japan
| | - Hisakage Funabashi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8530 Japan
| | - Ryuichi Hirota
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8530 Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8530 Japan
| | - Akio Kuroda
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8530 Japan
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Lee DK, Jeon S, Han Y, Kim SH, Lee S, Yu IJ, Song KS, Kang A, Yun WS, Kang SM, Huh YS, Cho WS. Threshold Rigidity Values for the Asbestos-like Pathogenicity of High-Aspect-Ratio Carbon Nanotubes in a Mouse Pleural Inflammation Model. ACS NANO 2018; 12:10867-10879. [PMID: 30380828 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the physicochemical parameters associated with the pathogenicity of high-aspect-ratio nanomaterials is important for comprehensive regulation efforts and safety-by-design approaches. Here, we report quantitative data on the correlations between the rigidity of these nanomaterials and toxicity endpoints in vitro and in vivo. As measured by new ISO standards published in 2017, rigidity shows a strong positive correlation with inflammogenic potential, as indicated by inflammatory cell counts and IL-1β (a biomarker for frustrated phagocytosis) levels in both the acute and chronic phases. In vitro experiments using differentiated THP-1 cells find that only highly rigid multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and asbestos fibers lead to piercing and frustrated phagocytosis. Thus, this study suggests a bending ratio of 0.97 and a static bending persistence length of 1.08 as threshold rigidity values for asbestos-like pathogenicity. However, additional research using MWCNTs with rigidity values that lie between those of non-inflammogenic ( Db = 0.66 and SBPL = 0.87) and inflammogenic fibers ( Db = 0.97 and SBPL = 1.09) is required to identify more accurate threshold values, which would be useful for comprehensive regulation and safety-by-design approaches based on MWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Keun Lee
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences , Dong-A University , 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil , Busan 49315 , Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Jeon
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences , Dong-A University , 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil , Busan 49315 , Republic of Korea
| | - Youngju Han
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences , Dong-A University , 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil , Busan 49315 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Kim
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences , Dong-A University , 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil , Busan 49315 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghan Lee
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences , Dong-A University , 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil , Busan 49315 , Republic of Korea
| | - Il Je Yu
- HCTm Co., LTD , 74, Seoicheon-ro 578 beon-gil, Majang-myeon , Icheon-si , Gyeonggi-do 17383 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Seuk Song
- Korea Environment and Merchandise Testing Institute , 8, Gaetbeol-ro 145 beon-gil , Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999 , Republic of Korea
| | - Aeyeon Kang
- Department of Chemistry , Sungkyunkwan University , 2066, Seobu-ro , Jangan-gu, Suwon-si , Gyeonggi-do 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Soo Yun
- Department of Chemistry , Sungkyunkwan University , 2066, Seobu-ro , Jangan-gu, Suwon-si , Gyeonggi-do 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Min Kang
- Department of Biological Engineering , Inha University , 100, Inharo , Nam-gu, Incheon 22212 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- Department of Biological Engineering , Inha University , 100, Inharo , Nam-gu, Incheon 22212 , Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Seob Cho
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences , Dong-A University , 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil , Busan 49315 , Republic of Korea
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Length effects on the dynamic process of cellular uptake and exocytosis of single-walled carbon nanotubes in murine macrophage cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1518. [PMID: 28490792 PMCID: PMC5431871 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01746-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular uptake and exocytosis of SWCNTs are fundamental processes determining their intracellular concentration and effects. Despite the great potential of acid-oxidized SWCNTs in biomedical field, understanding of the influencing factors on these processes needs to be deepened. Here, we quantitatively investigated uptake and exocytosis of SWCNTs in three lengths-630 (±171) nm (L-SWCNTs), 390 (±50) nm (M-SWCNTs), and 195 (±63) nm (S-MWCNTs) in macrophages. The results showed that the cellular accumulation of SWCNTs was a length-independent process and non-monotonic in time, with the most SWCNTs (3950 fg/cell) accumulated at 8 h and then intracellular SWCNTs dropped obviously with time. The uptake rate of SWCNTs decreased with increasing concentration, suggesting that intracellular SWCNTs accumulation is a saturable process. After refreshing culture medium, we found increasing SWCNTs in supernatant and decreasing intracellular SWCNTs over time, confirming the exocytosis occurred. Selective inhibition of endocytosis pathways showed that the internalization of SWCNTs involves several pathways, in the order of macropinocytosis> caveolae-mediated endocytosis> clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Intriguingly, clathrin-mediated endocytosis is relatively important for internalizing shorter SWCNTs. The dynamic processes of SWCNTs uptake and exocytosis and the mechanisms revealed by this study may render a better understanding on SWCNT toxicity and facilitate the design of CNT products with mitigated toxicity and desired functions.
