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Zhao Y, Hu ZY, Lou M, Jiang FW, Huang YF, Chen MS, Wang JX, Liu S, Shi YS, Zhu HM, Li JL. AQP1 Deficiency Drives Phthalate-Induced Epithelial Barrier Disruption through Intestinal Inflammation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:15334-15344. [PMID: 38916549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is frequently used as a plasticizer to enhance the plasticity and durability of agricultural products, which pose adverse effects to human health and the environment. Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) is a main water transport channel protein and is involved in the maintenance of intestinal integrity. However, the impact of DEHP exposure on gut health and its potential mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we determined that DEHP exposure induced a compromised duodenum structure, which was concomitant with mitochondrial structural injury of epithelial cells. Importantly, DEHP exposure caused duodenum inflammatory epithelial cell damage and strong inflammatory response accompanied by activating the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. Mechanistically, DEHP exposure directly inhibits the expression of AQP1 and thus leads to an inflammatory response, ultimately disrupting duodenum integrity and barrier function. Collectively, our findings uncover the role of AQP1 in phthalate-induced intestinal disorders, and AQP1 could be a promising therapeutic approach for treating patients with intestinal disorders or inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Yan Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Ming Lou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Wei Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Feng Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Shan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Xin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Sheng Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Mei Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Long Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
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Zhao Q, Chen YY, Xu DQ, Yue SJ, Fu RJ, Yang J, Xing LM, Tang YP. Action Mode of Gut Motility, Fluid and Electrolyte Transport in Chronic Constipation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:630249. [PMID: 34385914 PMCID: PMC8353128 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.630249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic constipation is a common gastrointestinal disorder, with a worldwide incidence of 14–30%. It negatively affects quality of life and is associated with a considerable economic burden. As a disease with multiple etiologies and risk factors, it is important to understand the pathophysiology of chronic constipation. The purpose of this review is to discuss latest findings on the roles of gut motility, fluid, and electrolyte transport that contribute to chronic constipation, and the main drugs available for treating patients. We conducted searches on PubMed and Google Scholar up to 9 February 2021. MeSH keywords “constipation”, “gastrointestinal motility”, “peristalsis”, “electrolytes”, “fluid”, “aquaporins”, and “medicine” were included. The reference lists of searched articles were reviewed to identify further eligible articles. Studies focusing on opioid-induced constipation, evaluation, and clinic management of constipation were excluded. The occurrence of constipation is inherently connected to disorders of gut motility as well as fluid and electrolyte transport, which involve the nervous system, endocrine signaling, the gastrointestinal microbiota, ion channels, and aquaporins. The mechanisms of action and application of the main drugs are summarized; a better understanding of ion channels and aquaporins may be helpful for new drug development. This review aims to provide a scientific basis that can guide future research on the etiology and treatment of constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and State Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and State Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Ding-Qiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and State Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Shi-Jun Yue
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and State Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui-Jia Fu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and State Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and State Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Li-Ming Xing
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and State Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Ping Tang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and State Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
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3
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Dickson K, Lehmann C. Inflammatory Response to Different Toxins in Experimental Sepsis Models. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184341. [PMID: 31491842 PMCID: PMC6770119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by the dysregulated host response to infection. Despite serious mortality and morbidity, no sepsis-specific drugs exist. Endotoxemia is often used to model the hyperinflammation associated with early sepsis. This model classically uses lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative pathogens to activate the immune system, leading to hyperinflammation, microcirculatory disturbances and death. Other toxins may also be used to activate the immune system including Gram-positive peptidoglycan (PG) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA). In addition to these standard toxins, other bacterial components can induce inflammation. These molecules activate different signaling pathways and produce different physiological responses which can be taken advantage of for sepsis modeling. Endotoxemia modeling can provide information on pathways to inflammation in sepsis and contribute to preclinical drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayle Dickson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Christian Lehmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Cao Y, He Y, Wei C, Li J, Qu L, Zhang H, Cheng Y, Qiao B. Aquaporins Alteration Profiles Revealed Different Actions of