1
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Zhang L, Liu X, Li W, Liu K, Zhang J, Liu X, Wang J. Integrative transcriptomic profiling of ncRNAs and mRNAs in developing mouse lens. Front Genet 2024; 15:1405715. [PMID: 38933921 PMCID: PMC11199715 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1405715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, burgeoning research has underscored the pivotal role of non-coding RNA in orchestrating the growth, development, and pathogenesis of various diseases across organisms. However, despite these advances, our understanding of the specific contributions of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) to lens development remains notably limited. Clarifying the intricate gene regulatory networks is imperative for unraveling the molecular underpinnings of lens-related disorders. In this study, we aimed to address this gap by conducting a comprehensive analysis of the expression profiles of messenger RNAs (mRNAs), lncRNAs, and circRNAs at critical developmental time points of the mouse lens, encompassing both embryonic (E10.5, E12.5, and E16.5) and postnatal stages (P0.5, P10.5, and P60). Leveraging RNA-sequencing technology, we identified key transcripts pivotal to lens development. Our analysis revealed differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs across various developmental stages. Particularly noteworthy, there were 1831 co-differentially expressed (CO-DE) mRNAs, 150 CO-DE lncRNAs, and 13 CO-DE circRNAs identified during embryonic stages. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis unveiled associations primarily related to lens development, DNA conformational changes, and angiogenesis among DE mRNAs and lncRNAs. Furthermore, employing protein-protein interaction networks, mRNA-lncRNA co-expression networks, and circRNA-microRNA-mRNA networks, we predicted candidate key molecules implicated in lens development. Our findings underscore the pivotal roles of lncRNAs and circRNAs in this process, offering fresh insights into the pathogenesis of lens-related disorders and paving the way for future exploration in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaiqing Liu
- The Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiantao Wang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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2
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Zhu Y, Li D, Reyes-Ortega F, Chinnery HR, Schneider-Futschik EK. Ocular development after highly effective modulator treatment early in life. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1265138. [PMID: 37795027 PMCID: PMC10547496 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1265138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly effective cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator therapies (HEMT), including elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor, correct the underlying molecular defect causing CF. HEMT decreases general symptom burden by improving clinical metrics and quality of life for most people with CF (PwCF) with eligible CFTR variants. This has resulted in more pregnancies in women living with CF. All HEMT are known to be able pass through the placenta and into breast milk in mothers who continue on this therapy while pregnant and breast feeding. Toxicity studies of HEMT in young rats demonstrated infant cataracts, and case reports have reported the presence of congenital cataracts in early life exposure to HEMT. This article reviews the evidence for how HEMT influences the dynamic and interdependent processes of healthy and abnormal lens development in the context of HEMT exposure during pregnancy and breastfeeding, and raises questions that remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Danni Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Felisa Reyes-Ortega
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital and University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Holly R. Chinnery
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Elena K. Schneider-Futschik
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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3
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Chen Y, Wu C, Peng S, Guo D, Ouyang H, Wei Y, Ju R, Ding X, Xie Z, Liu C. Single-Cell Characterization of the Frizzled 5 (Fz5) Mutant Mouse and Human Persistent Fetal Vasculature (PFV). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:8. [PMID: 36867129 PMCID: PMC9988703 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.3.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Persistent fetal vasculature (PFV) is a pathological condition accounting for 4.8% of children's blindness in the United States. However, the PFV cell composition and pathogenetic mechanisms are poorly understood. This study aims to characterize PFV cell composition and associated molecular features and attempts to lay a foundation for further understanding the disease. Methods Immunohistochemistry was conducted to characterize cell types at the tissue level. Single-cell RNA sequencing (sc-RNAseq) was performed on the vitreous cells derived from normal and Fz5 mutant mice at two early postnatal ages and human PFV samples. Bioinformatic tools were used to cluster cells and analyze their molecular features and functions. Results The findings of this study are as follows: (1) a total of 10 defined and one undefined cell types were characterized in both the hyaloid vessel system and PFV by sc-RNAseq and immunohistochemistry; (2) neural crest-derived melanocytes, astrocytes, and fibroblasts were specifically retained in the mutant PFV; (3) Fz5 mutants were found to possess more vitreous cells at early postnatal age 3 but returned to similar levels as the wild type at postnatal age 6; (4) altered phagocytic and proliferation environments and cell-cell interactions were detected in the mutant vitreous; (5) the human PFV samples shared fibroblast, endothelial and macrophage cell types with the mouse, but having distinct immune cells including T cells, NK cells and Neutrophils; and last, (6) some neural crest features were also shared between certain mouse and human vitreous cell types. Conclusions We characterized PFV cell composition and associated molecular features in the Fz5 mutant mice and two human PFV samples. The excessively migrated vitreous cells, intrinsic molecular properties of these cells, phagocytic environment, and cell-cell interactions may together contribute to PFV pathogenesis. Human PFV shares certain cell types and molecular features with the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanzhen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dianlei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhong Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunqiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Li M, Gao L, Zhao L, Zou T, Xu H. Toward the next generation of vascularized human neural organoids. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:31-54. [PMID: 35993813 DOI: 10.1002/med.21922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Thanks to progress in the development of three-dimensional (3D) culture technologies, human central nervous system (CNS) development and diseases have been gradually deciphered by using organoids derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) or human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Selforganized neural organoids (NOs) have been used to mimic morphogenesis and functions of specific organs in vitro. Many NOs have been reproduced in vitro, such as those mimicking the human brain, retina, and spinal cord. However, NOs fail to capitulate to the maturation and complexity of in vivo neural tissues. The persistent issues with current NO cultivation protocols are inadequate oxygen supply and nutrient diffusion due to the absence of vascular networks. In vivo, the developing CNS is interpenetrated by vasculature that not only supplies oxygen and nutrients but also provides a structural template for neuronal growth. To address these deficiencies, recent studies have begun to couple NO culture with bioengineering techniques and methodologies, including genetic engineering, coculture, multidifferentiation, microfluidics and 3D bioprinting, and transplantation, which might promote NO maturation and create more functional NOs. These cutting-edge methods could generate an ever more reliable NO model in vitro for deciphering the codes of human CNS development, disease progression, and translational application. In this review, we will summarize recent technological advances in culture strategies to generate vascularized NOs (vNOs), with a special focus on cerebral- and retinal-organoid models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Li
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Lixiong Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Zou
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
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5
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Regulation of lens water content: Effects on the physiological optics of the lens. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022:101152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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6
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Tregub PP, Averchuk AS, Baranich TI, Ryazanova MV, Salmina AB. Physiological and Pathological Remodeling of Cerebral Microvessels. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12683. [PMID: 36293539 PMCID: PMC9603917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that the remodeling of cerebral microvessels plays an important role in plastic changes in the brain associated with development, experience, learning, and memory consolidation. At the same time, abnormal neoangiogenesis, and deregulated regulation of microvascular regression, or pruning, could contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental diseases, stroke, and neurodegeneration. Aberrant remodeling of microvesselsis associated with blood-brain barrier breakdown, development of neuroinflammation, inadequate microcirculation in active brain regions, and leads to the dysfunction of the neurovascular unit and progressive neurological deficits. In this review, we summarize current data on the mechanisms of blood vessel regression and pruning in brain plasticity and in Alzheimer's-type neurodegeneration. We discuss some novel approaches to modulating cerebral remodeling and preventing degeneration-coupled aberrant microvascular activity in chronic neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel P. Tregub
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Research Center of Neurology, 125367 Moscow, Russia
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7
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Boneva SK, Wolf J, Wieghofer P, Sebag J, Lange CAK. Hyalocyte functions and immunology. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2022.2100763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefaniya K Boneva
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Wolf
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Wieghofer
- Cellular Neuroanatomy, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - J Sebag
- Doheny Eye Institute, UCLA, Pasadena, CA, USA
- UCLA Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- VMR Institute for Vitreous Macula Retina, Huntington Beach, California, USA
| | - Clemens AK Lange
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Ophtha-Lab, Department of Ophthalmology at St. Franziskus Hospital, Muenster, Germany
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8
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Masood F, Bhattaram R, Rosenblatt MI, Kazlauskas A, Chang JH, Azar DT. Lymphatic Vessel Regression and Its Therapeutic Applications: Learning From Principles of Blood Vessel Regression. Front Physiol 2022; 13:846936. [PMID: 35392370 PMCID: PMC8980686 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.846936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant lymphatic system function has been increasingly implicated in pathologies such as lymphedema, organ transplant rejection, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. While some pathologies are exacerbated by lymphatic vessel regression and dysfunction, induced lymphatic regression could be therapeutically beneficial in others. Despite its importance, our understanding of lymphatic vessel regression is far behind that of blood vessel regression. Herein, we review the current understanding of blood vessel regression to identify several hallmarks of this phenomenon that can be extended to further our understanding of lymphatic vessel regression. We also summarize current research on lymphatic vessel regression and an array of research tools and models that can be utilized to advance this field. Additionally, we discuss the roles of lymphatic vessel regression and dysfunction in select pathologies, highlighting how an improved understanding of lymphatic vessel regression may yield therapeutic insights for these disease states.
