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Yang X, Wang S, Tang Y, Ying Y, Zhu Y, Chen C, Ge RS, Liu M. Food additive salicylates inhibit human and rat placental 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: 3D-QSAR and in silico analysis. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 402:111203. [PMID: 39159849 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
The use of salicylates as flavoring agents in food and beverages is common, but their potential to disrupt the endocrine system remains unclear. Human placental 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (h3β-HSD1) plays a role in progesterone synthesis and is the potential target. This study evaluated the inhibition of 13 salicylates on h3β-HSD1, structure-activity relationship (SAR) and compared with rat placental homolog r3β-HSD4. Salicylates inhibited h3β-HSD1, depending on carbon chain number in the alcohol moiety and the IC50 values for hexyl, ethylhexyl, homomenthyl, and menthyl salicylates were 53.27, 15.78, 2.35, and 2.31 μM, as mixed inhibitors, respectively, while methyl to benzyl salicylates were ineffective at 100 μM. Interestingly, only hexyl salicylate inhibited r3β-HSD4 with IC50 of 31.05 μM. Bivariate analysis revealed a negative correlation between IC50 and hydrophobicity (LogP), molecular weight, heavy atoms, and carbon number in the alcohol moiety against h3β-HSD1. Docking analysis demonstrated that these salicylates bind to cofactor binding sites or between the steroid and cofactor binding sites. Additionally, 3D-QSAR showed distinct binding via hydrogen bond donors and hydrophobic regions. In conclusion, the inhibition of h3β-HSD1 by salicylates appears to be dependent on factors such as LogP, molecular weight, heavy atoms, and carbon-chain length and there is species-dependent inhibition sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulian Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shaowei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Yunbing Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Yingfen Ying
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Yang Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Male Health and Environment of Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Congde Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Male Health and Environment of Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Miaoqing Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China.
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Zhao X, Hao T, Sang J, Xia M, Li L, Ge RS, Chen C. Human and rat gonadal 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases are suppressed by dithiocarbamate fungicides via interacting with cysteine residues. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 283:116852. [PMID: 39142049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Dithiocarbamates have been widely used in various industrial applications, such as insecticides (ferbam) or drug (disulfiram). This study explored the inhibitory effects of dithiocarbamates on human and rat gonadal 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (3β-HSD) and investigated the structure-activity relationship and mechanistic insights. The inhibitory activity of six dithiocarbamates and thiourea on the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone was evaluated using human KGN cell and rat testicular microsomes, with subsequent progesterone measurement using HPLC-MS/MS. The study found that among the tested compounds disulfiram, ferbam, and thiram exhibited significant inhibitory activity against human 3β-HSD2 and rat 3β-HSD1, with ferbam demonstrating the highest potency. The mode of action for these compounds was characterized, showing mixed inhibition for human 3β-HSD2 and mixed/noncompetitive inhibition for rat 3β-HSD1. Additionally, it was observed that dithiothreitol dose-dependently reversed the inhibitory effects of dithiocarbamates on both human and rat gonadal 3β-HSD enzymes. The study also delved into the penetration of these dithiocarbamates through the human KGN cell membrane and their impact on progesterone production, highlighting their potency in inhibiting human 3β-HSD2. Furthermore, bivariate correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation of LogP (lipophilicity) with IC50 values for both enzymes. Docking analysis indicated that dithiocarbamates bind to NAD+ and steroid-binding sites, with some interactions with cysteine residues. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the structure-activity relationship and mechanistic aspects of dithiocarbamates as inhibitors of human and rat gonadal 3β-HSDs, suggesting that these compounds likely exert their inhibitory effects through binding to cysteine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Children Genitourinary Diseases of Wenzhou, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 325000, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, and Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Ting Hao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Jianmin Sang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Miaomiao Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Linxi Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, and Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.
| | - Congde Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China; Key Laboratory of Children Genitourinary Diseases of Wenzhou, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 325000, China.
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Zhang W, Su M, Lin H, Pan C, Tang Y, Ge RS, Fei Q. The metabolic activation of pentachlorophenol to chloranil as a potent inhibitor of human and rat placental 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Toxicol Lett 2024; 395:40-49. [PMID: 38555059 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a widely used pesticide. However, whether PCP and its metabolite chloranil have endocrine-disrupting effects by inhibiting placental 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (3β-HSD1) remains unclear. The study used in vitro assays with human and rat placental microsomes to measure 3β-HSD activity as well as human JAr cells to evaluate progesterone production. The results showed that PCP exhibited moderate inhibition of human 3β-HSD1, with an IC50 value of 29.83 μM and displayed mixed inhibition in terms of mode of action. Conversely, chloranil proved to be a potent inhibitor, demonstrating an IC50 value of 147 nM, and displaying a mixed mode of action. PCP significantly decreased progesterone production by JAr cells at 50 μM, while chloranil markedly reduced progesterone production at ≥1 μM. Interestingly, PCP and chloranil moderately inhibited rat placental homolog 3β-HSD4, with IC50 values of 27.94 and 23.42 μM, respectively. Dithiothreitol (DTT) alone significantly increased human 3β-HSD1 activity. Chloranil not PCP mediated inhibition of human 3β-HSD1 activity was completely reversed by DTT and that of rat 3β-HSD4 was partially reversed by DTT. Docking analysis revealed that both PCP and chloranil can bind to the catalytic domain of 3β-HSDs. The difference in the amino acid residue Cys83 in human 3β-HSD1 may explain why chloranil is a potent inhibitor through its interaction with the cysteine residue of human 3β-HSD1. In conclusion, PCP is metabolically activated to chloranil as a potent inhibitor of human 3β-HSD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Ming Su
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Hao Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Chengshuang Pan
- Reproductive Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 32500, China
| | - Yunbing Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.
| | - Qianjin Fei
- Reproductive Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 32500, China.
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Wang P, Ji Z, Chen H, Chen S, Pan C, Fei Q, Ge RS, Duan P, Li L. Structure-activity relationship and mechanistic study of organotins as inhibitors of human, pig, and rat gonadal 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 486:116942. [PMID: 38692360 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Organotins have been widely used in various industrial applications. This study investigated the structure-activity relationship as inhibitors of human, pig, and rat gonadal 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (3β-HSD). Human KGN cell, pig, and rat testis microsomes were utilized to assess the inhibitory effects of 18 organotins on the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone. Among them, diphenyltin, triethyltin, and triphenyltin exhibited significant inhibitory activity against human 3β-HSD2 with IC50 values of 114.79, 106.98, and 5.40 μM, respectively. For pig 3β-HSD, dipropyltin, diphenyltin, triethyltin, tributyltin, and triphenyltin demonstrated inhibitory effects with IC50 values of 172.00, 100.19, 87.00, 5.75, and 1.65 μM, respectively. Similarly, for rat 3β-HSD1, dipropyltin, diphenyltin, triethyltin, tributyltin, and triphenyltin displayed inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 81.35, 43.56, 55.55, 4.09, and 0.035 μM, respectively. They were mixed inhibitors of pig and rat 3β-HSD, while triphenyltin was identified as a competitive inhibitor of human 3β-HSD2. The mechanism underlying the inhibition of organotins on 3β-HSD was explored, revealing that they may disrupt the enzyme activity by binding to cysteine residues in the catalytic sites. This proposition was supported by the observation that the addition of dithiothreitol reversed the inhibition caused by all organotins except for triethyltin, which was partially reversed. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the structure-activity relationship of organotins as inhibitors of human, pig, and rat gonadal 3β-HSD. The mechanistic investigation suggests that these compounds likely exert their inhibitory effects through binding to cysteine residues in the catalytic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Reproductive Medicine Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhongyao Ji
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Huiqian Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Sailing Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Chengshuang Pan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Reproductive Medicine Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qianjin Fei
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Ping Duan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
| | - Linxi Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Ren Z, Yu Y, Ji Z, Li H, Li X, Lin H, Ge R, Zhu Q. Structure-activity relationship and docking analysis of nature flavonoids as inhibitors of human and rat gonadal 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases for therapeutic purposes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 238:106450. [PMID: 38143010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The potential inhibitory effects of flavonoids on gonadal steroid biosynthesis have gained attention due to their widespread presence in natural plant sources. Specifically, our study focused on evaluating the inhibitory efficacy of these compounds on human 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (h3β-HSD2) and rat homolog r3β-HSD1, enzymes responsible for the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone. Through our investigations, we observed that the potency of flavonoids was silymarin (IC50, 1.31 μM) > luteolin (4.63 μM) > tectorigenin > (5.86 μM), and rutin (44.12 μM) in inhibiting human KGN cell microsomal h3β-HSD2. Similarly, the potency of flavonoids was silymarin (9.50 μM) > luteolin (11.49 μM) > tectorigenin (14.06 μM), and rutin (145.71 μM) in inhibiting rat testicular r3β-HSD1. Silymarin, luteolin, and tectorigenin acted as mixed inhibitors of both human and rat 3β-HSDs. Luteolin and tectorigenin were able to penetrate human KGN cells to inhibit progesterone secretion. Furthermore, docking analysis and structure-activity relationship analysis highlighted the importance of hydrogen bond formation for the inhibitory efficacy of these compounds against h3β-HSD2 and r3β-HSD1. Overall, this study demonstrates that silymarin exhibits the most potent inhibition of human and rat gonadal 3β-HSDs, and significant SAR differences exist among the tested compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyuan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, and Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, and Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongyao Ji
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, and Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, and Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, and Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Han Lin
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, and Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Renshan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, and Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, and Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China.
