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Jarrin S, Cabré S, Dowd E. The potential of biomaterials for central nervous system cellular repair. Neurochem Int 2021; 144:104971. [PMID: 33515647 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.104971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) can be injured or damaged through a variety of insults including traumatic injury, stroke, and neurodegenerative or demyelinating diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis. Existing pharmacological and other therapeutics strategies are limited in their ability to repair or regenerate damaged CNS tissue meaning there are significant unmet clinical needs facing patients suffering CNS damage and/or degeneration. Through a variety of mechanisms including neuronal replacement, secretion of therapeutic factors, and stimulation of host brain plasticity, cell-based repair offers a potential mechanism to repair and heal the damaged CNS. However, over the decades of its evolution as a therapeutic strategy, cell-based CNS repair has faced significant hurdles that have prevented its translation to widespread clinical practice. In recent years, advances in cell technologies combined with advances in biomaterial-based regenerative medicine and tissue engineering have meant there is very real potential for many of these hurdles to be overcome. This review will provide an overview of the main CNS conditions that lend themselves to cellular repair and will then outline the potential of biomaterial-based approaches for improving the outcome of cellular repair in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jarrin
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sílvia Cabré
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Eilís Dowd
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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Fang Q, Zhai M, Wu S, Hu X, Hua Z, Sun H, Guo J, Zhang W, Wang Z. Adipocyte-derived stem cell-based gene therapy upon adipogenic differentiation on microcarriers attenuates type 1 diabetes in mice. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:36. [PMID: 30670068 PMCID: PMC6341531 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin replenishment is critical for patients with type 1 diabetes; however, current treatments such as pancreatic islet transplantation and insulin injection are not ideal. In addition to stem cell or gene therapy alone, stem cell combined with gene therapy may provide a new route for insulin replenishment, which could avoid an autoimmune reaction against differentiated β cells or systematic viral vector injection. METHODS In this study, human adipocyte-derived stem cells (ADSCs) were transducted with lentiviral vectors expressing a furin-cleavable insulin gene. The expression levels of insulin were measured before and after adipogenic differentiation in the presence or absence of an adipocyte-specific promoter AP2. In vitro proliferation and in vivo survival of cells were examined on cytodex and cytopore microcarriers. The effect of ADSC-based gene therapy upon adipogenic differentiation on microcarriers was evaluated in the streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic mouse model. RESULTS We found that differentiation of ADSCs into adipocytes increased insulin expression under the EF1 promoter, while adipocyte-specific AP2 promoter further increased insulin expression upon differentiation. The microcarriers supported cell attachment and proliferation during in vitro culture and facilitate cell survival after transplantation. Functional cells on the cytopore 1 microcarrier formed tissue-like structures and alleviated hyperglycemia in the type 1 diabetic mice after subcutaneous injection. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that differentiation of ADSC and tissue-specific promotors may enhance the expression of therapeutic genes. The use of microcarriers may facilitate cell survival after transplantation and hold potential for long-term cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Fang
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhai
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Wu
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, People's Republic of China.,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Cancer Stem Cell Institute, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaogen Hu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan Hua
- Department of General Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Huizhuo Sun
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.,The 2nd Department of Pulmonary Disease in TCM, The Key Unit of SATCM Pneumonopathy Chronic Cough and Dyspnea, Beijing Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Allergic Diseases with TCM (No. BZ0321), Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Guo
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjian Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Zai Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