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11
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Cho JH, Paik SY. Association between Electronic Cigarette Use and Asthma among High School Students in South Korea. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151022. [PMID: 26942764 PMCID: PMC4778916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Little is known about health outcomes related to electronic cigarette (EC) use, despite its growing popularity. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between EC use and asthma. METHODS The study design is a cross-sectional study. A total of 35,904 high school students were included as the final study population. The presence of asthma was based on a student's self-reported doctor diagnosis of asthma in the past 12 months. RESULTS Prevalence rates of asthmatics in 'current EC users' (n = 2,513), 'former EC users' (n = 2,078), and 'never EC users' (n = 31,313), were 3.9% (n = 98), 2.2% (n = 46) and 1.7% (n = 530), respectively. Comparing 'current EC' users with 'never EC' users, the unadjusted OR for asthma was 2.36 (95% CI: 1.89-2.94). In order to control for the effect of conventional cigarette (CC) smoking, after stratifying the subjects by the three CC smoking categories (never CC, former CC, and current CC), within the 'never CC' category, the unadjusted OR for asthma for 'current EC' users was 3.41 (95% CI: 1.79-6.49), and the adjusted OR was 2.74 (95% CI: 1.30-5.78). Severe asthma was reflected by the number of days absent from school due to asthma symptoms; current EC users had the highest adjusted OR for severe asthma compared to 'never EC' users. CONCLUSIONS When compared to a reference population of high school students in South Korea, EC users have an increased association with asthma and are more likely to have had days absent from school due to severe asthma symptoms. In conclusion, the results indicate that EC use may be a risk factor for asthma. The results may be useful in developing a scientific basis for the evaluation of a potential health hazard by EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Cho
- Department of Public Health Administration, Hanyang Women’s University, 17 Haeng-Dong Sungdong-Ku, Seoul 133–793, Republic of Korea
| | - Samuel Y. Paik
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94550, United States of America
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Boyles MS, Young L, Brown DM, MacCalman L, Cowie H, Moisala A, Smail F, Smith PJ, Proudfoot L, Windle AH, Stone V. Multi-walled carbon nanotube induced frustrated phagocytosis, cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory conditions in macrophages are length dependent and greater than that of asbestos. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1513-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Rapisarda V, Loreto C, Ledda C, Musumeci G, Bracci M, Santarelli L, Renis M, Ferrante M, Cardile V. Cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and genotoxicity induced by glass fibers on human alveolar epithelial cell line A549. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:551-7. [PMID: 25620604 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Man-made vitreous fibers have been widely used as insulation material as asbestos substitutes; however their morphology and composition raises concerns. In 1988 the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified fiberglass, rock wool, slag wool, and ceramic fibers as Group 2B, i.e. possibly carcinogenic to humans. In 2002 it reassigned fiberglass, rock and slag wool, and continuous glass filaments to Group 3, not classifiable as carcinogenic to humans. The aim of this study was to verify the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects and oxidative stress production induced by in vitro exposure of human alveolar epithelial cells A549 to glass fibers with a predominant diameter <3 μm (97%) and length >5 μm (93%). A549 cells were incubated with 5, 50, or 100 μg/ml (2.1, 21, and 42 μg/cm(2), respectively) of glass fibers for 72 h. Cytotoxicity and DNA damage were tested by the MTT and the Comet assay, respectively. Oxidative stress was determined by measuring inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression by Western blotting, production of nitric oxide (NO) with Griess reagent, and concentration of reactive oxygen species by fluorescent quantitative analysis with 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate (DCFH-DA). The results showed that glass fiber exposure significantly reduced cell viability and increased DNA damage and oxidative stress production in a concentration-dependent manner, demonstrating that glass fibers exert cytotoxic and genotoxic effects related to increased oxidative stress on the human alveolar cell line A549.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venerando Rapisarda
- Division of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital "Policlinico - Vittorio Emanuele", University of Catania, via Santa Sofia, 78 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Carla Loreto
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, via S. Sofia, 87 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Caterina Ledda
- Hygiene and Public Health, Department of G.F. Ingrassia, University of Catania, via Santa Sofia, 87 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, via S. Sofia, 87 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Massimo Bracci