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Chen Y, Zhang H, Yu Y, Wang S, Wang M, Pan C, Fei Q, Li H, Wang Y, Lv J, Ge RS. Comparison of structure-activity relationship for bisphenol analogs in the inhibition of gonadal 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases among human, rat, and mouse. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 236:106424. [PMID: 37939739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely used plastic material and its potential endocrine disrupting effect has restricted its use and increasing use of BPA alternatives has raised health concerns. However, the effect of bisphenol alternatives on steroidogenesis remains unclear. The objective of this study was to compare inhibitory potencies of 10 BPA alternatives in the inhibition of gonadal 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) in three species (human, rat and mouse). The inhibitory potency for human 3β-HSD2, rat 3β-HSD1, and mouse 3β-HSD6 ranged from bisphenol FL (IC50, 3.32 μM for human, 5.19 μM for rat, and 3.26 μM for mouse) to bisphenol E, F, and thiodiphenol (ineffective at 100 μM). Most BPA alternatives were mixed inhibitors of gonadal 3β-HSD and they dose-dependently inhibited progesterone formation in KGN cells. Molecular docking analysis showed that all BPA analogs bind to steroid and NAD+ active sites. Lipophilicity of BPA alternatives was inversely correlated with IC50 values. In conclusion, BPA alternatives mostly can inhibit gonadal 3β-HSDs and lipophilicity determines their inhibitory strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Reproductive Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, and Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Huina Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, and Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Shaowei Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Mengyun Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Chengshuang Pan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Reproductive Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qianjin Fei
- Reproductive Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, and Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Jieqiang Lv
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, and Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.
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7
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Zhang H, Wang S, Chen Y, Li J, Zhai Y, Tang Y, Li H, Sang J, Wang H, Lv J, Ge RS. Carbon chain length of perfluoroalkylated carboxylic acids determines inhibitory strength on gonadal 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in humans, rats, and mice. Toxicol Lett 2023; 389:45-58. [PMID: 37871704 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkylated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are a subclass of man-made chemicals that have been widely used in industrial production and consumer products. As a result, PFCAs have been found to accumulate in the environment and bioaccumulate in organisms, leading to potential health and environmental impacts. This study investigated the inhibition of 11 PFCAs on gonadal 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in humans, rats, and mice. We observed a V-shaped inhibition pattern against human granulosa (KGN) cell 3β-HSD2 starting from C9 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50, 100.8 μM) to C11 (8.92 μM), with a V-shaped turn. The same V-shaped inhibition pattern was also observed for PFCAs against rat testicular 3β-HSD1 from C9 (IC50, 50.43 μM) to C11 (6.60 μM). Mouse gonadal 3β-HSD6 was insensitive to the inhibition of PFCAs, with an IC50 of 50.43 μM for C11. All of these PFCAs were mixed inhibitors of gonadal 3β-HSDs. Docking analysis showed that PFCAs bind to the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)/steroid binding sites of these enzymes and bivariate correlation analysis showed that molecular length determines the inhibitory pattern of PFCAs on these enzymes. In conclusion, the carbon chain length determines the inhibitory strength of PFCAs on human, rat, and mouse gonadal 3β-HSDs, and the inhibitory strength of PFCAs against human and rat 3β-HSD enzymes shows V-shaped turn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huina Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Shaowei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ya Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yingna Zhai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yunbing Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Jianmin Sang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Jieqiang Lv
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
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8
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Zhou G, Ma Q, Li Q, Wang S, Shi H. The disruption of LPS in Salmonella Typhimurium provides partial protection against Salmonella Choleraesuis as a live attenuated vaccine. Vaccine 2023; 41:5951-5956. [PMID: 37666697 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Interference with the normal synthesis of LPS was shown to enhance immune responses to conserved outer membrane proteins. In the present study, we have constructed three vaccine candidates by deleting four genes (rfaL, rfbB, rffG and wzy) associated with LPS synthesis in the wild-type strain UK-1. Virulence assessment showed that after oral immunization of BALB/c mice, all mutant strains were attenuated and had significantly reduced ability to colonize host tissues compared to the wild-type strain. In addition, all three vaccine candidates induced elevated humoral, mucosal and cellular immune responses against S. Typhimurium and S. Choleraesuis OMPs compared to the PBS-treated group. Finally, immunization of mice with the rSC0136 vaccine candidate strain provided 100 % and 40 % protection against S. Typhimurium and S. Choleraesuis challenge, respectively. These results suggest that the deletion of LPS synthesis-related genes may be an effective strategy against homologous serotypes, but provides only partial protection against heterologous serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Qifeng Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Quan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA.
| | - Huoying Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University (JIRLAAPS), Yangzhou, China.
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9
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Yu Y, Wang M, Chen Y, Pan C, Fei Q, Zhu Y, Li H, Ge RS. Halogenated bisphenol A derivatives potently inhibit human, rat, and mouse gonadal 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: Structure-activity relationship and in silico molecular docking analysis. Toxicol Lett 2023; 386:20-29. [PMID: 37683804 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely used plastic material, and halogenated BPA derivatives are formed either by synthesis or environmental processes. However, the effect of halogenated bisphenols on steroidogenesis remains unclear. The aim of this study was to compare inhibition of 6 BPA derivatives on gonadal 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (3β-HSDs) in three species (human, rat, and mouse). The inhibition on human 3β-HSD2 was tetrabromo BPA (TBBPA, IC50, 1.01 μM)>trichloro BPA (TrCBPA, 3.95 μM)>tetrachloro BPA (TCBPA, 4.14 μM)>monochloro BPA (MCBPA, 4.74 μM)>others with TrCBPA of competitive, TBBPA of noncompetitive and MCBPA/TCBPA of mixed inhibition. The inhibition on rat 3β-HSD1 was TCBPA (1.68 μM)>TrCBPA (1.72 μM)>MCBPA (2.80 μM)>BPA>others with mixed inhibition. The inhibition on mouse 3β-HSD6 was TrCBPA (1.59 μM) >MCBPA (3.36 μM)>TCBPA (3.72 μM)>others with mixed inhibition. Molecular docking analysis showed that TBBPA, TrCBPA, and TCBPA bind to steroid active sites, contacting with catalytic residue Tyr154 of human 3β-HSD2. MCBPA, TrCBPA, and TCBPA bind to steroid active site of rat 3β-HSD1. MCBPA and TrCBPA bind to active site of mouse 3β-HSD6. Regression of lowest binding energy values with Ki values revealed a significant negative linear regression (P < 0.05). In conclusion, halogenated BPA derivatives are more potent inhibitors of three 3β-HSDs than BPA and there is structure-dependent inhibition. SYNOPSIS: Chlorinated bisphenol derivatives after water chlorination process and other halogenated bisphenols effectively inhibit human and rat 3β-HSD activity, thereby leading to steroid hormone deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital;Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, and Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mengyun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital;Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Ya Chen
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital;Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, China; Reproductive Medicine Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chengshuang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital;Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, China; Reproductive Medicine Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qianjin Fei
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital;Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital;Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, China.
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital;Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, China; Reproductive Medicine Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, and Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000 Zhejiang Province, China.
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10
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Sang J, Chu J, Zhao X, Quan H, Ji Z, Wang S, Tang Y, Hu Z, Li H, Li L, Ge RS. Curcuminoids inhibit human and rat placental 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: Structure-activity relationship and in silico docking analysis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 305:116051. [PMID: 36572324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.116051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In traditional Chinese medicine, curcuma longa L has been applied to treat pain and tumour-related symptoms for over thousands of years. Curcuminoids, polyphenolic compounds, are the main pharmacological component from the rhizome of Curcuma longa L. Pharmacological investigations have found that curcuminoids have many pharmacological activities of anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, and anti-metastasis. AIM OF THE STUDY 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD1) catalyses the production of steroid precursors for androgens and estrogens, which play an essential role in cancer metastasis. We explored the potency and mode of action of curcuminoids and their metabolites of inhibiting 3β-HSD1 activity and compared the species difference between human and rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we investigated the direct inhibition of 6 curcuminoids on human placental 3β-HSD1 activity and compared the species-dependent difference in human 3β-HSD1 and rat placental homolog 3β-HSD4. RESULTS The inhibitory potency of curcuminoids on human 3β-HSD1 was demethoxycurcumin (IC50, 0.18 μM) > bisdemethoxycurcumin (0.21 μM)>curcumin (2.41 μM)> dihydrocurcumin (4.13 μM)>tetrahydrocurcumin (15.78 μM)>octahydrocurcumin (ineffective at 100 μM). The inhibitory potency of curcuminoids on rat 3β-HSD4 was bisdemethoxycurcumin (3.34 μM)>dihydrocurcumin (5.12 μM)>tetrahydrocurcumin (41.82 μM)>demethoxycurcumin (88.10 μM)>curcumin (137.06 μM)> octahydrocurcumin (ineffective at 100 μM). Human choriocarcinoma JAr cells with curcuminoid treatment showed that these chemicals had similar potency to inhibit progesterone secretion under basal and 8bromo-cAMP stimulated conditions. Docking analysis showed that all chemicals bind pregnenolone-binding site with mixed/competitive mode for 3β-HSD. CONCLUSION Some curcuminoids are potent human placental 3β-HSD1 inhibitors, possibly being potential drugs to treat prostate cancer and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Sang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Jinjin Chu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Hehua Quan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Zhongyao Ji
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Shaowei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Yunbing Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Zhiyan Hu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Linxi Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China.