Senna, Sennosides, and Sennoside A in Diarrhea-Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3210. [PMID: 30336596 PMCID: PMC6213963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Senna and its main components sennosides are well-known effective laxative drugs and are used in the treatment of intestinal constipation in the world. Their potential side effects have attracted more attention in clinics but have little scientific justification. In this study, senna extract (SE), sennosides (SS), and sennoside A (SA) were prepared and used to generate diarrhea rats. The diarrhea rats were investigated with behaviors, clinical signs, organ index, pathological examination, and gene expression on multiple aquaporins (Aqps) including Aqp1, Aqp2, Aqp3, Aqp4, Aqp5, Aqp6, Aqp7, Aqp8, Aqp9, and Aqp11. Using qRT-PCR, the Aqp expression profiles were constructed for six organs including colon, kidney, liver, spleen, lung, and stomach. The Aqp alteration profiles were characterized and was performed with Principle Component Analysis (PCA). The SE treatments on the rats resulted in a significant body weight loss (p < 0.001), significant increases (p < 0.001) on the kidney index (27.72%) and liver index (42.55%), and distinguished changes with up-regulation on Aqps expressions in the kidneys and livers. The SS treatments showed prominent laxative actions and down regulation on Aqps expression in the colons. The study results indicated that the SE had more influence/toxicity on the kidneys and livers. The SS showed more powerful actions on the colons. We suggest that the caution should be particularly exercised in the patients with kidney and liver diseases when chronic using senna-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No. 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
- Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Engineering Technology Research Center, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Ying He
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No. 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
- Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Engineering Technology Research Center, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Cong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No. 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
- Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Engineering Technology Research Center, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No. 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
- Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Engineering Technology Research Center, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Lejing Qu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No. 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
- Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Engineering Technology Research Center, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Huiqin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No. 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
- Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Engineering Technology Research Center, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Ying Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No. 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
- Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Engineering Technology Research Center, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Boling Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No. 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
- Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Engineering Technology Research Center, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
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5
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Zhu C, Ye JL, Yang J, Yang KM, Chen Z, Liang R, Wu XJ, Wang L, Jiang ZY. Differential expression of intestinal ion transporters and water channel aquaporins in young piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:5240-5252. [PMID: 29293799 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was to determine whether the expression of genes involved in intestinal water and ion transport would be affected by enterotoxigenic (ETEC) K88 both in vitro and in vivo. First, 36 male piglets (4 d old) were randomly allotted to either the control or the ETEC K88 group. Each group had 6 replicates with 3 piglets per replicate. All piglets were fed with the same diets for 17 d. On d 15, piglets in the ETEC K88 group were challenged with ETEC K88 (serotype O149:K91:K88ac) at 1 × 10 cfu per pig, whereas those in the control group received the same volume of sterile PBS. After being challenged with ETEC K88 for 72 h (d 18), 1 piglet from each replicate was selected for slaughter to collect samples from the jejunum, ileum, and colon. The mRNA expression and protein abundance of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in the ileum and colon were increased compared with that in the control group ( < 0.05). Furthermore, the mRNA expression of () in the ileum and colon was increased by ETEC K88 challenge ( < 0.05), whereas in the jejunum, both its mRNA and protein expression were increased by ETEC K88 treatment ( < 0.05). Additionally, an established porcine intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) was used to investigate the effect and possible mechanism of ETEC K88 on expression of water channel aquaporins (AQP) and ion transporters. Cells (1.17 × 10 per well) were grown in 6-well plates and treated with ETEC K88 at a multiplicity of infection of 50:1 for 3 h. The mRNA expression of , , and () in IPEC-J2 cells was reduced after ETEC K88 treatment ( < 0.05). Further analyses using western blotting also demonstrated that ETEC K88 decreased the protein expression of AQP3, AQP9, and AQP11 in IPEC-J2 cells ( < 0.05). Moreover, the phosphorylation levels of protein kinase A (PKA) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-response element binding protein (CREB) were decreased by ETEC K88 challenge ( < 0.05). The results indicate that ETEC K88 challenge induced differential expression of intestinal ion transporters and AQP in young piglets, probably by regulation of the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway. This study might provide new insights about the importance of fluid homeostasis in control of ETEC-induced diarrhea in young piglets.