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9
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da Silva RA, Roda VMDP, Matsuda M, Siqueira PV, Lustoza-Costa GJ, Wu DC, Hamassaki DE. Cellular components of the idiopathic epiretinal membrane. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 260:1435-1444. [PMID: 34842983 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05492-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic epiretinal membrane (iERM) is a fibrocellular proliferation on the inner surface of the retina, which leads to decreased visual acuity and even central visual loss. As iERM is associated to advanced age and posterior vitreous detachment, a higher prevalence is expected with increasing life expectancy and aging of the global population. Although various cell types of retinal and extra-retinal origin have been described in iERMs (Müller glial cells, astrocytes, hyalocytes, retinal pigment epithelium cells, myofibroblasts, and fibroblasts), myofibroblasts have a central role in collagen production and contractile activity. Thus, myofibroblast differentiation is considered a key event for the iERM formation and progression, and fibroblasts, Müller glial cells, hyalocytes, and retinal pigment epithelium have been identified as myofibroblast precursors. On the other side, the different cell types synthesize growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix, which have a crucial role in ERM pathogenesis. In the present review, the major cellular components and their functions are summarized, and their possible roles in the iERM formation are discussed. By exploring in detail the cellular and molecular aspects of iERM, we seek to contribute for better understanding of this fibrotic disease and the origin of myofibroblasts, which may eventually drive to more targeted therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael André da Silva
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Moraes de Paiva Roda
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Monique Matsuda
- Laboratory of Investigation in Ophthalmology (LIM-33), Division of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Veloso Siqueira
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Jesus Lustoza-Costa
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Davi Chen Wu
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.,Department of Ophthalmology, Irmandade de Misericórdia da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Dânia Emi Hamassaki
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
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10
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Walker JL, Menko AS. Immune cells in lens injury repair and fibrosis. Exp Eye Res 2021; 209:108664. [PMID: 34126081 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells, both tissue resident immune cells and those immune cells recruited in response to wounding or degenerative conditions, are essential to both the maintenance and restoration of homeostasis in most tissues. These cells are typically provided to tissues by their closely associated vasculatures. However, the lens, like many of the tissues in the eye, are considered immune privileged sites because they have no associated vasculature. Such absence of immune cells was thought to protect the lens from inflammatory responses that would bring with them the danger of causing vision impairing opacities. However, it has now been shown, as occurs in other immune privileged sites in the eye, that novel pathways exist by which immune cells come to associate with the lens to protect it, maintain its homeostasis, and function in its regenerative repair. Here we review the discoveries that have revealed there are both innate and adaptive immune system responses to lens, and that, like most other tissues, the lens harbors a population of resident immune cells, which are the sentinels of danger or injury to a tissue. While resident and recruited immune cells are essential elements of lens homeostasis and repair, they also become the agents of disease, particularly as progenitors of pro-fibrogenic myofibroblasts. There still remains much to learn about the function of lens-associated immune cells in protection, repair and disease, the knowledge of which will provide new tools for maintaining the core functions of the lens in the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice L Walker
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - A Sue Menko
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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11
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Abstract
The bilirubin content in the vitreous body of the eye of human fetuses of gestation week 17-31 was measured. During gestation weeks 17-19, the mean bilirubin concentration was 8.67 μmol/liter; then, decreased to 1.37 μmol/liter (gestation weeks 20 to 31). Bilirubin, being an endogenous antioxidant, is probably involved in protection of the retina and lens from LPO processes that intensively develop in retinal neurons and lens fibers.
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12
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Bjeloš M, Križanović A, Bušić M, Kuzmanović Elabjer B. Central retinal artery and vein occlusion as a complication of persistent hyaloid artery - a case report. BMC Ophthalmol 2020; 20:434. [PMID: 33143669 PMCID: PMC7607849 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01702-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In this case report, we present for the first time central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) and central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) as a complication of persistent hyaloid artery (PHA). Case presentation In August 2019, a six-year-old male patient manifested right eye (RE) excessive tearing, conjunctival injection and pain. On examination, RE demonstrated light perception and intraocular pressure of 36 mmHg. The diagnoses of neovascular glaucoma, CRVO and CRAO were established as affirmed with fluorescein angiography (FA). PHA was not reported. Extensive work-up and family history were unremarkable. The child was born on term after uncomplicated twin pregnancy. In December 2019, he was referred to our Centre. Transillumination revealed fully dilated, non-reactive RE pupil, clear lens and tubular remnant of HA containing blood cells in its lumen freely rotating in the anterior vitreous. Conclusions PHA results from failure of apoptosis during gestation. It can easily be observed during the red reflex screening at neonatal wards. We hypothesized that PHA twisting led to torsion of the residual primordial common bulb, branching off to HA and CRA with CRAO occurring first. The consequential CRVO presumably advanced by venous stasis due to decrease in arterial inflow. Liquid vitreous appears as early as 4 years of age enabling PHA to whirl more freely. Thus, in case of PHA, we advocate FA to be performed and if connection with retinal artery is proven, parents should be informed on the possible devastating complications and prompt surgical treatment should be considered. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12886-020-01702-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Bjeloš
- Department of Ophthalmology, Reference Centre for Paediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Croatia, Sveti Duh University Hospital, Sveti Duh 64, Zagreb, Croatia.,Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ana Križanović
- Department of Ophthalmology, Reference Centre for Paediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Croatia, Sveti Duh University Hospital, Sveti Duh 64, Zagreb, Croatia.,Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Mladen Bušić
- Department of Ophthalmology, Reference Centre for Paediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Croatia, Sveti Duh University Hospital, Sveti Duh 64, Zagreb, Croatia. .,Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia. .,Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Biljana Kuzmanović Elabjer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Reference Centre for Paediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Croatia, Sveti Duh University Hospital, Sveti Duh 64, Zagreb, Croatia.,Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
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13
