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Nikolouzakis TK, Chrysos E, Docea AO, Fragkiadaki P, Souglakos J, Tsiaoussis J, Tsatsakis A. Current and Future Trends of Colorectal Cancer Treatment: Exploring Advances in Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1995. [PMID: 38893120 PMCID: PMC11171065 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16111995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer of the colon and rectum (CRC) has been identified among the three most prevalent types of cancer and cancer-related deaths for both sexes. Even though significant progress in surgical and chemotherapeutic techniques has markedly improved disease-free and overall survival rates in contrast to those three decades ago, recent years have seen a stagnation in these improvements. This underscores the need for new therapies aiming to augment patient outcomes. A number of emerging strategies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and adoptive cell therapy (ACT), have exhibited promising outcomes not only in preclinical but also in clinical settings. Additionally, a thorough appreciation of the underlying biology has expanded the scope of research into potential therapeutic interventions. For instance, the pivotal role of altered telomere length in early CRC carcinogenesis, leading to chromosomal instability and telomere dysfunction, presents a promising avenue for future treatments. Thus, this review explores the advancements in CRC immunotherapy and telomere-targeted therapies, examining potential synergies and how these novel treatment modalities intersect to potentially enhance each other's efficacy, paving the way for promising future therapeutic advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Chrysos
- Department of General Surgery, University General Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, Greece; (T.K.N.); (E.C.)
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Persefoni Fragkiadaki
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (P.F.); (A.T.)
| | - John Souglakos
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - John Tsiaoussis
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (P.F.); (A.T.)
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2
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Winge MCG, Kellman LN, Guo K, Tang JY, Swetter SM, Aasi SZ, Sarin KY, Chang ALS, Khavari PA. Advances in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Cancer 2023:10.1038/s41568-023-00583-5. [PMID: 37286893 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00583-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Human malignancies arise predominantly in tissues of epithelial origin, where the stepwise transformation from healthy epithelium to premalignant dysplasia to invasive neoplasia involves sequential dysregulation of biological networks that govern essential functions of epithelial homeostasis. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a prototype epithelial malignancy, often with a high tumour mutational burden. A plethora of risk genes, dominated by UV-induced sun damage, drive disease progression in conjunction with stromal interactions and local immunomodulation, enabling continuous tumour growth. Recent studies have identified subpopulations of SCC cells that specifically interact with the tumour microenvironment. These advances, along with increased knowledge of the impact of germline genetics and somatic mutations on cSCC development, have led to a greater appreciation of the complexity of skin cancer pathogenesis and have enabled progress in neoadjuvant immunotherapy, which has improved pathological complete response rates. Although measures for the prevention and therapeutic management of cSCC are associated with clinical benefit, the prognosis remains poor for advanced disease. Elucidating how the genetic mechanisms that drive cSCC interact with the tumour microenvironment is a current focus in efforts to understand, prevent and treat cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mårten C G Winge
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Laura N Kellman
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Program in Cancer Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Konnie Guo
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jean Y Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Susan M Swetter
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sumaira Z Aasi
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Kavita Y Sarin
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Anne Lynn S Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Paul A Khavari
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA, USA.
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Program in Cancer Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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3
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Lopes-Santos G, Tjioe KC, Magalhaes MADO, Oliveira DT. The role of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in head and neck cancer. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 147:105641. [PMID: 36753900 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the molecular mechanisms and biological roles of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, highlighting its potential clinical applications. DESIGN The search terms "granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor", "GM-CSF", "CSF2″ and "head and neck squamous cell carcinoma" or "head and neck cancer" were queried in the PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus databases. RESULTS Despite of being a widely expressed cytokine, the number of studies investigating the specific roles of GM-CSF in head and neck cancer was limited. Most of them investigated GM-CSF in conjunction with other cytokines. When studied alone, conflicting findings were observed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. GM-CSF has been shown to induce angiogenesis and local tumor invasion. Additionally, it has also been implicated in immune evasion. On the other hand, GM-CSF stimulated the differentiation of dendritic cells, which are responsible for presenting tumor antigens, and for the regulation of T cell function. Even with these paradoxical effects, there are few studies investigating the potential of GM-CSF as adjuvant therapy in head and neck cancer. CONCLUSION The effects of GM-CSF in head and neck cancer may be pro- or antitumor. Understanding how one arm and not the other is activated is essential to assess the applicability and the safety of this cytokine as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Lopes-Santos
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology, and Radiology, Area of Pathology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo 17012-901, Brazil.
| | - Kellen Cristine Tjioe
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., CN2236B, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | | | - Denise Tostes Oliveira
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology, and Radiology, Area of Pathology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo 17012-901, Brazil.