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6
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Meli R, Pirozzi C, Pelagalli A. New Perspectives on the Potential Role of Aquaporins (AQPs) in the Physiology of Inflammation. Front Physiol 2018; 9:101. [PMID: 29503618 PMCID: PMC5820367 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are emerging, in the last few decades, as critical proteins regulating water fluid homeostasis in cells involved in inflammation. AQPs represent a family of ubiquitous membrane channels that regulate osmotically water flux in various tissues and sometimes the transport of small solutes, including glycerol. Extensive data indicate that AQPs, working as water channel proteins, regulate not only cell migration, but also common events essential for inflammatory response. The involvement of AQPs in several inflammatory processes, as demonstrated by their dysregulation both in human and animal diseases, identifies their new role in protection and response to different noxious stimuli, including bacterial infection. This contribution could represent a new key to clarify the dilemma of host-pathogen communications, and opens up new scenarios regarding the investigation of the modulation of specific AQPs, as target for new pharmacological therapies. This review provides updated information on the underlying mechanisms of AQPs in the regulation of inflammatory responses in mammals and discusses the broad spectrum of options that can be tailored for different diseases and their pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Meli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Pirozzi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pelagalli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
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7
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Zhang D, Yang L, Su W, Zhao Y, Ma X, Zhou H, Xu B, Zhang K, Ma H. Aquaporin-4 Is Downregulated in the Basolateral Membrane of Ileum Epithelial Cells during Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-Induced Diarrhea in Mice. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2655. [PMID: 29375520 PMCID: PMC5767235 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are opportunistic pathogens that colonize the small intestine, produce enterotoxins and induce diarrhea. Some aquaporins (AQPs), such as AQP3 and AQP8, have been reported to participate in diarrhea by decreasing cellular influx in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. AQP4 is another important water channel in the GI tract, but its role in ETEC-induced diarrhea has not been reported. Here, we demonstrated the potential roles of AQP4 in ETEC-induced diarrhea. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting showed that AQP4 was expressed in the mouse ileum, but not in the duodenum or jejunum while immunohistochemical staining showed that AQP4 localized to the basolateral membrane of ileum epithelial cells. Using an ETEC-induced mice diarrhea model, we demonstrated that both AQP4 mRNA level and the AQP4 protein level in the ileum decreased gradually over a time course of 7 days. These results suggest that AQP4 plays a role in the pathogenesis of ETEC-induced diarrhea by mediating water transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Longfei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weiheng Su
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,The Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Haizhu Zhou
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Kaiqi Zhang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,The Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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8
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Zhang D, Zhang K, Su W, Zhao Y, Ma X, Qian G, Qu G, Pei Z, Liu S, Ma H. Aquaporin-3 is down-regulated in jejunum villi epithelial cells during enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-induced diarrhea in mice. Microb Pathog 2017; 107:430-435. [PMID: 28442425 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-induced diarrhea is a complex pathological process, involving ion channel regulation and water efflux. While the mechanism underlying water efflux in ETEC-induced diarrhea is still largely unknown, aquaporins (AQPs) play important roles in transcellular water movement, but their expression profile has not been demonstrated in the murine small intestine. We identified AQP3 expression in the jejunum, but not the duodenum or ileum, using reverse transcription PCR and western blotting. Immunohistochemistry showed that AQP3 localized to the jejunum villi epithelial cells. Using an ETEC-induced murine diarrhea model, we demonstrated that both AQP3 mRNA expression and protein concentration in the jejunum were gradually but significantly decreased over 7 d compared with controls. These results suggested impaired water influx also plays an important role in ETEC-induced diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, PR China.
| | - Kaiqi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, PR China
| | - Weiheng Su
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, PR China
| | - Xin Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, PR China
| | - Gong Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, PR China
| | - Guijuan Qu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, PR China
| | - Zhihua Pei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, PR China
| | - Shuming Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, PR China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, PR China.