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Burmenskaya OV, Poltavtseva RA, Panova IG. mRNAs of Genes of Toll-Like Receptors are Expressed in Human Fetal Eye Tissues. Russ J Dev Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360420050033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Boneva SK, Wolf J, Rosmus DD, Schlecht A, Prinz G, Laich Y, Boeck M, Zhang P, Hilgendorf I, Stahl A, Reinhard T, Bainbridge J, Schlunck G, Agostini H, Wieghofer P, Lange CAK. Transcriptional Profiling Uncovers Human Hyalocytes as a Unique Innate Immune Cell Population. Front Immunol 2020; 11:567274. [PMID: 33042148 PMCID: PMC7517040 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.567274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To decipher the transcriptional signature of macrophages of the human vitreous, also known as hyalocytes, and compare it to the profiles of other myeloid cell populations including human blood-derived monocytes, macrophages, and brain microglia. Methods This study involves a total of 13 patients of advanced age with disorders of the vitreoretinal interface undergoing vitrectomy at the University Eye Hospital Freiburg between 2018 and 2019. Vitreal hyalocytes were analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and isolated as CD45+CD11b+CX3CR1+Mat-Mac+ cells using a FACS-based sorting protocol. RNA extraction, library preparation and RNA sequencing were performed and the sequencing data was analyzed using the Galaxy web platform. The transcriptome of human hyalocytes was compared to the transcriptional profile of human blood-derived monocytes, macrophages and brain microglia obtained from public databases. Protein validation for selected factors was performed by immunohistochemistry on paraffin sections from three human donor eyes. Results On average, 383 ± 233 hyalocytes were isolated per patient, resulting in 128 pg/μl ± 76 pg/μl total RNA per sample. RNA sequencing revealed that SPP1, FTL, CD74, and HLA-DRA are among the most abundantly expressed genes in hyalocytes, which was confirmed by immunofluorescence for CD74, FTL, and HLA-DRA. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that biological processes such as “humoral immune response,” “leukocyte migration,” and “antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen” (adjusted p < 0.001) are dominating in vitreal hyalocytes. While the comparison of the gene expression profiles of hyalocytes and other myeloid cell populations showed an overall strong similarity (R2 > 0.637, p < 0.001), hyalocytes demonstrated significant differences with respect to common leukocyte-associated factors. In particular, transcripts involved in the immune privilege of the eye, such as POMC, CD46, and CD86, were significantly increased in hyalocytes compared to other myeloid cell subsets. Conclusion Human hyalocytes represent a unique and distinct innate immune cell population specialized and adapted for the tissue-specific needs in the human vitreous. Vitreal hyalocytes are characterized by a strong expression of genes related to antigen processing and presentation as well as immune modulation. Thus, hyalocytes may represent an underestimated mediator in vitreoretinal disease and for the immune privilege of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julian Wolf
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Anja Schlecht
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Prinz
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yannik Laich
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Myriam Boeck
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Hilgendorf
- Heart Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinhard
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - James Bainbridge
- National Institute for Health Research Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Günther Schlunck
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hansjürgen Agostini
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Clemens A K Lange
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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15
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Vrolyk V, Desmarais MJ, Lambert D, Haruna J, Benoit-Biancamano MO. Neonatal and Juvenile Ocular Development in Göttingen Minipigs and Domestic Pigs: A Histomorphological and Immunohistochemical Study. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:889-914. [PMID: 33021158 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820954551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pigs are considered one of the relevant animal models for ocular research as they share several histological and anatomical similarities with the human eye. With the increasing interest in juvenile animal models, this study aimed to describe the postnatal development of ocular structures in 16 Göttingen minipigs and 25 F2 domestic pigs, between birth and 6 months of age, using histopathology and immunohistochemistry against Ki-67, caspase-3, calbindin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, rhodopsin, and synaptophysin. All ocular structures in both pig breeds were incompletely developed at birth and for variable periods postnatally. Noteworthy histological features of immaturity included vascularization in the corneal stroma in neonatal Göttingen minipigs, increased cellularity in different substructures, remnants of the hyaloid vasculature, short and poorly ramified ciliary body processes, and a poorly developed cone inner segment. Increased cellular proliferation, highlighted by abundant Ki-67 immunolabeling, was observed in almost all developing structures of the pig eye for variable periods postnatally. Apoptosis, highlighted with caspase-3 immunolabeling, was observed in the retinal inner nuclear layer at birth and in the regressing hyaloid vasculature remnants. Immunohistochemistry against rhodopsin, synaptophysin, and calbindin demonstrated the short size of the developing photoreceptors and the immature cone inner segment morphology. Calbindin labeling revealed significant differences in the amount of positively labeled cone nuclei between the retinal area centralis and the non-area centralis regions. The elongation of Müller cell processes in the developing retina was shown with glial fibrillary acidic protein. In both pig breeds, the eyes reached histomorphological and immunohistochemical maturity at 6 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Vrolyk
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Disease Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 70354Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
- 67115Charles River Laboratories Montreal ULC, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Daniel Lambert
- 67115Charles River Laboratories Montreal ULC, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julius Haruna
- 67115Charles River Laboratories Montreal ULC, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Odile Benoit-Biancamano
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Disease Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 70354Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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16
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An inhibitor of endothelial ETS transcription factors promotes physiologic and therapeutic vessel regression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:26494-26502. [PMID: 33020273 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015980117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During the progression of ocular diseases such as retinopathy of prematurity and diabetic retinopathy, overgrowth of retinal blood vessels results in the formation of pathological neovascular tufts that impair vision. Current therapeutic options for treating these diseases include antiangiogenic strategies that can lead to the undesirable inhibition of normal vascular development. Therefore, strategies that eliminate pathological neovascular tufts while sparing normal blood vessels are needed. In this study we exploited the hyaloid vascular network in murine eyes, which naturally undergoes regression after birth, to gain mechanistic insights that could be therapeutically adapted for driving neovessel regression in ocular diseases. We found that endothelial cells of regressing hyaloid vessels underwent down-regulation of two structurally related E-26 transformation-specific (ETS) transcription factors, ETS-related gene (ERG) and Friend leukemia integration 1 (FLI1), prior to apoptosis. Moreover, the small molecule YK-4-279, which inhibits the transcriptional and biological activity of ETS factors, enhanced hyaloid regression in vivo and drove Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC) tube regression and apoptosis in vitro. Importantly, exposure of HUVECs to sheer stress inhibited YK-4-279-induced apoptosis, indicating that low-flow vessels may be uniquely susceptible to YK-4-279-mediated regression. We tested this hypothesis by administering YK-4-279 to mice in an oxygen-induced retinopathy model that generates disorganized and poorly perfused neovascular tufts that mimic human ocular diseases. YK-4-279 treatment significantly reduced neovascular tufts while sparing healthy retinal vessels, thereby demonstrating the therapeutic potential of this inhibitor.
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17
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Congenital abnormalities of the retinal vasculature in neurofibromatosis type I. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12865. [PMID: 32733046 PMCID: PMC7393144 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69852-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate congenital abnormalities of the retinal vasculature (CARVs) in patients with neurofibromatosis type I (NF-1). Forty-eight patients (96 eyes) with NF-1 diagnosed according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) criteria and 48 healthy controls were included in this study. Standard fundus photographs were obtained for each subject to evaluate the presence and frequency of CARVs. The sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of different cut-off numbers of CARVs were compared with those of the NIH criteria. Forty-four (91.7%) patients in the NF-1 group demonstrated either supranumeraty optic disc vessels or triple branching of the retinal vasculature, and 22 patients (45.8%) demonstrated both findings. The frequencies of these two CARVs were significantly different between the two groups (p < 0.00001). A cut-off value of either one for supranumerary optic disc vessels or triple branching showed the highest accuracy along with sensitivity and specificity of 91.7% and 87.5%. CARVs such as supranumerary optic disc vessels or triple branching were frequently observed in NF-1 patients, and their occurrence was unrelated to the age of patients. Thus, these CARVs could be added as new ophthalmologic manifestions for NF-1 and may potentially enable early diagnosis of NF-1.