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Kim SK, Cho SW. The Evasion Mechanisms of Cancer Immunity and Drug Intervention in the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:868695. [PMID: 35685630 PMCID: PMC9171538 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.868695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, in the field of cancer treatment, the paradigm has changed to immunotherapy that activates the immune system to induce cancer attacks. Among them, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are attracting attention as excellent and continuous clinical results. However, it shows not only limitations such as efficacy only in some patients or some indications, but also side-effects and resistance occur. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the factors of the tumor microenvironment (TME) that affect the efficacy of immunotherapy, that is, the mechanism by which cancer grows while evading or suppressing attacks from the immune system within the TME. Tumors can evade attacks from the immune system through various mechanisms such as restricting antigen recognition, inhibiting the immune system, and inducing T cell exhaustion. In addition, tumors inhibit or evade the immune system by accumulating specific metabolites and signal factors within the TME or limiting the nutrients available to immune cells. In order to overcome the limitations of immunotherapy and develop effective cancer treatments and therapeutic strategies, an approach is needed to understand the functions of cancer and immune cells in an integrated manner based on the TME. In this review, we will examine the effects of the TME on cancer cells and immune cells, especially how cancer cells evade the immune system, and examine anti-cancer strategies based on TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Keun Kim
- Cellus Inc., Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Seong Keun Kim, ; Sun Wook Cho,
| | - Sun Wook Cho
- Cellus Inc., Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Seong Keun Kim, ; Sun Wook Cho,
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Hwang BJ, Tsao LC, Acharya CR, Trotter T, Agarwal P, Wei J, Wang T, Yang XY, Lei G, Osada T, Lyerly HK, Morse MA, Hartman ZC. Sensitizing immune unresponsive colorectal cancers to immune checkpoint inhibitors through MAVS overexpression. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-003721. [PMID: 35361727 PMCID: PMC8971789 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) are insensitive to programmed death protein-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (anti-PD-1/PD-L1) immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) antibodies. While there are many causes for ICI insensitivity, recent studies suggest that suppression of innate immune gene expression in tumor cells could be a root cause of this insensitivity and an important factor in the evolution of tumor immunosuppression. Methods We first assessed the reduction of mitochondrial antiviral signaling gene (MAVS) and related RIG-I pathway gene expression in several patient RNA expression datasets. We then engineered MAVS expressing tumor cells and tested their ability to elicit innate and adaptive anti-tumor immunity using both in vitro and in vivo approaches, which we then confirmed using MAVS expressing viral vectors. Finally, we observed that MAVS stimulated PD-L1 expression in multiple cell types and then assessed the combination of PD-L1 ICI antibodies with MAVS tumor expression in vivo. Results MAVS was significantly downregulated in CRCs, but its re-expression could stimulate broad cellular interferon-related responses, in both murine and patient-derived CRCs. In vivo, local MAVS expression elicited significant anti-tumor responses in both immune-sensitive and insensitive CRC models, through the stimulation of an interferon responsive axis that provoked tumor antigen-specific adaptive immunity. Critically, we found that tumor-intrinsic MAVS expression triggered systemic adaptive immune responses that enabled abscopal CD8 +T cell cytotoxicity against distant CRCs. As MAVS also induced PD-L1 expression, we further found synergistic anti-tumor responses in combination with anti-PD-L1 ICIs. Conclusion These data demonstrate that intratumoral MAVS expression results in local and systemic tumor antigen-specific T cell responses, which could be combined with PD-L1 ICI to permit effective anti-tumor immunotherapy in ICI resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Jin Hwang
- Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Li-Chung Tsao
- Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | - Junping Wei
- Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xiao-Yi Yang
- Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gangjun Lei
- Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Takuya Osada
- Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Herbert Kim Lyerly
- Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael A Morse
- Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zachary Conrad Hartman
- Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA .,Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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6
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Eissa IR, Mukoyama N, Abdelmoneim M, Naoe Y, Matsumura S, Bustos-Villalobos I, Ichinose T, Miyajima N, Morimoto D, Tanaka M, Fujimoto Y, Sone M, Kodera Y, Kasuya H. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus HF10 (canerpaturev) promotes accumulation of CD8 + PD-1 - tumor-infiltrating T cells in PD-L1-enriched tumor microenvironment. Int J Cancer 2021; 149:214-227. [PMID: 33687756 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) remodel the tumor microenvironment by switching a "cold" tumor into a "hot" tumor with high CD8+ T-cell infiltration. CD8+ T-cell activity plays an essential role in the antitumor efficacy of OVs. However, the activity of T cells is impaired by the programmed cell death protein-1/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) interaction. To date, it remains unclear why OVs alone have a significant antitumor activity even when PD-L1 expression persists on tumor or immune cells. In this study, we found that canerpaturev (C-REV) treatment significantly suppressed tumor growth, even though it induced a significant increase in PD-L1 expression in tumors in vivo as well as persistence of high PD-L1 expression on antigen-presenting cells (macrophage and dendritic cells [DCs]). Surprisingly, we observed that C-REV treatment increased the abundance of activated CD8+ PD-1- tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the tumor on both the injected and contralateral sides, although infiltration of CD8+ PD-1high TILs into the tumor was observed in the control group. Moreover, the difference in PD-1 expression was observed only in tumors after treatment with C-REV, whereas most CD8+ T cells in the spleen, tumor-draining lymph nodes and blood were PD-1-negative, and this did not change after C-REV treatment. In addition, changes in expression of T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 and T-cell immune-receptor with Ig and ITIM domains were not observed on CD8+ TILs after C-REV treatment. Taken together, our findings may reveal mechanisms that allow OVs to trigger an antitumor immune response, irrespective of a PD-L1-enriched tumor microenvironment, by recruitment of CD8+ PD-1- TILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Ragab Eissa
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Nobuaki Mukoyama
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mohamed Abdelmoneim
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Naoe
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shigeru Matsumura
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Itzel Bustos-Villalobos
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toru Ichinose
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Miyajima