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, via Tronto 10/a, 60020 Torrette, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lory Santarelli
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, via Tronto 10/a, 60020 Torrette, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marcella Renis
- Department of Drug's Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, via S. Sofia, 87 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Venera Cardile
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Ziemann C, Harrison PTC, Bellmann B, Brown RC, Zoitos BK, Class P. Lack of marked cyto- and genotoxicity of cristobalite in devitrified (heated) alkaline earth silicate wools in short-term assays with cultured primary rat alveolar macrophages. Inhal Toxicol 2014; 26:113-27. [PMID: 24495247 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.863411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline earth silicate (AES) wools are low-biopersistence high-temperature insulation wools. Following prolonged periods at high temperatures they may devitrify, producing crystalline silica (CS) polymorphs, including cristobalite, classified as carcinogenic to humans. Here we investigated the cytotoxic and genotoxic significance of cristobalite present in heated AES wools. Primary rat alveolar macrophages were incubated in vitro for 2 h with 200 µg/cm² unheated/heated calcium magnesium silicate wools (CMS1, CMS2, CMS3; heat-treated for 1 week at, or 4 weeks 150 °C below, their respective classification temperatures) or magnesium silicate wool (MS; heated for 24 h at 1260 °C). Types and quantities of CS formed, and fiber size distribution and shape were determined by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Lactate dehydrogenase release and alkaline and hOGG1-modified comet assays were used, ± aluminum lactate (known to quench CS effects), for cytotoxicity/genotoxicity screening. Cristobalite content of wools increased with heating temperature and duration, paralleled by decreases in fiber length and changes in fiber shape. No marked cytotoxicity, and nearly no (CMS) or only slight (MS) DNA-strand break induction was observed, compared to the CS-negative control Al₂O₃, whereas DQ12 as CS-positive control was highly active. Some samples induced slight oxidative DNA damage, but no biological endpoint significantly correlated with free CS, quartz, or cristobalite. In conclusion, heating of AES wools mediates changes in CS content and fiber length/shape. While changes in fiber morphology can impact biological activity, cristobalite content appears minor or of no relevance to the intrinsic toxicity of heated AES wools in short-term assays with rat alveolar macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ziemann
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM , Hannover , Germany
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15
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Møller P, Christophersen DV, Jensen DM, Kermanizadeh A, Roursgaard M, Jacobsen NR, Hemmingsen JG, Danielsen PH, Cao Y, Jantzen K, Klingberg H, Hersoug LG, Loft S. Role of oxidative stress in carbon nanotube-generated health effects. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1939-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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16
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The Significance and Insignificance of Carbon Nanotube-Induced Inflammation. FIBERS 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/fib2010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Wołowiec P, Michalak I, Chojnacka K, Mikulewicz M. Hair analysis in health assessment. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 419:139-71. [PMID: 23415695 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hair analysis is used for estimation of the nutritional status of individuals. In the present work, a systematic review on the relation between the mineral composition of hair and the physical or mental disorders is discussed. Detailed information of examined populations, methods of sample preparations and analytical techniques are presented. METHODS A systematic literature search in four electronic databases Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and Medline (from 1997 to 2012/01/31) for English language articles was performed. In addition, a reference list and manual search was undertaken. RESULTS The following number of studies was included: 66. Most of the authors reported that there exists a correlation between deficiency or excess of some elements in hair and occurrence of some diseases, such as: autism, cancer, hypertension, myocardial infarction, kidney disease and diabetes mellitus. However, not all results were consistent. CONCLUSIONS Most of the authors concluded that the profile of hair mineral imbalance might be useful as a diagnostic tool for the early diagnosis of many diseases. However, it seems that there is a need to standardize sample preparation procedures, in particular washing and mineralization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Wołowiec
- Institute of Inorganic Technology and Mineral Fertilizers, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland.