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18
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DeDreu J, Bowen CJ, Logan CM, Pal-Ghosh S, Parlanti P, Stepp MA, Menko AS. An immune response to the avascular lens following wounding of the cornea involves ciliary zonule fibrils. FASEB J 2020; 34:9316-9336. [PMID: 32452112 PMCID: PMC7384020 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000289r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The lens and central cornea are avascular. It was assumed that the adult lens had no source of immune cells and that the basement membrane capsule surrounding the lens was a barrier to immune cell migration. Yet, microfibril‐associated protein‐1 (MAGP1)‐rich ciliary zonules that originate from the vasculature‐rich ciliary body and extend along the surface of the lens capsule, form a potential conduit for immune cells to the lens. In response to cornea debridement wounding, we find increased expression of MAGP1 throughout the central corneal stroma. The immune cells that populate this typically avascular region after wounding closely associate with this MAGP1‐rich matrix. These results suggest that MAGP1‐rich microfibrils support immune cell migration post‐injury. Using this cornea wound model, we investigated whether there is an immune response to the lens following cornea injury involving the lens‐associated MAGP1‐rich ciliary zonules. Our results provide the first evidence that following corneal wounding immune cells are activated to travel along zonule fibers that extend anteriorly along the equatorial surface of the lens, from where they migrate across the anterior lens capsule. These results demonstrate that lens‐associated ciliary zonules are directly involved in the lens immune response and suggest the ciliary body as a source of immune cells to the avascular lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- JodiRae DeDreu
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Caitlin J Bowen
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Caitlin M Logan
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sonali Pal-Ghosh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paola Parlanti
- George Washington University Nanofabrication and Imaging Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mary Ann Stepp
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - A Sue Menko
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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19
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Sebag J. Vitreous and Vision Degrading Myodesopsia. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 79:100847. [PMID: 32151758 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecules comprise only 2% of vitreous, yet are responsible for its gel state, transparency, and physiologic function(s) within the eye. Myopia and aging alter collagen and hyaluronan association causing concurrent gel liquefaction and fibrous degeneration. The resulting vitreous opacities and collapse of the vitreous body during posterior vitreous detachment are the most common causes for the visual phenomenon of vitreous floaters. Previously considered innocuous, the vitreous opacities that cause floaters sometimes impact vision by profoundly degrading contrast sensitivity function and impairing quality-of-life. While many people adapt to vitreous floaters, clinically significant cases can be diagnosed with Vision Degrading Myodesopsia based upon echographic assessment of vitreous structure and by measuring contrast sensitivity function. Perhaps due to the ubiquity of floaters, the medical profession has to date largely ignored the plight of those with Vision Degrading Myodesopsia. Improved diagnostics will enable better disease staging and more accurate identification of severe cases that merit therapy. YAG laser treatments may occasionally be slightly effective, but vitrectomy is currently the definitive cure. Future developments will usher in more informative diagnostic approaches as well as safer and more effective therapeutic strategies. Improved laser treatments, new pharmacotherapies, and possibly non-invasive optical corrections are exciting new approaches to pursue. Ultimately, enhanced understanding of the underlying pathogenesis of Vision Degrading Myodesopsia should result in prevention, the ultimate goal of modern Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sebag
- VMR Institute for Vitreous Macula Retina, Huntington Beach, CA, USA; Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, CA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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20
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Caceres L, Prykhozhij SV, Cairns E, Gjerde H, Duff NM, Collett K, Ngo M, Nasrallah GK, McMaster CR, Litvak M, Robitaille JM, Berman JN. Frizzled 4 regulates ventral blood vessel remodeling in the zebrafish retina. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:1243-1256. [PMID: 31566834 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by a lack of blood vessel growth to the periphery of the retina with secondary fibrovascular proliferation at the vascular-avascular junction. These structurally abnormal vessels cause leakage and hemorrhage, while the fibroproliferative scarring results in retinal dragging, detachment and blindness. Mutations in the FZD4 gene represent one of the most common causes of FEVR. METHODS A loss of function mutation resulting from a 10-nucleotide insertion into exon 1 of the zebrafish fzd4 gene was generated using transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs). Structural and functional integrity of the retinal vasculature was examined by fluorescent microscopy and optokinetic responses. RESULTS Zebrafish retinal vasculature is asymmetrically distributed along the dorsoventral axis, with active vascular remodeling on the ventral surface of the retina throughout development. fzd4 mutants exhibit disorganized ventral retinal vasculature with discernable tubular fusion by week 8 of development. Furthermore, fzd4 mutants have impaired optokinetic responses requiring increased illumination. CONCLUSION We have generated a visually impaired zebrafish FEVR model exhibiting abnormal retinal vasculature. These fish provide a tractable system for studying vascular biology in retinovascular disorders, and demonstrate the feasibility of using zebrafish for evaluating future FEVR genes identified in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Caceres
- Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre/Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sergey V Prykhozhij
- Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre/Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Cairns
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Harald Gjerde
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Nicole M Duff
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Keon Collett
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mike Ngo
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | | | - Matthew Litvak
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Johane M Robitaille
- Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre/Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jason N Berman
- Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre/Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Lutty GA, McLeod DS. Development of the hyaloid, choroidal and retinal vasculatures in the fetal human eye. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 62:58-76. [PMID: 29081352 PMCID: PMC5776052 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of the ocular vasculatures is perfectly synchronized to provide the nutritional and oxygen requirements of the forming human eye. The fetal vasculature of vitreous, which includes the hyaloid vasculature, vasa hyaloidea propria, and tunica vasculosa lentis, initially develops around 4-6 weeks gestation (WG) by hemo-vasculogenesis (development of blood and blood vessels from a common progenitor, the hemangioblast). This transient fetal vasculature expands around 12 WG by angiogenesis (budding from primordial vessels) and remains until a retinal vasculature begins to form. The fetal vasculature then regresses by apoptosis with the assistance of macrophages/hyalocytes. The human choroidal vasculature also forms by a similar process and will supply nutrients and oxygen to outer retina. This lobular vasculature develops in a dense collagenous tissue juxtaposed with a cell constitutively producing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the retinal pigment epithelium. This epithelial/endothelial relationship is critical in maintaining the function of this vasculature throughout life and maintaining it's fenestrated state. The lobular capillary system (choriocapillaris) develops first by hemo-vasculogenesis and then the intermediate choroidal blood vessels form by angiogenesis, budding from the choriocapillaris. The human retinal vasculature is the last to develop. It develops by vasculogenesis, assembly of CXCR4+/CD39+ angioblasts or vascular progenitors perhaps using Muller cell Notch1 or axonal neuropilinin-1 for guidance of semaphorin 3A-expressing angioblasts. The fovea never develops a retinal vasculature, which is probably due to the foveal avascular zone area of retina expressing high levels of antiangiogenic factors. From these studies, it is apparent that development of the mouse ocular vasculatures is not representative of the development of the human fetal, choroidal and retinal vasculatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard A Lutty
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States.
| | - D Scott McLeod
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
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22
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Vrolyk V, Haruna J, Benoit-Biancamano MO. Neonatal and Juvenile Ocular Development in Sprague-Dawley Rats: A Histomorphological and Immunohistochemical Study. Vet Pathol 2017; 55:310-330. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985817738098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
As in many altricial species, rats are born with fused eyelids and markedly underdeveloped eyes. While the normal histology of the eyes of mature rats is known, the histomorphological changes occurring during postnatal eye development in this species remain incompletely characterized. This study was conducted to describe the postnatal development of ocular structures in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats during the first month of age using histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Both eyes were collected from 51 SD rats at 13 time points between postnatal day (PND)1 and PND30. Histologic examination of hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections was performed, as well as IHC for cleaved-caspase-3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) to evaluate apoptosis, and IHC for Ki-67 and phospho-histone-H3 to evaluate cell proliferation. Extensive ocular tissue remodeling occurred prior to the eyelid opening around PND14 and reflected the interplay between apoptosis and cell proliferation. Apoptosis was particularly remarkable in the maturing subcapsular anterior epithelium of the lens, the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers of the developing retina, and the Harderian gland, and was involved in the regression of the hyaloid vasculature. Nuclear degradation in the newly formed secondary lens fibers was noteworthy after birth and was associated with TUNEL-positive nuclear remnants lining the lens organelle-free zone. Cell proliferation was marked in the developing retina, cornea, iris, ciliary body and Harderian gland. The rat eye reached histomorphological maturity at PND21 after a rapid phase of morphological changes characterized by the coexistence of cell death and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Vrolyk
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | | | - Marie-Odile Benoit-Biancamano
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- Groupe de recherche en pharmacologie animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Faculty of Veterinary Medicne University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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23
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Retinal vasculature development in health and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 63:1-19. [PMID: 29129724 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Development of the retinal vasculature is based on highly coordinated signalling between different cell types of the retina, integrating internal metabolic requirements with external influences such as the supply of oxygen and nutrients. The developing mouse retinal vasculature is a useful model system to study these interactions because it is experimentally accessible for intra ocular injections and genetic manipulations, can be easily imaged and develops in a similar fashion to that of humans. Research using this model has provided insights about general principles of angiogenesis as well as pathologies that affect the developing retinal vasculature. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that govern the interactions between neurons, glial and vascular cells in the developing retina. This includes a review of mechanisms that shape the retinal vasculature, such as sprouting angiogenesis, vascular network remodelling and vessel maturation. We also explore how the disruption of these processes in mice can lead to pathology - such as oxygen induced retinopathy - and how this translates to human retinopathy of prematurity.