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9
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Expression, Distribution and Role of Aquaporin Water Channels in Human and Animal Stomach and Intestines. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091399. [PMID: 27589719 PMCID: PMC5037679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stomach and intestines are involved in the secretion of gastrointestinal fluids and the absorption of nutrients and fluids, which ensure normal gut functions. Aquaporin water channels (AQPs) represent a major transcellular route for water transport in the gastrointestinal tract. Until now, at least 11 AQPs (AQP1–11) have been found to be present in the stomach, small and large intestines. These AQPs are distributed in different cell types in the stomach and intestines, including gastric epithelial cells, gastric glands cells, absorptive epithelial cells (enterocytes), goblet cells and Paneth cells. AQP1 is abundantly distributed in the endothelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract. AQP3 and AQP4 are mainly distributed in the basolateral membrane of epithelial cells in the stomach and intestines. AQP7, AQP8, AQP10 and AQP11 are distributed in the apical of enterocytes in the small and large intestines. Although AQP-null mice displayed almost no phenotypes in gastrointestinal tracts, the alterations of the expression and localization of these AQPs have been shown to be associated with the pathology of gastrointestinal disorders, which suggests that AQPs play important roles serving as potential therapeutic targets. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the expression, localization and distribution of AQPs in the stomach, small and large intestine of human and animals. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the potential roles of AQPs in the physiology and pathophysiology of stomach and intestines.
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10
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Immunohistochemical localization of aquaporin 4 (AQP4) in the porcine gastrointestinal tract. ACTA VET BRNO 2015. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201584040321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is a protein widely expressed on plasma membrane of a variety of epithelial cells. In this study we investigated the expression of AQP4 in the gastrointestinal tract of the pig using immunohistochemical staining. We found no presence of AQP4 in the different regions of the pig stomach. In the porcine small intestine moderate immunoreactivity to AQP4 was detected in enterocytes (along the villi and in the bottom of the crypts), duodenal Brunner’s glands and in enteric ganglia in cells lying in close vicinity to myenteric as well as submucous neurons. In superficial epithelial cells of the colonic mucosa as well as of caecal and colonic glands a very strong immunoreactivity to AQP4 was found. Both in the myenteric and submucous ganglia of the large intestine AQP4-positive cells surrounding enteric neurons were observed. We concluded that AQP4 expression in the porcine gastrointestinal tract showed some species-dependent differences in relation to other species. Based on the presented distribution pattern of AQP4, it is likely that the aquaporin plays a role in mucous (but not acid) secretion and intestinal absorptive processes in the pig.
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Gosalia N, Yang R, Kerschner JL, Harris A. FOXA2 regulates a network of genes involved in critical functions of human intestinal epithelial cells. Physiol Genomics 2015; 47:290-7. [PMID: 25921584 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00024.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The forkhead box A (FOXA) family of pioneer transcription factors is critical for the development of many endoderm-derived tissues. Their importance in regulating biological processes in the lung and liver is extensively characterized, though much less is known about their role in intestine. Here we investigate the contribution of FOXA2 to coordinating intestinal epithelial cell function using postconfluent Caco2 cells, differentiated into an enterocyte-like model. FOXA2 binding sites genome-wide were determined by ChIP-seq and direct targets of the factor were validated by ChIP-qPCR and siRNA-mediated depletion of FOXA1/2 followed by RT-qPCR. Peaks of FOXA2 occupancy were frequent at loci contributing to gene ontology pathways of regulation of cell migration, cell motion, and plasma membrane function. Depletion of both FOXA1 and FOXA2 led to a significant reduction in the expression of multiple transmembrane proteins including ion channels and transporters, which form a network that is essential for maintaining normal ion and solute transport. One of the targets was the adenosine A2B receptor, and reduced receptor mRNA levels were associated with a functional decrease in intracellular cyclic AMP. We also observed that 30% of FOXA2 binding sites contained a GATA motif and that FOXA1/A2 depletion reduced GATA-4, but not GATA-6 protein levels. These data show that FOXA2 plays a pivotal role in regulating intestinal epithelial cell function. Moreover, that the FOXA and GATA families of transcription factors may work cooperatively to regulate gene expression genome-wide in the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal Gosalia