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Moustafa T, Girod S, Tortosa F, Li R, Sol JC, Rodriguez F, Bastide R, Lazorthes Y, Sallerin B. Viability and Functionality of Bovine Chromaffin Cells Encapsulated into Alginate-PLL Microcapsules with a Liquefied Inner Core. Cell Transplant 2017; 15:121-33. [PMID: 16719046 DOI: 10.3727/000000006783982106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Implantation of adrenal medullary bovine chromaffin cells (BCC), which synthesize and secrete a combination of pain-reducing neuroactive compounds including catecholamines and opioid peptides, has been proposed for the treatment of intractable cancer pain. Macro- or microencapsulation of such cells within semi-permeable membranes is expected to protect the transplant from the host's immune system. In the present study, we report the viability and functionality of BCC encapsulated into microcapsules of alginate-poly-L-lysine (PLL) with a liquefied inner core. The experiment was carried out during 44 days. Empty microcapsules were characterized in terms of morphology, permeability, and mechanical resistance. At the same time, the viability and functionality of both encapsulated and nonencapsulated BCC were evaluated in vitro. We obtained viable BCC with excellent functionality: immunocytochemical analysis revealed robust survival of chromaffin cells 30 days after isolation and microencapsulation. HPLC assay showed that encapsulated BCC released catecholamines basally during the time course study. Taken together, these results demonstrate that viable BCC can be successfully encapsulated into alginate-PLL microcapsules with a liquefied inner core.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Moustafa
- Laboratoire Douleur et Thérapie Cellulaire, Faculté de médecine Rangueil, 133 route de Narbonne, 31 062 Toulouse Cedex, France
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Tatard VM, Venier-Julienne MC, Benoit JP, Menei P, Montero-Menei CN. In Vivo Evaluation of Pharmacologically Active Microcarriers Releasing Nerve Growth Factor and Conveying PC12 Cells. Cell Transplant 2017; 13:573-83. [PMID: 15565869 DOI: 10.3727/000000004783983675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy will probably become a major therapeutic strategy in the coming years. Nevertheless, few cells survive transplantation when employed as a treatment for neuronal disorders. To address this problem, we have developed a new tool, the pharmacologically active microcarriers (PAM). PAM are biocompatible and biodegradable microparticles coated with cell adhesion molecules, conveying cells on their surface and presenting a controlled delivery of growth factor. Thus, the combined effect of growth factor and coating influences the transported cells by promoting their survival and differentiation and favoring their integration in the host tissue after their complete degradation. Furthermore, the released factor may also influence the microenvironment. In this study, we evaluated their efficacy using nerve growth factor (NGF)-releasing PAM and PC12 cells, in a Parkinson's disease paradigm. After implantation of NGF-releasing or unloaded PAM conveying PC12 cells, or PC12 cells alone, we studied cell survival, differentiation, and apoptosis, as well as behavior of the treated rats. We observed that the NGF-releasing PAM coated with two synthetic peptides (poly-D-lysine and fibronectin-like) induced PC12 cell differentiation and reduced cell death and proliferation. Moreover, the animals receiving this implant presented an improved amphetamine-induced rotational behavior. These findings indicate that PAM could be a promising strategy for cell therapy of neurological diseases and could be employed in other situations with fetal cell transplants or with stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Tatard
- INSERM U 646, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie de la vectorisation particulaire, 10 rue André Boquel, 49100 Angers, France
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Qiu L, Lim YM, Chen AK, Reuveny S, Oh SKW, Tan EK, Zeng L. Microcarrier-Expanded Neural Progenitor Cells Can Survive, Differentiate, and Innervate Host Neurons Better When Transplanted as Aggregates. Cell Transplant 2016; 25:1343-57. [DOI: 10.3727/096368915x690378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs) derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are an excellent cell source for transplantation therapy due to their availability and ethical acceptability. However, the traditional method of expansion and differentiation of hESCs into NPCs in monolayer cultures requires a long time, and the cell yield is low. A microcarrier (MC) platform can improve the expansion of hESCs and increase the yield of NPCs. In this study, for the first time, we transplanted microcarrier-expanded hESC-derived NPCs into the striatum of adult NOD-SCID IL2Rgc null mice, either as single cells or as cell aggregates. The recipient mice were perfused, and the in vivo survival, differentiation, and targeted innervation of the transplanted cells were assessed