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province and Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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11
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Zhai Y, Wang S, Zhang B, Tang Y, Wang H, Li J, Hu Z, Wang Y, Li H, Ge RS. The analysis of pesticides and fungicides in the inhibition of human and rat placental 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity: mode of inhibition and mechanism. Toxicol Lett 2023; 379:76-86. [PMID: 36965607 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/steroid Δ5,4-isomerase 1 (3β-HSD1) plays a critical role in the biosynthesis of progesterone from pregnenolone in the human placenta to maintain normal pregnancy. Whether they inhibit placental 3β-HSD1 and mode of inhibition remains unclear. In this study, we screened 21 pesticides and fungicides in five classes to inhibit human 3β-HSD1 and compared them to rat homolog 3β-HSD4. 3β-HSD activity was measured by catalyzing pregnenolone to progesterone in the presence of NAD+. Of the 21 chemicals, azoles (difenoconazole), thiocarbamates (thiram and ferbam) and organochlorine (hexachlorophene) significantly inhibited human 3β-HSD1 with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 2.77, 0.24, 0.68, and 17.96 μM, respectively. We also found that difenoconazole, ferbam and hexachlorophene are mixed/competitive inhibitors of 3β-HSD1 while thiram is a mixed/noncompetitive inhibitor. Docking analysis showed that difenoconazole and hexachlorophene bound steroid-binding site. Difenoconazole and hexachlorophene except thiram and ferbam also significantly inhibited rat 3β-HSD4 activity with IC50 of 1.12 and 2.28µM, respectively. Thiram and ferbam significantly inhibited human 3β-HSD1 possibly by interfering with cysteine residues, while they had no effects on rat 3β-HSD4. In conclusion, some pesticides potently inhibit placental 3β-HSD, leading to the reduction of progesterone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingna Zhai
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shaowei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Bingru Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yunbing Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhiyan Hu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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12
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Inhibition of human and rat placental 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ 5,4-isomerase activities by insecticides and fungicides: Mode action by docking analysis. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 369:110292. [PMID: 36470526 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Many insecticides and fungicides are endocrine-disrupting compounds, which possibly interfere with the placental endocrine system. In the placenta, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5,4-isomerase type 1 (HSD3B1) is the major steroidogenic enzyme, which makes progesterone from pregnenolone to support the placental stability. In this study, we screened 12 classes of insecticides and fungicides to inhibit placental HSD3B1 activity and compared them to the rat homolog type 4 (HSD3B4) isoform. Human HSD3B1 activity and rat HSD3B4 activity were measured in the presence of 200 nM pregnenolone and 0.2 mM NAD+ and 100 μM of test chemical. Triclosan, triflumizole, dichlone, and oxine at 100 μM significantly inhibited human HSD3B1 activity with the residual activity being less than 50% of the control. Further study showed that the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of triclosan, triflumizole, dichlone, and oxine were 85.53 ± 9.14, 73.75 ± 3.42, 2.54 ± 0.40, and 102.93 ± 6.10 μM, respectively. In the presence of pregnenolone, triclosan, triflumizole, and dichlone were mixed inhibitors of HSD3B1, while oxine was a noncompetitive inhibitor. In the presence of NAD+, triclosan exhibited competitive inhibition while triflumizole possessed uncompetitive inhibition. Docking analysis showed that triclosan bound NAD+-binding site, while triflumizole, dichlone, and oxine mostly bound steroid-binding site. When the effect of these insecticides on rat placental HSD3B4 activity was screened in the presence of 200 nM pregnenolone, atrazine, triclosan, triflumizole, oxine, cyprodinil, and diphenyltin at 100 μM significantly inhibited rat HSD3B4 activity, with IC50 values of triclosan, triflumizole, oxine, and cyprodinil were 82.99 ± 6.48, 35.45 ± 2.73, 105.59 ± 12.04, and 43.37 ± 3.00 μM, respectively. The mode action analysis showed that triflumizole and cyprodinil were almost competitive inhibitors, while triclosan and oxine were almost noncompetitive inhibitors of rat HSD3B4. Docking analysis showed that triclosan and oxine bound cofactor NAD+ binding residues more than steroid-binding residues of rat HSD3B4 while triflumizole and cyprodinil bound most pregnenolone-interactive residues. In conclusion, some insecticides such as triclosan, triflumizole, and oxine can effectively inhibit both human and rat placental HSD3B activity and they have unique mode action due to the structure difference.
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13
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Shi L, Meng F, Wang S, Hu Z, Li J, Tian F, Wang H, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Ge RS, Li H. Effects of phenolic compounds on 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in human and rat placenta: Screening, mode of action, and docking analysis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 225:106202. [PMID: 36241036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I (HSD3B1) and rat type IV (HSD3B4) in placentas catalyze the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone, which plays a key role in maintaining pregnancy. Many phenolic compounds potentially inhibit HSD3B in placentas as endocrine disruptors. In this study, the effects of 16 phenolic compounds on the activity of human HSD3B1 and rat HSD3B4 were determined and the structure-activity relationship was compared. HSD3B1 in human placental microsomes and HSD3B4 in rat placental microsomes were used to measure their activities and pregnenolone and NAD+ were used as substrates. Of the 16 phenolic compounds, 4-nonylphenol, pentabromophenol, and 2-bromophenol resulted in residual human HSD3B1 activity lower than 50 % and 4-nonylphenol and pentabromophenol resulted in residual rat HSD3B4 activity lower than 50 %. 4-Nonylphenol, pentabromophenol, and 2-bromophenol were mixed inhibitors of human HSD3B1, with Ki values of 2.31, 3.58 and 4.86 µM, respectively, while 4-nonylphenol and pentabromophenol were noncompetitive inhibitors of rat HSD3B4 with Ki values of 20.86 and 141.8 µM. Molecular docking showed that 4-nonylphenol, pentabromophenol, and 2-bromophenol docked to the active sites of human HSD3B1 and rat HSD3B4, and the shift of residue S125 in human HSD3B1 to T125 in rat HSD3B4 could explain the species-dependent difference in their inhibitory potency and mode of action. This study demonstrates that 4-nonylphenol, pentabromophenol, and 2-bromophenol are mixed inhibitors of human placental HSD3B1, while 4-nonylphenol and pentabromophenol are noncompetitive inhibitors of rat HSD3B4, possibly blocking the placental steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Fangyan Meng
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Shaowei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Zhiyan Hu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Fuhong Tian
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Haixing Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yang Zhu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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14
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The L-Rhamnose Biosynthetic Pathway in Trichomonas vaginalis: Identification and Characterization of UDP-D-Glucose 4,6-dehydratase. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314587. [PMID: 36498914 PMCID: PMC9741107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of one of the most widespread sexually transmitted diseases in the world. The adhesion of the parasite to the vaginal epithelial cells is mediated by specific proteins and by a complex glycan structure, the lipoglycan (TvLG), which covers the pathogen surface. L-rhamnose is an important component of TvLG, comprising up to 40% of the monosaccharides. Thus, the inhibition of its production could lead to a severe alteration in the TvLG structure, making the L-rhamnose biosynthetic pathway an attractive pharmacologic target. We report the identification and characterization of the first committed and limiting step of the L-rhamnose biosynthetic pathway, UDP-D-glucose 4,6-dehydratase (UGD, EC 4.2.1.76). The enzyme shows a strong preference for UDP-D-glucose compared to dTDP-D-glucose; we propose that the mechanism underlying the higher affinity for the UDP-bound substrate is mediated by the differential recognition of ribose versus the deoxyribose of the nucleotide moiety. The identification of the enzymes responsible for the following steps of the L-rhamnose pathway (epimerization and reduction) was more elusive. However, sequence analyses suggest that in T. vaginalis L-rhamnose synthesis proceeds through a mechanism different from the typical eukaryotic pathways, displaying intermediate features between the eukaryotic and prokaryotic pathways and involving separate enzymes for the epimerase and reductase activities, as observed in bacteria. Altogether, these results form the basis for a better understanding of the formation of the complex glycan structures on TvLG and the possible use of L-rhamnose biosynthetic enzymes for the development of selective inhibitors.