- Department of Transplantation and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daishi Morimoto
- Department of Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Maki Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Development & Strategy, Takara Bio Inc., Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Yasushi Fujimoto
- Department of Otolaryngology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Michihiko Sone
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kodera
- Department of Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideki Kasuya
- Cancer Immune Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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7
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Li H, Ngan HL, Liu Y, Chan HHY, Poon PHY, Yeung CK, Peng Y, Lam WY, Li BX, He Y, Lui VWY. Comprehensive Exome Analysis of Immunocompetent Metastatic Head and Neck Cancer Models Reveals Patient Relevant Landscapes. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102935. [PMID: 33053752 PMCID: PMC7601118 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunocompetent metastatic head and neck cancer (HNC) models, although scarce, can help understanding cancer progression and therapy responses in vivo. Their comprehensive genome characterizations are essential for translational research. We first exome-sequenced the two most widely used spontaneous metastatic immunocompetent models, namely AT-84 and SCC VII, followed by comprehensive genomic analyses with three prior-sequenced models (MOC2, MOC2-10, and 4MOSC2), together with patient tumors for utility assessment. AT-84 and SCC VII bear high HNC tumor resemblance regarding mutational signatures-Trp53, Fanconi anemia, and MAPK and PI3K pathway defects. Collectively, the five models harbor genetic aberrations across 10 cancer hallmarks and 14 signaling pathways and machineries (metabolic, epigenetic, immune evasion), to extents similar in patients. Immune defects in HLA-A (H2-Q10, H2-Q4, H2-Q7, and H2-K1), Pdcd1, Tgfb1, Il2ra, Il12a, Cd40, and Tnfrsf14 are identified. Invasion/metastatic genome analyses first highlight potential druggable ERBB4 and KRAS mutations, for advanced/metastatic oral cavity cancer, as well as known metastasis players (Muc5ac, Trem3, Trp53, and Ttn) frequently captured by all models. Notable immunotherapy and precision druggable targets (Pdcd1, Erbb4, Fgfr1, H/Kras, Jak1, and Map2k2) and three druggable hubs (RTK family, MAPK, and DNA repair pathways) are frequently represented by these models. Immunocompetent metastatic HNC models are worth developing to address therapy- and invasion/metastasis-related questions in host immunity contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (H.L.); (H.-L.N.); (Y.L.); (H.H.Y.C.); (P.H.Y.P.); (C.K.Y.)
| | - Hoi-Lam Ngan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (H.L.); (H.-L.N.); (Y.L.); (H.H.Y.C.); (P.H.Y.P.); (C.K.Y.)
| | - Yuchen Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (H.L.); (H.-L.N.); (Y.L.); (H.H.Y.C.); (P.H.Y.P.); (C.K.Y.)
| | - Helen Hoi Yin Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (H.L.); (H.-L.N.); (Y.L.); (H.H.Y.C.); (P.H.Y.P.); (C.K.Y.)
| | - Peony Hiu Yan Poon
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (H.L.); (H.-L.N.); (Y.L.); (H.H.Y.C.); (P.H.Y.P.); (C.K.Y.)
| | - Chun Kit Yeung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (H.L.); (H.-L.N.); (Y.L.); (H.H.Y.C.); (P.H.Y.P.); (C.K.Y.)
| | - Yibing Peng
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (Y.P.); (Y.H.)
| | - Wai Yip Lam
- Lee’s Pharmaceutical (HK) Limited, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China; (W.Y.L.); (B.X.L.)
| | - Benjamin Xiaoyi Li
- Lee’s Pharmaceutical (HK) Limited, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China; (W.Y.L.); (B.X.L.)
| | - Yukai He
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (Y.P.); (Y.H.)
| | - Vivian Wai Yan Lui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (H.L.); (H.-L.N.); (Y.L.); (H.H.Y.C.); (P.H.Y.P.); (C.K.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-3943-5388; Fax: +852-2603-5123
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Pelin A, Boulton S, Tamming LA, Bell JC, Singaravelu R. Engineering vaccinia virus as an immunotherapeutic battleship to overcome tumor heterogeneity. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:1083-1097. [PMID: 32297534 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1757066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunotherapy is a rapidly evolving area of cancer therapeutics aimed at driving a systemic immune response to fight cancer. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are at the cutting-edge of innovation in the immunotherapy field. Successful OV platforms must be effective in reshaping the tumor microenvironment and controlling tumor burden, but also be highly specific to avoid off-target side effects. Large DNA viruses, like vaccinia virus (VACV), have a large coding capacity, enabling the encoding of multiple immunostimulatory transgenes to reshape the tumor immune microenvironment. VACV-based OVs have shown promising results in both pre-clinical and clinical studies, including safe and efficient intravenous delivery to metastatic tumors. AREA COVERED This review summarizes attenuation strategies to generate a recombinant VACV with optimal tumor selectivity and immunogenicity. In addition, we discuss immunomodulatory transgenes that have been introduced into VACV and summarize their effectiveness in controlling tumor burden. EXPERT OPINION VACV encodes several immunomodulatory genes which aid the virus in overcoming innate and adaptive immune responses. Strategic deletion of these virulence factors will enable an optimal balance between viral persistence and immunogenicity, robust tumor-specific expression of payloads and promotion of a systemic anti-cancer immune response. Rational selection of therapeutic transgenes will maximize the efficacy of OVs and their synergy in combinatorial immunotherapy schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Pelin
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Boulton
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Levi A Tamming
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Modifying the cancer-immune set point using vaccinia virus expressing re-designed interleukin-2. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4682. [PMID: 30410056 PMCID: PMC6224581 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06954-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex immune tumour microenvironment requires an equally complex immunotherapy approach, especially when the cancer-immune set point is non-inflamed. Oncolytic viruses expressing immune activating cytokines might optimally modify the immune microenvironment and improve the antitumour effects. In this study, we have explored a variety of IL-2 constructs expressed by a tumour-selective oncolytic vaccinia virus, designed to maintain IL-2 in the tumour microenvironment to reduce systemic toxicity. An IL-2 construct combining a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor with a rigid peptide linker leads to functional IL-2 expression on the tumour cell surface and in the tumour microenvironment. This virus construct effectively modifies the cancer-immune set point and treats a variety of murine tumour models with no toxic side effects. In combination with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade this virus cures most of the mice with a high tumour burden. This combination represents a treatment for cancers which are to date unresponsive to immunotherapy. IL-2 is used systemically for cancer therapy but it is associated with severe toxicity. Here, the authors design a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing membrane-bound IL-2 that shows therapeutic efficacy alone or in combination with checkpoint inhibitors in colon cancer-bearing mice.