by immunostaining. We found that both the transplanted single NPCs and aggregate NPCs were able to survive 1 month posttransplantation, as revealed by human-specific neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and human nuclear antigen staining. Compared to the single cells, the transplanted cell aggregates showed better survival over a 3-month period. In addition, both the transplanted single NPCs and the aggregate NPCs were able to differentiate into DCX-positive immature neurons and Tuj1-positive neurons in vivo by 1 month posttransplantation. However, only the transplantation of aggregate NPCs was shown to result in mature neurons at 3 months posttransplantation. Furthermore, we found that the cell aggregates were able to send long axons to innervate their targets. Our study provides preclinical evidence that the use of MCs to expand and differentiate hESC-derived NPCs and transplantation of these cells as aggregates produce longer survival in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Qiu
- Neural Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | - Yu Ming Lim
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A STAR), Singapore
| | - Allen K. Chen
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A STAR), Singapore
| | - Shaul Reuveny
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A STAR), Singapore
| | - Steve K. W. Oh
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A STAR), Singapore
| | - Eng King Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, SGH Campus, Singapore
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Li Zeng
- Neural Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
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Carriers in cell-based therapies for neurological disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:10669-723. [PMID: 24933636 PMCID: PMC4100175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150610669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a pressing need for long-term neuroprotective and neuroregenerative therapies to promote full function recovery of injuries in the human nervous system resulting from trauma, stroke or degenerative diseases. Although cell-based therapies are promising in supporting repair and regeneration, direct introduction to the injury site is plagued by problems such as low transplanted cell survival rate, limited graft integration, immunorejection, and tumor formation. Neural tissue engineering offers an integrative and multifaceted approach to tackle these complex neurological disorders. Synergistic therapeutic effects can be obtained from combining customized biomaterial scaffolds with cell-based therapies. Current scaffold-facilitated cell transplantation strategies aim to achieve structural and functional rescue via offering a three-dimensional permissive and instructive environment for sustainable neuroactive factor production for prolonged periods and/or cell replacement at the target site. In this review, we intend to highlight important considerations in biomaterial selection and to review major biodegradable or non-biodegradable scaffolds used for cell transplantation to the central and peripheral nervous system in preclinical and clinical trials. Expanded knowledge in biomaterial properties and their prolonged interaction with transplanted and host cells have greatly expanded the possibilities for designing suitable carrier systems and the potential of cell therapies in the nervous system.
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Ambriz-Tututi M, Monjaraz-Fuentes F, Drucker-Colín R. Chromaffin cell transplants: From the lab to the clinic. Life Sci 2012; 91:1243-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Martin Y, Eldardiri M, Lawrence-Watt DJ, Sharpe JR. Microcarriers and Their Potential in Tissue Regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2011; 17:71-80. [PMID: 21083436 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2010.0559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yella Martin
- Blond McIndoe Research Foundation, Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, West Sussex, United kingdom
| | - Mohamed Eldardiri
- Blond McIndoe Research Foundation, Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, West Sussex, United kingdom
| | - Diana J. Lawrence-Watt
- Blond McIndoe Research Foundation, Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, West Sussex, United kingdom
| | - Justin R. Sharpe
- Blond McIndoe Research Foundation, Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, West Sussex, United kingdom