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15
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Wang S, Zhang B, Zhai Y, Tang Y, Lou Y, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Ge RS, Li H. Structure-activity relationship analysis of perfluoroalkyl carbonic acids on human and rat placental 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. Toxicology 2022; 480:153334. [PMID: 36122607 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Placenta contains 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/steroid Δ5,4-isomerase (HSD3B), which catalyzes pregnenolone to progesterone for maintaining pregnancy. Perfluoroalkyl carbonic acids (PFC) are subclass of perfluoroalkyl substances containing 4-14 carbons (C4-C14) in the carbon backbone and are potential endocrine disruptors. Whether PFC inhibit HSD3B and structure-activity relationship (SAR) remains unclear. Herein, we screened 11 PFC for inhibiting human type I HSD3B (HSD3B1) and rat type IV HSD3B (HSD3B4) activities and determined SAR and mode of inhibition. HSD3B was measured by converting pregnenolone to progesterone assisted by NAD+ in placental microsomes. Of the 11 PFC, C9-C14 significantly inhibited human HSD3B1 activity at 100 μM. Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of C9-C14 compounds were 363.56 ± 12.14, 12.78 ± 0.69, 6.54 ± 0.65, 20.88 ± 0.41, 118.35 ± 0.16, and 149.26 ± 21.67 μM, respectively. We determined Ki values and mode of inhibition of three most potent PFC (C10-C12), and found that they were mixed inhibitors against pregnenolone, with Ki values of 5.57 ± 4.37, 2.04 ± 2.26, and 9.93 ± 7.71, respectively. Docking analysis showed that they bound steroid-binding site. Effects of PFC on rat placental HSD3B4 were performed. Of the 11 PFC, C10-C12 significantly inhibited rat HSD3B4 activity at 100 μM. IC50 values of C10-C12 compounds were 45.85 ± 1.49, 36.08 ± 1.50, and 88.74 ± 1.99 µM, respectively. Ki values and inhibition modes of the three most potent PFC (C10-C12) were studied. It was found that they were mixed inhibitors against pregnenolone, with Ki values of 48.16 ± 20.44, 36.28 ± 53.07, and 91.79 ± 21.75 μM, respectively. Docking analysis showed that they bound steroid-binding site of rat HSD3B4. In conclusion, PFC showed significant SAR differences. The potency of inhibiting HSD3B activity increased from C9 to C11, and then declined. Human HSD3B1 was more sensitive to the inhibition of rat HSD3B4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bingru Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yingna Zhai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yunbing Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yuzhen Lou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yang Zhu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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16
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Structural Elucidation and genetic identification of the O-antigen from a novel serogroup of Escherichia coli strain 2017LL031. Carbohydr Res 2022; 517:108577. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Blunt W, Blanchard C, Morley K. Effects of environmental parameters on microbial rhamnolipid biosynthesis and bioreactor strategies for enhanced productivity. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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18
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Vogel U, Beerens K, Desmet T. Nucleotide sugar dehydratases: Structure, mechanism, substrate specificity, and application potential. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101809. [PMID: 35271853 PMCID: PMC8987622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide sugar (NS) dehydratases play a central role in the biosynthesis of deoxy and amino sugars, which are involved in a variety of biological functions in all domains of life. Bacteria are true masters of deoxy sugar biosynthesis as they can produce a wide range of highly specialized monosaccharides. Indeed, deoxy and amino sugars play important roles in the virulence of gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic species and are additionally involved in the biosynthesis of diverse macrolide antibiotics. The biosynthesis of deoxy sugars relies on the activity of NS dehydratases, which can be subdivided into three groups based on their structure and reaction mechanism. The best-characterized NS dehydratases are the 4,6-dehydratases that, together with the 5,6-dehydratases, belong to the NS-short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily. The other two groups are the less abundant 2,3-dehydratases that belong to the Nudix hydrolase superfamily and 3-dehydratases, which are related to aspartame aminotransferases. 4,6-Dehydratases catalyze the first step in all deoxy sugar biosynthesis pathways, converting nucleoside diphosphate hexoses to nucleoside diphosphate-4-keto-6-deoxy hexoses, which in turn are further deoxygenated by the 2,3- and 3-dehydratases to form dideoxy and trideoxy sugars. In this review, we give an overview of the NS dehydratases focusing on the comparison of their structure and reaction mechanisms, thereby highlighting common features, and investigating differences between closely related members of the same superfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Vogel
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB) - Unit for Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Koen Beerens
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB) - Unit for Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Tom Desmet
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB) - Unit for Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
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19
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Liu B, Guo X, Wang J, Wu P, Li S, Feng L, Liu B, Wang L. Development of a Molecular Serotyping Scheme for Morganella morganii. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:791165. [PMID: 34887844 PMCID: PMC8649690 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.791165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Morganella morganii, which is often regarded as a human commensal organism, can be an opportunistic pathogen, causing a variety of clinical infections with serious morbidity and mortality. An efficient and convenient method for subtyping and identifying M. morganii strains in epidemiological surveillance and control is urgently needed. Serotyping based on bacterial surface polysaccharide antigens (O-antigen or K-antigens) is a standard subtyping method for many gram-negative bacteria. Here, through whole genome sequencing and comparative genomics analysis of 27 strains, we developed a molecular serotyping scheme based on the genetic variation of O-antigen gene clusters (O-AGC) in M. morganii, and 11 distinct O-AGC types were identified. A conventional serotyping scheme was also developed by the production of antisera and agglutination experiments, which was shown to be perfectly consistent with the molecular serotyping scheme, confirming that the variation in M. morganii O-AGC correlated with phenotypic O-antigen diversification. Furthermore, a microsphere-based suspension array (MSA) with high specificity was developed based on the specific genes within each O-AGC type. The sensitivity of MSA was determined to be 0.1 ng of genomic DNA and 103 CFU of pure culture. We further analyzed 104 M. morganii genomes available in GenBank, and an additional six novel O-AGC types were identified, indicating that the extension of this molecular serotyping scheme is convenient. Our work provides an important tool for the detection and epidemiological surveillance of M. morganii, and this method has the potential to be widely utilized, especially for bacterial genera/species without an efficient typing approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, The Institute of Translational Medicine Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Xi Guo
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, The Institute of Translational Medicine Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, The Institute of Translational Medicine Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Pan Wu
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, The Institute of Translational Medicine Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shujie Li
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, The Institute of Translational Medicine Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Feng
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, The Institute of Translational Medicine Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, The Institute of Translational Medicine Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, The Institute of Translational Medicine Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
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20
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Wagstaff BA, Zorzoli A, Dorfmueller HC. NDP-rhamnose biosynthesis and rhamnosyltransferases: building diverse glycoconjugates in nature. Biochem J 2021; 478:685-701. [PMID: 33599745 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnose is an important 6-deoxy sugar present in many natural products, glycoproteins, and structural polysaccharides. Whilst predominantly found as the l-enantiomer, instances of d-rhamnose are also found in nature, particularly in the Pseudomonads bacteria. Interestingly, rhamnose is notably absent from humans and other animals, which poses unique opportunities for drug discovery targeted towards rhamnose utilizing enzymes from pathogenic bacteria. Whilst the biosynthesis of nucleotide-activated rhamnose (NDP-rhamnose) is well studied, the study of rhamnosyltransferases that synthesize rhamnose-containing glycoconjugates is the current focus amongst the scientific community. In this review, we describe where rhamnose has been found in nature, as well as what is known about TDP-β-l-rhamnose, UDP-β-l-rhamnose, and GDP-α-d-rhamnose biosynthesis. We then focus on examples of rhamnosyltransferases that have been characterized using both in vivo and in vitro approaches from plants and bacteria, highlighting enzymes where 3D structures have been obtained. The ongoing study of rhamnose and rhamnosyltransferases, in particular in pathogenic organisms, is important to inform future drug discovery projects and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Wagstaff
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, U.K
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Azul Zorzoli
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Helge C Dorfmueller
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
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21
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N H, P SR, Sura M, Daddam JR. Structure prediction, molecular simulations of RmlD from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and interaction studies of Rhodanine derivatives for anti-tuberculosis activity. J Mol Model 2021; 27:75. [PMID: 33547544 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04696-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the most dangerous disease causing maximum deaths than any other, caused by single infectious agent. Due to multidrug resistant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, there is a need of new drugs and drug targets. In this work, we have selected RmlD (α-dTDP-6-deoxy-lyxo-4-hexulose reductase) in the dTDP Rhamnose pathway as drug target to control tuberculosis using Rhodanine analogues. In order to study interaction of RmlD with Rhodanine analogues, a three-dimensional model based on crystal structures such as 1VLO from Clostridium, 1KBZ from Salmonella typhimurium, and 2GGS from Sulfolobus was generated using Modeller 9v7. The modeled structure reliability has been checked using programs such as Procheck, What if, Prosa, Verify 3D, and Errat. In an attempt to find new inhibitors for RmlD enzyme, docking studies were done with a series of Rhodanine and its analogues. Detailed analysis of enzyme-inhibitor interactions identified specific key residues, SER5, VAL9, ILE51, HIS54, and GLY55 which were important in forming hydrogen bonds in binding affinity. Homology modeling and docking studies on RmlD model provided valuable insight information for designing better inhibitors as novel anti-tuberculosis drugs by rational method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harathi N
- Department of Biochemistry, G. Pulla Reddy Dental College, Kurnool, India
| | - Sreenivasa Reddy P
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, G. Pulla Reddy Dental College & Hospital, Kurnool, 518002, India
| | - Mounica Sura
- Department of Foodtechnology, Jawaharlalnehru Technological University Anantapur, Anantapur, 515001, India
| | - Jayasimha Rayalu Daddam
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondria Related Diseases Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.
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22
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Liu B, Furevi A, Perepelov AV, Guo X, Cao H, Wang Q, Reeves PR, Knirel YA, Wang L, Widmalm G. Structure and genetics of Escherichia coli O antigens. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 44:655-683. [PMID: 31778182 PMCID: PMC7685785 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli includes clonal groups of both commensal and pathogenic strains, with some of the latter causing serious infectious diseases. O antigen variation is current standard in defining strains for taxonomy and epidemiology, providing the basis for many serotyping schemes for Gram-negative bacteria. This review covers the diversity in E. coli O antigen structures and gene clusters, and the genetic basis for the structural diversity. Of the 187 formally defined O antigens, six (O31, O47, O67, O72, O94 and O122) have since been removed and three (O34, O89 and O144) strains do not produce any O antigen. Therefore, structures are presented for 176 of the 181 E. coli O antigens, some of which include subgroups. Most (93%) of these O antigens are synthesized via the Wzx/Wzy pathway, 11 via the ABC transporter pathway, with O20, O57 and O60 still uncharacterized due to failure to find their O antigen gene clusters. Biosynthetic pathways are given for 38 of the 49 sugars found in E. coli O antigens, and several pairs or groups of the E. coli antigens that have related structures show close relationships of the O antigen gene clusters within clades, thereby highlighting the genetic basis of the evolution of diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjing 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Axel Furevi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrei V Perepelov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, Moscow, Russia
| | - Xi Guo
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjing 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hengchun Cao
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjing 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Quan Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjing 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Peter R Reeves
- School of Molecular and Microbial Bioscience, University of Sydney, 2 Butilin Ave, Darlington NSW 2008, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yuriy A Knirel
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lei Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjing 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Kuritani Y, Sato K, Dohra H, Umemura S, Kitaoka M, Fushinobu S, Yoshida N. Conversion of levoglucosan into glucose by the coordination of four enzymes through oxidation, elimination, hydration, and reduction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20066. [PMID: 33208778 PMCID: PMC7676230 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77133-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Levoglucosan (LG) is an anhydrosugar produced through glucan pyrolysis and is widely found in nature. We previously isolated an LG-utilizing thermophile, Bacillus smithii S-2701M, and suggested that this bacterium may have a metabolic pathway from LG to glucose, initiated by LG dehydrogenase (LGDH). Here, we completely elucidated the metabolic pathway of LG involving three novel enzymes in addition to LGDH. In the S-2701M genome, three genes expected to be involved in the LG metabolism were found in the vicinity of the LGDH gene locus. These four genes including LGDH gene (lgdA, lgdB1, lgdB2, and lgdC) were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to obtain functional recombinant proteins. Thin layer chromatography analyses of the reactions with the combination of the four enzymes elucidated the following metabolic pathway: LgdA (LGDH) catalyzes 3-dehydrogenation of LG to produce 3-keto-LG, which undergoes β-elimination of 3-keto-LG by LgdB1, followed by hydration to produce 3-keto-D-glucose by LgdB2; next, LgdC reduces 3-keto-D-glucose to glucose. This sequential reaction mechanism resembles that proposed for an enzyme belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 4, and results in the observational hydrolysis of LG into glucose with coordination of the four enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Kuritani
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Kohei Sato
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Hideo Dohra
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | | | - Motomitsu Kitaoka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Shinya Fushinobu
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yoshida
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan.
