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Zhang S, Liu H, Du X, Chen X, Petlulu P, Tian Z, Shi L, Zhang B, Yuan S, Guo X, Wang Y, Guo H, Zhang H. A new identity of microcystins: Environmental endocrine disruptors? An evidence-based review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158262. [PMID: 36029820 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are widely distributed cyanobacterial toxins in eutrophic waters. At present, the endocrine-disrupting effects of MCs have been extensively studied, but whether MCs can be classified as environmental endocrine disruptors (EDCs) is still unclear. This review is aimed to evaluate the rationality for MCs as to be classified as EDCs based on the available evidence. It has been identified that MCs meet eight of ten key characteristics of chemicals that can be classified as EDCs. MCs interfere with the six processes, including synthesis, release, circulation, metabolism, binding and action of natural hormones in the body. Also, they are fit two other characteristics of EDC: altering the fate of producing/responding cells and epigenetic modification. Further evidence indicates that the endocrine-disrupting effect of MCs may be an important cause of adverse health outcomes such as metabolic disorders, reproductive disorders and effects on the growth and development of offspring. Generally, MCs have endocrine-disrupting properties, suggesting that it is reasonable for them to be considered EDCs. This is of great importance in understanding and evaluating the harm done by MCs on humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Quality Control Department, Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Shanxi, China
| | - Haohao Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xingde Du
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xinghai Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St Mary's University, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Zhihui Tian
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Linjia Shi
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Bingyu Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shumeng Yuan
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xing Guo
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yongshui Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hongxiang Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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2
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Impact of Estrogens Present in Environment on Health and Welfare of Animals. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072152. [PMID: 34359280 PMCID: PMC8300725 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Estrogens are a group of steroid hormones that recently have gained even more attention in the eyes of scientists. There is an ongoing discussion in the scientific community about their relevance as environmental contaminants and the danger they pose to animal health and welfare. In available literature we can find many examples of their negative effects and mechanisms that are involved with such phenomena. Abstract Nowadays, there is a growing interest in environmental pollution; however, knowledge about this aspect is growing at an insufficient pace. There are many potential sources of environmental contamination, including sex hormones—especially estrogens. The analyzed literature shows that estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and synthetic ethinyloestradiol (EE2) are the most significant in terms of environmental impact. Potential sources of contamination are, among others, livestock farms, slaughterhouses, and large urban agglomerations. Estrogens occurring in the environment can negatively affect the organisms, such as animals, through phenomena such as feminization, dysregulation of natural processes related to reproduction, lowering the physiological condition of the organisms, disturbances in the regulation of both proapoptotic and anti-apoptotic processes, and even the occurrence of neoplastic processes thus drastically decreasing animal welfare. Unfortunately, the amount of research conducted on the negative consequences of their impact on animal organisms is many times smaller than that of humans, despite the great richness and diversity of the fauna. Therefore, there is a need for further research to help fill the gaps in our knowledge.
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3
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Walke JB, Becker MH, Krinos A, Chang EAB, Santiago C, Umile TP, Minbiole KPC, Belden LK. Seasonal changes and the unexpected impact of environmental disturbance on skin bacteria of individual amphibians in a natural habitat. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6024676. [PMID: 33278302 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphibians host diverse skin bacteria that have a role in pathogen defense, but these skin communities could change over time and impact this function. Here, we monitored individual Eastern red-spotted newts (Notophthalmus viridescens; N = 17) for 2 years in a field pond enclosure and assessed the effects of season and disturbance on skin bacterial community dynamics. We created disturbances by adding additional pond substrate to the enclosure at two timepoints. We planned to sample the skin bacterial community and metabolite profiles of each newt every 6 weeks; we ultimately sampled eight individuals at least six times. We used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to characterize the bacterial communities and HPLC-MS for metabolite profiling. We found that disturbance had a dramatic effect on skin bacterial communities and metabolite profiles, while season had an effect only using select metrics. There were seven core bacterial taxa (97% OTUs) that were found on all newts in all seasons, pre- and post-disturbance. Lastly, there was a correlation between bacterial and metabolite profiles post-disturbance, which was not observed pre-disturbance. This longitudinal study suggests that environmental disturbances can have lasting effects on skin bacterial communities that overwhelm seasonal changes, although the core bacteria remain relatively consistent over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer B Walke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Matthew H Becker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Arianna Krinos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | | | - Celina Santiago
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - Thomas P Umile
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | | | - Lisa K Belden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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4
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Beato S, Toledo-Solís FJ, Fernández I. Vitamin K in Vertebrates' Reproduction: Further Puzzling Pieces of Evidence from Teleost Fish Species. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1303. [PMID: 32917043 PMCID: PMC7564532 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K (VK) is a fat-soluble vitamin that vertebrates have to acquire from the diet, since they are not able to de novo synthesize it. VK has been historically known to be required for the control of blood coagulation, and more recently, bone development and homeostasis. Our understanding of the VK metabolism and the VK-related molecular pathways has been also increased, and the two main VK-related pathways-the pregnane X receptor (PXR) transactivation and the co-factor role on the γ-glutamyl carboxylation of the VK dependent proteins-have been thoroughly investigated during the last decades. Although several studies evidenced how VK may have a broader VK biological function than previously thought, including the reproduction, little is known about the specific molecular pathways. In vertebrates, sex differentiation and gametogenesis are tightly regulated processes through a highly complex molecular, cellular and tissue crosstalk. Here, VK metabolism and related pathways, as well as how gametogenesis might be impacted by VK nutritional status, will be reviewed. Critical knowledge gaps and future perspectives on how the different VK-related pathways come into play on vertebrate's reproduction will be identified and proposed. The present review will pave the research progress to warrant a successful reproductive status through VK nutritional interventions as well as towards the establishment of reliable biomarkers for determining proper nutritional VK status in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Beato
- Campus de Vegazana, s/n, Universidad de León (ULE), 24071 León, Spain;
| | - Francisco Javier Toledo-Solís
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT, México), Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor, Alcaldía Benito Juárez, C.P. 03940 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico;
- Department of Biology and Geology, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Ignacio Fernández
- Center for Aquaculture Research, Agrarian Technological Institute of Castile and Leon, Ctra. Arévalo, s/n, 40196 Zamarramala, Segovia, Spain
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4-Hexylresorcinol Exhibits Different Characteristics to Estrogen. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10051737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
4-Hexylresorcinol (4HR) has been used as a food additive and antiseptic. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the application of 4HR in breast cancer cells and ovariectomized rats showed estrogen-like effects. MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 cells were treated by solvent, 1–100 µM bisphenol-A (BPA), or 1–100 µM 4HR, respectively. 3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazole-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and Western blot for extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/-2 (ERK1/2), phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2), estrogen receptor-α (ERα), and ERβ were done. As an in vivo study, ovariectomized rats (n = 15) received solvent, 125 mg/kg of 4HR, or 10 µg of 17-β estradiol via daily subcutaneous injection for 7 days. Blood samples were obtained for evaluation of prolactin levels. Pituitary glands and uteruses were biopsied for histological evaluation and Western blot analysis. Compared with the control group, the application of 4HR decreased the proliferation of MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 cells, while the application of BPA increased (p < 0.05). The application of BPA increased the expression of ERα, ERβ, and p-ERK1/2, but 4HR did not change the expression of ERα, ERβ, or p-ERK1/2 in MCF-7 cells. In an animal model, the 4HR group showed similar levels of ERα, ERβ, and prolactin expression in the pituitary gland compared to the solvent only group, while the estradiol group showed higher levels. Serum prolactin levels were similar between the 4HR and solvent only groups. Taken together, 1–100 µM 4HR did not show BPA-like behavior in MCF-7 cells, and 125 mg/kg of 4HR daily subcutaneous injection for 7 days did not demonstrate estradiol-like effects in ovariectomized rats. Collectively, 4HR has no estrogen-like effects on both ERα-positive cells and estrogen-deficient rat models.