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Sun LY, Lin SZ, Li YS, Harn HJ, Chiou TW. Functional Cells Cultured on Microcarriers for Use in Regenerative Medicine Research. Cell Transplant 2011; 20:49-62. [PMID: 20887678 DOI: 10.3727/096368910x532792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcarriers have been successfully used for many years for growing anchorage-dependent cells and as a means of delivering cells for tissue repair. When cultured on microcarriers, the number of anchorage-dependent cells, including primary cells, can easily be scaled up and controlled to generate the quantities of cells necessary for therapeutic applications. Recently, stem cell technology has been recognized as a powerful tool in regenerative medicine, but adequate numbers of stem cells that retain their differentiation potential are still difficult to obtain. For anchorage-dependent stem cells, however, microcarrier-based suspension culture using various types of microcarriers has proven to be a good alternative for effective ex vivo expansion. In this article, we review studies reporting the expansion, differentiation, or transplantation of functional anchorage-dependent cells that were expanded with the microcarrier culture system. Thus, the implementation of technological advances in biodegradable microcarriers, the bead-to-bead transfer process, and appropriate stem cell media may soon foster the ability to produce the numbers of stem cells necessary for cell-based therapies and/or tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yi Sun
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University and Hospital and Beigang Hospital, Taichung and Yun-Lin, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Sheng Li
- Department of Life Science and Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Jyh Harn
- Department of Pathology, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Wen Chiou
- Department of Life Science and Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
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10
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Enhancing Stroke Recovery with Cellular Therapies. Stroke 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-5478-8.10057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Huang S, Deng T, Wang Y, Deng Z, He L, Liu S, Yang J, Jin Y. Multifunctional implantable particles for skin tissue regeneration: preparation, characterization, in vitro and in vivo studies. Acta Biomater 2008; 4:1057-66. [PMID: 18334309 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The transplantation of cell-polymer constructs has been developed as a novel approach to curing tissue defects. However, a number of methodological problems remain to be solved, including the loss of a proper cellular milieu, the relatively long period of culture time and the complexity of the application. The aim of the present article is to evaluate the feasibility of porous gelatin-based implantable particles as a novel strategy for delivery of cultured cells and bioactive molecules to correct dermal defects. For this purpose, implantable porous gelatin particles (100-230 microm) encapsulating proliferative growth factors were prepared and characterized, and their influence on fibroblasts was assessed. In vivo examinations were undertaken to observe guided dermal tissue regeneration after the transplantation of the implantable particles. Our results indicate the feasibility of transplanting multifunctional implantable particles as a culture substrate, as a protein transplantation vehicle or as a biodegradable implant for skin regeneration, thus giving an indication of the possible applications in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Huang
- Department of Oral Histology and Pathology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Abstract
Spheramine (Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany) is currently being tested as a new approach for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). It consists of an active component of cultured human retinal pigment epithelial (hRPE) cells, attached to an excipient part of cross-linked porcine gelatin microcarrriers. Spheramine is administered by stereotactic implantation into the striatum of PD patients and the use of immunosuppression is not required. Current pharmacologic therapies of PD are oriented to the administration of dopaminergic medications. Human RPE cells produce levodopa, and this constitutes the rationale to use Spheramine for the treatment of PD. The preclinical development of Spheramine included extensive biologic, pharmacologic, and toxicologic studies in vitro and in animal models of PD. The first clinical trial in humans evaluated the safety and efficacy of Spheramine implanted in the postcommissural putamen contralateral to the most affected side in six patients with advanced PD. This open-label study demonstrated good tolerability and showed sustained motor clinical improvement. A phase II double-blind, randomized, multicenter, placebo-controlled (sham surgery) study is underway to evaluate safety, tolerability, and efficacy of Spheramine implanted bilaterally into the postcommissural putamen of patients with advanced PD. Spheramine represents a treatment approach with the potential of supplying a more continuous delivery of levodopa to the striatum in advanced PD than can be achieved with oral therapy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natividad P Stover
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.