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24
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Li Y, Huang J, Wang X, Xu C, Han T, Guo X. Genetic Characterization of the O-Antigen and Development of a Molecular Serotyping Scheme for Enterobacter cloacae. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:727. [PMID: 32411106 PMCID: PMC7198725 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterobacter cloacae is a well-characterized opportunistic pathogen that is closely associated with various nosocomial infections. The O-antigen, which is one of the most variable constituents on the cell surface, has been used widely and traditionally for serological classification of many gram-negative bacteria. E. cloacae is divided into 30 serotypes, based on its O-antigen diversity. In this study, by using genomic and comparative-genomic approaches, we analyzed the O-antigen gene clusters of 26 E. cloacae serotypes in depth. We also identified the sero-specific gene for each serotype and developed a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The sensitivity of the assay was 0.1 ng for genomic DNA and 103 colony forming units for pure cultures. The assay reliability was evaluated by double-blinded testing with 81 clinical strains. Furthermore, we established a valid, genome-based tool for in silico serotyping of E. cloacae. By screening 431 E. cloacae genomes deposited in GenBank, 304 were classified into current antigenic scheme, and 112 were allocated into 55 putative novel serotypes. Our results represent the first genetic basis of the O-antigen diversity and variation of E. cloacae, providing a rationale for studying the O-antigen associated evolution and pathogenesis of this bacterium. In addition, we extended the current serotyping system for E. cloacae, which is important for detection and epidemiological surveillance purposes for this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayue Li
- The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin, China
| | - Junjie Huang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Tianjin Children's Hospital, Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Cong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Han
- The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin, China
| | - Xi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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25
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Ferek JD, Thoden JB, Holden HM. Biochemical analysis of a sugar 4,6-dehydratase from Acanthamoeba polyphaga Mimivirus. Protein Sci 2020; 29:1148-1159. [PMID: 32083779 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The exciting discovery of the giant DNA Mimivirus in 2003 challenged the conventional description of viruses in a radical way, and since then, dozens of additional giant viruses have been identified. It has now been demonstrated that the Mimivirus genome encodes for the two enzymes required for the production of the unusual sugar 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-d-glucose, namely a 4,6-dehydratase and an aminotransferase. In light of our long-standing interest in the bacterial 4,6-dehydratases and in unusual sugars in general, we conducted a combined structural and functional analysis of the Mimivirus 4,6-dehydratase referred to as R141. For this investigation, the three-dimensional X-ray structure of R141 was determined to 2.05 Å resolution and refined to an R-factor of 18.3%. The overall fold of R141 places it into the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily of proteins. Whereas its molecular architecture is similar to that observed for the bacterial 4,6-dehydratases, there are two key regions where the polypeptide chain adopts different conformations. In particular, the conserved tyrosine that has been implicated as a catalytic acid or base in SDR superfamily members is splayed away from the active site by nearly 12 Å, thereby suggesting that a major conformational change must occur upon substrate binding. In addition to the structural analysis, the kinetic parameters for R141 using either dTDP-d-glucose or UDP-d-glucose as substrates were determined. Contrary to a previous report, R141 demonstrates nearly identical catalytic efficiency with either nucleotide-linked sugar. The data presented herein represent the first three-dimensional model for a viral 4,6-dehydratase and thus expands our understanding of these fascinating enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Ferek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - James B Thoden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Hazel M Holden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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26
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Wagstaff BA, Rejzek M, Kuhaudomlarp S, Hill L, Mascia I, Nepogodiev SA, Dorfmueller HC, Field RA. Discovery of an RmlC/D fusion protein in the microalga Prymnesium parvum and its implications for NDP-β-l-rhamnose biosynthesis in microalgae. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:9172-9185. [PMID: 31010825 PMCID: PMC6556577 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The 6-deoxy sugar l-rhamnose (l-Rha) is found widely in plant and microbial polysaccharides and natural products. The importance of this and related compounds in host-pathogen interactions often means that l-Rha plays an essential role in many organisms. l-Rha is most commonly biosynthesized as the activated sugar nucleotide uridine 5'-diphospho-β-l-rhamnose (UDP-β-l-Rha) or thymidine 5'-diphospho-β-l-rhamnose (TDP-β-l-Rha). Enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of these sugar nucleotides have been studied in some detail in bacteria and plants, but the activated form of l-Rha and the corresponding biosynthetic enzymes have yet to be explored in algae. Here, using sugar-nucleotide profiling in two representative algae, Euglena gracilis and the toxin-producing microalga Prymnesium parvum, we show that levels of UDP- and TDP-activated l-Rha differ significantly between these two algal species. Using bioinformatics and biochemical methods, we identified and characterized a fusion of the RmlC and RmlD proteins, two bacteria-like enzymes involved in TDP-β-l-Rha biosynthesis, from P. parvum Using this new sequence and also others, we explored l-Rha biosynthesis among algae, finding that although most algae contain sequences orthologous to plant-like l-Rha biosynthesis machineries, instances of the RmlC-RmlD fusion protein identified here exist across the Haptophyta and Gymnodiniaceae families of microalgae. On the basis of these findings, we propose potential routes for the evolution of nucleoside diphosphate β-l-Rha (NDP-β-l-Rha) pathways among algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Wagstaff
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.,Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Martin Rejzek
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Sakonwan Kuhaudomlarp
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.,Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Lionel Hill
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Ilaria Mascia
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Sergey A Nepogodiev
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Helge C Dorfmueller
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Robert A Field
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom,
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27
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Xanthobacter-dominated biofilm as a novel source for high-value rhamnose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:4525-4538. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09765-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Pfeiffer M, Johansson C, Krojer T, Kavanagh KL, Oppermann U, Nidetzky B. A Parsimonious Mechanism of Sugar Dehydration by Human GDP-Mannose-4,6-dehydratase. ACS Catal 2019; 9:2962-2968. [PMID: 30984471 PMCID: PMC6454399 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Biosynthesis
of 6-deoxy sugars, including l-fucose, involves
a mechanistically complex, enzymatic 4,6-dehydration of hexose nucleotide
precursors as the first committed step. Here, we determined pre- and
postcatalytic complex structures of the human GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase
at atomic resolution. These structures together with results of molecular
dynamics simulation and biochemical characterization of wildtype and
mutant enzymes reveal elusive mechanistic details of water elimination
from GDP-mannose C5″ and C6″, coupled to NADP-mediated
hydride transfer from C4″ to C6″. We show that concerted
acid–base catalysis from only two active-site groups, Tyr179 and Glu157, promotes a syn 1,4-elimination
from an enol (not an enolate) intermediate. We also show that the
overall multistep catalytic reaction involves the fewest position
changes of enzyme and substrate groups and that it proceeds under
conserved exploitation of the basic (minimal) catalytic machinery
of short-chain dehydrogenase/reductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pfeiffer
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Catrine Johansson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
- Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Krojer
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn L Kavanagh
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Udo Oppermann
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
- Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, United Kingdom
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, 8010 Graz, Austria
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29
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Hofmeister DL, Thoden JB, Holden HM. Investigation of a sugar N-formyltransferase from the plant pathogen Pantoea ananatis. Protein Sci 2019; 28:707-716. [PMID: 30666752 PMCID: PMC6423709 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pantoea ananatis is a Gram-negative bacterium first recognized in 1928 as the causative agent of pineapple rot in the Philippines. Since then various strains of the organism have been implicated in the devastation of agriculturally important crops. Some strains, however, have been shown to function as non-pathogenic plant growth promoting organisms. To date, the factors that determine pathogenicity or lack thereof between the various strains are not well understood. All P. ananatis strains contain lipopolysaccharides, which differ with respect to the identities of their associated sugars. Given our research interest on the presence of the unusual sugar, 4-formamido-4,6-dideoxy-d-glucose, found on the lipopolysaccharides of Campylobacter jejuni and Francisella tularensis, we were curious as to whether other bacteria have the appropriate biosynthetic machinery to produce these unique carbohydrates. Four enzymes are typically required for their biosynthesis: a thymidylyltransferase, a 4,6-dehydratase, an aminotransferase, and an N-formyltransferase. Here, we report that the gene SAMN03097714_1080 from the P. ananatis strain NFR11 does, indeed, encode for an N-formyltransferase, hereafter referred to as PA1080c. Our kinetic analysis demonstrates that PA1080c displays classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics with dTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-d-glucose as the substrate and N10 -formyltetrahydrofolate as the carbon source. In addition, the X-ray structure of PA1080c, determined to 1.7 Å resolution, shows that the enzyme adopts the molecular architecture observed for other sugar N-formyltransferases. Analysis of the P. ananatis NFR11 genome suggests that the three other enzymes necessary for N-formylated sugar biosynthesis are also present. Intriguingly, those strains of P. ananatis that are non-pathogenic apparently do not contain these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James B. Thoden