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18
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The cytotoxicity of microglass fibers on alveolar macrophages of fischer 344 rats evaluated by cell magnetometry, cytochemisry and morphology. Environ Health Prev Med 2012; 10:111-9. [PMID: 21432149 DOI: 10.1007/bf02898001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2004] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The toxicity of microglass fibers (MG), one of the man-made mineral fibers, has not been sufficiently evaluated. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of MGin vitro. METHODS Alveolar macrophages were obtained from the bronchoalveolar lavage of male F344/N rats. The macrophages were exposed to MG at concentrations of 0, 40, 80, 160 and 320 μg/ml. The effects of MG on the macrophages were examined by cell magnetometry, LDH assay and morphological observation. RESULTS In the cell magnetometry experiment, a significant delay of relaxation (the reduction of remanent magnetic field strength) was observed in the cells treated with 160 and 320 μg/ml of MG in a dose-dependent manner. A significant increase in LDH release was also observed in the cells with 160 and 320 μg/ml in a dose-dependent manner. Changes in the cytoskeleton were observed after exposure to MG by immunofluorescent microscopy using an α-tubulin antibody. CONCLUSIONS The cytotoxicity of MG on alveolar macrophages was demonstrated with cell magnetometry. The mechanism of the toxic effects of MG was related to cytoskeleton damage.
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Brown P, Jones T, BéruBé K. The internal microstructure and fibrous mineralogy of fly ash from coal-burning power stations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:3324-3333. [PMID: 21907473 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Coal fly ash (CFA) is a significant environmental pollutant that presents a respiratory hazard when airborne. Although previous studies have identified the mineral components of CFA, there is a paucity of information on the structural habits of these minerals. Samples from UK, Polish and Chinese power stations were studied to further our understanding of the factors that affect CFA geochemistry and mineralogy. ICP-MS, FE-SEM/EDX, XRD, and laser diffraction were used to study physicochemical characteristics. Analysis revealed important differences in the elemental compositions and particle size distributions of samples between sites. Microscopy of HF acid-etched CFA revealed the mullite present possesses a fibrous habit; fibres ranged in length between 1 and 10 μm. Respirable particles (<10 μm) were frequently observed to contain fibrous mullite. We propose that the biopersistence of these refractory fibres in the lung environment could be contributing towards chronic lung diseases seen in communities and individuals continually exposed to high levels of CFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Brown
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, CF10 3YE Cardiff, UK.
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Wick P, Clift MJD, Rösslein M, Rothen-Rutishauser B. A brief summary of carbon nanotubes science and technology: a health and safety perspective. CHEMSUSCHEM 2011; 4:905-911. [PMID: 21728250 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201100161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials, particularly carbon nanotubes (CNTs), hold great promise for a variety of industrial, consumer, and biomedical applications, due to their outstanding and novel properties. Over the last two decades many different types of CNTs have been produced at the industrial scale. Therefore, the exposure risk to humans associated with such a mass scale production has also increased substantially. This has led to increased concerns about the potential adverse health effects that may be associated with human exposure to CNTs, predominantly because of to their size, their shape, and chemistry. CNTs are also intended for use in many biomedical applications, and therefore their biocompatibility, biodistribution, and fate needs to be carefully assessed. This Minireview intends to highlight the current state of the assessment of potential adverse human health effects possibly associated with CNT exposure, as well as the challenges related to and posed by CNT safety research. The importance of reliability and comparison within and between different studies, as regards the test systems employed, is discussed as well as many other essential aspects relative to CNT safety research, for example efficient and comprehensive characterization, are discussed in the view of an improvement in data collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wick
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Testing and Research Materials, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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21
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Nanotoxicology: a perspective and discussion of whether or not in vitro testing is a valid alternative. Arch Toxicol 2010; 85:723-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Takata A, Yamauchi H, Toya T, Aminaka M, Shinohara Y, Kohyama N, Yoshida K. Forsterite exposure causes less oxidative DNA damage and lung injury than chrysotile exposure in rats. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 21:739-46. [DOI: 10.1080/08958370802492399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Nguea HD, de Reydellet A, Le Faou A, Zaiou M, Rihn B. Macrophage culture as a suitable paradigm for evaluation of synthetic vitreous fibers. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008; 38:675-95. [PMID: 18686077 DOI: 10.1080/10408440802194915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate goal of toxicologic investigation of synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs) is to provide essential input for the assessment of human risk to their exposure. Toxicity of mineral fibers is usually evaluated by testing biopersistence in rodent model. However, a cellular model would be much appreciated in order to reduce, refine, and replace animal models. Pulmonary disorders triggered by inhalation of occupational or environmental mineral particulates can be the endpoints of a chronic inflammatory process in which alveolar macrophages (AMs) play a crucial role. Depending on the type of SVF involved, phagocytosis of fiber leads to activation of macrophages, resulting in release of fiber components and potent mediators, such as reactive oxygen or nitrogen species and cytokines. As a matter of fact, macrophages should be the cells of choice since SVF toxicity is the consequence of fibers and alveolar macrophages interaction. Today, monocytes and macrophages culture are firmly established as a paradigm in toxicology when several endpoints are assayed in macrophages: (1) fiber durability, (2) fiber surface changes, (3) oxidative stress and genotoxicity in macrophage, and (4) macrophage cell viability and apoptosis. This article is a review of up-to-date knowledge of in vitro studies involving macrophages, and assesses endpoints of macrophage toxicity with an emphasis on (1) dissolution, (2) scanning electron microscopy analysis, (3) cytotoxicity, and (4) gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermine Dika Nguea
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Virologie, Faculté de Medecine, Nancy University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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A new in vitro cellular system for the analysis of mineral fiber biopersistence. Arch Toxicol 2007; 82:435-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-007-0257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abbate C, Giorgianni C, Brecciaroli R, Giacobbe G, Costa C, Cavallari V, Albiero F, Catania S, Tringali MA, Martino LB, Abbate S. Changes induced by exposure of the human lung to glass fiber-reinforced plastic. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2006; 114:1725-9. [PMID: 17107859 PMCID: PMC1665410 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The inhalation of glass dusts mixed in resin, generally known as glass fiber-reinforced plastic (GRP), represents a little-studied occupational hazard. The few studies performed have highlighted nonspecific lung disorders in animals and in humans. In the present study we evaluated the alteration of the respiratory system and the pathogenic mechanisms causing the changes in a group of working men employed in different GRP processing operations and exposed to production dusts. The study was conducted on a sample of 29 male subjects whose mean age was 37 years and mean length of service 11 years. All of the subjects were submitted to a clinical check-up, basic tests, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL); microscopic studies and biochemical analysis were performed on the BAL fluid. Tests of respiratory function showed a large number of obstructive syndromes; scanning electron microscopy highlighted qualitative and quantitative alterations of the alveolar macrophages; and transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of electron-dense cytoplasmatic inclusions indicating intense and active phlogosis (external inflammation). Biochemical analyses highlighted an increase in protein content associated with alterations of the lung oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis. Inhalation of GRP, independent of environmental concentration, causes alterations of the cellular and humoral components of pulmonary interstitium; these alterations are identified microscopically as acute alveolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Abbate
- Department of Social Medicine, Section of Occupational Medicine, Messina University, Messina, Italy.
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Witwicka H, Kobiałka M, Siednienko J, Mitkiewicz M, Gorczyca WA. Expression and activity of cGMP-dependent phosphodiesterases is up-regulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rat peritoneal macrophages. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1773:209-18. [PMID: 17141339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Revised: 10/15/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that cyclic GMP (cGMP) modulates the inflammatory responses of macrophages, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. Looking for proteins potentially regulated by cGMP in rat peritoneal macrophages (PMs), in this study we analyzed expression and activity of cGMP-hydrolyzing and cGMP-regulated phosphodiesterases (PDEs). It was found that freshly isolated peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEMs) express enzymes belonging to families PDE1-3, PDE5, PDE10, and PDE11. Analysis of substrate specificity, sensitivity to inhibitors, and subcellular localization showed that PDE2 and PDE3 are the main cGMP-regulated PDE isoforms in PEMs. The profile of PDE expression was altered by maintaining PEMs in culture and treatment with bacterial endotoxin (LPS). After 24 h culture, PDE5 was not present and the levels of PDE2, PDE3, and PDE11 were markedly decreased. However, their expression and activity was recovered after treatment of cultured cells with LPS. A similar pattern of changes was observed for the expression of TNFalpha, but not for guanylyl cyclase A (GC-A). LPS up-regulated PDE expression also in resident peritoneal macrophages (RPMs), although not all PDEs present in PEMs were detected in RPMs. Taken together, our results show that in rat PMs expression of cGMP-dependent PDEs positively correlates with the activation state of cells. Moreover, the fact that most of these PDEs hydrolyze also cAMP indicates that cGMP can play a role of potent regulator of cAMP signaling in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Witwicka
- Laboratory of Signaling Proteins, L. Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