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Tatard VM, Sindji L, Branton JG, Aubert-Pouëssel A, Colleau J, Benoit JP, Montero-Menei CN. Pharmacologically active microcarriers releasing glial cell line – derived neurotrophic factor: Survival and differentiation of embryonic dopaminergic neurons after grafting in hemiparkinsonian rats. Biomaterials 2007; 28:1978-88. [PMID: 17240442 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 12/31/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To improve the outcome of foetal dopaminergic cell transplantation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, pharmacologically active microcarriers (PAM) were developed. PAM are able to convey cells on their surface and release a growth factor to improve cell survival, differentiation and integration after brain implantation. Lysozyme-releasing PAM were first produced and characterized. They served as a model system for the development of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)-releasing PAM conveying foetal ventral mesencephalic (FVM) cells. The effects of the intrastriatal implantation of this system were studied in hemiparkinsonian rats during a 6-week period. This study reports on the degradation of coated and non-coated PAM and the release of lysozyme and of biologically active GDNF for 42 days. Unloaded and GDNF-loaded PAM conveying FVM cells allowed a high improvement of the grafted cell survival and of fibre outgrowth, when compared to the cells transplanted alone. The animals receiving the PAM showed an earlier improvement in amphetamine-induced rotational behaviour compared to animals receiving FVM cells only; behaviour that appears to be more regular and stable with the GDNF-releasing PAM. The use of PAM to convey foetal cells is thus an efficient strategy for cell therapy in neurodegenerative diseases, as it allows improvement of cell survival and fibre outgrowth inducing a rapid recovery of behaviour using only low amounts of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie M Tatard
- INSERM U 646, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie de la Vectorisation Particulaire, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
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Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurological disorder caused by a genetic mutation in the IT15 gene. Progressive cell death in the striatum and cortex, and accompanying declines in cognitive, motor, and psychiatric functions, are characteristic of the disease. Animal models of HD have provided insight into disease pathology and the outcomes of therapeutic strategies. Earlier studies of HD most often used toxin-induced models to study mitochondrial impairment and excitotoxicity-induced cell death, which are both mechanisms of degeneration seen in the HD brain. These models, based on 3-nitropropionic acid and quinolinic acid, respectively, are still often used in HD studies. The discovery in 1993 of the huntingtin mutation led to the creation of newer models that incorporate a similar genetic defect. These models, which include transgenic and knock-in rodents, are more representative of the HD progression and pathology. An even more recent model that uses a viral vector to encode the gene mutation in specific areas of the brain may be useful in nonhuman primates, as it is difficult to produce genetic models in these species. This article examines the aforementioned models and describes their use in HD research, including aspects of the creation, delivery, pathology, and tested therapies for each model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Ramaswamy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 W. Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Silva GA, Ducheyne P, Reis RL. Materials in particulate form for tissue engineering. 1. Basic concepts. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2007; 1:4-24. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Tatard VM, Venier-Julienne MC, Saulnier P, Prechter E, Benoit JP, Menei P, Montero-Menei CN. Pharmacologically active microcarriers: a tool for cell therapy. Biomaterials 2005; 26:3727-37. [PMID: 15621263 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2004] [Accepted: 09/21/2004] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To overcome certain problems encountered in cell therapy, particularly cell survival, lack of cell differentiation and integration in the host tissue, we developed pharmacologically active microcarriers (PAM). These biodegradable particles made with poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and coated with adhesion molecules may serve as a support for cell culture and may be used as cell carriers presenting a controlled delivery of active protein. They can thus support the survival and differentiation of the transported cells as well as their microenvironment. To develop this tool, nerve growth factor (NGF)-releasing PAM, conveying PC12 cells, were produced and characterized. Indeed, these cells have the ability to differentiate into sympathetic-like neurons after adhering to a substrate, in the presence of NGF, and can then release large amounts of dopamine. Certain parameters such as the size of the microcarriers, the conditions enabling the coating of the microparticles and the subsequent adhesion of cells were thus studied to produce optimized PAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Tatard