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24
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Panova IG, Yakovleva MA, Tatikolov AS, Kononikhin A, Feldman TB, Poltavtseva RA, Nikolaev E, Sukhikh GT, Ostrovsky MA. Lutein and its oxidized forms in eye structures throughout prenatal human development. Exp Eye Res 2017; 160:31-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Wang S, Zaitoun IS, Johnson RP, Jamali N, Gurel Z, Wintheiser CM, Strasser A, Lindner V, Sheibani N, Sorenson CM. Bim expression in endothelial cells and pericytes is essential for regression of the fetal ocular vasculature. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178198. [PMID: 28552963 PMCID: PMC5446173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis plays a central role in developmental and pathological angiogenesis and vessel regression. Bim is a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member that plays a prominent role in both developmental and pathological ocular vessel regression, and neovascularization. Endothelial cells (EC) and pericytes (PC) each play unique roles during vascular development, maintenance and regression. We recently showed that germline deletion of Bim results in persistent hyaloid vasculature, increased retinal vascular density and prevents retinal vessel regression in response to hyperoxia. To determine whether retinal vascular regression is attributable to Bim expression in EC or PC we generated mice carrying a conditional Bim allele (BimFlox/Flox) and VE-cadherin-cre (BimEC mice) or Pdgfrb-cre (BimPC mice). BimEC and BimPC mice demonstrated attenuated hyaloid vessel regression and postnatal retinal vascular remodeling. We also observed decreased retinal vascular apoptosis and proliferation. Unlike global Bim -/- mice, mice conditionally lacking Bim in EC or PC underwent hyperoxia-mediated vessel obliteration and subsequent retinal neovascularization during oxygen-induced ischemic retinopathy similar to control littermates. Thus, understanding the cell autonomous role Bim plays in the retinal vascular homeostasis will give us new insight into how to modulate pathological retinal neovascularization and vessel regression to preserve vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujian Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ismail S. Zaitoun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ryan P. Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nasim Jamali
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Zafer Gurel
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Catherine M. Wintheiser
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Volkhard Lindner
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, United States of America
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Christine M. Sorenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Korkmaz D, Kum S. Investigation of the antigen recognition and presentation capacity of pecteneal hyalocytes in the chicken (gallus gallus domesticus). Biotech Histochem 2016; 91:212-9. [DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2015.1136987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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27
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Nezgoda JT, Tsai FF, Nudleman E. Tractional Retinal Detachments in Adults and Children. CURRENT SURGERY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40137-015-0100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Poché RA, Hsu CW, McElwee ML, Burns AR, Dickinson ME. Macrophages engulf endothelial cell membrane particles preceding pupillary membrane capillary regression. Dev Biol 2015; 403:30-42. [PMID: 25912686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Programmed capillary regression and remodeling are essential developmental processes. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate vessel regression are only the beginning to be understood. Here, using in vivo, dynamic, confocal imaging of mouse transgenic reporters as well as static confocal and electron microscopy, we studied the embryonic development and postnatal regression of the transient mouse pupillary membrane (PM) vasculature. This approach allowed us to directly observe the precise temporal sequence of cellular events preceding and during the elimination of the PM from the mouse eye. Imaging of Tcf/Lef-H2B::GFP Wnt-reporter mice uncovered that, unlike the hyaloid vasculature of the posterior eye, a PM endothelial cell (EC) Wnt/β-catenin response is unlikely to be part of the regression mechanism. Live imaging of EC and macrophage dynamics revealed highly active Csf1r-GFP+ macrophages making direct contact with the Flk1-myr::mCherry+ vessel surface and with membrane protrusions or filopodia extending from the ECs. Flk1-myr::mCherry+ EC membrane particles were observed on and around ECs as well as within macrophages. Electron microscopy studies confirmed that they were in phagosomes within macrophages, indicating that the macrophages engulfed the membrane particles. Interestingly, EC plasma membrane uptake by PM macrophages did not correlate with apoptosis and was found shortly after vessel formation at mid-gestation stages in the embryo; long before vessel regression begins during postnatal development. Additionally, genetic ablation of macrophages showed that EC membrane particles were still shed in the absence of macrophages suggesting that macrophages do not induce the formation or release of EC microparticles. These studies have uncovered a novel event during programmed capillary regression in which resident macrophages scavenge endothelial cell microparticles released from the PM vessels. This finding suggests that there may be an initial disruption in vessel homeostasis embryonically as the PM forms that may underlie its ultimate regression postnatally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross A Poché
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Chih-Wei Hsu
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Melissa L McElwee
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Alan R Burns
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mary E Dickinson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
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Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy and related retinopathies. Eye (Lond) 2014; 29:1-14. [PMID: 25323851 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2014.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) is a rare inherited disorder of retinal angiogenesis. Cases can be autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked. FEVR patients have an avascular peripheral retina which, depending on the degree of ischaemia, causes the secondary complications of the disease. Expressivity may be asymmetric and is highly variable. Five genes have been identified that when mutated, cause FEVR; NDP (X-linked), FZD4 (autosomal dominant and recessive), LRP5 (autosomal dominant and recessive), TSPAN12 (autosomal dominant and recessive), and ZNF408 (autosomal dominant). Four of these genes have been shown to have a central role in Norrin/Frizzled4 signalling, suggesting a critical role for this pathway in retinal angiogenesis. In addition to the ocular features, LRP5 mutations can cause osteopenia and osteoporosis. All FEVR patients in whom molecular testing is not easily accessible should have dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans to assess bone mineral density, as treatment can be initiated to reduce the risk of bone fractures.