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Zeidler-Erdely PC, Calhoun WJ, Ameredes BT, Clark MP, Deye GJ, Baron P, Jones W, Blake T, Castranova V. In vitro cytotoxicity of Manville Code 100 glass fibers: effect of fiber length on human alveolar macrophages. Part Fibre Toxicol 2006; 3:5. [PMID: 16569233 PMCID: PMC1459188 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-3-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs) are inorganic noncrystalline materials widely used in residential and industrial settings for insulation, filtration, and reinforcement purposes. SVFs conventionally include three major categories: fibrous glass, rock/slag/stone (mineral) wool, and ceramic fibers. Previous in vitro studies from our laboratory demonstrated length-dependent cytotoxic effects of glass fibers on rat alveolar macrophages which were possibly associated with incomplete phagocytosis of fibers >or= 17 microm in length. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of fiber length on primary human alveolar macrophages, which are larger in diameter than rat macrophages, using length-classified Manville Code 100 glass fibers (8, 10, 16, and 20 microm). It was hypothesized that complete engulfment of fibers by human alveolar macrophages could decrease fiber cytotoxicity; i.e. shorter fibers that can be completely engulfed might not be as cytotoxic as longer fibers. Human alveolar macrophages, obtained by segmental bronchoalveolar lavage of healthy, non-smoking volunteers, were treated with three different concentrations (determined by fiber number) of the sized fibers in vitro. Cytotoxicity was assessed by monitoring cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase release and loss of function as indicated by a decrease in zymosan-stimulated chemiluminescence. RESULTS Microscopic analysis indicated that human alveolar macrophages completely engulfed glass fibers of the 20 microm length. All fiber length fractions tested exhibited equal cytotoxicity on a per fiber basis, i.e. increasing lactate dehydrogenase and decreasing chemiluminescence in the same concentration-dependent fashion. CONCLUSION The data suggest that due to the larger diameter of human alveolar macrophages, compared to rat alveolar macrophages, complete phagocytosis of longer fibers can occur with the human cells. Neither incomplete phagocytosis nor length-dependent toxicity was observed in fiber-exposed human macrophage cultures. In contrast, rat macrophages exhibited both incomplete phagocytosis of long fibers and length-dependent toxicity. The results of the human and rat cell studies suggest that incomplete engulfment may enhance cytotoxicity of fiber glass. However, the possibility should not be ruled out that differences between human versus rat macrophages other than cell diameter could account for differences in fiber effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patti C Zeidler-Erdely
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - William J Calhoun
- AAARC, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bill T Ameredes
- AAARC, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Melissa P Clark
- AAARC, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gregory J Deye
- Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Paul Baron
- Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - William Jones
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Terri Blake
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Dika Nguea H, Rihn B, Mahon D, Bernard JL, De Reydellet A, Le Faou A. Effects of various man-made mineral fibers on cell apoptosis and viability. Arch Toxicol 2005; 79:487-92. [PMID: 15856181 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-005-0661-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2004] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating the pathogenic potentials of man-made mineral fibers (MMMF) is an important task performed by the European Community. Noting that it has been proposed that the use of laboratory animals for scientific tests should be reduced or phased out, macrophages then become the cells of choice for conducting in vitro studies. We have evaluated the in vitro toxicity of six commercial stonewool fibers (A, B1, B2, C, D, and E) on U-937 cells. The physical interaction between U-937 cells and MMMF was observed using scanning electron microscopy, and the cytotoxicity was evaluated by studying cell viability using MTT assay and cell apoptosis with an ELISA detection kit. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis has shown that long fibers can be covered by several macrophages, and that a small fiber can be completely engulfed by one cell. With 50 microg/mL of MMMF, a decrease in cell viability appeared after seven days of incubation, whereas 200 microg/mL induced loss of viability and apoptosis after one day. Fiber D, comprising a high proportion of fibers >20 microm in length and a high concentration of MgO, induced the highest loss in viability and the highest rate of apoptosis compared to the other five fibers. Whether this toxic effect is related to either the physical characteristics of the fibers (such as length), or to the high concentration of magnesium is still to be determined. Because the results can be rapidly obtained, the proposed model is suitable for studying the toxicities of mineral components, even if the tested concentrations are far from the ones reached in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermine Dika Nguea
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, Faculté de Médecine de Nancy, Unité Mixte de Recherche CNRS-UHP, 7565, BP 184, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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Tarr M, Valenzeno DP. Singlet oxygen: the relevance of extracellular production mechanisms to oxidative stress in vivo. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2003; 2:355-61. [PMID: 12760529 DOI: 10.1039/b211778a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Since the physiological relevance of 1O2 independent of photosensitization has been controversial, we review proposed reaction mechanisms for its extracellular production in vivo and discuss the relevance of this production to oxidative stress. We conclude that extracellular 1O2 production by the spontaneous dismutation of O2*- does have physiological relevance. Also, extracellular 1O2 production by the eosinophil peroxidase-H2O2-bromide system could have physiological relevance. As regards the other reactions discussed in this review, the evidence is not sufficient to warrant any conclusions as to the physiological relevance of these to extracellular 1O2 production. What is evident is that the microenvironment will have a significant influence on the success or failure of extracellular 1O2 production. To date, most demonstrations of 1O2 production by physiologically relevant mechanisms have used conditions that minimize competitive reactions. More research demonstrating how physiologically relevant competitive reactions influence extracellular 1O2 production is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merrill Tarr
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160 7401, USA.