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10
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Li Q, Prince MEP, Moyer JS. Immunotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2015; 51:299-304. [PMID: 25624094 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the current state of immunotherapy of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Review of the literature with emphasis on clinical trial data. RESULTS Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have long been known to be immunosuppressed. This impairment of the immune system is believed, at least in part, to underlie the poor outcomes in this patient population. Modulating the immune system to improve cancer outcomes is an attractive concept in this difficult to treat population. CONCLUSION New studies have started to unravel the mechanisms of immunosuppression and new therapies are being developed to exploit this new information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Li
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 E Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Mark E P Prince
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 E Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moyer
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 E Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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11
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Lim YZ, South AP. Tumour-stroma crosstalk in the development of squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 53:450-8. [PMID: 24955488 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) represents one of the most frequently diagnosed tumours and contributes significant mortality worldwide. Recent deep sequencing of cancer genomes has identified common mutations in SCC arising across different tissues highlighting perturbation of squamous differentiation as a key event. At the same time significant data have been accumulating to show that common tumour-stroma interactions capable of driving disease progression are also evident when comparing SCC arising in different tissues. We and others have shown altered matrix composition surrounding SCC can promote tumour development. This review focuses on some of the emerging data with particular emphasis on SCC of head and neck and skin with discussion on the potential tumour suppressive properties of a normal microenvironment. Such data indicate that regardless of the extent and type of somatic mutation it is in fact the tumour context that defines metastatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yok Zuan Lim
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, UK; Institute of Medical Biology, A*Star, Singapore
| | - Andrew P South
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, UK; Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States.
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12
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Tysome JR, Li X, Wang S, Wang P, Gao D, Du P, Chen D, Gangeswaran R, Chard LS, Yuan M, Alusi G, Lemoine NR, Wang Y. A novel therapeutic regimen to eradicate established solid tumors with an effective induction of tumor-specific immunity. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:6679-89. [PMID: 23091113 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The efficacy of oncolytic viruses depends on multiple actions including direct tumor lysis, modulation of tumor perfusion, and stimulation of tumor-directed immune responses. In this study, we investigated whether a sequential combination of immunologically distinct viruses might enhance antitumor efficacy through the induction of tumor-specific immunity and circumvention or mitigation of antiviral immune responses. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The Syrian hamster as an immune-competent model that supports replication of both adenovirus and vaccinia virus was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The antitumor efficacy of either virus alone or sequential combination of the two viruses was examined in pancreatic and kidney cancer models. The functional mechanism of the regimen developed here was investigated by histopathology, immunohistochemistry staining, CTL assay, and T-cell depletion. RESULTS The Syrian hamster is a suitable model for assessment of oncolytic adenovirus and vaccinia virus. Three low doses of adenovirus followed by three low doses of vaccinia virus resulted in a superior antitumor efficacy to the reverse combination, or six doses of either virus alone, against pancreatic and kidney tumors in Syrian hamsters. A total of 62.5% of animals bearing either tumor type treated with the sequential combination became tumor-free, accompanied by the induction of effective tumor-specific immunity. This enhanced efficacy was ablated by CD3+ T-cell depletion but was not associated with humoral immunity against the viruses. CONCLUSION These findings show that sequential treatment of tumors with oncolytic adenovirus and vaccinia virus is a promising approach for cancer therapy and that T-cell responses play a critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Tysome
- Sino-British Research Center for Molecular Oncology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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13
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Egenolf DD, Rafferty P, Brosnan K, Walker M, Jordan J, Makropoulos D, Kavalkovich K, Watson S, Johns L, Volk A, Bugelski PJ. Development of a murine model of lymph node metastases suitable for immunotoxicity studies. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2011; 63:236-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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14
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Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) is arguably the most successful live biotherapeutic agent because of its critical role in the eradication of smallpox, one of the most deadly diseases in human history. VACV has been exploited as an oncolytic therapeutic agent for cancer since 1922. This virus selectively infects and destroys tumor cells, while sparing normal cells, both in cell cultures and in animal models. A certain degree of therapeutic efficacy also has been demonstrated in patients with different types of cancer. In recent years, several strategies have been successfully developed to further improve its tumor selectivity and antitumor efficacy. Oncolytic VACVs carrying imaging genes represent a new treatment strategy that combines tumor site-specific therapeutics with diagnostics (theranostics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanhai G Chen
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, CA 92109, USA; Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 310, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| | - Aladar A Szalay
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Institute for Biochemistry & Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rebecca & John Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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15
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Intratumoral dendritic cells and chemoradiation for the treatment of murine squamous cell carcinoma. J Immunother 2009; 31:885-95. [PMID: 18832999 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181880f1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are potent antigen-presenting cells that have been shown to have significant antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo. However, the therapeutic efficacy of dendritic cells as an immunotherapeutic treatment has been limited by both immunologic tolerance and active immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. To address this problem, we examined the ability of concurrent systemic chemotherapy and local, fractionated radiation to augment intratumoral dendritic cell injections in a mouse model of squamous cell carcinoma. Intratumoral injections of dendritic cells alone did not have a significant antitumor effect in mice with squamous cell carcinoma flank tumors, but the addition of chemoradiation resulted in significant tumor regression. Concurrent chemoradiation alone resulted in slower tumor growth, but no complete tumor regressions. The combination of chemoradiation and intratumoral dendritic cell injections resulted in improved survival and complete tumor regression in 30% mice. Mice with complete tumor regression were partially resistant to the repeat challenge with relevant tumor 60 days after treatment. These findings were partially dependent on the presence of CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, and natural killer cells. Chemoradiation may augment intratumoral dendritic cell injections through increased intratumoral apoptosis and decreased intratumoral regulatory T cells. This work suggests a possible role for the use of intratumoral dendritic cell therapy with more traditional chemoradiation strategies.