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Usal M, Regnault C, Veyrenc S, Couturier K, Batandier C, Bulteau AL, Lejon D, Combourieu B, Lafond T, Raveton M, Reynaud S. Concomitant exposure to benzo[a]pyrene and triclosan at environmentally relevant concentrations induces metabolic syndrome with multigenerational consequences in Silurana (Xenopus) tropicalis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:149-159. [PMID: 31271984 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies suggest that amphibians are highly sensitive to endocrine disruptors (ED) but their precise role in population decline remains unknown. This study shows that frogs exposed to a mixture of ED throughout their life cycle, at environmentally relevant concentrations, developed an unexpected metabolic syndrome. Female Silurana (Xenopus) tropicalis exposed to a mixture of benzo[a]pyrene and triclosan (50 ng·L-1 each) from the tadpole stage developed liver steatosis and transcriptomic signature associated with glucose intolerance syndrome, and pancreatic insulin hyper secretion typical of pre-diabetes. These metabolic disorders were associated with delayed metamorphosis and developmental mortality in their progeny, both of which have been linked to reduced adult recruitment and reproductive success. Indeed, F1 females were smaller and lighter and presented reduced reproductive capacities, demonstrating a reduced fitness of ED-exposed Xenopus. Our results confirm that amphibians are highly sensitive to ED even at concentrations considered to be safe for other animals. This study demonstrates that ED might be considered as direct contributing factors to amphibian population decline, due to their disruption of energetic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Usal
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Regnault
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvie Veyrenc
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | | | | | - Anne-Laure Bulteau
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Univ. Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France.
| | - David Lejon
- Rovaltain Research Company, F26300 Alixan, France.
| | | | - Thomas Lafond
- Centre de Ressources Biologiques Xénopes, Univ. Rennes 1, CNRS, UMS 3387 Rennes, France.
| | - Muriel Raveton
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Stéphane Reynaud
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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7
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Jin E, Pei Y, Liu T, Ren M, Hu Q, Gu Y, Li S. Effects of boron on the proliferation, apoptosis and immune function of splenic lymphocytes through ERα and ERβ. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2019.1626809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erhui Jin
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaqiong Pei
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Liu
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Man Ren
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Hu
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Youfang Gu
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shenghe Li
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Pinelli C, Santillo A, Chieffi Baccari G, Falvo S, Di Fiore MM. Effects of chemical pollutants on reproductive and developmental processes in Italian amphibians. Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 86:1324-1332. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie AmbientaliBiologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Caserta Italy
| | - Alessandra Santillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie AmbientaliBiologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Caserta Italy
| | - Gabriella Chieffi Baccari
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie AmbientaliBiologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Caserta Italy
| | - Sara Falvo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie AmbientaliBiologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Caserta Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Di Fiore
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie AmbientaliBiologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Caserta Italy
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9
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Brunelli E. Histological and ultrastructural alterations of the Italian newt (Lissotriton italicus) skin after exposure to ecologically relevant concentrations of nonylphenol ethoxylates. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 60:17-27. [PMID: 29653385 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs) are well known endocrine disruptors. Widespread environmental contamination from NPEs is an issue of great concern. Despite amphibians are often exposed to such contaminants, very little attention has been dedicated to this vertebrate group. No information is available on the effects of NPEs onto the amphibian skin and only few reports have been conducted on fish. Here, histological and ultrastructural modifications of the skin have been evaluated in the Italian newt Lissotriton italicus. After a short-term exposure to two ecologically relevant concentrations of NP, severe pathological alterations, both dose and time-dependent, have been observed. The main effects were an increased mucous secretion, the dilation of the endomembrane, the wrinkling of the epidermal surface, the appearance of tubercles, the increased cellular turnover, continuous shedding processes. Some of the described skin alterations can easily interfere with physiological functions, such as osmoregulation and body protection, with detrimental consequences for the amphibian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Brunelli
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, Rende, Cosenza, 87036, Italy.
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10
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Miccoli A, Maradonna F, De Felice A, Caputo Barucchi V, Estonba A, Genangeli M, Vittori S, Leonori I, Carnevali O. Detection of endocrine disrupting chemicals and evidence of their effects on the HPG axis of the European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 127:137-147. [PMID: 28411869 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural/synthetic Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) may display estrogenic activity and a lower potency than 17β-estradiol. Nonetheless, their concentrations and additive effects can affect the endocrine system and reproductive processes related to the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) axis. Because of their persistence in both the environment and biological systems, they ultimately target multi-level predators, including humans. We detected presence and effects of xenobiotics on wild anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus in the Western Adriatic Sea. Twenty-one PCBs and five organochlorines were detected on the order of ng g-1; vitellogenin, vitellogenin receptor and genes encoding for the zona radiata proteins were evaluated in gonad and/or liver and found transcribed in male specimens; in addition, intersex was histologically identified in the 13% of testis. Our results have developed the understanding of the European anchovy's reproductive toxicological risk and our approach could assist the comprehension of the complex dynamics of commercially relevant Teleost species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Miccoli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; CNR-National Research Council of Italy, ISMAR-Marine Sciences Institute, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Francesca Maradonna
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Andrea De Felice
- CNR-National Research Council of Italy, ISMAR-Marine Sciences Institute, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Caputo Barucchi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Andone Estonba
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.
| | | | - Sauro Vittori
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
| | - Iole Leonori
- CNR-National Research Council of Italy, ISMAR-Marine Sciences Institute, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Oliana Carnevali
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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Li S, Li M, Gui W, Wang Q, Zhu G. Disrupting effects of azocyclotin to the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis and reproduction of Xenopus laevis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 185:121-128. [PMID: 28213302 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the hazards associated with the extensive use of organictin compounds have become an issue of extreme concern, while at present the effects of these substances on amphibians remain poorly understood. In the present study, we chose azocyclotin, one of common use acaricides in China. We focused on sexual development and steroidogenesis disrupting effects of azocyclotin in the Xenopus laevis. Tadpoles were exposed to azocyclotin (0.05 and 0.5μg/L) for long-term (4 months) study. Results showed that exposure to azocyclotin caused developmental toxicity, including decreased survival, body weight, body length, gonadosomatic index, hepatosomatic index and female phenotype. At the same time, statistical increase in mean age at completion of metamorphosis was observed in azocyclotin treatments in comparison with control group. Furthermore, hormone concentrations, and steroidogenesis genes expression of adult frog were further evaluated in 28 days exposure. Results demonstrated that the key regulating hormones, e.g. testosterone and pregnenolone, were significantly upregulated. The expression levels of selected steroidogenic genes were also significantly altered. Our study demonstrated that azocyclotin could delay the metamorphosis and disrupt the gonadal differentiation of X. laevis. Steroidogenesis and the expression of genes involved in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal-liver axis in frogs were disrupted after azocyclotin exposure. Azocyclotin showed both androgenic and antiestrogenic activity for X. laevis. Those findings emphasized the influence of azocyclotin on non-target species in the context of ecotoxicological risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Li
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Meng Li
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Wenjun Gui
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Qiangwei Wang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
| | - Guonian Zhu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
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12
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Lü ZM, Liu W, Liu LQ, Wang TM, Shi HL, Ping HL, Chi CF, Yang JW, Wu CW. Cloning, Characterization, and Expression Profile of Estrogen Receptor in Common Chinese Cuttlefish, Sepiella japonica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 325:181-93. [PMID: 27076436 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sex steroid hormones are widely detected in molluscs and play important roles in sex determination, gonadal tissue maturation, and gametogenesis. Nevertheless, the signaling pathways of sex steroids in cephalopod have not yet been clearly elucidated. In the present study, a full-length sequence encoding the estrogen receptor (ER) was isolated from common Chinese cuttlefish, Sepiella japonica. The sjER cDNA clone was found to contain 1,788 nucleotides including a 1,470 bp open reading frame encoding 489 amino acid (aa) residues. The deduced ER protein consisted of six nuclear receptor characteristic domains. Based on a phylogenetic analysis, the ER DNA-binding domain and ligand-binding domain are highly conserved compared to other mollusc ERs. Highest aa identities were found for sjER with common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) ER (89%) and pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) ER (61%). Tissue expression analysis confirmed that sjER was widely distributed among tissues and predominantly expressed in the brain, liver, gonad (testis and ovary), and other accessory sexual gland (nidamental gland). The ER expression was temporally upregulated in the brain, liver, and ovary during the early sexual maturation period in S. japonica, which is coincident with the fluctuation of ovary estradiol content. These suggest that sjER may be involved in regulating the reproductive cycle of S. japonica. A fusion protein transient transfections assay showed that sjER was mainly located in the nucleus, suggesting a possible orthodox working mechanism of S. japonica ER in the nucleus through a ligand-dependent activation of specific gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Ming Lü
- National Engineering Research Center for Facilitated Marine Aquaculture, Marine Science College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Wan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Facilitated Marine Aquaculture, Marine Science College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Li-Qin Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Facilitated Marine Aquaculture, Marine Science College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Tian-Ming Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Facilitated Marine Aquaculture, Marine Science College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Hui-Lai Shi
- Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan, China
| | - Hong-Ling Ping
- Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan, China
| | - Chang-Feng Chi
- National Engineering Research Center for Facilitated Marine Aquaculture, Marine Science College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Jing-Wen Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Facilitated Marine Aquaculture, Marine Science College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Chang-Wen Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Facilitated Marine Aquaculture, Marine Science College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
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13