- Human Molecular Genetics Program, Lurie Children's Research Center, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Rui Yang
- Human Molecular Genetics Program, Lurie Children's Research Center, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Jenny L Kerschner
- Human Molecular Genetics Program, Lurie Children's Research Center, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Ann Harris
- Human Molecular Genetics Program, Lurie Children's Research Center, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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12
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Huang H, Liao D, Liang L, Song L, Zhao W. Genistein inhibits rotavirus replication and upregulates AQP4 expression in rotavirus-infected Caco-2 cells. Arch Virol 2015; 160:1421-33. [PMID: 25877820 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is the primary cause of severe dehydrating gastroenteritis and acute diarrheal disease in infants and young children. Previous studies have revealed that genistein can inhibit the infectivity of enveloped or nonenveloped viruses. Although the biological properties of genistein are well studied, the mechanisms of action underlying their anti-rotavirus properties have not been fully elucidated. Here, we report that genistein significantly inhibits RV-Wa replication in vitro by repressing viral RNA transcripts, and possibly viral protein synthesis. Interestingly, we also found that aquaporin 4 (AQP4) mRNA and protein expression, which was downregulated in RV-infected Caco-2 cells, can be upregulated by genistein in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Further experiments confirmed that genistein triggers CREB phosphorylation through PKA activation and subsequently promotes AQP4 gene transcription. These findings suggest that the pathophysiological mechanism of RV infection involves decreased expression of AQP4 and that genistein may be a useful candidate for developing a new anti-RV strategy by inhibiting rotavirus replication and upregulating AQP4 expression via the cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway. Further studies on the effect of genistein on RV-induced diarrhea are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohai Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical College, No. 1, Xincheng Road of Songshan Lake Science and Technology Industry Park, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
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13
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Zhang Y, Wang X, Sha S, Liang S, Zhao L, Liu L, Chai N, Wang H, Wu K. Berberine increases the expression of NHE3 and AQP4 in sennosideA-induced diarrhoea model. Fitoterapia 2012; 83:1014-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Laforenza U. Water channel proteins in the gastrointestinal tract. Mol Aspects Med 2012; 33:642-50. [PMID: 22465691 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Water transport through the human digestive system is physiologically crucial for maintaining body water homeostasis and ensure digestive and absorptive functions. Within the gastrointestinal tract, water recirculates, being secreted with the digestive juices and then almost entirely absorbed by the small and large intestine. The importance of aquaporins (AQPs), transmembrane water channel proteins, in the rapid passage of water across plasma membranes in the gastrointestinal tract appears immediately evident. Several AQP isoforms are found in gastrointestinal epithelia, with AQP1, 3, 7, 10 and 11 being the most abundantly expressed in the whole gut. On the other hand, AQP4 and 8 are located selectively in the stomach and colon, respectively. Here we review AQP expression and localization at the tissue, cellular and subcellular level in gastrointestinal epithelia, and their modification in various gut diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Laforenza
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
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15
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Zelenina M. Regulation of brain aquaporins. Neurochem Int 2010; 57:468-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 03/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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16
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Toxin mediated diarrhea in the 21 century: the pathophysiology of intestinal ion transport in the course of ETEC, V. cholerae and rotavirus infection. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:2132-57. [PMID: 22069677 PMCID: PMC3153279 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2082132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An estimated 4 billion episodes of diarrhea occur each year. As a result, 2–3 million children and 0.5–1 million adults succumb to the consequences of this major healthcare concern. The majority of these deaths can be attributed to toxin mediated diarrhea by infectious agents, such as E. coli, V. cholerae or Rotavirus. Our understanding of the pathophysiological processes underlying these infectious diseases has notably improved over the last years. This review will focus on the cellular mechanism of action of the most common enterotoxins and the latest specific therapeutic approaches that have been developed to contain their lethal effects.