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Liu B, Hunter DJ, Smith AA, Chen S, Helms JA. The capacity of neural crest-derived stem cells for ocular repair. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 102:299-308. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Department of Surgery School of Medicine; Stanford University; Stanford California
| | - Daniel J. Hunter
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Department of Surgery School of Medicine; Stanford University; Stanford California
| | - Andrew A. Smith
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Department of Surgery School of Medicine; Stanford University; Stanford California
| | - Serafine Chen
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Department of Surgery School of Medicine; Stanford University; Stanford California
| | - Jill A. Helms
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Department of Surgery School of Medicine; Stanford University; Stanford California
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Herwig MC, Münstermann K, Klarmann-Schulz U, Schlereth SL, Heindl LM, Loeffler KU, Müller AM. Expression of the lymphatic marker podoplanin (D2-40) in human fetal eyes. Exp Eye Res 2014; 127:243-51. [PMID: 25135789 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During human ocular development, expression of proteins varies in different maturation stages. This study aims to characterize structures in human fetal eyes stained by the lymphatic marker podoplanin (D2-40) with emphasis on the stage of maturation and the presence of intraocular lymphatic structures. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded eyes from 40 human fetuses between 10 and 38 weeks of gestation (WoG) were investigated. Immunohistochemical stains were performed for D2-40, LYVE-1 as a secondary lymphatic marker, and CD34 as a control for endothelial reactivity. A semiquantitative analysis of antigen expression in different segments of the eye was performed by light microscopy. The intensity of antigen expression was graded with a score ranging from 0 to 3. Podoplanin expression was found with a variable intensity in 97.5% of the eyes, in particular in lymphatic vessels of the conjunctiva (n = 26), conjunctival and corneal epithelium (n = 33), corneal endothelium (n = 4), trabecular meshwork (n = 28), and optic nerve sheaths (n = 23). A slight, equivocal staining reaction was noted in the choroid (n = 14). There was a correlation of antigen reactivity and the gestational age for corneal endothelial reactivity in earlier gestational stages (p = 0.003) and trabecular meshwork in older eyes (p = 0.031). D2-40 positive Müller cells were detected in two eyes ≥32 WoG. Thus, aside from conjunctival lymphatic vessels, podoplanin was expressed in several structures of the human fetal eye and the ocular adnexae at different gestational stages. Podoplanin positive structures were also found in the choroid and the chamber angle. However, lymphatic vessels or its progenitors could not be unequivocally identified in intraocular structures during 10-38 weeks of gestation. There is no evidence from our data that transient intraocular lymphactics develop in the fetal eye between 10 and 38 weeks of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina C Herwig
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Str. 2, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Münstermann
- Center of Pediatric Pathology and Pathology, MVZ Venusberg, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Ute Klarmann-Schulz
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Simona L Schlereth
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50924 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50924 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Karin U Loeffler
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Str. 2, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Annette M Müller
- Center of Pediatric Pathology and Pathology, MVZ Venusberg, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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Hartsock A, Lee C, Arnold V, Gross JM. In vivo analysis of hyaloid vasculature morphogenesis in zebrafish: A role for the lens in maturation and maintenance of the hyaloid. Dev Biol 2014; 394:327-39. [PMID: 25127995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Two vascular networks nourish the embryonic eye as it develops - the hyaloid vasculature, located at the anterior of the eye between the retina and lens, and the choroidal vasculature, located at the posterior of the eye, surrounding the optic cup. Little is known about hyaloid development and morphogenesis, however. To begin to identify the morphogenetic underpinnings of hyaloid formation, we utilized in vivo time-lapse confocal imaging to characterize morphogenesis of the zebrafish hyaloid through 5 days post fertilization (dpf). Our data segregate hyaloid formation into three distinct morphogenetic stages: Stage I: arrival of hyaloid cells at the lens and formation of the hyaloid loop; Stage II: formation of a branched hyaloid network; Stage III: refinement of the hyaloid network. Utilizing fixed and dissected tissues, distinct Stage II and Stage III aspects of hyaloid formation were quantified over time. Combining in vivo imaging with microangiography, we demonstrate that the hyaloid system becomes fully enclosed by 5dpf. To begin to identify the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying hyaloid morphogenesis, we identified a recessive mutation in the mab21l2 gene, and in a subset of mab21l2 mutants the lens does not form. Utilizing these "lens-less" mutants, we determined whether the lens was required for hyaloid morphogenesis. Our data demonstrate that the lens is not required for Stage I of hyaloid formation; however, Stages II and III of hyaloid formation are disrupted in the absence of a lens, supporting a role for the lens in hyaloid maturation and maintenance. Taken together, this study provides a foundation on which the cellular, molecular and embryologic mechanisms underlying hyaloid morphogenesis can be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hartsock
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Chanjae Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Victoria Arnold
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Gross
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
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Saab S, Buteau B, Leclère L, Bron AM, Creuzot-Garcher CP, Bretillon L, Acar N. Involvement of plasmalogens in post-natal retinal vascular development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101076. [PMID: 24963632 PMCID: PMC4071069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Proper development of retinal blood vessels is essential to ensure sufficient oxygen and nutrient supplies to the retina. It was shown that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) could modulate factors involved in tissue vascularization. A congenital deficiency in ether-phospholipids, also termed “plasmalogens”, was shown to lead to abnormal ocular vascularization. Because plasmalogens are considered to be reservoirs of PUFAs, we wished to improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which plasmalogens regulate retinal vascular development and whether the release of PUFAs by calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) could be involved. Methods and Results By characterizing the cellular and molecular steps of retinal vascular development in a mouse model of plasmalogen deficiency, we demonstrated that plasmalogens modulate angiogenic processes during the early phases of retinal vascularization. They influence glial activity and primary astrocyte template formation, endothelial cell proliferation and retinal vessel outgrowth, and impact the expression of the genes involved in angiogenesis in the retina. These early defects led to a disorganized and dysfunctional retinal vascular network at adult age. By comparing these data to those obtained on a mouse model of retinal iPLA2 inhibition, we suggest that these processes may be mediated by PUFAs released from plasmalogens and further signalling through the angiopoietin/tie pathways. Conclusions These data suggest that plasmalogens play a crucial role in retinal vascularization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Saab
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
| | - Bénédicte Buteau
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Leclère
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
| | - Alain M. Bron
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Catherine P. Creuzot-Garcher
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Lionel Bretillon
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
| | - Niyazi Acar
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
- * E-mail:
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Aguilera KY, Brekken RA. Recruitment and retention: factors that affect pericyte migration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:299-309. [PMID: 23912898 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1432-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pericytes are critical for vascular morphogenesis and contribute to several pathologies, including cancer development and progression. The mechanisms governing pericyte migration and differentiation are complex and have not been fully established. Current literature suggests that platelet-derived growth factor/platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β, sphingosine 1-phosphate/endothelial differentiation gene-1, angiopoietin-1/tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and EGF-like domains 2, angiopoietin-2/tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and EGF-like domains 2, transforming growth factor β/activin receptor-like kinase 1, transforming growth factor β/activin receptor-like kinase 5, Semaphorin-3A/Neuropilin, and matrix metalloproteinase activity regulate the recruitment of pericytes to nascent vessels. Interestingly, many of these pathways are directly affected by secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC). Here, we summarize the function of these factors in pericyte migration and discuss if and how SPARC might influence these activities and thus provide an additional layer of control for the recruitment of vascular support cells. Additionally, the consequences of targeted inhibition of pericytes in tumors and the current understanding of pericyte recruitment in pathological environments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Y Aguilera
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-8593, USA
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Yan L, Chaqour B. Cysteine-rich protein 61 (CCN1) and connective tissue growth factor (CCN2) at the crosshairs of ocular neovascular and fibrovascular disease therapy. J Cell Commun Signal 2013; 7:253-63. [PMID: 23740088 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-013-0206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The vasculature forms a highly branched network investing every organ of vertebrate organisms. The retinal circulation, in particular, is supported by a central retinal artery branching into superficial arteries, which dive into the retina to form a dense network of capillaries in the deeper retinal layers. The function of the retina is highly dependent on the integrity and proper functioning of its vascular network and numerous ocular diseases including diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration and retinopathy of prematurity are caused by vascular abnormalities culminating in total and sometimes irreversible loss of vision. CCN1 and CCN2 are inducible extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins which play a major role in normal and aberrant formation of blood vessels as their expression is associated with developmental and pathological angiogenesis. Both CCN1 and CCN2 achieve disparate cell-type and context-dependent activities through modulation of the angiogenic and synthetic phenotype of vascular and mesenchymal cells respectively. At the molecular level, CCN1 and CCN2 may control capillary growth and vascular cell differentiation by altering the composition or function of the constitutive ECM proteins, potentiating or interfering with the activity of various ligands and/or their receptors, physically interfering with the ECM-cell surface interconnections, and/or reprogramming gene expression driving cells toward new phenotypes. As such, these proteins emerged as important prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets in neovascular and fibrovascular diseases of the eye. The purpose of this review is to highlight our current knowledge and understanding of the most recent data linking CCN1 and CCN2 signaling to ocular neovascularization bolstering the potential value of targeting these proteins in a therapeutic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Yan
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York (SUNY) Eye Institute Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Box 5, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
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McLeod DS, Hasegawa T, Baba T, Grebe R, Galtier d'Auriac I, Merges C, Edwards M, Lutty GA. From blood islands to blood vessels: morphologic observations and expression of key molecules during hyaloid vascular system development. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:7912-27. [PMID: 23092923 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The mode of development of the human hyaloid vascular system (HVS) remains unclear. Early studies suggested that these blood vessels formed by vasculogenesis, while the current concept seems to favor angiogenesis as the mode of development. We examined embryonic and fetal human HVS using a variety of techniques to gain new insights into formation of this vasculature. METHODS Embryonic and fetal human eyes from 5.5 to 12 weeks gestation (WG) were prepared for immunohistochemical analysis or for light and electron microscopy. Immunolabeling of sections with a panel of antibodies directed at growth factors, transcription factors, and hematopoietic stem cell markers was employed. RESULTS Light microscopic examination revealed free blood islands (BI) in the embryonic vitreous cavity (5.5-7 WG). Giemsa stain revealed that BI were aggregates of mesenchymal cells and primitive nucleated erythroblasts. Free cells were also observed. Immunolabeling demonstrated that BI were composed of mesenchymal cells that expressed hemangioblast markers (CD31, CD34, C-kit, CXCR4, Runx1, and VEGFR2), erythroblasts that expressed embryonic hemoglobin (Hb-ε), and cells that expressed both. Few cells were proliferating as determined by lack of Ki67 antigen. As development progressed (12 WG), blood vessels became more mature structurally with pericyte investment and basement membrane formation. Concomitantly, Hb-ε and CXCR4 expression was down-regulated and von Willebrand factor expression was increased with the formation of Weibel-Palade bodies. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the view that the human HVS, like the choriocapillaris, develops by hemo-vasculogenesis, the process by which vasculogenesis, erythropoiesis, and hematopoiesis occur simultaneously from common precursors, hemangioblasts.