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Li YY, Chen J, Qin ZF. Determining the optimal developmental stages of Xenopus laevis for initiating exposures to chemicals for sensitively detecting their feminizing effects on gonadal differentiation. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 179:134-142. [PMID: 27611864 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Xenopus laevis is an important model for detecting feminizing effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on amphibians because its genetic males can be induced to phenotypic females by estrogenic chemicals. It is crucial that chemical exposures begin at sensitive developmental stages for gonadal sex-reversal in X. laevis. To determine the optimal stages for initiating exposures, we investigated gonadal sex-reversal induced by low concentrations of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) when exposures were initiated at different stages (3/4, 45/46, 48 and 50) until stage 58. We found that 0.1nM EE2 resulted in 85%, 86%, 43%, and 19% intersex, whereas 1nM EE2 caused 77%, 81%, 17%, and 8% phenotypic females, when genetic male tadpoles were exposed from stages 3/4, 45/46, 48 and 50, respectively. The data show the sensitivity of X. laevis gonads to EE2 at stages 45/46 is similar with that at stages 3/4, but the sensitivity decreases at stage 48 and stage 50, displaying a developmental stage-dependent manner. In another experiment using the offspring of another pair of frogs, we confirmed high sensitivity of X. laevis gonads at stages 45/46 to low concentrations of EE2. Considering that stages 45/46 tadpoles are easier to manipulate and have higher survival rates than earlier embryos, we propose that stages 45/46 are the optimal stages for initiating exposure for detecting feminizing effects of EDCs on gonadal differentiation in X. laevis. The developmental stages for initiating exposures we determined will guarantee the high sensitivity for detecting feminizing effects of EDCs with low estrogenic activities on gonadal differentiation in X. laevis. Also, our study suggests that gonadal differentiation in X. laevis possibly begins at stages 45/46, but not at later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhan-Fen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Zhang Q, Wang F, Xue C, Wang C, Chi S, Zhang J. Comparative toxicity of nonylphenol, nonylphenol-4-ethoxylate and nonylphenol-10-ethoxylate to wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 131:7-13. [PMID: 27162129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs) are a group of surfactants that are widely used in industrial and household products and often detected in the environment. The metabolite of NPEOs, named nonylphenol (NP), has proven to be an endocrine disruptor, and its environmental behavior and eco-toxicity have been widely investigated in previous studies. However, to the best of our knowledge, insight into the toxicity differences of NP and NPEOs on important crops remains limited. Therefore, this study investigated the comparative toxicity of NP, nonylphenol-4-ethoxylate (NP4EO), and nonylphenol-10-ethoxylate (NP10EO) on wheat seedlings using hydroponic experiments. The results indicated that NP is most toxic to wheat followed by NP4EO, and NP10EO is the least toxic to wheat. The adverse effects of NP on wheat were observed for all the tested parameters including germination, shoot length, root length, chlorophyll, lipid peroxidation, and enzymatic activities. To gain insight into the molecular response, we analyzed the transcript abundance of SOD-Cu/Zn and CAT with NP, NP4EO, and NP10EO exposure using quantitative real-time PCR. The data revealed that both genes exhibited up- or down-regulated expression patterns that were consistent with the activities of the two enzymes. This result further conformed that NP is most toxic to wheat plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingming Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Feifei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Changhui Xue
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Shengqi Chi
- College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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15
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Regnault C, Willison J, Veyrenc S, Airieau A, Méresse P, Fortier M, Fournier M, Brousseau P, Raveton M, Reynaud S. Metabolic and immune impairments induced by the endocrine disruptors benzo[a]pyrene and triclosan in Xenopus tropicalis. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 155:519-527. [PMID: 27153234 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite numerous studies suggesting that amphibians are highly sensitive to cumulative anthropogenic stresses, the role played by endocrine disruptors (EDs) in the decline of amphibian populations remains unclear. EDs have been extensively studied in adult amphibians for their capacity to disturb reproduction by interfering with the sexual hormone axis. Here, we studied the in vivo responses of Xenopus tropicalis males exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of each ED, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and triclosan (TCS) alone (10 μg L(-1)) or a mixture of the two (10 μg L(-1) each) over a 24 h exposure period by following the modulation of the transcription of key genes involved in metabolic, sexual and immunity processes and the cellular changes in liver, spleen and testis. BaP, TCS and the mixture of the two all induced a marked metabolic disorder in the liver highlighted by insulin resistance-like and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-like phenotypes together with hepatotoxicity due to the impairment of lipid metabolism. For TCS and the mixture, these metabolic disorders were concomitant with modulation of innate immunity. These results confirmed that in addition to the reproductive effects induced by EDs in amphibians, metabolic disorders and immune system disruption should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Regnault
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, LECA, F-38000, Grenoble, France; CNRS, LECA, F-38000, Grenoble, France; Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, BEeSy, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - John Willison
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Institut de recherches en technologies et Sciences pour le vivant, Laboratoire de chimie et biologie des métaux (iRTSV-LCBM), F-38000, France; CNRS, IRTSV-LCBM, F-38000, Grenoble, France; Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), iRTSV-LCBM, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Sylvie Veyrenc
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, LECA, F-38000, Grenoble, France; CNRS, LECA, F-38000, Grenoble, France; Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, BEeSy, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Antinéa Airieau
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, LECA, F-38000, Grenoble, France; CNRS, LECA, F-38000, Grenoble, France; Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, BEeSy, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Patrick Méresse
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, LECA, F-38000, Grenoble, France; Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CUBE, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
| | | | | | | | - Muriel Raveton
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, LECA, F-38000, Grenoble, France; CNRS, LECA, F-38000, Grenoble, France; Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, BEeSy, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Stéphane Reynaud
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, LECA, F-38000, Grenoble, France; CNRS, LECA, F-38000, Grenoble, France; Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, BEeSy, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
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Lepretti M, Paolella G, Giordano D, Marabotti A, Gay F, Capaldo A, Esposito C, Caputo I. 4-Nonylphenol reduces cell viability and induces apoptosis and ER-stress in a human epithelial intestinal cell line. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1436-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Gomes AD, Tolussi CE, Ribeiro CDS, Honji RM, Moreira RG. The role of ovarian steroids in reproductive plasticity in Hoplias malabaricus (Teleostei: Characiformes: Erythrinidae) in tropical reservoirs with different degrees of pollution. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 222:1-10. [PMID: 25449659 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemicals in aquatic environments may lead to impairment of fish reproduction, but some species display plasticity levels to survive and reproduce in such localities. We investigated the reproductive cycle in a teleost species, Hoplias malabaricus, which inhabits a variety of environments with different degrees of pollution. Adult females were sampled at two locations in São Paulo State (Brazil), the reference Ponte Nova (PN) reservoir and the polluted Billings (BIL) reservoir. Metabolic and endocrine processes were analyzed throughout the annual cycle with special attention to ovarian histology, gonadosomatic index (GSI), fecundity, ovarian energetic substrates and plasma steroids analyses, in addition to physical and chemical analyses of the water. Pollutants were frequent in BIL but not in PN. The GSI, including the predominance of vitellogenic oocytes, was higher in spring and summer in both locations, but the oocyte recruitment dynamics was different. During winter, females from BIL presented vitellogenic oocytes and high levels of 11-ketotestosterone, which indicated precocity in the vitellogenic phase in relation to the females from PN. In animals from PN, high deposition of lipids occurred in the ovaries. However, plasma estradiol levels did not vary throughout the annual cycle. In animals from BIL, plasma estradiol levels peaked during the summer, but the ovarian lipid content remained unchanged throughout the year. The data suggest that the presence of pollutants cause various endocrine and metabolic responses and especially affects reproductive plasticity, which could explain why H. malabaricus survives under unfavorable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Dal'Olio Gomes
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, 321, São Paulo 05508-090, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Tolussi
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, 321, São Paulo 05508-090, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiéle da Silva Ribeiro
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, 321, São Paulo 05508-090, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato Massaaki Honji
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, 321, São Paulo 05508-090, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Guimarães Moreira
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, 321, São Paulo 05508-090, SP, Brazil.
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Liver histology and ultrastructure of the Italian newt (Lissotriton italicus): Normal structure and modifications after acute exposure to nonylphenol ethoxylates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 66:455-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Park CJ, Gye MC. Sensitization of vitellogenin gene expression by low doses of octylphenol is mediated by estrogen receptor autoregulation in the Bombina orientalis (Boulenger) male liver. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 156:191-200. [PMID: 25248154 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms by which alkylphenols disrupt endocrine function in wild amphibians in Korea. To this end, the effects of 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), 17β-estradiol (E2), and estrogen receptor (ER) agonists on the expression profiles of vitellogenin (VTG) and ERs were examined in livers obtained from male Bombina orientalis toads. A single injection of E2 (10μg/kg; 0.03μmol/kg) induced transcription of VTG mRNA at 2 days post injection; however, injection of either the ERα-selective agonist propyl-(1H)-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl-trisphenol (PPT, 50μg/kg; 0.12μmol/kg) or the ERβ-selective agonist 2,3-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile (DPN, 50μg/kg; 0.20μmol/kg) did not affect the expression of VTG. This finding suggests that both ERα and ERβ are required to induce transcription of VTG in the male B. orientalis liver. Interestingly, E2, PPT, and DPN induced transcription of ERα, which was also reflected on the protein level; however, these alkylphenols did not affect ERβ transcription. Similarly, VTG transcription was induced by a single injection of 1-100mg/kg (0.04-484.66μmol/kg) OP, while 0.1mg/kg (0.48μmol/kg) OP had no effect on VTG transcription. This result suggests that the lowest observable effect concentration (LOEC) of OP for induction of VTG transcription in the male liver is 1mg/kg (4.84μmol/kg). Furthermore, treatment with E2 (10μg/kg; 0.03μmol/kg) or OP (1mg/kg; 4.84μmol/kg) significantly upregulated ERα transcription, and a 10mg/kg (48.46μmol/kg) dose of OP significantly upregulated ERβ transcription. The ER antagonist ICI 182,780 decreased the basal levels of ERα and ERβ mRNA, and also prevented E2-mediated and OP-mediated induction of VTG, ERα, and ERβ transcription. A second injection of 0.1mg/kg (0.48μmol/kg) OP after a two-day interval significantly upregulated the transcription of VTG and ERα, but not of ERβ. These results suggest that sensitization of VTG transcription by repeated exposure to OP is mediated by the induction of ERα. Different combinations of alkylphenols that are ubiquitous in the freshwater system in Korea could potentially exert a synergistic effect on endocrine disruption. Thus, chronic exposure to alkylphenols, even at their NOECs, could still disrupt endocrine function in B. orientalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Jin Park
- Department of Life Science and Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Myung Chan Gye
- Department of Life Science and Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea.