- INSERM U 646, Laboratoire d'ingénierie de la Vectorisation Particulaire, 10 rue André Boquel, 49100 Angers, France
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Yu G, Fournier C, Hess DC, Borlongan CV. Transplantation of carotid body cells in the treatment of neurological disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2005; 28:803-10. [PMID: 15642622 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2004] [Revised: 08/27/2004] [Accepted: 09/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory and clinical studies have shown that intracerebral transplantation of carotid body (CB) cells ameliorate Parkinsonian deficits. The recent clinical study by Arjona and colleagues indicated that CB autograft transplantation is a relatively simple, safe, and viable treatment for PD patients. In particular, Espejo and colleagues demonstrated that the therapeutic efficacy of intracerebral transplantation of the CB in PD was likely obtained through secretion of neurotrophic factors rather than the local release of dopamine, which suggests it possible and reasonable to extend the use of the CB as an efficacious graft source for neural transplantation. Thus, we transplanted CB cell suspensions into the ischemic penumbra within 1h after stroke surgery. The results revealed that CB transplantation also significantly reduced stroke-induced behavioral deficits and cerebral infarction. In this review, we focus on summarizing the physiological properties of the CB related to transplantation, describing briefly possible mechanisms responsible for the effect of CB transplantation, and introducing recent studies of the CB as a donor source for neural transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolong Yu
- Department of Neurology, BI-3080, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912-3200, USA
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Watts RL, Raiser CD, Stover NP, Cornfeldt ML, Schweikert AW, Allen RC, Subramanian T, Doudet D, Honey CR, Bakay RAE. Stereotaxic intrastriatal implantation of human retinal pigment epithelial (hRPE) cells attached to gelatin microcarriers: a potential new cell therapy for Parkinson's disease. JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION. SUPPLEMENTUM 2003:215-27. [PMID: 12946059 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0643-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human retinal pigment epithelial (hRPE) cells are dopaminergic support cells in the neural retina. Stereotaxic intrastriatal implantation of hRPE cells attached to gelatin microcarriers (Spheramine) in rodent and non-human primate models of Parkinson's disease (PD) produces long term amelioration of motor and behavioral deficits, with histological and PET evidence of cell survival without immunosuppression. Long-term safety in cynomologous monkeys has also been demonstrated. Six H&Y stage III/IV PD patients were enrolled in a one-year, open-label, single center study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Spheramine (approximately 325,000 cells) implanted in the most affected post-commissural putamen. All patients tolerated the implantation of Spheramine well and demonstrated improvement. At 6, 9, and 12 months post-operatively, the mean UPDRS-Motor score "off", the primary outcome measure, improved 33%, (n = 6), 42% (n = 6), and 48% (n = 3), respectively. No "off-state" dyskinesias have been observed. Based on these preliminary results, Spheramine appears to show promise in treating late stage PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Watts
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Di Angelantonio S, Matteoni C, Fabbretti E, Nistri A. Molecular biology and electrophysiology of neuronal nicotinic receptors of rat chromaffin cells. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 17:2313-22. [PMID: 12814364 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02669.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla are physiologically activated by acetylcholine to mediate catecholamine release into the bloodstream. The present study examined the subunit composition and functional properties of rat chromaffin cell neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors using molecular biology, immunocytochemistry and whole-cell patch-clamp. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated the presence of alpha2, alpha3, alpha4, alpha5, alpha7, beta2 and beta4 transcripts (alpha6 and beta3 could not be detected). Immunocytochemistry revealed most cells positive for alpha3, beta2, beta4 and alpha5 proteins. Few cells were immunoreactive for alpha2 and alpha4, while none was for alpha7. At single-cell level, colocalization could be demonstrated for alpha3alpha5 and alpha4beta2. Western blot analysis confirmed antibody specificity for alpha3, alpha4, alpha5, beta2 and beta4 subunits. Inward currents elicited by nicotine pulses were insensitive to alpha-bungarotoxin and low doses of methyllycaconitine, demonstrating lack of functional alpha7 receptors. Partial block of nicotine currents was observed with either AuIB alpha-conotoxin (selective against alpha3beta4 receptors) or MII alpha-conotoxin (selective