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16
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Kudo-Saito C, Garnett CT, Wansley EK, Schlom J, Hodge JW. Intratumoral delivery of vector mediated IL-2 in combination with vaccine results in enhanced T cell avidity and anti-tumor activity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:1897-910. [PMID: 17503041 PMCID: PMC11030948 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0332-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Systemic IL-2 is currently employed in the therapy of several tumor types, but at the price of often severe toxicities. Local vector mediated delivery of IL-2 at the tumor site may enhance local effector cell activity while reducing toxicity. To examine this, a model using CEA-transgenic mice bearing established CEA expressing tumors was employed. The vaccine regimen was a s.c. prime vaccination with recombinant vaccinia (rV) expressing transgenes for CEA and a triad of costimulatory molecules (TRICOM) followed by i.t. boosting with rF-CEA/TRICOM. The addition of intratumoral (i.t.) delivery of IL-2 via a recombinant fowlpox (rF) IL-2 vector greatly enhanced anti-tumor activity of a recombinant vaccine, resulting in complete tumor regression in 70-80% of mice. The anti-tumor activity was shown to be dependent on CD8(+) cells and NK1.1(+). Cellular immune assays revealed that the addition of rF-IL-2 to the vaccination therapy enhanced CEA-specific tetramer(+) cell numbers, cytokine release and CTL lysis of CEA(+) targets. Moreover, tumor-bearing mice vaccinated with the CEA/TRICOM displayed an antigen cascade, i.e., CD8(+) T cell responses to two other antigens expressed on the tumor and not the vaccine: wild-type p53 and endogenous retroviral antigen gp70. Mice receiving rF-IL-2 during vaccination demonstrated higher avidity CEA-specific, as well as higher avidity gp70-specific, CD8(+) T cells when compared with mice vaccinated without rF-IL-2. These studies demonstrate for the first time that the level and avidity of antigen specific CTL, as well as the therapeutic outcome can be improved with the use of i.t. rF-IL-2 with vaccine regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Kudo-Saito
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Charlie T. Garnett
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Elizabeth K. Wansley
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 8B09, MSC 1750, Bethesda, MD 20892-1750 USA
| | - James W. Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
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17
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Dasgupta S, Tripathi PK, Qin H, Bhattacharya-Chatterjee M, Valentino J, Chatterjee SK. Identification of molecular targets for immunotherapy of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2006; 42:306-16. [PMID: 16321566 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2005.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
To identify molecular targets for immunotherapy of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients, we analyzed gene expression profile in matched tumor (HN) and normal fibroblast (FB) cell lines established from a HNSCC patient using microarray technique followed by real-time RT-PCR. Screening against a series of established normal and malignant cell lines followed by screening against a panel of normal human tissues led to the identification of 7 genes (AREG, CDH3, KLK10, NmU, SLPI, ANAX3 and MAL2), which were over-expressed at least 10-fold in tumors over any of the normal tissues. We determined the expression of mRNA encoding these genes against a panel of 15 HNSCC primary tumor samples. Relative expression of these genes was at least 20-fold. Expression of AREG, CDH3, KLK10, NmU and SLPI at the protein level was determined by immunohistochemistry in seven supraglottic laryngeal cancer specimens. All five proteins were expressed in these tumor samples with high intensity. We conclude that these molecules are potential targets for immunotherapy of HNSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Dasgupta
- Department of Internal Medicine, the Barrett Cancer Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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18
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Young MRI. Protective mechanisms of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas from immune assault. Head Neck 2006; 28:462-70. [PMID: 16284974 DOI: 10.1002/hed.20331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is an aggressive malignancy that is the sixth most common neoplasm in the world. Despite advances in treatments involving surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, the 5-year survival has remained at less than 50% for the past 30 years, primarily because of local recurrences. Thus, the possibility of immunotherapeutic approaches for patients with HNSCC has gained interest. Unfortunately, patients with HNSCC have profound immune defects that are associated with increased recurrence. This review aims to provide an overview of both the defensive and immune subversive mechanisms by which patients with HNSCC can protect themselves from immune antitumor assault.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rita I Young
- Research Services, Research Service (151), Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, 109 Bee Street, Charleston, SC 29401-5799, USA.