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20
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Palermo FA, Cocci P, Nabissi M, Polzonetti-Magni A, Mosconi G. Cortisol response to waterborne 4-nonylphenol exposure leads to increased brain POMC and HSP70 mRNA expressions and reduced total antioxidant capacity in juvenile sole (Solea solea). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 156:135-9. [PMID: 22918179 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
4-Nonylphenol (4-NP) is a breakdown product of alkylphenolpolyethoxylates and can be found in almost all environmental water matrices. 4-NP can act as environmental stressor on fish, typically causing modulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis (HPI). To examine the effects of the xenoestrogen 4-NP or 17β-estradiol (E2) on induction of stress response mechanisms by evaluating the levels of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) mRNA and plasma cortisol, we exposed juvenile sole (Solea solea), under static condition for 7 day, to either 10(-6) or 10(-8) M 4-NP, or 10(-8) M E2. In addition, plasma cortisol titers were correlated to the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), one of the oxidative stress parameters. 4-NP treatments resulted in high levels of POMC mRNA, HSP70 mRNA and plasma cortisol. On the contrary, E2 basically down-regulated POMC expression. Moreover, elevated cortisol levels in fish exposed to the highest dose of 4-NP were accompanied by low TAC. These results suggest that 4-NP modulates the sole HPI axis inducing a cortisol-mediated stress response. Specifically, we suggest that 4-NP affects brain POMC mRNA levels via non-estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated mechanism further supporting the ability of 4-NP to target multiple receptor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Alessandro Palermo
- Centro Universitario di Ricerca per lo Sviluppo e la Gestione delle Risorse dell'Ambiente Marino e Costiero (UNICRAM), Università degli Studi di Camerino, Lungomare A. Scipioni 6, I-63074 San Benedetto del Tronto (AP), Italy.
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21
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Lee W, Kang CW, Su CK, Okubo K, Nagahama Y. Screening estrogenic activity of environmental contaminants and water samples using a transgenic medaka embryo bioassay. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 88:945-952. [PMID: 22497783 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Many natural or synthetic chemicals may act as exogenous estrogens and affect the reproductive health of humans and wildlife. Since these xenoestrogens are ubiquitous, it is essential to monitor their presence in the environment. Hence, we developed a bioassay using the transgenic medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryo, in which the green fluorescent protein (GFP) was placed under the control of the gnrh3 promoter, one of the three paralogous gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) genes that regulate reproductive function and behavior. As medaka embryos are transparent, the fluorescent expression of GFP can be easily observed in vivo during development. We exposed newly fertilized medaka embryos to varying solutions of bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP), 17β-estradiol (E2), or a river water sample, and monitored their development. During embryonic development, the mRNA levels of GnRHs, GnRH receptors, and estrogen receptors (ERs) were measured with quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Our results showed that the chemicals and the river water significantly decreased the fluorescent intensity of the GnRH3 neurons, postponed the eye development, and retarded the growth of the embryos. The three xenoestrogens also lowered the heart rate, lengthened the time to hatch, suppressed the expression of the three GnRH genes, and up-regulated the ERα mRNA level. In addition, the GnRH3 mRNA level was significantly correlated with the fluorescence intensity of the GnRH neurons. We concluded that the transgenic medaka embryo is a rapid and sensitive bioassay for screening environmental water samples. We also found that xenoestrogens had significant effects on GnRH gene expression and embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjau Lee
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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22
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Levi L, Ziv T, Admon A, Levavi-Sivan B, Lubzens E. Insight into molecular pathways of retinal metabolism, associated with vitellogenesis in zebrafish. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E626-44. [PMID: 22205629 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00310.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Retinal is the main retinoid stored in oviparous eggs of fish, amphibians, and reptiles, reaching the oocytes in association with vitellogenins, the yolk precursor proteins. During early presegmentation stages of zebrafish embryos, retinal is metabolized to retinoic acid (RA), which regulates genes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and tissue function and is therefore essential for normal embryonic development. While synthesis of vitellogenin and its regulation by 17β-estradiol (E(2)) were extensively investigated, pathways for retinal synthesis remain obscure. We determined the expression pattern of 46 candidate genes, aiming at identifying enzymes associated with retinal synthesis, ascertaining whether they were regulated by E(2), and finding pathways that could fulfill the demand for retinoids during vitellogenesis. Genes associated with retinal synthesis were upregulated in liver (rdh10, rdh13, sdr) and surprisingly also in intestine (rdh13) and ovary (rdh1, sdr), concomitantly with higher gene expression and synthesis of vitellogenins in liver but also in extrahepatic tissues, shown here for the first time. Vitellogenin synthesis in the ovary was regulated by E(2). Gene expression studies suggest that elevated retinal synthesis in liver, intestine, and ovary also depends on cleavage of carotenoids (by Bcdo2 or Bmco1), but in the ovary it may also be contingent on higher uptake of retinol from the circulatory system (via Stra6) and retinol synthesis from retinyl esters (by Lpl). Decrease in oxidation (by Raldh2 or Raldh3) of retinal to RA and/or degradation of RA (by Cyp26a1) may also facilitate higher hepatic retinal levels. Together, these processes enable meeting the putative demands of retinal for binding to vitellogenins. Bioinformatic tools reveal multiple hormone response elements in the studied genes, suggesting complex and intricate regulation of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liraz Levi
- Dept. of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa, Israel
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23
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Palermo FA, Cocci P, Angeletti M, Polzonetti-Magni A, Mosconi G. PCR-ELISA detection of estrogen receptor β mRNA expression and plasma vitellogenin induction in juvenile sole (Solea solea) exposed to waterborne 4-nonylphenol. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 86:919-925. [PMID: 22133912 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of 4-nonylphenol (4NP) on reproductive axis of sole (Solea solea) has been investigated by using selected biomarkers of estrogenic effects: vitellogenin (VTG) and estrogen receptor β (ERβ) mRNA. Furthermore, an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detection system of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) products for the analysis of sole ERβ mRNA expression was developed and validated. The proposed method allows large-scale analyses of different mRNAs in fast and not expensive way. Our results have demonstrated that the PCR-ELISA method developed shows high sensitivity, good reproducibility and also the potential for semi-quantitative analysis of hepatic ERβ mRNAs. Both plasma VTG level and ERβ mRNA expression were increased in tested animals following a short exposure to environmental relevant concentrations (10(-6)M) of 4NP, confirming the functional role of ERβ in the regulation of xenoestrogens-induced production of VTG. The methodology provided in the present study together with the preliminary results on the hepatic expression of ERβ may be useful in environmental xenoestrogens monitoring studies, using flatfish as "sentinel" species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Alessandro Palermo
- Centro Universitario di Ricerca per lo Sviluppo e la Gestione delle Risorse dell'Ambiente Marino e Costiero (UNICRAM), Università degli Studi di Camerino, Lungomare A. Scipioni 6, I-63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, AP, Italy.
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Capaldo A, Gay F, Valiante S, De Falco M, Sciarrillo R, Maddaloni M, Laforgia V. Endocrine-disrupting effects of nonylphenol in the newt, Triturus carnifex (Amphibia, Urodela). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 155:352-8. [PMID: 22056800 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to verify whether environmental concentrations of nonylphenol influenced the adrenal gland of Triturus carnifex. Newts were exposed to 19 μg/L nominal concentration of nonylphenol throughout the periods of December-January and March-April, corresponding to different stages of the chromaffin cell functional cycle. The morphological features of the steroidogenic and chromaffin tissues, and the serum levels of ACTH, aldosterone, corticosterone, norepinephrine and epinephrine were evaluated. Nonylphenol did not influence ACTH serum levels. During the two periods examined, the steroidogenic tissue had the same reaction: the quantity of cytoplasmic lipids, and the corticosteroid serum levels, decreased, suggesting the inhibition of synthesis and release of corticosteroids. During the two periods examined, the chromaffin tissue reacted differently to nonylphenol. During December-January, the numeric ratio of norepinephrine granules to epinephrine granules, and the epinephrine serum levels, increased, suggesting the stimulation of epinephrine release. During March-April, the numeric ratio of norepinephrine granules to epinephrine granules did not change, and the norepinephrine serum levels decreased, suggesting the inhibition of norepinephrine release. Our results show that nonylphenol influences the activity of the newt adrenal gland; considering the physiological role of this gland, our results suggest that nonylphenol may contribute to amphibian decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Capaldo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Evolutive and Comparative Biology, University Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Naples, Italy.