against alpha3beta2 receptors). With high concentrations of co-applied toxins, antagonism occlusion developed, suggesting loss of subunit selectivity. Antagonism by dihydro-beta-erythroidine summated nonlinearly with AuIB and MII inhibition, confirming heterogeneity of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor block. The present results suggest that the most frequently encountered receptors of rat chromaffin cells should comprise alpha3beta4, alpha3beta2 with the addition of alpha5 subunits. Because of the prevailing subunit composition, rat chromaffin cell neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are suitable models, particularly for the alpha3beta4 subclasses of mammalian brain receptors recently demonstrated in discrete cerebral areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Di Angelantonio
- Biophysics Sector and INFM Unit, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), 34014 Trieste, Italy
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Abstract
Neural transplantation has emerged as an efficacious experimental treatment for CNS disorders, especially Parkinson's disease. However, logistical and ethical issues impede large-scale clinical trials. To this end, alternatives to human fetal cells as donor cell grafts have been examined, including xenografts, stem cells, genetically engineered cells, immortalized cell lines, or paraneural cells that secrete specific neurotrophic or growth factors. Accumulating evidence also suggests that exogenous treatment with neurotrophic or growth factors, immunosuppressants, free radical scavengers, and anti-apoptotic agents can enhance survival and functional effects of the grafts. This article will review recent studies demonstrating the potential of these alternative cell graft sources and novel drugs for treating Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesario V Borlongan
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, 30912, USA.
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Borlongan CV, Zhou FC, Hayashi T, Su TP, Hoffer BJ, Wang Y. Involvement of GDNF in neuronal protection against 6-OHDA-induced parkinsonism following intracerebral transplantation of fetal kidney tissues in adult rats. Neurobiol Dis 2001; 8:636-46. [PMID: 11493028 DOI: 10.1006/nbdi.2001.0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous application of transforming growth factors-beta (TGF beta) family proteins, including glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurturin, activin, and bone morphogenetic proteins, has been shown to protect neurons in many models of neurological disorders. Finding a tissue source containing a variety of these proteins may promote optimal beneficial effects for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Because fetal kidneys express many TGF beta trophic factors, we transplanted these tissues directly into the substantia nigra after a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion. We found that animals that received fetal kidney tissue grafts exhibited (1) significantly reduced hemiparkinsonian asymmetrical behaviors, (2) a near normal tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the lesioned nigra and striatum, (3) a preservation of K(+)-induced dopamine release in the lesioned striatum, and (4) high levels of GDNF protein within the grafts. In contrast, lesioned animals that received grafts of adult kidney tissues displayed significant behavioral deficits, dopaminergic depletion, reduced K(+)-mediated striatal dopamine release, and low levels of GDNF protein within the grafts. The present study suggests that fetal kidney tissue grafts can protect the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system against a neurotoxin-induced parkinsonism, possibly through the synergistic release of GDNF and several other neurotrophic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Borlongan
- Cellular Neurobiology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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Anaya-Martínez V, Montiel-Flores E, Espinosa-Villanueva J, García-Hernández F. Effects of graft placement site on the survival of adrenal medulla transplants into the brain and its relation with the recovery of motor function. Arch Med Res 2000; 31:551-7. [PMID: 11257320 DOI: 10.1016/s0188-4409(00)00247-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of their lack of long-term viability, adrenal tissue transplants have shown limited success in alleviating the motor disturbances associated with experimental and pathologic striatal dopamine denervation. In this study, we examined how the graft placement site influences adrenal medulla transplant survival and its relation with the reduction of motor deficits in rats bearing unilateral 6-OHDA lesion. METHODS One or 5 microL of fetal adrenal medullar tissue was grafted either inside the striatal parenchyma or into the lateral ventricle in contact with the dopamine-denervated striatum. Motor disturbances, as assessed by apomorphine-induced rotation, were correlated to the graft morphologic survival features. RESULTS Apomorphine-induced rotation showed a marginal reduction of 11% in all groups independently of graft survival features or placement site. Intrastriatal transplants showed limited viability characterized by