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19
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Abstract
The application of replicating viruses for the treatment of cancers represents a novel therapy that is distinct from traditional treatment modalities. It is apparent that the genetic changes that a virus produces within an infected cell in order to create an environment conducive to viral replication are often similar to the processes involved in cellular transformation. These include uncontrolled cellular proliferation, prevention of apoptosis, and resistance to host organism immune effector mechanisms. Deletions of viral genes involved in these processes have been exploited to produce viral mutants whose replication is selective for transformed cells. The use of tissue-specific transcriptional response or RNA stability elements to control the expression of critical viral genes has also resulted in targeted viruses. Work also is being undertaken to restrict or alter the tropism of viruses by altering their ability to infect certain cell types. Finally, the addition of exogenous genes can be used to increase the virus's lytic potential and/or bystander killing; to further induce the host's immune response against cancer cells; and/or to permit the controlled downregulation of viral replication if necessary. The combination of different tumor-targeting mutations in parallel with the expression of foreign genes has resulted in the evolution of second- and third-generation viruses that continue to become further distinct from their native parental strains. The movement of these viruses into the clinic has begun to demonstrate the potential of this approach in the treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Thorne
- Department of Pediatrics and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5427, USA.
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20
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Li P, Wang N, Zhou D, Yee CSK, Chang CH, Brutkiewicz RR, Blum JS. Disruption of MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation by vaccinia virus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 175:6481-8. [PMID: 16272302 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.10.6481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VV), currently used in humans as a live vaccine for smallpox, can interfere with host immunity via several discrete mechanisms. In this study, the effect of VV on MHC class II-mediated Ag presentation was investigated. Following VV infection, the ability of professional and nonprofessional APC to present Ag and peptides to CD4+ T cells was impaired. Viral inhibition of class II Ag presentation could be detected within 1 h, with diminished T cell responses dependent upon the duration of APC infection and virus titer. Exposure of APC to replication-deficient virus also diminished class II Ag presentation. Virus infection of APC perturbed Ag presentation by newly synthesized and recycling class II molecules, with disruptions in both exogenous and cytoplasmic Ag presentation. Virus-driven expression of an endogenous Ag, failed to restore T cell responsiveness specific for this Ag in the context of MHC class II molecules. Yet, both class II protein steady-state and cell surface expression were not altered by VV. Biochemical and functional analysis revealed that VV infection directly interfered with ligand binding to class II molecules. Together, these observations suggest that disruption of MHC class II-mediated Ag presentation may be one of multiple strategies VV has evolved to escape host immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunobiology, and Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, and Walther Cancer Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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21
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Dasgupta S, Bhattacharya-Chatterjee M, O'Malley BW, Chatterjee SK. Tumor metastasis in an orthotopic murine model of head and neck cancer: Possible role of TGF-beta 1 secreted by the tumor cells. J Cell Biochem 2006; 97:1036-51. [PMID: 16294321 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In an orthotopic murine model of head and neck cancer, combined subcutaneous and intratumoral vaccination with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing interleukin-2 (rvv-IL-2) induced significant tumor regression early on therapy. However, its efficacy was restricted by recurrent tumor growth and loco-regional metastases. In this study, we explored the mechanism of tumor metastasis. We compared the levels of expression of a number of molecules involved in tumor metastasis, which included transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), E-cadherin, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs): MT1-MMP, MMP-2, MMP-9, their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs): TIMP-1/TIMP-2, and pro-angiogenic factors CD31, VEGF-R2, and iNOS between primary and metastatic tumors by real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. We detected spontaneous lymph node and tongue metastasis. Metastasis was delayed in rvv-IL-2 treated mice. Cultured tumor cells expressed negligible amount of TGF-beta1. Untreated or metastatic tumors, on the other hand, expressed high levels of TGF-beta1 and secreted TGF-beta1 in the sera of tumor-bearing mice. Levels of TGF-beta1 in the sera suddenly jumped at the time when tumor metastasis started. In the metastatic tumors, levels of MT1-MMP, MMP-2, and MMP-9 were significantly elevated (P < 0.001), while levels of TIMP-1/TIMP-2 and E-cadherin were decreased (P < 0.001) compared to control or primary tumors. Levels of CD31, VEGF-R2, and iNOS were also significantly elevated in the metastatic lesions (P < 0.001). The concurrence of high levels of TGF-beta1 in the sera, expression of proteins involved in metastasis and initiation of metastasis suggested possible role of TGF-beta1 in on setting the metastatic cascade in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Dasgupta
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Barrett Cancer Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0509, USA
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22
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Dasgupta S, Bhattacharya-Chatterjee M, O'Malley BW, Chatterjee SK. Inhibition of NK cell activity through TGF-beta 1 by down-regulation of NKG2D in a murine model of head and neck cancer. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:5541-50. [PMID: 16210663 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.8.5541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In an orthotopic murine model of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC VII/SF) we studied NK cell-mediated immunity following vaccination with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing IL-2 (rvv-IL-2). SCC VII/SF tumor cells were injected into the oral cavity of C3H/HeJ mice on day 0. Mice were vaccinated on days 7, 10, and 14 with rvv-IL-2 and control vaccines. Phenotypes, numbers, and biological activities of NK cells were determined following vaccination. Levels of expression of NK-activating receptor NKG2D and CD16 on NK cell surface were assayed in the vaccinated mice. Expression of NKG2D ligands, Rae1, and H60 on SCC VII/SF cells was also examined. Vaccination with rvv-IL-2 resulted in expansion of NK cells. NK cells isolated from rvv-IL-2-vaccinated mice had significantly higher biological activities compared with mice treated with control vaccines. NK cells from tumor-bearing mice expressed significantly lower levels of NKG2D and CD16 compared with rvv-IL-2 vaccinated mice. SCC VII/SF tumors expressed NKG2D ligand Rae 1, although H60 was not present. SCC VII/SF tumors expressed high levels of TGF-beta1, which were down-modulated by vaccination with rvv-IL-2. Incubation of NK cells with tumor homogenate or cultured supernatant of SCC VII/SF cells reduced the expression of NKG2D and CD16. This inhibition appeared to be mediated by TGF-beta1. SCC VII/SF tumors in the oral cavity of the mice secrete high quantities of TGF-beta1, which reduce the expression of NK cell receptor NKG2D as well as CD16 and inhibits biological functions of NK cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Female