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Porter KL, Olmstead AW, Kumsher DM, Dennis WE, Sprando RL, Holcombe GW, Korte JJ, Lindberg-Livingston A, Degitz SJ. Effects of 4-tert-octylphenol on Xenopus tropicalis in a long term exposure. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 103:159-169. [PMID: 21470552 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals that activate the estrogen receptor are routinely detected in the environment and are a concern for the health of both exposed humans and indigenous wildlife. We exposed the western clawed frog (Xenopus tropicalis) to the weak estrogen octylphenol from Nieuwkoop-Faber (NF) stage 46 tadpoles through adulthood in order to document the effects of a weak estrogen on the life history of an amphibian species. Frogs were exposed to 1, 3.3, 11 and 36 μg/L octylphenol in a continuous flow-through water system. Just prior to completion of metamorphosis (NF 65), a random subsample of froglets was collected and assessed, while the remaining frogs received continued exposure through 31 weeks of exposure when the remaining animals were sampled. Significant induction of the female egg yolk protein precursor vitellogenin was observed in the high treatment at the larval subsampling for both males and females, but not at the final sampling for either sex. No significant deviation from the control sex ratio was observed for either sampling period, suggesting minimal to no effect of octylphenol exposure on gonad differentiation. No effects in the adult frogs were observed for mortality, body mass and size, liver somatic index, estradiol and testosterone serum levels, sperm counts, or oocyte counts. The development and growth of oviducts, a female-specific secondary sex characteristic, was observed in males exposed to octylphenol. These results indicate that octylphenol exposure can induce vitellogenin in immature froglets and the development of oviducts in male adult frogs. The lack of effect observed on the developing gonads suggests that in amphibians, secondary sex characteristics are more susceptible to impact from estrogenic compounds than the developing gonads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Porter
- U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick 21702, MD, United States.
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Bernabò I, Gallo L, Sperone E, Tripepi S, Brunelli E. Survival, development, and gonadal differentiation in Rana dalmatina chronically exposed to chlorpyrifos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 315:314-27. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Panzica GC, Bo E, Martini MA, Miceli D, Mura E, Viglietti-Panzica C, Gotti S. Neuropeptides and enzymes are targets for the action of endocrine disrupting chemicals in the vertebrate brain. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2011; 14:449-72. [PMID: 21790321 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2011.578562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) are molecules that interfere with endocrine signaling pathways and produce adverse consequences on animal and human physiology, such as infertility or behavioral alterations. Some EDC act through binding to androgen or/and estrogen receptors primarily operating through a genomic mechanism regulating gene expression. This mechanism of action may induce profound developmental adverse effects, and the major targets of the EDC action are the gene products, i.e., mRNAs inducing the synthesis of various peptidic molecules, which include neuropeptides and enzymes related to neurotransmitters syntheses. Available immunohistochemical data on some of the systems that are affected by EDC in lower and higher vertebrates are detailed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Panzica
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Forensic Medicine, Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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Park CJ, Kang HS, Gye MC. Effects of nonylphenol on early embryonic development, pigmentation and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine-induced metamorphosis in Bombina orientalis (Amphibia: Anura). CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 81:1292-1300. [PMID: 20870264 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) is an estrogenic endocrine disruptor in many aquatic species. In an effort to highlight the developmental toxicity of NP in amphibians, we examined the effects of NP on the embryonic survival, tadpole growth, melanophore development and metamorphosis of a native Korean amphibian species, Bombina orientalis (Anura). When treated to fertilized eggs, 1 μM NP significantly decreased embryonic survival at 48 h post fertilization (p.f.), suggesting that 1 μM NP can exert systemic toxicity in B. orientalis embryos. In the surviving embryos, there were no significant differences in malformation rates between NP-treated embryos and controls at 240 h p.f., suggesting no or low teratogenicity of NP in B. orientalis embryos. Below LC(50) NP significantly decreased body growth and development of melanophores at 0.1 μM, suggesting that NP far below the LC(50) targets multiple developmental events in tadpoles of this frog species. In metamorphosis assay using the premetamorphic tadpoles (corresponding to Nieuwkoop Faber stage 53 in Xenopus laevis) exogenous 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3)-induced tail resorption was significantly decreased by 1 μM NP. However, NP (0.1 and 1 μM)-only treatment did not affected total body T3 and T4 levels, suggesting that NP at tested concentrations inhibits thyroid hormones action but not the synthesis of hormones during metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Jin Park
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
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Urbatzka R, Lorenz C, Lutz I, Kloas W. Expression profiles of LHbeta, FSHbeta and their gonadal receptor mRNAs during sexual differentiation of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 168:239-44. [PMID: 20171219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The gonadotropins, luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), are important hormones regulating reproductive biology in vertebrates, especially the processes of steroidogenesis and gamete maturation. Despite the role of gonadotropins during the reproductive cycle in amphibians is well established, much less is known about the functional maturation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis during larval development. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the expression profiles of hypophyseal LHbeta and FSHbeta mRNA and of their corresponding gonadal receptors (LH-R, FSH-R) in Xenopus laevis tadpoles during their ontogeny and sexual differentiation. The first significant elevation of LHbeta and FSHbeta mRNA was observed at late premetamorphosis. A clear raise of LHbeta mRNA was present during prometamorphic stages especially in males, while the LH-R only slowly increased during ontogeny with highest levels during metamorphic climax. In contrast, FSHbeta mRNA expression only slightly increased during ontogeny, however in both sexes the FSH-R mRNA was considerably elevated at prometamorphosis and further at metamorphic climax. Our results suggest that LHbeta and LH-R mRNA expression might be involved in initial maturation events of gametes, at least in males, while the gradually increase of FSH-R mRNA coincided with the advancing process of gamete maturation in both sexes. The present study provides for the first time evidence based on expression of gonadotropins and their corresponding gonadal receptors that the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis evolves already at early stages of ontogeny and sexual differentiation in amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Urbatzka
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, IGB, Mueggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany.