a substantial loss of graft initial volume as well as fewer and smaller chromaffin cells compared to ventricular grafts, which had a reduced loss of graft initial volume and more and larger chromaffin cells. CONCLUSIONS Although the lateral ventricle may favor adrenal medulla transplant viability, their induced motor outcome is comparable to that induced by less viable intrastriatal grafts, suggesting that the implanted dopamine-producing cells may interact and influence striatal neurons better when placed in close proximity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Anaya-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neuromorfología, Departamento de Neurociencias, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Profesionales (ENEP) Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
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Abstract
This review paper will provide an overview of the advent of neural transplantation therapy and the milestones achieved over the last 20 years for its use in treating Parkinson's disease. A discussion of technical factors that influence the outcome of neural transplantation is presented, with emphasis given on three sections dealing with immunosuppressants, alternative grafts and trophic factors which have recently been the focus of basic research and development of early phase clinical trials. Some views on the clinical assessment of transplanted Parkinson's disease patients are given at the end of the paper, with a synopsis highlighting the importance of basic research in advancing the potential clinical benefits of neural transplantation therapy in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Borlongan
- Cellular Neurobiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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24
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Abstract
A dysfunctional central nervous system (CNS) resulting from neurological disorders and diseases impacts all of humanity. The outcome presents a staggering health care issue with a tremendous potential for developing interventive therapies. The delivery of therapeutic molecules to the CNS has been hampered by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To circumvent this barrier, putative therapeutic molecules have been delivered to the CNS by such methods as pumps/osmotic pumps, osmotic opening of the BBB, sustained polymer release systems and cell delivery via site-specific transplantation of cells. This review presents an overview of some of the CNS delivery technologies with special emphasis on transplantation of cells with and without the use of polymer encapsulation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Shoichet
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, M55 3E5, Ontario, Canada.
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BORLONGAN CESARIOV, YAMAMOTO MITSUHARU, TAKEI NORIE, KUMAZAKI MICHIKO, UNGSUPARKORN CHUTCHARIN, HIDA HIDEKI, SANBERG PAULR, NISHINO HITOO. Glial cell survival is enhanced during melatonin-induced neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia. FASEB J 2000. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.14.10.1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- CESARIO V. BORLONGAN
- Cellular Neurobiology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - MITSUHARU YAMAMOTO
- Department of Physiology, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya 467, Japan
| | - NORIE TAKEI
- Department of Physiology, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya 467, Japan
| | - MICHIKO KUMAZAKI
- Department of Physiology, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya 467, Japan
| | | | - HIDEKI HIDA
- Department of Physiology, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya 467, Japan
| | - PAUL R. SANBERG
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Program in Neuroscience, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA; and
| | - HITOO NISHINO
- Department of Physiology, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya 467, Japan
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Borlongan CV, Yamamoto M, Takei N, Kumazaki M, Ungsuparkorn C, Hida H, Sanberg PR, Nishino H. Glial cell survival is enhanced during melatonin‐induced neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia. FASEB J 2000. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj14101307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cesario V. Borlongan
- Cellular Neurobiology BranchNational Institute on Drug AbuseNational Institutes of Health Baltimore Maryland 21224 USA
| | - Mitsuharu Yamamoto
- Department of PhysiologyNagoya City University Medical School Nagoya 467 Japan
| | - Norie Takei
- Department of PhysiologyNagoya City University Medical School Nagoya 467 Japan
| | - Michiko Kumazaki
- Department of PhysiologyNagoya City University Medical School Nagoya 467 Japan
| | | | - Hideki Hida
- Department of PhysiologyNagoya City University Medical School Nagoya 467 Japan
| | - Paul R. Sanberg
- Department of Neurological SurgeryProgram in NeuroscienceUniversity of South Florida College of Medicine Tampa Florida 33612 USA
| | - Hitoo Nishino
- Department of PhysiologyNagoya City University Medical School Nagoya 467 Japan
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