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Radhakrishnan RS, Shah SK, Lance SH, Radhakrishnan HR, Xue H, Radhakrishnan GL, Ramaswamy US, Walker PA, Uray KS, Laine GA, Stewart RH, Cox CS. Hypertonic saline alters hydraulic conductivity and up-regulates mucosal/submucosal aquaporin 4 in resuscitation-induced intestinal edema. Crit Care Med 2009; 37:2946-52. [PMID: 19770732 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181ab878b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize membrane conductivity by applying mathematical modeling techniques and immunohistochemistry and to localize and predict areas of the bowel where aquaporins may be associated with edema resolution/prevention associated with hypertonic saline. Intestinal edema induced by resuscitation and mesenteric venous hypertension impairs intestinal transit/contractility. Hypertonic saline decreases intestinal edema and improves transit. Aquaporins are water transport membrane proteins that may be up-regulated with edema and/or hypertonic saline. DESIGN Laboratory study. SETTING University research laboratory. SUBJECTS Male Sprague Dawley rats, weighing 270 to 330 g. INTERVENTIONS Rats were randomized to control (with and without hypertonic saline) and mesenteric venous hypertension with either 80 mL/kg normal saline (RESUS + VH + VEH) or 80 mL/kg normal saline with hypertonic saline (RESUS + VH + HTS). After 6 hrs, intestinal wet/dry ratios, urine output, peritoneal fluid, and intraluminal fluid were measured. Hydraulic conductivity was calculated from our previously known and published pressure-flow data. The cDNA microarray, Western blot, polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry studies were conducted for candidate aquaporins and distribution in intestinal edema resolution. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Hypertonic saline decreased edema and increased urine, intraluminal, and peritoneal fluid volume. RESUS + VH favors fluid flux into the interstitium. Hypertonic saline causes increased hydraulic conductivity at the seromuscular and mucosal surfaces at the same time limiting flow into the interstitium. This is associated with increased aquaporin 4 expression in the intestinal mucosa and submucosa. CONCLUSIONS Hypertonic saline mitigates intestinal edema development and promotes fluid redistribution secondary to increased membrane conductivity at the mucosal and seromuscular surfaces. This is associated with up-regulation of aquaporin 4 gene expression and protein. Aquaporin 4 may be a useful therapeutic target for strategies to enhance edema resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi S Radhakrishnan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Trauma Research Center, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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18
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Tancharoen S, Matsuyama T, Abeyama K, Matsushita K, Kawahara K, Sangalungkarn V, Tokuda M, Hashiguchi T, Maruyama I, Izumi Y. The role of water channel aquaporin 3 in the mechanism of TNF-α-mediated proinflammatory events: Implication in periodontal inflammation. J Cell Physiol 2008; 217:338-49. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Flach CF, Qadri F, Bhuiyan TR, Alam NH, Jennische E, Holmgren J, Lönnroth I. Differential expression of intestinal membrane transporters in cholera patients. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:3183-8. [PMID: 17575980 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae causes the cholera disease through secretion of cholera toxin (CT), resulting in severe diarrhoea by modulation of membrane transporters in the intestinal epithelium. Genes encoding membrane-spanning transporters identified as being differentially expressed during cholera disease in a microarray screening were studied by real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry and in a CaCo-2 cell model. Two amino acid transporters, SLC7A11 and SLC6A14, were upregulated in acute cholera patients compared to convalescence. Five other transporters were downregulated; aquaporin 10, SLC6A4, TRPM6, SLC23A1 and SLC30A4, which have specificity for water, serotonin (5-HT), magnesium, vitamin C and zinc, respectively. The majority of these changes appear to be attempts of the host to counteract the secretory response. Our results also support the concept that epithelial cells are involved in 5-HT signalling during acute cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Fredrik Flach
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Göteborg University Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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20
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Li H, Kamiie J, Morishita Y, Yoshida Y, Yaoita E, Ishibashi K, Yamamoto T. Expression and localization of two isoforms of AQP10 in human small intestine. Biol Cell 2005; 97:823-9. [PMID: 15898950 DOI: 10.1042/bc20040091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION AQP10 (aquaporin 10) is a new member of water channels and two different transcripts have been reported. The difference between these transcripts is in the presence or the absence of an insertion of 475 nt, which leads to a translation frame shift resulting in a different termination of amino acid translation and synthesis of a shorter form of AQP10. Thus an AQP10 molecule deduced from the transcript with an insertion has a distinct C-terminus, different from that translated from the transcript without the insertion. In the present study, we investigated the expression and localization of these AQP10 isoforms. RESULTS Two transcripts were expressed in human duodenum and jejunum. Western-blot analysis using antibodies for these AQP10 isoforms immunoblotted two bands of approx. 35 and 30 kDa respectively. Immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated localization of the AQP10 with an insertion in the capillary endothelium in villi of the small intestine and the isoform without the insertion in the gastro-entero-pancrestic endocrine cells. CONCLUSION The different forms of localization of the AQP10 isoforms indicate that they may play different roles in the proximal portion of human small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Li