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Han EH, Kim HG, Hwang YP, Choi JH, Im JH, Park B, Yang JH, Jeong TC, Jeong HG. The role of cyclooxygenase-2-dependent signaling via cyclic AMP response element activation on aromatase up-regulation by o,p'-DDT in human breast cancer cells. Toxicol Lett 2010; 198:331-41. [PMID: 20678559 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 07/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
o,p'-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (o,p'-DDT) is a DDT isomer and xenoestrogen that can induce inflammation and cancer. However, the effect of o,p'-DDT on aromatase is unclear. Thus, we investigated the effects of o,p'-DDT on aromatase expression in human breast cancer cells. We also examined whether cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is involved in o,p'-DDT-mediated aromatase expression. Treatment with o,p'-DDT-induced aromatase protein expression in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells; enhancing aromatase gene expression, and enzyme and promoter activity. Treatment with ICI 182.780, a estrogen receptor antagonist, did not affect the inductive effects of o,p'-DDT on aromatase expression. In addition, o,p'-DDT increased COX-2 protein levels markedly, increased COX-2 mRNA expression and promoter activity, enhanced the production of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), induced cyclic AMP response element (CRE) activation, and cAMP levels and binding of CREB. o,p'-DDT also increased the phosphorylation of PKA, Akt, ERK, and JNK in their signaling pathways in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Finally, o,p'-DDT induction of aromatase was inhibited by various inhibitors [COX-2 (by NS-398), PKA (H-89), PI3-K/Akt (LY 294002), EP2 (AH6809), and EP4 receptor (AH23848)]. Together, these results suggest that o,p'-DDT increases aromatase, and that o,p'-DDT-induced aromatase is correlated with COX-2 up-regulation, mediated via the CRE activation and PKA and PI3-kinase/Akt signaling pathways in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hee Han
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Daejeon 305-764, Yuseong-Gu, South Korea
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Lee KM, Yang W, Rhee JS, Hwang DS, Jin Park C, Chan Gye M, Lee JS, Shin I. Effects of Endocrine Disruptors onBombina orientalisP450 Aromatase Activity. Zoolog Sci 2010; 27:338-43. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.27.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kim JY, Han EH, Kim HG, Oh KN, Kim SK, Lee KY, Jeong HG. Bisphenol A-induced aromatase activation is mediated by cyclooxygenase-2 up-regulation in rat testicular Leydig cells. Toxicol Lett 2010; 193:200-8. [PMID: 20096755 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (4,4'-dihydroxy-2,2-diphenylpropane; BPA) is an endocrine disruptor that affects the reproductive health of wildlife and possibly of humans. Evidence suggests that BPA interrupts ovarian steroidogenesis by altering steroidogenic enzymes. We evaluated the effect of BPA on aromatase expression in rat testicular Leydig cells. In addition, we investigated whether cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was involved in BPA-induced aromatase expression. BPA induced a time- and concentration-dependent increase in aromatase protein expression in rat testicular Leydig R2C cells. It also increased aromatase gene expression and its enzyme and promoter activity, but reduced testosterone synthesis; increased COX-2 mRNA expression and promoter activity, the production of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), and the gene expression of PGE(2) (EP2 and EP4) receptors; induced the activation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element (CRE) and CREB binding; and increased the phosphorylation of protein kinase A (PKA), Akt, and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathways. BPA activation of aromatase was reversed by various inhibitors (COX-2, PKA, Akt, ERK, JNK, and p38). Taken together, these results suggest that BPA increases aromatase activity, which is correlated with COX-2 up-regulation mediated by the CRE, PKA, Akt, and MAP kinase signaling pathways in rat testicular Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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Zaccaroni A, Zucchini M, Segatta L, Gamberoni M, Freggi D, Accorsi P, Scaravelli D, Gardner S. Vitellogenin (VTG) Conservation in Sea Turtles: Anti‐VTG Antibody in Chelonia mydas versus Caretta caretta. Physiol Biochem Zool 2010; 83:191-5. [DOI: 10.1086/648486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Chang X, Huang J, Cheng C, Sui Q, Sha W, Ji G, Deng S, Yu G. BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I) photocatalysts prepared using NaBiO3 as the Bi source: Characterization and catalytic performance. CATAL COMMUN 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2009.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Kloas W, Urbatzka R, Opitz R, Würtz S, Behrends T, Hermelink B, Hofmann F, Jagnytsch O, Kroupova H, Lorenz C, Neumann N, Pietsch C, Trubiroha A, Van Ballegooy C, Wiedemann C, Lutz I. Endocrine disruption in aquatic vertebrates. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1163:187-200. [PMID: 19456339 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Environmental compounds can interfere with endocrine systems of wildlife and humans. The main sink of such substances, called endocrine disrupters (ED), are surface waters. Thus, aquatic vertebrates, such as fish and amphibians, are most endangered. ED can adversely affect reproductive biology and the thyroid system. ED act by (anti)estrogenic and (anti)androgenic modes of action, resulting in abnormal sexual differentiation and impaired reproduction. These effects are mainly driven by direct interferences of ED with sex steroid receptors rather than indirectly by impacting synthesis and bioavailability of sex steroids, which in turn might affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Recent findings reveal that, in addition to the human-produced waste of ED, natural sources, such as parasites and decomposition of leaves, also might act as ED, markedly affecting sexual differentiation and reproduction in fish and amphibians. Although the thyroid system has essential functions in both fish and amphibians, amphibian metamorphosis has been introduced as the most sensitive model to detect thyroidal ED; no suitable fish model exists. Whereas ED may act primarily on only one specific endocrine target, all endocrine systems will eventually be deregulated as they are intimately connected to each other. The recent ecotoxicological issue of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) present in the aquatic environment indicates a high potential for further endocrine modes of action on aquatic vertebrates by ED derived from PhACs, such as glucocorticoids, progestins, and beta-agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Kloas
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
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Levi L, Pekarski I, Gutman E, Fortina P, Hyslop T, Biran J, Levavi-Sivan B, Lubzens E. Revealing genes associated with vitellogenesis in the liver of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) by transcriptome profiling. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:141. [PMID: 19335895 PMCID: PMC2678157 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In oviparous vertebrates, including fish, vitellogenesis consists of highly regulated pathways involving 17β-estradiol (E2). Previous studies focused on a relatively small number of hepatic expressed genes during vitellogenesis. This study aims to identify hepatic genes involved in vitellogenesis and regulated by E2, by using zebrafish microarray gene expression profiling, and to provide information on functional distinctive genes expressed in the liver of a vitellogenic female, using zebrafish as a model fish. Results Genes associated with vitellogenesis were revealed by the following paired t-tests (SAM) comparisons: a) two-month old vitellogenic (Vit2) females were compared with non-vitellogenic (NV) females, showing 825 differentially expressed transcripts during early stages of vitellogenesis, b) four-month old vitellogenic (Vit4) females were compared with NV females, showing 1,046 differentially expressed transcripts during vitellogenesis and c) E2-treated males were compared with control males, showing 1,828 differentially expressed transcripts regulated by E2. A Venn diagram revealed 822 common transcripts in the three groups, indicating that these transcripts were involved in vitellogenesis and putatively regulated by E2. In addition, 431 transcripts were differentially expressed in Vit2 and Vit4 females but not in E2-treated males, indicating that they were putatively not up-regulated by E2. Correspondence analysis showed high similarity in expression profiles of Vit2 with Vit4 and of NV females with control males. The E2-treated males differed from the other groups. The repertoire of genes putatively regulated by E2 in vitellogenic females included genes associated with protein synthesis and reproduction. Genes associated with the immune system processes and biological adhesion, were among the genes that were putatively not regulated by E2. E2-treated males expressed a large array of transcripts that were not associated with vitellogenesis. The study revealed several genes that were not reported before as being regulated by E2. Also, the hepatic expression of several genes was reported here for the first time. Conclusion Gene expression profiling of liver samples revealed 1,046 differentially expressed transcripts during vitellogenesis of which at least ~64% were regulated by E2. The results raise the question on the regulation pattern and temporal pleiotropic expression of hepatic genes in vitellogenic females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liraz Levi
- Department Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa, Israel.
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Olmstead AW, Kosian PA, Korte JJ, Holcombe GW, Woodis KK, Degitz SJ. Sex reversal of the amphibian, Xenopus tropicalis, following larval exposure to an aromatase inhibitor. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2009; 91:143-150. [PMID: 18804292 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Aromatase is a steroidogenic enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of androgens to estrogens in vertebrates. Modulation of this enzyme's activity by xenobiotic exposure has been shown to adversely affect gonad differentiation in a number of diverse species. We hypothesized that exposure to the aromatase inhibitor, fadrozole, during the larval development of the tropical clawed frog, Xenopus tropicalis, would result in masculinization of the developing female gonad. Tadpoles were exposed to fadrozole at nominal concentrations from 1 to 64 microg/L in a flow-through system from < 24 h post-fertilization (Nieuwkoop Faber (NF) stage 15-20) to metamorphosis (NF stage 66). At metamorphosis, morphologically examined gonads indicated complete masculinization of all tadpoles at concentrations of 16 microg/L and above and a significant bias in sex ratio towards males at concentrations of 1 microg/L and above. No effects on time to metamorphosis, body mass, or body length were observed. A random subsample of frogs was raised to reproductive maturity (39 weeks post-fertilization) in control water. All frogs exposed as tadpoles to 16 microg/L fadrozole or greater possessed testes at sexual maturity. Intersexed gonads characterized by the presence of both testicular and ovarian tissue were observed in 12% of frogs in the 4 microg/L treatment. No differences in estradiol, testosterone, or vitellogenin plasma concentrations were observed in exposed males or females compared to controls. Females in the 4 microg/L treatment possessed a significantly greater percentage of pre-vitellogenic oocytes than controls and were significantly smaller in body mass. No differences in sperm counts were observed in exposed males compared to controls. Results from this study demonstrate that larval exposure to an aromatase inhibitor can result in the complete masculinization of female gonads. These masculinized females are phenotypically indistinguishable from normal males at adulthood. Lower levels of aromatase inhibition resulted in intersexed gonads and possible female reproductive impairment at adulthood. These results indicate that exposure of amphibians to xenobiotics capable of inhibiting aromatase would result in adverse reproductive consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen W Olmstead
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN, USA
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Solomon KR, Carr JA, Du Preez LH, Giesy JP, Kendall RJ, Smith EE, Van Der Kraak GJ. Effects of Atrazine on Fish, Amphibians, and Aquatic Reptiles: A Critical Review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008; 38:721-72. [DOI: 10.1080/10408440802116496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mortensen AS, Kortner TM, Arukwe A. Thyroid hormone-dependent gene expression as a biomarker of short-term 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) exposure in European common frog (Rana temporaria) tadpoles. Biomarkers 2008; 11:524-37. [PMID: 17056472 DOI: 10.1080/13547500600806717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects on thyroid hormone-dependent gene biomarker responses of the persistent organochlorine pesticide metabolite 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) were investigated after exposure of 4-week-old European common frog (Rana temporaria) (stage 36) tadpoles to two (0.001 and 0.01 ppm) DDE concentrations. Total body weight, total length, and tail length and width increased after 3-day exposure to DDE. Expression patterns of genes encoding for growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSHbeta) and thyroid hormone receptor (TRalpha and TRbeta) isoforms were evaluated in the head, body and tail regions using a validated real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The mRNA expression of growth hormone in the body, and TSHbeta in the head showed significant DDE concentration-dependent decreases. While DDE caused variable effects on TRalpha mRNA steady-state, the expression of TRbeta was significantly decreased in the tail by DDE in a concentration-specific manner. The effect of DDE exposure on TRbeta mRNA expression showed a negative correlation with tail length and width during the exposure period. The unique pattern of a DDE-induced decrease of tail TRbeta expression probably reflects the significant role of this thyroid hormone receptor isoform in tail re-absorption and overall metamorphosis in anuran species. Therefore, the present study shows that the evaluation of thyroid hormone-dependent genes may represent quantitative biomarkers of acute exposure to organochlorine pesticides in anuran species during critical developmental periods such as metamorphosis. Given the widespread environmental levels of DDT and its metabolites, these pollutants will remain a subject of concern and their effects on anuran species should be studied in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Mortensen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Effects of prochloraz and ethinylestradiol on sexual development inRana temporaria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 309:389-98. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Cevasco A, Urbatzka R, Bottero S, Massari A, Pedemonte F, Kloas W, Mandich A. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) with (anti)estrogenic and (anti)androgenic modes of action affecting reproductive biology of Xenopus laevis: II. Effects on gonad histomorphology. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 147:241-51. [PMID: 18032117 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A number of man-made chemicals has been shown to mimic endogenous hormones and to induce alterations of reproductive physiology in wild populations. Of particular importance are compounds that mimic estrogens and androgens (and their antagonists), because of their central role in reproductive function. In this study, male and female adult South African clawed toads (Xenopus laevis) were exposed to ethinylestradiol (EE2), tamoxifen (TAM), methyldihydrotestosterone (MDHT) and flutamide (FLU) as (anti)estrogenic and (anti)androgenic model compounds, respectively, at a concentration of 10(-8) M, and to water from the river Lambro (LAM), a contaminated watercourse from Northern Italy. Potential disrupting effects on reproduction were studied by histological analyses of gonads. The strongest adverse effects were observed in EE2 and LAM exposed males, e.g. tubule mean diameter reduction, spermatogenic nest breakdown and interlobular wall thickening. In both groups, the occurrence of small oocytes within the seminiferous tubules was observed. In TAM and MDHT exposed females slight oocyte atresia and occurrence of spermatogenic nests were observed. In contrast to previous studies addressing the alteration of molecular biomarkers in the same experimental setup, histological analyses of gonads were very sensitive and indicated an adverse effect of water from Lambro River on reproductive physiology of X. laevis.