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Fach E, Waldman WJ, Williams M, Long J, Meister RK, Dutta PK. Analysis of the biological and chemical reactivity of zeolite-based aluminosilicate fibers and particulates. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2002; 110:1087-96. [PMID: 12417479 PMCID: PMC1241064 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.021101087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Environmental and/or occupational exposure to minerals, metals, and fibers can cause lung diseases that may develop years after exposure to the agents. The presence of toxic fibers such as asbestos in the environment plus the continuing development of new mineral or vitreous fibers requires a better understanding of the specific physical and chemical features of fibers/particles responsible for bioactivity. Toward that goal, we have tested aluminosilicate zeolites to establish biological and chemical structure-function correlations. Zeolites have known crystal structure, are subject to experimental manipulation, and can be synthesized and controlled to produce particles of selected size and shape. Naturally occurring zeolites include forms whose biological activity is reported to range from highly pathogenic (erionite) to essentially benign (mordenite). Thus, we used naturally occurring erionite and mordenite as well as an extensively studied synthetic zeolite based on faujasite (zeolite Y). Bioactivity was evaluated using lung macrophages of rat origin (cell line NR8383). Our objective was to quantitatively determine the biological response upon interaction of the test particulates/fibers with lung macrophages and to evaluate the efficacy of surface iron on the zeolites to promote the Fenton reaction. The biological assessment included measurement of the reactive oxygen species by flow cytometry and chemiluminescence techniques upon phagocytosis of the minerals. The chemical assessment included measuring the hydroxyl radicals generated from hydrogen peroxide by iron bound to the zeolite particles and fibers (Fenton reaction). Chromatography as well as absorption spectroscopy were used to quantitate the hydroxyl radicals. We found that upon exposure to the same mass of a specific type of particulate, the oxidative burst increased with decreasing particle size, but remained relatively independent of zeolite composition. On the other hand, the Fenton reaction depended on the type of zeolite, suggesting that the surface structure of the zeolite plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Fach
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185, USA
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Riganti C, Aldieri E, Bergandi L, Fenoglio I, Costamagna C, Fubini B, Bosia A, Ghigo D. Crocidolite asbestos inhibits pentose phosphate oxidative pathway and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in human lung epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 32:938-49. [PMID: 11978496 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00800-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of asbestos has been related to its ability to increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), via the iron-catalyzed reduction of oxygen and/or the activation of NADPH oxidase. The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is generally activated by the cell exposure to oxidant molecules. Contrary to our expectations, asbestos (crocidolite) fibers caused a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of PPP and decreased its activation by an oxidative stress in human lung epithelial cells A549. In parallel, the intracellular activity of the PPP rate-limiting enzyme, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), was significantly diminished by crocidolite exposure. This inhibition was selective, as the activity of other PPP and glycolysis enzymes was not modified, and was not attributable to a decreased expression of G6PD. On the opposite, the incubation with glass fibers MMVF10 did not modify PPP and G6PD activity. PPP and G6PD inhibition did not correlate with the increased nitric oxide (NO) production elicited by crocidolite in A549 cells. Experiments with the purified enzyme suggest that crocidolite inhibits G6PD by directly interacting with the protein. We propose here a new mechanism of asbestos-evoked oxidative stress, wherein fibers increase the intracellular ROS levels also by inhibiting the main antioxidant pathway of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Riganti
- Interdepartmental Center "G. Scansetti" for Studies on Asbestos and other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Italy
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