- Department of Structural Pathology, Institute of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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Aduayom I, Denizeau F, Jumarie C. Multiple effects of mercury on cell volume regulation, plasma membrane permeability, and thiol content in the human intestinal cell line Caco-2. Cell Biol Toxicol 2005; 21:163-79. [PMID: 16328895 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-005-0157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2004] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we characterized Cd-Hg interactions for uptake in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. We pursued our investigations on metal uptake from metal mixtures, focusing on the effects of Hg on cellular homeostasis. A 4-fold higher equilibrium accumulation value of 0.3 micromol/L (203)Hg was measured in the presence of 100 micromol/L unlabeled Hg in the serum-free exposure medium without modification in the initial uptake rate. This phenomenon was eliminated at 4 degrees C. Mercury induced an increase in tritiated water and [(3)H]mannitol uptakes for exposure times greater than 20 min. Incubations for 20 min and 30 min with 100 micromol/L Hg and 2 mmol/L N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) resulted in a 34% and 50% reductions in cellular thiol staining, respectively, with additive effects. Lactate dehydrogenase leakage and live/dead assays confirmed the maintenance of cell membrane integrity in Hg- or NEM-treated cells. We conclude that Hg may alter membrane permeability and increase cell volume without any loss in cell viability. This phenomenon is sensitive to temperature and could involve Hg interaction with membrane thiols, possibly related to solute transport. During metal uptake from metal mixtures, Hg may thus promote the uptake of other toxic metals by increasing cell volume and consequently cell capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Aduayom
- Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada
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Hardin JA, Wallace LE, Wong JFK, O'Loughlin EV, Urbanski SJ, Gall DG, MacNaughton WK, Beck PL. Aquaporin expression is downregulated in a murine model of colitis and in patients with ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and infectious colitis. Cell Tissue Res 2004; 318:313-23. [PMID: 15338270 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-004-0932-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2003] [Accepted: 05/26/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Colitis is associated with alterations in electrolyte and water transport. These changes give rise to some of the symptoms experienced by patients with colitis. Alterations in fluid flux may also contribute to increased susceptibility to mucosal injury. Recently, endogenous water channel proteins (aquaporins; AQPs), have been identified in colonic tissue. The expression of AQP4, AQP7 and AQP8 was examined, via reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, in a murine model of colitis and in patients with inflammatory bowel disease or infectious colitis. Colitis was induced in C57BL/6 mice by the addition of 2.5% dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) to their drinking water. AQP expression in these mice was assessed following 12 h to 7 days of DSS exposure and during the recovery phase from 1 to 15 days following cessation of DSS exposure. Colonic water transport was measured after 1 and 3 days of DSS and following 7 days of recovery. The expression of AQP4 and AQP8 mRNA was significantly decreased after 12-24 h of DSS exposure and remained depressed throughout the treatment period. Expression of AQP7 was more variable. Protein expression followed a similar pattern to that observed for AQP mRNA. Significant alteration in colonic fluid secretion was correlated with reduced expression of AQP isoforms. Significantly, patients with active ulcerative colonic, Crohn's colitis or infectious colitis had similar dramatic reductions in AQP expression that appeared to be correlated with disease activity. Thus, colonic injury in both mouse and man is associated with a downregulation in AQP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hardin
- The Gastrointestinal Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Flach CF, Lange S, Jennische E, Lönnroth I. Cholera toxin induces expression of ion channels and carriers in rat small intestinal mucosa. FEBS Lett 2004; 561:122-6. [PMID: 15013762 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(04)00139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Revised: 02/02/2004] [Accepted: 02/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cholera toxin causes cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-induced electrolyte and water secretion in the small intestine. The toxin-induced change in gene expression in rat small intestine was evaluated with microarray technique and the results were confirmed by semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The transporter CNT2 for nucleosides was upregulated between 6 and 18 h after challenge, whereas the level of GLUT1 transporter for glucose became elevated at 6 h. Both changes probably facilitate uptake of these nutrients in the gut. At 18 h, the major chloride channel in the villus, ClC2, was upregulated. Aquaporin 8 was downregulated at 6 h and two mucin-producing genes were upregulated 18 h after toxin challenge. The expression was back to normal after 72 h, which is the turnover time for intestinal epithelial cells.
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