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Kaneko M, Okada R, Yamamoto K, Nakamura M, Mosconi G, Polzonetti-Magni AM, Kikuyama S. Bisphenol A acts differently from and independently of thyroid hormone in suppressing thyrotropin release from the bullfrog pituitary. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2008; 155:574-80. [PMID: 17959175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2007] [Revised: 07/15/2007] [Accepted: 09/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this investigation was to ascertain whether bisphenol A (BPA), which has a structural resemblance to thyroid hormone (TH), acts as a TH agonist or antagonist in terms of affecting the release of thyrotropin (TSH). To this end, we exposed adult bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) pituitary cells to BPA and/or TH in the presence or absence of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), which is known to have a potent TSH-releasing activity in amphibians. BPA (10(-9)-10(-4)M) did not affect the basal release of TSH. However, it suppressed CRF-inducible TSH release at 10(-4)M, but not at 10(-5)M. Triiodothyronine (T(3)) at 10(-7)M and l-thyroxine (T(4)) at 10(-6)M also suppressed the CRF-inducible release of TSH. The combination of T(3) (10(-7)M) or T(4) (10(-6)M) with BPA (10(-4)M) had an additive effect in suppressing TSH release. A comparison of the suppressive effects of BPA and T(3) on the release of TSH following the addition of actinomycin D or cycloheximide to the culture medium revealed that both of the latter compounds blocked T(3)-inducible but not BPA-inducible suppression of TSH release. The results indicate that the mechanism of action of BPA is different from that of T(3) in that T(3) action involves RNA and protein synthesis, whereas BPA action does not involve either of these processes. Furthermore, BPA was found to suppress the thyrotropin-releasing hormone-inducible release of both prolactin (PRL) and TSH. Our results suggest that BPA acts not only as a blocker of TSH secretagogues but also as a blocker of a PRL secretagogue at the pituitary level. Estradiol affected neither the release of TSH nor the release of PRL in the presence or absence of their secretagogues, suggesting that the suppression of the release of TSH and PRL caused by BPA may not be derived from its estrogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyoko Kaneko
- Department of Biology, School of Education, Waseda University, Nishiwaseda 1-6-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan
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Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC, Long M, Hofmeister MV, Vinggaard AM. Endocrine-disrupting potential of bisphenol A, bisphenol A dimethacrylate, 4-n-nonylphenol, and 4-n-octylphenol in vitro: new data and a brief review. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115 Suppl 1:69-76. [PMID: 18174953 PMCID: PMC2174402 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An array of environmental compounds is known to possess endocrine disruption (ED) potentials. Bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol A dimethacrylate (BPA-DM) are monomers used to a high extent in the plastic industry and as dental sealants. Alkylphenols such as 4-n-nonylphenol (nNP) and 4-n-octylphenol (nOP) are widely used as surfactants. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effect in vitro of these four compounds on four key cell mechanisms including transactivation of a) the human estrogen receptor (ER), b) the human androgen receptor (AR), c) the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and d) aromatase activity. RESULTS All four compounds inhibited aromatase activity and were agonists and antagonists of ER and AR, respectively. nNP increased AhR activity concentration-dependently and further increased the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin AhR action. nOP caused dual responses with a weak increased and a decreased AhR activity at lower (10(-8) M) and higher concentrations (10(-5)-10(-4) M), respectively. AhR activity was inhibited with BPA (10(-5)-10(-4) M) and weakly increased with BPA-DM (10(-5) M), respectively. nNP showed the highest relative potency (REP) compared with the respective controls in the ER, AhR, and aromatase assays, whereas similar REP was observed for the four chemicals in the AR assay. CONCLUSION Our in vitro data clearly indicate that the four industrial compounds have ED potentials and that the effects can be mediated via several cellular pathways, including the two sex steroid hormone receptors (ER and AR), aromatase activity converting testosterone to estrogen, and AhR; AhR is involved in syntheses of steroids and metabolism of steroids and xenobiotic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva C Bonefeld-Jørgensen
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Goyal HO, Braden TD, Cooke PS, Szewczykowski MA, Williams CS, Dalvi P, Williams JW. Estrogen receptor alpha mediates estrogen-inducible abnormalities in the developing penis. Reproduction 2007; 133:1057-67. [PMID: 17616734 DOI: 10.1530/rep-06-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported an association between estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) upregulation and detrimental effects of neonatal diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure in the rat penis. The objective of this study was to employ the ERalpha knockout (ERalphaKO) mouse model to test the hypothesis that ERalpha mediates DES effects in the developing penis. ERalphaKO and wild-type C57BL/6 mice received oil or DES at a dose of 0.2 microg/pup per day (0.1 mg/kg) on alternate days from postnatal days 2 to 12. Fertility was tested at 80-240 days of age and tissues were examined at 96-255 days of age. DES caused malformation of the os penis, significant reductions in penile length, diameter, and weight, accumulation of fat cells in the corpora cavernosa penis, and significant reductions in weight of the bulbospongiosus and levator ani muscles in wild-type mice. Conversely, ERalphaKO mice treated with DES developed none of the above abnormalities. While nine out of ten male mice sired pups in the wild-type/control group, none did in the wild-type/DES group. ERalphaKO mice, despite normal penile development, are inherently infertile. Both plasma and intratesticular testosterone levels were unaltered in the DES-treated wild-type or DES-treated ERalphaKO mice when compared with controls, although testosterone concentration was much higher in the ERalphaKO mice. Hence, the resistance of ERalphaKO mice to developing penile abnormalities provides unequivocal evidence of an obligatory role for ERalpha in mediating the harmful effects of neonatal DES exposure in the developing penis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H O Goyal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA.
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Goyal HO, Braden TD, Williams CS, Williams JW. Role of estrogen in induction of penile dysmorphogenesis: a review. Reproduction 2007; 134:199-208. [PMID: 17660230 DOI: 10.1530/rep-07-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we report permanent dysmorphogenesis of the penis and loss of fertility in adult rats treated neonatally with estrogen. Specifically, we report replacement of smooth muscle cells and cavernous spaces by fat cells in the corpus cavernosum penis, but not in the adjoining corpus spongiosum. Induction of these novel, region-specific phenotypes is dose-dependent, requires a critical window of exposure and associated with decreased testosterone and up-regulation of estrogen receptor α (ERα). The resistance of ERα knockout mice to develop these abnormalities implies an unequivocal role for ERα in mediating maldevelopment of the penis. Additionally, the prevention of estrogen-inducible penile abnormalities by ER antagonist ICI 182 780 implies that a functional ER-mediated pathway is essential for inducing penile abnormalities. Likewise, the ability of testosterone or dihydrotestosterone to negate these abnormalities suggests a role for an androgen receptor (AR)-mediated pathway. Taken together, these observations led us to hypothesize that neonatal estrogen exposure, via an ER-mediated pathway (direct action) or an AR-mediated pathway (indirect action through decreased testosterone) or both pathways, up-regulates ERα expression in stromal cells of the penis, which are then reprogrammed such that their differentiation into smooth muscle cells is inhibited and their differentiation into adipocytes is stimulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H O Goyal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nursing and Allied Health, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA.