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Son AI, Park JE, Zhou R. The role of Eph receptors in lens function and disease. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2012; 55:434-43. [PMID: 22645087 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-012-4318-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cataract is the single largest contributor to blindness in the world, with the disease having a strong genetic component. In recent years the Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases has been identified as a key regulator in lens clarity. In this review we discuss the roles of the Eph receptors in lens biology and cataract development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I Son
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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McLeod DS, Baba T, Bhutto IA, Lutty GA. Co-expression of endothelial and neuronal nitric oxide synthases in the developing vasculatures of the human fetal eye. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012; 250:839-48. [PMID: 22411126 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-012-1969-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) is a multifunctional gaseous molecule that regulates various physiological functions in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells. NO is synthesized by nitric oxide synthases (NOSs), of which three isoforms have been identified. Neuronal NOS (nNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) constitutively produce low levels of NO as a cell-signaling molecule in response to an increase in intracellular calcium concentration. Recent data have revealed a predominant role of eNOS in both angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. METHODS The immunohistochemical localization of nNOS and eNOS was investigated during embryonic and fetal ocular vascular development from 7 to 21 weeks gestation (WG) on sections of cryopreserved tissue. RESULTS eNOS was confined to endothelial cells of developing vessels at all ages studied. nNOS was prominent in nuclei of vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells in the fetal vasculature of vitreous and choriocapillaris. nNOS was also prominent in the nuclei of CXCR4(+) progenitors in the inner retina and inner neuroblastic layer. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate co-expression of n- and eNOS isoforms in different compartments of vasoformative cells during development. Nuclear nNOS was present in vascular and nonvascular progenitors as well as endothelial cells and pericytes. This suggests that nNOS may play a role in the transcription regulatory systems in endothelial cells and pericytes during ocular hemo-vasculogenesis, vasculogenesis, and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Scott McLeod
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, M041 Smith Research Building, 400 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Baba T, McLeod DS, Edwards MM, Merges C, Sen T, Sinha D, Lutty GA. VEGF 165 b in the developing vasculatures of the fetal human eye. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:595-607. [PMID: 22275161 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
VEGF(165) b is an anti-angiogenic form of VEGF(165) produced by alternative splicing. The localization of pro-angiogenic VEGF(165) and anti-angiogenic VEGF(165) b was investigated during development of the vasculatures in fetal human eyes from 7 to 21 weeks gestation (WG). The fetal vasculature of vitreous, which includes tunica vasculosa lentis (TVL), had moderate VEGF(165) immunoreactivity at 7WG and very little VEGF(165) b. Both forms were elevated at 12WG. VEGF(165) then decreased around 17WG when the TVL regresses but VEGF(165) b remained elevated. In choroid, VEGF(165) was present in forming choriocapillaris (CC) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) at 7WG while VEGF165b was present in CC and mesenchymal precursors within the choroidal stroma. By 21WG, both forms were elevated in RPE and choroidal blood vessels but VEGF(165) b was apical and VEGF(165) basal in RPE. Diffuse VEGF(165) immunoreactivity was prominent in 12WG innermost retina where blood vessels will form while VEGF(165) b was present in most CXCR4(+) progenitors in the inner neuroblastic layer and migrating angioblasts in the putative nerve fiber layer. By 21WG, VEGF(165) was present in nerve fibers and VEGF(165) b in the inner Muller cell process. The localization of VEGF(165) b was distinctly different from VEGF(165) both spatially and temporally and it was often associated with nucleus in progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Baba
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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Liu Y, Semina EV. pitx2 Deficiency results in abnormal ocular and craniofacial development in zebrafish. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30896. [PMID: 22303467 PMCID: PMC3267762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human PITX2 mutations are associated with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome, an autosomal-dominant developmental disorder that involves ocular anterior segment defects, dental hypoplasia, craniofacial dysmorphism and umbilical abnormalities. Characterization of the PITX2 pathway and identification of the mechanisms underlying the anomalies associated with PITX2 deficiency is important for better understanding of normal development and disease; studies of pitx2 function in animal models can facilitate these analyses. A knockdown of pitx2 in zebrafish was generated using a morpholino that targeted all known alternative transcripts of the pitx2 gene; morphant embryos generated with the pitx2(ex4/5) splicing-blocking oligomer produced abnormal transcripts predicted to encode truncated pitx2 proteins lacking the third (recognition) helix of the DNA-binding homeodomain. The morphological phenotype of pitx2(ex4/5) morphants included small head and eyes, jaw abnormalities and pericardial edema; lethality was observed at ∼6-8-dpf. Cartilage staining revealed a reduction in size and an abnormal shape/position of the elements of the mandibular and hyoid pharyngeal arches; the ceratobranchial arches were also decreased in size. Histological and marker analyses of the misshapen eyes of the pitx2(ex4/5) morphants identified anterior segment dysgenesis and disordered hyaloid vasculature. In summary, we demonstrate that pitx2 is essential for proper eye and craniofacial development in zebrafish and, therefore, that PITX2/pitx2 function is conserved in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elena V. Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Jager MJ, Ly LV, El Filali M, Madigan MC. Macrophages in uveal melanoma and in experimental ocular tumor models: Friends or foes? Prog Retin Eye Res 2011; 30:129-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Gould DJ, Vadakkan TJ, Poché RA, Dickinson ME. Multifractal and lacunarity analysis of microvascular morphology and remodeling. Microcirculation 2011; 18:136-51. [PMID: 21166933 PMCID: PMC3049800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.2010.00075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Classical measures of vessel morphology, including diameter and density, are employed to study microvasculature in endothelial membrane labeled mice. These measurements prove sufficient for some studies; however, they are less well suited for quantifying changes in microcirculatory networks lacking hierarchical structure. We demonstrate that automated multifractal analysis and lacunarity may be used with classical methods to quantify microvascular morphology. METHODS Using multifractal analysis and lacunarity, we present an automated extraction tool with a processing pipeline to characterize 2D representations of 3D microvasculature. We apply our analysis on four tissues and the hyaloid vasculature during remodeling. RESULTS We found that the vessel networks analyzed have multifractal geometries and that kidney microvasculature has the largest fractal dimension and the lowest lacunarity compared to microvasculature networks in the cortex, skin, and thigh muscle. Also, we found that, during hyaloid remodeling, there were differences in multifractal spectra reflecting the functional transition from a space filling vasculature which nurtures the lens to a less dense vasculature as it regresses, permitting unobstructed vision. CONCLUSION Multifractal analysis and lacunarity are valuable additions to classical measures of vascular morphology and will have utility in future studies of normal, developing, and pathological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Gould
- Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, 6100 Main, Houston Texas, 77030
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, One Baylor Plaza, Houston Texas, 77030
| | - Tegy J. Vadakkan
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, One Baylor Plaza, Houston Texas, 77030
| | - Ross A. Poché
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, One Baylor Plaza, Houston Texas, 77030
| | - Mary E. Dickinson
- Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, 6100 Main, Houston Texas, 77030
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, One Baylor Plaza, Houston Texas, 77030