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWisconsin, 53706
| | - Hazel M. Holden
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWisconsin, 53706
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30
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van der Beek SL, Zorzoli A, Çanak E, Chapman RN, Lucas K, Meyer BH, Evangelopoulos D, de Carvalho LPS, Boons GJ, Dorfmueller HC, van Sorge NM. Streptococcal dTDP-L-rhamnose biosynthesis enzymes: functional characterization and lead compound identification. Mol Microbiol 2019; 111:951-964. [PMID: 30600561 PMCID: PMC6487966 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of the nucleotide sugar precursor dTDP‐L‐rhamnose is critical for the viability and virulence of many human pathogenic bacteria, including Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus; GAS), Streptococcus mutans and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Streptococcal pathogens require dTDP‐L‐rhamnose for the production of structurally similar rhamnose polysaccharides in their cell wall. Via heterologous expression in S. mutans, we confirmed that GAS RmlB and RmlC are critical for dTDP‐L‐rhamnose biosynthesis through their action as dTDP‐glucose‐4,6‐dehydratase and dTDP‐4‐keto‐6‐deoxyglucose‐3,5‐epimerase enzymes respectively. Complementation with GAS RmlB and RmlC containing specific point mutations corroborated the conservation of previous identified catalytic residues. Bio‐layer interferometry was used to identify and confirm inhibitory lead compounds that bind to GAS dTDP‐rhamnose biosynthesis enzymes RmlB, RmlC and GacA. One of the identified compounds, Ri03, inhibited growth of GAS, other rhamnose‐dependent streptococcal pathogens as well as M. tuberculosis with an IC50 of 120–410 µM. Importantly, we confirmed that Ri03 inhibited dTDP‐L‐rhamnose formation in a concentration‐dependent manner through a biochemical assay with recombinant rhamnose biosynthesis enzymes. We therefore conclude that inhibitors of dTDP‐L‐rhamnose biosynthesis, such as Ri03, affect streptococcal and mycobacterial viability and can serve as lead compounds for the development of a new class of antibiotics that targets dTDP‐rhamnose biosynthesis in pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L van der Beek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Azul Zorzoli
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, DD1 5EH, Dundee, UK
| | - Ebru Çanak
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert N Chapman
- Department of Chemistry, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, USA
| | - Kieron Lucas
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, DD1 5EH, Dundee, UK
| | - Benjamin H Meyer
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, DD1 5EH, Dundee, UK
| | - Dimitrios Evangelopoulos
- Mycobacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Research Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Luiz Pedro S de Carvalho
- Mycobacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Research Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemistry, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, USA.,Department of Medical Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Utrecht Institute Pharmaceutical Science, University Utrecht, Utrecht, 3508 TB, The Netherlands
| | - Helge C Dorfmueller
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, DD1 5EH, Dundee, UK
| | - Nina M van Sorge
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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31
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Pei J, Chen A, Sun Q, Zhao L, Cao F, Tang F. Construction of a novel UDP-rhamnose regeneration system by a two-enzyme reaction system and application in glycosylation of flavonoid. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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32
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Cao H, Wang M, Wang Q, Xu T, Du Y, Li H, Qian C, Yin Z, Wang L, Wei Y, Wu P, Guo X, Yang B, Liu B. Identifying genetic diversity of O antigens in Aeromonas hydrophila for molecular serotype detection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203445. [PMID: 30183757 PMCID: PMC6124807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is a globally occurring, potentially virulent, gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that is known to cause water and food-borne diseases around the world. In this study, we use whole genome sequencing and in silico analyses to identify 14 putative O antigen gene clusters (OGCs) located downstream of the housekeeping genes acrB and/or oprM. We have also identified 7 novel OGCs by analyzing 15 publicly available genomes of different A. hydrophila strains. From the 14 OGCs identified initially, we have deduced that O antigen processing genes involved in the wzx/wzy pathway and the ABC transporter (wzm/wzt) pathway exhibit high molecular diversity among different A. hydrophila strains. Using these genes, we have developed a multiplexed Luminex-based array system that can identify up to 14 A. hydrophila strains. By combining our other results and including the sequences of processing genes from 13 other OGCs (7 OGCs identified from publicly available genome sequences and 6 OGCs that were previously published), we also have the data to create an array system that can identify 25 different A. hydrophila serotypes. Although clinical detection, epidemiological surveillance, and tracing of pathogenic bacteria are typically done using serotyping methods that rely on identifying bacterial surface O antigens through agglutination reactions with antisera, molecular methods such as the one we have developed may be quicker and more cost effective. Our assay shows high specificity, reproducibility, and sensitivity, being able to classify A. hydrophila strains using just 0.1 ng of genomic DNA. In conclusion, our findings indicate that a molecular serotyping system for A. hydrophila could be developed based on specific genes, providing an important molecular tool for the identification of A. hydrophila serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengchun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Tingting Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuhui Du
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Huiying Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Chengqian Qian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiqiu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Pan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Xi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail: (BY); (BL)
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail: (BY); (BL)
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33
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Homologous Recombination in Core Genomes Facilitates Marine Bacterial Adaptation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02545-17. [PMID: 29572211 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02545-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquisition of ecologically relevant genes is common among ocean bacteria, but whether it has a major impact on genome evolution in marine environments remains unknown. Here, we analyzed the core genomes of 16 phylogenetically diverse and ecologically relevant bacterioplankton lineages, each consisting of up to five genomes varying at the strain level. Statistical approaches identified from each lineage up to ∼50 loci showing anomalously high divergence at synonymous sites, which is best explained by recombination with distantly related organisms. The enriched gene categories in these outlier loci match well with the characteristics previously identified as the key phenotypes of these lineages. Examples are antibiotic synthesis and detoxification in Phaeobacter inhibens, exopolysaccharide production in Alteromonas macleodii, hydrocarbon degradation in Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus, and cold adaptation in Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis Intriguingly, the outlier loci feature polysaccharide catabolism in Cellulophaga baltica but not in Cellulophaga lytica, consistent with their primary habitat preferences in macroalgae and beach sands, respectively. Likewise, analysis of Prochlorococcus showed that photosynthesis-related genes listed in the outlier loci are found only in the high-light-adapted ecotype and not in the low-light adapted ecotype. These observations strongly suggest that recombination with distant relatives is a key mechanism driving the ecological diversification among marine bacterial lineages.IMPORTANCE Acquisition of new metabolic genes has been known as an important mechanism driving bacterial evolution and adaptation in the ocean, but acquisition of novel alleles of existing genes and its potential ecological role have not been examined. Guided by population genetic theories, our genomic analysis showed that divergent allele acquisition is prevalent in phylogenetically diverse marine bacterial lineages and that the affected loci often encode metabolic functions that underlie the known ecological roles of the lineages under study.
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34
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Jeong SE, Chun BH, Kim KH, Park D, Roh SW, Lee SH, Jeon CO. Genomic and metatranscriptomic analyses of Weissella koreensis reveal its metabolic and fermentative features during kimchi fermentation. Food Microbiol 2018; 76:1-10. [PMID: 30166128 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The genomic and metabolic features of Weissella koreensis, one of the major lactic acid bacteria in kimchi, were investigated through genomic, metabolic, and transcriptomic analyses for the genomes of strains KCTC 3621T, KACC 15510, and WiKim0080. W. koreensis strains were intrinsically vancomycin-resistant and harbored potential hemolysin genes that were actively transcribed although no hemolysin activity was detected. KEGG and reconstructed fermentative metabolic pathways displayed that W. koreensis strains commonly employ the heterolactic pathway to produce d-lactate, ethanol, acetate, CO2, d-sorbitol, thiamine, and folate from various carbohydrates including d-glucose, d-mannose, d-lactose, l-malate, d-xylose, l-arabinose, d-ribose, N-acetyl-glucosamine, and gluconate, and strains KCTC 3621T and WiKim0080 additionally have metabolic pathways of d-galacturonate and d-glucoronate. Phenotypic analyses showed that all strains did not ferment d-galactose, probably due to the lack of d-galactose transporting system, and strains KCTC 3621T and WiKim0080 fermented d-fructose, indicating the presence of d-fructose transporting system. Fermentative features of W. koreensis were investigated through kimchi transcriptional analysis, suggesting that W. koreensis is mainly responsible for kimchi fermentation with the production of various fermentative metabolites during late fermentation period. This was the first study to investigate the genomic and metabolic features of W. koreensis, which may provide better understandings on kimchi fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Eun Jeong
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hee Chun
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hyun Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongbin Park
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Woon Roh
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hee Lee
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755, Republic of Korea.