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/immunology
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/metabolism
- Immunization, Secondary
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Count
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/biosynthesis
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/genetics
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K
- Nuclear Matrix-Associated Proteins/biosynthesis
- Nuclear Matrix-Associated Proteins/genetics
- Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Proteins/biosynthesis
- Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Proteins/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/biosynthesis
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vaccinia virus/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Dasgupta
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Barrett Cancer Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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23
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Dasgupta S, Bhattacharya-Chatterjee M, O'Malley BW, Chatterjee SK. Recombinant vaccinia virus expressing interleukin-2 invokes anti-tumor cellular immunity in an orthotopic murine model of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Ther 2005; 13:183-93. [PMID: 16125469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.06.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2005] [Revised: 05/18/2005] [Accepted: 06/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of T cell immunity following vaccination with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing interleukin-2 (rvv-IL-2) was studied in an orthotopic murine model (SCCVII/SF) of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Mice bearing SCCVII/SF cells in the oral cavity were vaccinated subcutaneously with irradiated, rvv-IL-2-infected tumor cells combined with intratumoral injection of rvv-IL-2, resulting in recruitment of larger numbers of CD3+ CD8+ and CD3+ CD4+ T cells in the spleen (Sp) and tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLN) compared to control vaccine rvv-lacZ. Tumor-specific CD8+ T and CD4+ helper T cell activities in the Sp and TDLN were significantly increased in rvv-IL-2-treated mice. Sp and TDLN cells from rvv-IL-2-treated mice secreted significantly higher levels of IL-2 and IFN-gamma compared to rvv-lacZ-treated mice, while the levels of IL-4 and IL-5 were comparable. Numbers of IFN-gamma-secreting cells were also higher in rvv-IL-2-treated mice. Vaccine efficiency was completely abolished by depletion of CD8+/CD4+ T cells from rvv-IL-2-vaccinated mice. We conclude that anti-tumor activities of rvv-IL-2 are due to the induction of tumor-specific CD8+ CTL and CD4+ Th1-type helper T cells, and rvv-IL-2 may be used for treatment of HNSCC patients, since SCC VII/SF closely resembles HNSCC.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Cutaneous
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/therapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/immunology
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/therapy
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular
- Injections, Intralesional
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-2/genetics
- Mice
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Recombination, Genetic
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/pathology
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Dasgupta
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Barrett Cancer Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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24
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Dyckhoff G, Herold-Mende C. Anti-Tumor-Impfung bei HNO-Tumoren. HNO 2005; 53:209-12. [PMID: 15726304 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-005-1226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Dyckhoff
- AG Molekulare Zellbiologie, Universitäts-Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Klinik Heidelberg.
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25
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Karcher J, Dyckhoff G, Beckhove P, Reisser C, Brysch M, Ziouta Y, Helmke BH, Weidauer H, Schirrmacher V, Herold-Mende C. Antitumor vaccination in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas with autologous virus-modified tumor cells. Cancer Res 2004; 64:8057-61. [PMID: 15520216 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prognosis of patients with advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) is still poor. Therefore, we analyzed whether antitumor vaccination with a virus-modified autologous tumor cell vaccine is feasible and safe in HNSCC patients. Furthermore, we determined the influence on disease-free survival and overall survival and the vaccination-induced antitumor reactivity. In a nonrandomized pilot study, 20 patients were vaccinated postoperatively. Vaccine was prepared from the tumor cell cultures of patients by infection of the cells with Newcastle Disease Virus, followed by gamma-irradiation, and vaccine was applied up to five times. Antitumor immune reactivity was determined in the skin by delayed type hypersensitivity skin reaction and in the blood by enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Establishment of tumor cell cultures was successful in about 80% of the cases. After vaccination, we observed no severe side effects. Percentages of survival of vaccinated patients with stage III and stage IV tumors (n = 18) were 61% at 5 years. Immune monitoring revealed significant increases of antitumor delayed type hypersensitivity reactivity especially in disease-free patients, and in a significant proportion of vaccinated patients the presence of tumor-reactive T-cells in the peripheral blood even 5 to 7 years after the last vaccination. Postoperative vaccination with virus-modified autologous tumor cells seems to be feasible and safe and may improve the prognosis of HNSCC patients with advanced tumors. This could be supported by antitumor immune responses that we observed especially in long-term surviving patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Karcher