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Bonkowski D, Katyshev V, Balabanov RD, Borisov A, Dore-Duffy P. The CNS microvascular pericyte: pericyte-astrocyte crosstalk in the regulation of tissue survival. Fluids Barriers CNS 2011; 8:8. [PMID: 21349156 PMCID: PMC3042982 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-8-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The French scientist Charles Benjamin Rouget identified the pericyte nearly 140 years ago. Since that time the role of the pericyte in vascular function has been difficult to elucidate. It was not until the development of techniques to isolate and culture pericytes that scientists have begun to understand the true impact of this unique cell in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. In the brain the pericyte is an integral cellular component of the blood-brain barrier and, together with other cells of the neurovascular unit (endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurons) the pericyte makes fine-tuned regulatory adjustments and adaptations to promote tissue survival. These regulatory changes involve trans-cellular communication networks between cells. In this review we consider evidence for cell-to-cell crosstalk between pericytes and astrocytes during development and in adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Bonkowski
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 421 East Canfield Road, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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Abstract
Pericytes were described in 1873 by the French scientist Charles-Marie Benjamin Rouget and were originally called Rouget cells. The Rouget cell was renamed some years later due to its anatomical location abluminal to the endothelial cell (EC) and luminal to parenchymal cells. In the brain, pericytes are located in precapillary arterioles, capillaries and postcapillary venules. They deposit elements of the basal lamina and are totally surrounded by this vascular component. Pericytes are important cellular constituents of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and actively communicate with other cells of the neurovascular unit such as ECs, astrocytes, and neurons. Pericytes are local regulatory cells that are important for the maintenance of homeostasis and hemostasis, and are a source of adult pluripotent stem cells. Further understanding of the role played by this intriguing cell may lead to novel targeted therapies for neurovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Dore-Duffy
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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46
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Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-β2 in Vitreous Body and Adjacent Tissues during Prenatal Development of Human Eye. Bull Exp Biol Med 2010; 150:117-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-010-1084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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47
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Ninjurin1 mediates macrophage-induced programmed cell death during early ocular development. Cell Death Differ 2009; 16:1395-407. [PMID: 19557008 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental tissues go through regression, remodeling, and apoptosis. In these processes, macrophages phagocytize dead cells and induce apoptosis directly. In hyaloid vascular system (HVS), macrophages induce apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells (VECs) by cooperation between the Wnt and angiopoietin (Ang) pathways through cell-cell interaction. However, it remains unclear how macrophages are activated and interact with VECs. Here we show that Ninjurin1 (nerve injury-induced protein; Ninj1) was temporally increased in macrophages during regression of HVS and these Ninj1-expressing macrophages closely interacted with hyaloid VECs. Systemic neutralization using an anti-Ninj1 antibody resulted in the delay of HVS regression in vivo. We also found that Ninj1 increased cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion of macrophages. Furthermore, Ninj1 stimulated the expression of Wnt7b in macrophages and the conditioned media from Ninj1-overexpressing macrophages (Ninj1-CM) decreased Ang1 and increased Ang2 in pericytes, which consequently switched hyaloid VEC fate from survival to death. Collectively, these findings suggest that macrophages express Ninj1 to increase the death signal through cell-cell interaction and raise the possibility that Ninj1 may act similarly in other developmental regression mediated by macrophages.
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48
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Garcia CM, Shui YB, Kamath M, DeVillar J, Johnson RS, Gerber HP, Ferrara N, Robinson ML, Beebe DC. The function of VEGF-A in lens development: formation of the hyaloid capillary network and protection against transient nuclear cataracts. Exp Eye Res 2008; 88:270-6. [PMID: 18782574 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A network of capillaries branches from the hyaloid vascular system and surrounds the mammalian lens throughout much of its embryonic development. These vessels are presumed to be important for the growth and maturation of the lens, although the lenses of non-mammalian vertebrates have no comparable vessels. Over expression of VEGF-A in the lens increases the extent of these capillaries, but it is not known whether VEGF-A from the lens is necessary for their formation or survival. To address this question, we deleted Vegfa in the lens. This prevented the formation of the capillary networks adjacent to the lens capsule, but did not alter nearby hyaloid vessels at the surface of the retina. Postnatal lenses lacking Vegfa were smaller than wild type and, by 1 month of age, many had mild nuclear opacities. These opacities regressed with age. The lens is hypoxic throughout most of life and VEGF-A expression is often regulated by the transcription factor, hypoxia inducible factor-1. Lenses lacking Hif1a were of apparently normal size, had markedly reduced levels of mRNA for VEGF-A and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, but had normal-appearing capillaries covering their surface. We conclude that VEGF-A from the lens is necessary for the formation of the normal hyaloid vascular system and that lack of these capillaries was the most likely cause of growth retardation during fetal and early postnatal lens development. In the absence of HIF-1 function, sufficient VEGF-A is produced by the lens to promote capillary formation. Further study is needed to explain the formation of the mild opacities seen in some lenses lacking Vegfa and their regression later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Garcia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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49
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Panova IG, Tatikolov AS. Finding of albumin in the vitreous body of the human eye with the use of a cyanine dye as a probe. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2005; 402:183-5. [PMID: 16121938 DOI: 10.1007/s10630-005-0082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I G Panova
- Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 26, Moscow, 119991 Russia
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50
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Iivanainen E, Nelimarkka L, Elenius V, Heikkinen SM, Junttila TT, Sihombing L, Sundvall M, Maatta JA, Laine VJO, Yla-Herttuala S, Higashiyama S, Alitalo K, Elenius K. Angiopoietin-regulated recruitment of vascular smooth muscle cells by endothelial-derived heparin binding EGF-like growth factor. FASEB J 2003; 17:1609-21. [PMID: 12958167 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-0939com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Recruitment of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) by endothelial cells (EC) is essential for angiogenesis. Endothelial-derived heparin binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) was shown to mediate this process by signaling via ErbB1 and ErbB2 receptors in SMCs. 1) Analysis of ErbB-ligands demonstrated that primary ECs expressed only HB-EGF and neuregulin-1. 2) Primary SMCs expressed ErbB1 and ErbB2, but not ErbB3 or ErbB4. 3) Consistent with their known receptor specificities, recombinant HB-EGF, but not neuregulin-1, stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of ErbB1 and ErbB2 and migration in SMCs. 4) Neutralization of HB-EGF or inhibition of ErbB1 or ErbB2 blocked 70-90% of the potential of ECs to stimulate SMC migration. Moreover, 5) angiopoietin-1, an EC effector with a role in recruitment of SMC-like cells to vascular structures in vivo, enhanced EC-stimulated SMC migration by a mechanism involving up-regulation of endothelial HB-EGF. Finally, 6) immunohistochemical analysis of developing human tissues demonstrated that HB-EGF was expressed in vivo in ECs associated with SMCs or pericytes but not in ECs of the hyaloid vessels not associated with SMCs. These results suggest an important role for HB-EGF and ErbB receptors in the recruitment of SMCs by ECs and elaborate on the mechanism by which angiopoietins exert their vascular effects.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inducing Agents/pharmacology
- Angiopoietin-1
- Cell Movement
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Epidermal Growth Factor/genetics
- Epidermal Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Epidermal Growth Factor/physiology
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- ErbB Receptors/physiology
- Heparin-binding EGF-like Growth Factor
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Membrane Glycoproteins/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Paracrine Communication
- Phosphorylation
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-2/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Iivanainen
- Medicity Research Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
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