| | - Che Ok Jeon
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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35
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Delvaux NA, Thoden JB, Holden HM. Molecular architectures of Pen and Pal: Key enzymes required for CMP-pseudaminic acid biosynthesis in Bacillus thuringiensis. Protein Sci 2018; 27:738-749. [PMID: 29266550 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis is a soil-dwelling Gram positive bacterium that has been utilized as a biopesticide for well over 60 years. It is known to contain flagella that are important for motility. One of the proteins found in flagella is flagellin, which is post-translationally modified by O-glycosylation with derivatives of pseudaminic acid. The biosynthetic pathway for the production of CMP-pseudaminic acid in B. thuringiensis, starting with UDP-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), requires seven enzymes. Here, we report the three-dimensional structures of Pen and Pal, which catalyze the first and second steps, respectively. Pen contains a tightly bound NADP(H) cofactor whereas Pal is isolated with bound NAD(H). For the X-ray analysis of Pen, the site-directed D128N/K129A mutant variant was prepared in order to trap its substrate, UDP-GlcNAc, into the active site. Pen adopts a hexameric quaternary structure with each subunit showing the bilobal architecture observed for members of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily. The hexameric quaternary structure is atypical for most members of the superfamily. The structure of Pal was determined in the presence of UDP. Pal adopts the more typical dimeric quaternary structure. Taken together, Pen and Pal catalyze the conversion of UDP-GlcNAc to UDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-l-N-acetylaltrosamine. Strikingly, in Gram negative bacteria such as Campylobacter jejuni and Helicobacter pylori, only a single enzyme (FlaA1) is required for the production of UDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-l-N-acetylaltrosamine. A comparison of Pen and Pal with FlaA1 reveals differences that may explain why FlaA1 is a bifunctional enzyme whereas Pen and Pal catalyze the individual steps leading to the formation of the UDP-sugar product. This investigation represents the first structural analysis of the enzymes in B. thuringiensis that are required for CMP-pseudaminic acid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Delvaux
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - James B Thoden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Hazel M Holden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
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Gokey T, Halavaty AS, Minasov G, Anderson WF, Kuhn ML. Structure of the Bacillus anthracis dTDP-l-rhamnose biosynthetic pathway enzyme: dTDP-α-d-glucose 4,6-dehydratase, RfbB. J Struct Biol 2018; 202:175-181. [PMID: 29331609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Many bacteria require l-rhamnose as a key cell wall component. This sugar is transferred to the cell wall using an activated donor dTDP-l-rhamnose, which is produced by the dTDP-l-rhamnose biosynthetic pathway. We determined the crystal structure of the second enzyme of this pathway dTDP-α-d-glucose 4,6-dehydratase (RfbB) from Bacillus anthracis. Interestingly, RfbB only crystallized in the presence of the third enzyme of the pathway RfbC; however, RfbC was not present in the crystal. Our work represents the first complete structural characterization of the four proteins of this pathway in a single Gram-positive bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Gokey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, USA
| | - Andrei S Halavaty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, USA; Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases (CSGID), USA
| | - George Minasov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, USA; Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases (CSGID), USA
| | - Wayne F Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, USA; Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases (CSGID), USA
| | - Misty L Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, USA.
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Riegert AS, Thoden JB, Schoenhofen IC, Watson DC, Young NM, Tipton PA, Holden HM. Structural and Biochemical Investigation of PglF from Campylobacter jejuni Reveals a New Mechanism for a Member of the Short Chain Dehydrogenase/Reductase Superfamily. Biochemistry 2017; 56:6030-6040. [PMID: 29053280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Within recent years it has become apparent that protein glycosylation is not limited to eukaryotes. Indeed, in Campylobacter jejuni, a Gram-negative bacterium, more than 60 of its proteins are known to be glycosylated. One of the sugars found in such glycosylated proteins is 2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-α-d-glucopyranose, hereafter referred to as QuiNAc4NAc. The pathway for its biosynthesis, initiating with UDP-GlcNAc, requires three enzymes referred to as PglF, PglE, and PlgD. The focus of this investigation is on PglF, an NAD+-dependent sugar 4,6-dehydratase known to belong to the short chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily. Specifically, PglF catalyzes the first step in the pathway, namely, the dehydration of UDP-GlcNAc to UDP-2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-α-d-xylo-hexos-4-ulose. Most members of the SDR superfamily contain a characteristic signature sequence of YXXXK where the conserved tyrosine functions as a catalytic acid or a base. Strikingly, in PglF, this residue is a methionine. Here we describe a detailed structural and functional investigation of PglF from C. jejuni. For this investigation five X-ray structures were determined to resolutions of 2.0 Å or better. In addition, kinetic analyses of the wild-type and site-directed variants were performed. On the basis of the data reported herein, a new catalytic mechanism for a SDR superfamily member is proposed that does not require the typically conserved tyrosine residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Riegert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - James B Thoden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ian C Schoenhofen
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics , Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - David C Watson
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics , Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - N Martin Young
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics , Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Peter A Tipton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Hazel M Holden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Yu X, Torzewska A, Zhang X, Yin Z, Drzewiecka D, Cao H, Liu B, Knirel YA, Rozalski A, Wang L. Genetic diversity of the O antigens of Proteus species and the development of a suspension array for molecular serotyping. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183267. [PMID: 28817637 PMCID: PMC5560731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteus species are well-known opportunistic pathogens frequently associated with skin wound and urinary tract infections in humans and animals. O antigen diversity is important for bacteria to adapt to different hosts and environments, and has been used to identify serotypes of Proteus isolates. At present, 80 Proteus O-serotypes have been reported. Although the O antigen structures of most Proteus serotypes have been identified, the genetic features of these O antigens have not been well characterized. The O antigen gene clusters of Proteus species are located between the cpxA and secB genes. In this study, we identified 55 O antigen gene clusters of different Proteus serotypes. All clusters contain both the wzx and wzy genes and exhibit a high degree of heterogeneity. Potential functions of O antigen-related genes were proposed based on their similarity to genes in available databases. The O antigen gene clusters and structures were compared, and a number of glycosyltransferases were assigned to glycosidic linkages. In addition, an O serotype-specific suspension array was developed for detecting 31 Proteus serotypes frequently isolated from clinical specimens. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive report to describe the genetic features of Proteus O antigens and to develop a molecular technique to identify different Proteus serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Tianjin Research Center for Functional Genomics and Biochips, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Agnieszka Torzewska
- Department of Immunobiology of Bacteria, Department of General Microbiology Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Xinjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Tianjin Research Center for Functional Genomics and Biochips, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Tianjin Research Center for Functional Genomics and Biochips, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Dominika Drzewiecka
- Department of Immunobiology of Bacteria, Department of General Microbiology Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Hengchun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Tianjin Research Center for Functional Genomics and Biochips, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Tianjin Research Center for Functional Genomics and Biochips, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yuriy A. Knirel
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Antoni Rozalski
- Department of Immunobiology of Bacteria, Department of General Microbiology Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Tianjin Research Center for Functional Genomics and Biochips, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Huang C, Liu Q, Luo Y, Li P, Liu Q, Kong Q. Regulated delayed synthesis of lipopolysaccharide and enterobacterial common antigen of Salmonella Typhimurium enhances immunogenicity and cross-protective efficacy against heterologous Salmonella challenge. Vaccine 2017; 34:4285-92. [PMID: 27423383 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen and enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) are two major polysaccharide structures on the surface of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Previous studies have demonstrated that regulated truncation of LPS enhances the cross-reaction against conserved outer membrane proteins (OMPs) from enteric bacteria. We speculate that the regulation of both O-antigen and ECA may enhance the induction of immune responses against conserved OMPs from enteric bacteria. In this work we targeted rfbB and rffG genes which encode dTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratases and share the same function in regulating O-antigen and ECA synthesis. We constructed a mutant, S496 (ΔrfbB6 ΔrffG7 ΔpagL73::TT araC PBADrfbB-3), in which rfbB gene expression was dependent on exogenously supplied arabinose during in vitro growth and achieved the simultaneous tight regulation of both LPS and ECA synthesis, as demonstrated by the LPS profile and Western blotting using antisera against LPS and ECA. When administered orally, S. Typhimurium S496 was completely attenuated for virulence but still retained the capacity to colonize and disseminate in mice. In addition, we found that oral immunization with S496 resulted in increased immune responses against OMPs from enteric bacteria and enhanced survival compared with immunization with S492 possessing ΔrfbB6 ΔrffG8 mutations when challenged with lethal doses of Salmonella Choleraesuis or Salmonella Enteritidis. These results indicate that S. Typhimurium arabinose-regulated rfbB strain S496 is a good vaccine candidate, conferring cross-protection against lethal challenge with heterologous Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Yali Luo
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Pei Li
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Qingke Kong
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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Yin S, Liu M, Kong JQ. Functional analyses of OcRhS1 and OcUER1 involved in UDP-L-rhamnose biosynthesis in Ornithogalum caudatum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 109:536-548. [PMID: 27835851 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
UDP-L-rhamnose (UDP-Rha) is an important sugar donor for the synthesis of rhamnose-containing compounds in plants. However, only a few enzymes and their encoding genes involved in UDP-Rha biosynthesis are available in plants. Here, two genes encoding rhamnose synthase (RhS) and bi-functional UDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose (UDP-4K6DG) 3, 5-epimerase/UDP-4-keto-L-rhamnose (UDP-4KR) 4-keto-reductase (UER) were isolated from Ornithogalum caudatum based on the RNA-Seq data. The OcRhS1 gene has an ORF (open reading frame) of 2019 bp encoding a tri-functional RhS enzyme. In vitro enzymatic assays revealed OcRhS1 can really convert UDP-D-glucose (UDP-Glc) into UDP-Rha via three consecutive reactions. Biochemical evidences indicated that the recombinant OcRhS1 was active in the pH range of 5-11 and over the temperature range of 0-60 °C. The Km value of OcRhS1 for UDP-Glc was determined to be 1.52 × 10-4 M. OcRhS1 is a multi-domain protein with two sets of cofactor-binding motifs. The cofactors dependent properties of OcRhS1 were thus characterized in this research. Moreover, the N-terminal portion of OcRhS1 (OcRhS1-N) was observed to metabolize UDP-Glc to form intermediate UDP-4K6DG. OcUER1 contains an ORF of 906 bp encoding a polypeptide of 301 aa. OcUER1 shared high similarity with the carboxy-terminal domain of OcRhS1 (OcRhS1-C), suggesting its intrinsic ability of converting UDP-4K6DG into UDP-Rha. It was thus reasonably inferred that UDP-Glc could be bio-transformed into UDP-Rha under the collaborating action of OcRhS1-N and OcUER1. The subsequently biochemical assay verified this notion. Importantly, expression profiles of OcRhS1 and OcUER1 revealed their possible involvement in the biosynthesis of rhamnose-containing polysaccharides in O. caudatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yin
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Kong
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products), Beijing, 100050, China.