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Kudo-Saito C, Schlom J, Hodge JW. Intratumoral vaccination and diversified subcutaneous/ intratumoral vaccination with recombinant poxviruses encoding a tumor antigen and multiple costimulatory molecules. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:1090-9. [PMID: 14871989 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-03-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intratumoral (i.t.) vaccination represents a potential modality for the therapy of tumors. Previous i.t. vaccination studies have focused on the efficacy of i.t. vaccination alone. There are no reports that clearly compared i.t. vaccination with systemic vaccination achieved by s.c., intradermal, or i.m. injection, or combining both modalities of systemic and i.t. vaccination. Here, we compared the antitumor effects induced by a systemic vaccination regimen (s.c.) and i.t. vaccination, and a sequential s.c/i.t. vaccination regimen. In this study, we used a recombinant vaccinia virus containing the transgenes for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and a triad of T-cell costimulatory molecules (B7-1, ICAM-1, and LFA-3; designated rV-CEA/TRICOM) for s.c. priming and a replication defective avipox (fowlpox) virus containing the same four transgenes (designated rF-CEA/TRICOM) for i.t. vaccination or s.c. booster vaccinations. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Vaccination was started on day 8 after s.c. implantation with CEA-positive tumors. We compared the antitumor activity induced by these vaccines when administered via the i.t. route versus the s.c. route. Subsequent therapy studies examined the sequential combination of these routes, s.c. priming with rV-CEA/TRICOM followed by i.t. boosting with rF-CEA/TRICOM. Initial studies were conducted in conventional mice to define optimal vaccine regimens and then in CEA-transgenic mice that expressed CEA as a "self" antigen in a manner similar to that of an advanced colorectal cancer patient. RESULTS The results demonstrate that the antitumor activity induced by i.t. vaccination is superior to that induced by s.c. vaccination. For more advanced tumors, a s.c. priming vaccination, followed by i.t. boosting vaccinations was superior to either s.c. or i.t. vaccination alone. Both of these phenomena were observed in tumor models where the tumor-associated antigen is a foreign antigen and in a CEA-transgenic tumor model where the tumor-associated antigen is a self-antigen. The cytokine, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor admixed in vaccines, was shown to be essential in inducing the antitumor activity. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate that the diversified vaccine regimens that consisted of s.c. prime and i.t. boosts with CEA/TRICOM vectors could induce antitumor therapy superior to that seen by either route alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Kudo-Saito
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute/NIH, 10 Center Drive, Room 8B09, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
The main objective in gene therapy is the development of efficient, non-toxic gene carriers that can encapsulate and deliver foreign genetic materials into specific cell types such as cancerous cells. During the past two decades, enormous research in the area of gene delivery has been conducted worldwide, in particular for cancer gene therapy application. Viral vectors are biological systems derived from naturally evolved viruses capable of transferring their genetic materials into the host cells. Many viruses including retrovirus, adenovirus, herpes simplex virus (HSV), adeno-associated virus (AAV) and pox virus have been modified to eliminate their toxicity and maintain their high gene transfer capability. The limitations associated with viral vectors, however, in terms of their safety, particularly immunogenicity, and in terms of their limited capacity of transgenic materials, have encouraged researchers to increasingly focus on non-viral vectors as an alternative to viral vectors. Non-viral vectors are generally cationic in nature. They include cationic polymers such as poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) and poly(L-lysine) (PLL), cationic peptides and cationic liposomes. The newly described liposomal preparation LPD (liposomes/protamine/DNA), for example, has shown superiority over conventional liposomes/DNA complexes (lipoplexes). Although non-viral vectors are less efficient than viral ones, they have the advantages of safety, simplicity of preparation and high gene encapsulation capability. This article reviews the most recent studies highlighting the advantages and the limitations of various types of gene delivery systems used in cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas El-Aneed
- School of Pharmacy, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Dr, St. John's, NL, Canada A1B 3V6.
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28
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Kawakami Y, Curiel TJ, Curiel DT. Cancer gene therapy and immunotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 21:327-37. [PMID: 15338753 DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4410(03)21016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Kawakami
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-2172, USA
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29
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Abstract
Gene therapy offers new opportunities for cancer treatment and prevention through the use of targeted, relatively nontoxic treatments that can identify, disable, and destroy malignant cells. This article reviews the principles behind oncogene inactivation, tumor suppressor gene replacement, inhibition of angiogenesis, immunopotentiation, molecular chemotherapy, and addition of drug resistance genes. The adcantages and limitations of viral and nonviral vectors for delivery of the therapeutic genes are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon M Hughes
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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30
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Dasgupta S, Tripathi PK, Bhattacharya-Chatterjee M, O'Malley B, Chatterjee SK. Recombinant vaccinia virus expressing IL-2 generates effective anti-tumor responses in an orthotopic murine model of head and neck carcinoma. Mol Ther 2003; 8:238-48. [PMID: 12907146 DOI: 10.1016/s1525-0016(03)00148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the efficacy of a replication-competent, attenuated recombinant vaccinia virus (rvv) expressing IL-2 as a tumor vaccine in an immunocompetent murine model of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. We implanted oral tumors by injection of tumor cells (SCC VII/SF) into the floor of the mouth of the syngeneic C3H/HeJ mice. Previous studies with this model suggested the presence of tumor-induced immune suppression. To circumvent the immune suppression we subcutaneously (s.c.) immunized the mice with irradiated, rvv-infected tumor cells prior to or along with intratumoral (i.t.) vaccination. A single s.c. vaccination invoked tumor-specific T cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. Mice treated by this protocol survived longer compared to those treated with i.t. vaccination alone. Tumor growth was significantly inhibited (P < 0.0002) and tumor regression was observed in all mice. The numbers of CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes as well as macrophages in the tumor beds and in tumor-draining lymph nodes were significantly increased in the mice treated by s.c. plus i.t. vaccination compared to s.c. or i.t. vaccination alone. These results suggested that s.c. vaccination along with i.t. vaccination increased antitumoral immunity and that CD4(+), CD8(+) lymphocytes as well as macrophages may play an important role in this antitumoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Dasgupta
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Barrett Cancer Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
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