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Urbatzka R, Bottero S, Mandich A, Lutz I, Kloas W. Endocrine disrupters with (anti)estrogenic and (anti)androgenic modes of action affecting reproductive biology of Xenopus laevis: I. Effects on sex steroid levels and biomarker expression. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 144:310-8. [PMID: 17157075 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2006.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Revised: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adult Xenopus laevis were exposed in vivo to ethinylestradiol, tamoxifen, methyldihydrotestosterone and flutamide as (anti)estrogenic and (anti)androgenic compounds, respectively, for four weeks at a concentration of 10(-8) M and to Lambro river water, a polluted river from Italy. Effects of the treatments were analysed by mRNA expression of retinol-binding protein (RBP), transferrin (TF), transthyretin (TTR) and vitellogenin (VTG) in the liver of male and female X. laevis, to analyse the potential of these genes to detect endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC) with different modes of action. In addition, plasma VTG and sex steroid levels, estradiol-17beta (E(2)) and testosterone (T), were analysed. Sex steroids were depressed by ethinylestradiol in both sexes whereas tamoxifen increased E(2) in females. The induction of VTG protein plasma levels was more pronounced at the protein level compared to hepatic VTG mRNA expression in response to estrogenic treatment but VTG mRNA expression detected both, estrogenic and antiestrogenic EDC. The mRNA expression of TF was decreased by estrogenic and increased by antiestrogenic treatment while TTR mRNA expression was down-regulated and RBP mRNA up-regulated by estrogenic exposure. The other treatments did not affect the mRNA expression of the examined genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Urbatzka
- Department of Inland Fisheries, Leibniz-Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
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Iwamuro S, Yamada M, Kato M, Kikuyama S. Effects of bisphenol A on thyroid hormone-dependent up-regulation of thyroid hormone receptor α and β and down-regulation of retinoid X receptor γ in Xenopus tail culture. Life Sci 2006; 79:2165-71. [PMID: 16905155 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Revised: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated effects of different concentrations (10(-7) - 10(-5) M) of bisphenol A (BPA), which is known as an estrogenic and anti-thyroid hormonal endocrine disrupter, on the expression of thyroid hormone receptor (TR) alpha and beta and retinoid X receptor (RXR) gamma mRNA in tails of stage 52-54 Xenopus tadpoles in organ culture in the presence or absence of different concentrations of triiodo-thyronine (T(3)). In the absence of T(3), BPA at any concentration examined did not show remarkable effects on tail length but blocked 10(-7) M T(3)-induced tail resorption in a concentration-dependent manner. Semi-quantitative analyses of TRalpha and TRbeta mRNAs by RT-PCR in the tail specimens indicated that BPA shows an apparent antagonistic effect towards the receptors and reduced their mRNA levels relative to controls. When administered together with 10(-7) M T(3), the antagonistic effects of BPA were detected more clearly and dose-dependently. While BPA prevented the autoinduction of both TRalpha and TRbeta genes by T(3), the effect was less marked on TRalpha than on TRbeta. BPA also moderately suppressed RXRgamma gene expression. Gene expression of RXRgamma, a partner for heterodimer formation of TRs, was supressed by T(3) alone and also by BPA alone, but no additive effects were observed so far as studied. The present study indicates that a relatively low concentration of BPA, 10(-7) M, as compared with those examined previously (10(-5) to 10(-4) M) by us and other investigators, acts as an antagonist of T(3) through suppression of TRalpha and TRbeta gene expression in Xenopus tail in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawichi Iwamuro
- Department of Biology, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
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Biau S, Bayle S, de Santa Barbara P, Roig B. The chick embryo: an animal model for detection of the effects of hormonal compounds. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 387:1397-403. [PMID: 17058071 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0870-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Revised: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hormonal compounds are a class of pharmaceutical product that disrupt the endocrine system of animals and humans. Exposure to these molecules, even at low concentrations, can have severely damaging effects on the environment, to organisms, and to humans. The cumulative presence of these compounds is also characterized by synergistic effects which are difficult to estimate. They are an underestimated danger to the environment and to the human population. This paper presents an in-vivo model enabling to assessment of the real impact of exposure to hormonal compounds and the synergistic effect which can be involved. The anatomical effects of in-ovo exposure to two natural estrogen compounds (estrone and estriol, at 600 ng g(-1)) and a synthetic estrogen (ethynylestradiol, at 20 ng g(-1)) have been investigated. Estrone and estriol lead to morphological defects, mainly in the urogenital system of the developing chick embryo, whereas ethynylestradiol has fewer effects. Estriol caused persistence of Müllerian ducts in 50% of male embryos and hypertrophic oviducts in 71% of females. Estrone had the same effects but at the percentages were lower. Kidney dysfunction was also observed, but only with estrone, in both males and females. We also tested estrogenic compounds in two types of cell line which are estrogen sensitive (BG1 and MCF7) then completed and confirmed our previous in-vivo results. Seven pharmaceutical-like compounds--estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), ethynylestradiol (EE(2)), carbamazepine (C), genistein (G), and bisphenol-A (BPA)--were tested alone or in mixtures. Different effects on the two cell lines were observed, indicating that endocrine compounds can act differently on this organism. Experiments also showed that these molecules have synergistic action and induce more severe effects when they are in mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Biau
- Ecole des Mines d'Alès, Centre LGEI, 6 avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès Cedex, France.
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Cionna C, Maradonna F, Olivotto I, Pizzonia G, Carnevali O. Effects of nonylphenol on juveniles and adults in the grey mullet, Liza aurata. Reprod Toxicol 2006; 22:449-54. [PMID: 16919910 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2006.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2004] [Revised: 03/29/2006] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nonylphenol (NP), an environmental pollutant known to have estrogenic activity, on grey mullets. Juvenile and adult physiology was monitored by the expression of vitellogenin (VTG), which is commonly induced by estrogenic pollutants, and cytochrome P4501A1(CYP1A1) as a first signal of detoxification. The dose-response estrogenic effects of NP (25, 100, 1000 microg/l) on hepatic VTG transcript and plasma protein levels, as well as on CYP1A1 transcription and its associated ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity, were assessed in juvenile Liza aurata; 17beta-estradiol (E2; 2 microg/l) treatment for 1 week served as positive control. In addition, we investigated VTG and CYP1A1 expression in adult males injected with two NP at 0.25 or 250 mg/kg body weight relative to 0.07 mg/kg of E2 as a positive control. Juvenile exposure to NP failed to induce a measurable VTG response. In the adult fish, NP exerted estrogenic effects only at the highest dose injected. E2 treatment elicited VTG induction only in adults in a time-related manner. In contrast, NP treatment induced a dose-dependent decrease in CYP1A1 response in both juveniles and adults. An inhibitory effect of E2 on CYP1A1 was evident in all treatment groups as well. These data suggest that, in biomonitoring studies, testing the expression of different biomarkers may provide a more realistic picture of the environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cionna
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Mare, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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Arukwe A. Organ-specific patterns of P450arom gene isoforms are modulated by p,p'-DDE in adult male European common frog, Rana temporaria. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2006; 62 Suppl:S215-8. [PMID: 16697457 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2006.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The organ-specific gene expression patterns of P450arom isoforms have been studied in European common frog, Rana temporaria after exposure to DDE, using real-time PCR. Four groups of frogs were subcutaneously injected with DDE at 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg body weight and one group, serving as the control was injected with pure corn oil. Brain, kidney, testis and liver P450aromA and P450aromB gene expressions were evaluated at day 14 after exposure. P450aromB data show that 0.1 and 10 mg DDE/kg doses caused 76% and 63% (testis) and 79% and 80% reductions, respectively, of mRNA levels. Brain P450aromB mRNA decreased 10% and 34%, respectively, after exposure to 0.01 and 0.1 mg DDE/kg. Thereafter, a 185% and 177% induction response of brain P450aromB was observed in the groups treated with 1 and 10 mg DDE/kg, respectively. In the kidney, 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg DDE/kg induced a 516%, 178%, 466% and 247% induction of P450aronB mRNA, respectively. P450aromA expression was not quantified in any of the organs. The relative abundance of P450aromB gene expression in different organs is in the order: kidney > brain > liver > testis. The present data suggest potential detrimental effect of organochlorine pesticides (OCs) and their metabolites on the European frog steroidogenic pathways. Given the high persistency in the environment and continued use in developing countries coupled with the tendency for global atmospheric transport, OCs and their metabolites such as DDE will remain a focus of concern both for scientific and societal reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Arukwe
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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