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Lovaglio R, Silva V, Ferreira H, Hausmann R, Contiero J. Rhamnolipids know-how: Looking for strategies for its industrial dissemination. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1715-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Computational evaluation of phytocompounds for combating drug resistant tuberculosis by multi-targeted therapy. J Mol Model 2015; 21:247. [PMID: 26323856 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2785-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis interacts with the host counterpart during the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. L-rhamnosyl (L-Rha) residue, a linker connects the arabinogalactan and peptidoglycan moieties in the bacterial cell wall. The biosynthesis of L-rhamnose utilizes four successive enzymes RmlA, RmlB, RmlC and RmlD. Neither rhamnose nor the genes responsible for its synthesis are observed in humans. Thus, drugs inhibiting enzymes of this pathway are unlikely to interfere with metabolic pathways in humans. The adverse drug effects of first and second line drugs along with the development of multi-drug resistance tuberculosis have stimulated the research in search of new therapeutic drugs. Thus, it is attractive to hypothesize that inhibition of the biosynthesis of L-Rha would be lethal to the mycobacteria. Nature provides innumerable secondary metabolites with novel structural architectures with reported activity against M. tuberculosis. Combination of structure based virtual screening with physicochemical and pharmacokinetic studies against rhamnose pathway enzymes identified potential leads. The crucial screening studies recognized four phytocompounds butein, diospyrin, indicanine, and rumexneposide A with good binding affinity towards the rhamnose pathway proteins. Furthermore, the high throughput screening methods recognized butein, a secondary metabolite from Butea monosperma with strong anti-tubercular bioactive spectrum. Butein displayed promising anti-mycobacterial activity which is validated by Microplate alamar blue assay (MABA). The focus on novel agents like these phytocompounds which exhibit preference toward the successive enzymes of a single pathway can prevent the development of bacterial resistance.
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Denes T, den Bakker HC, Tokman JI, Guldimann C, Wiedmann M. Selection and Characterization of Phage-Resistant Mutant Strains of Listeria monocytogenes Reveal Host Genes Linked to Phage Adsorption. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:4295-305. [PMID: 25888172 PMCID: PMC4475870 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00087-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria-infecting phages are readily isolated from Listeria-containing environments, yet little is known about the selective forces they exert on their host. Here, we identified that two virulent phages, LP-048 and LP-125, adsorb to the surface of Listeria monocytogenes strain 10403S through different mechanisms. We isolated and sequenced, using whole-genome sequencing, 69 spontaneous mutant strains of 10403S that were resistant to either one or both phages. Mutations from 56 phage-resistant mutant strains with only a single mutation mapped to 10 genes representing five loci on the 10403S chromosome. An additional 12 mutant strains showed two mutations, and one mutant strain showed three mutations. Two of the loci, containing seven of the genes, accumulated the majority (n = 64) of the mutations. A representative mutant strain for each of the 10 genes was shown to resist phage infection through mechanisms of adsorption inhibition. Complementation of mutant strains with the associated wild-type allele was able to rescue phage susceptibility for 6 out of the 10 representative mutant strains. Wheat germ agglutinin, which specifically binds to N-acetylglucosamine, bound to 10403S and mutant strains resistant to LP-048 but did not bind to mutant strains resistant to only LP-125. We conclude that mutant strains resistant to only LP-125 lack terminal N-acetylglucosamine in their wall teichoic acid (WTA), whereas mutant strains resistant to both phages have disruptive mutations in their rhamnose biosynthesis operon but still possess N-acetylglucosamine in their WTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Denes
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Henk C den Bakker
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Tokman
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Claudia Guldimann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Han X, Qian L, Zhang L, Liu X. Structural and biochemical insights into nucleotide-rhamnose synthase/epimerase-reductase from Arabidopsis thaliana. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:1476-86. [PMID: 26116145 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
L-Rhamnose (Rha) is synthesized via a similar enzymatic pathway in bacteria, plants and fungi. In plants, nucleotide-rhamnose synthase/epimerase-reductase (NRS/ER) catalyzes the final step in the conversion of dTDP/UDP-α-D-Glc to dTDP/UDP-β-L-Rha in an NAD(P)H dependent manner. Currently, only biochemical evidence for the function of NRS/ER has been described. In this study, a crystal structure for Arabidopsis thaliana NRS/ER was determined, which is the first report of a eukaryotic rhamnose synthase with both epimerase and reductase activities. NRS/ER functions as a metal ion independent homodimer that forms through hydrophobic interactions via a four-helix bundle. Each monomer exhibits α/β folding that can be divided into two regions, nucleotide cofactor binding domain and sugar substrate binding domain. The affinities of ligands with NRS/ER were measured using isothermal titration calorimetry, which showed that NRS/ER has a preference for dTDP over UDP, while the cofactor binding site has a similar affinity for NADH and NADPH. Structural analysis coupled to site-directed mutagenesis suggested C115 and K183 as the acid/base pair responsible for epimerization, while T113, Y144 and K148 are the conserved residues in reduction. These findings shed light on the molecular mechanism of NRS/ER and were helpful to explore other eukaryotic enzymes involved in L-Rha synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Lei Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Tianjin Research Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Lianwen Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Xinqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Ma G, Liu Y. The reaction mechanism of UDP-GlcNAc 5,6-dehydratase: a quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) study. Theor Chem Acc 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-014-1524-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Ma G, Dong L, Liu Y. Insights into the catalytic mechanism of dTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase from quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics simulations. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04406a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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47
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Biosynthetic Mechanism forL-Gulose in Main Polar Lipids ofThermoplasma acidophilumand Possible Resemblance to Plant Ascorbic Acid Biosynthesis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:2087-93. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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48
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Loranger MW, Forget SM, McCormick NE, Syvitski RT, Jakeman DL. Synthesis and evaluation of l-rhamnose 1C-phosphonates as nucleotidylyltransferase inhibitors. J Org Chem 2013; 78:9822-33. [PMID: 24020932 DOI: 10.1021/jo401542s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a series of phosphonates and ketosephosphonates possessing an L-rhamnose scaffold with varying degrees of fluorination. These compounds were evaluated as potential inhibitors of α-D-glucose 1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase (Cps2L), the first enzyme in Streptococcus pneumoniae L-rhamnose biosynthesis, and a novel antibiotic target. Enzyme-substrate and enzyme-inhibitor binding experiments were performed using water-ligand observed binding via gradient spectroscopy (WaterLOGSY) NMR for known sugar nucleotide substrates and selected phosphonate analogues. IC50 values were measured and Ki values were calculated for inhibitors. New insights were gained into the binding promiscuity of enzymes within the prokaryotic L-rhamnose biosynthetic pathway (Cps2L, RmlB-D) and into the mechanism of inhibition for the most potent inhibitor in the series, L-rhamnose 1C-phosphonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Loranger
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University , 6274 Coberg Road, P.O. Box 15,000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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Liu B, Knirel YA, Feng L, Perepelov AV, Senchenkova SN, Reeves PR, Wang L. Structural diversity in Salmonella O antigens and its genetic basis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2013; 38:56-89. [PMID: 23848592 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This review covers the structures and genetics of the 46 O antigens of Salmonella, a major pathogen of humans and domestic animals. The variation in structures underpins the serological specificity of the 46 recognized serogroups. The O antigen is important for the full function and virulence of many bacteria, and the considerable diversity of O antigens can confer selective advantage. Salmonella O antigens can be divided into two major groups: those which have N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) or N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) and those which have galactose (Gal) as the first sugar in the O unit. In recent years, we have determined 21 chemical structures and sequenced 28 gene clusters for GlcNAc-/GalNAc-initiated O antigens, thus completing the structure and DNA sequence data for the 46 Salmonella O antigens. The structures and gene clusters of the GlcNAc-/GalNAc-initiated O antigens were found to be highly diverse, and 24 of them were found to be identical or closely related to Escherichia coli O antigens. Sequence comparisons indicate that all or most of the shared gene clusters were probably present in the common ancestor, although alternative explanations are also possible. In contrast, the better-known eight Gal-initiated O antigens are closely related both in structures and gene cluster sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
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Insights into the ropy phenotype of the exopolysaccharide-producing strain Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis A1dOxR. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:3870-4. [PMID: 23584772 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00633-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteome of the ropy strain Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis A1dOxR, compared to that of its nonropy isogenic strain, showed an overproduction of a protein involved in rhamnose biosynthesis. Results were confirmed by gene expression analysis, and this fact agreed with the high rhamnose content of the ropy exopolysaccharide.
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