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Bravo F, Glogowski J, Stamatakis EA, Herfert K. Dissonant music engages early visual processing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320378121. [PMID: 39008675 PMCID: PMC11287129 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320378121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The neuroscientific examination of music processing in audio-visual contexts offers a valuable framework to assess how auditory information influences the emotional encoding of visual information. Using fMRI during naturalistic film viewing, we investigated the neural mechanisms underlying the effect of music on valence inferences during mental state attribution. Thirty-eight participants watched the same short-film accompanied by systematically controlled consonant or dissonant music. Subjects were instructed to think about the main character's intentions. The results revealed that increasing levels of dissonance led to more negatively valenced inferences, displaying the profound emotional impact of musical dissonance. Crucially, at the neuroscientific level and despite music being the sole manipulation, dissonance evoked the response of the primary visual cortex (V1). Functional/effective connectivity analysis showed a stronger coupling between the auditory ventral stream (AVS) and V1 in response to tonal dissonance and demonstrated the modulation of early visual processing via top-down feedback inputs from the AVS to V1. These V1 signal changes indicate the influence of high-level contextual representations associated with tonal dissonance on early visual cortices, serving to facilitate the emotional interpretation of visual information. Our results highlight the significance of employing systematically controlled music, which can isolate emotional valence from the arousal dimension, to elucidate the brain's sound-to-meaning interface and its distributive crossmodal effects on early visual encoding during naturalistic film viewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bravo
- Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen72076, Germany
- Cognition and Consciousness Imaging Group, Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, CambridgeCB2 0SP, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, CambridgeCB2 0SP, United Kingdom
- Institut für Kunst- und Musikwissenschaft, Division of Musicology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden01219, Germany
| | - Jana Glogowski
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin12489, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Andreas Stamatakis
- Cognition and Consciousness Imaging Group, Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, CambridgeCB2 0SP, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, CambridgeCB2 0SP, United Kingdom
| | - Kristina Herfert
- Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen72076, Germany
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Zhang S, Jung K, Langner R, Florin E, Eickhoff SB, Popovych OV. Impact of data processing varieties on DCM estimates of effective connectivity from task-fMRI. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26751. [PMID: 38864293 PMCID: PMC11167406 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Effective connectivity (EC) refers to directional or causal influences between interacting neuronal populations or brain regions and can be estimated from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data via dynamic causal modeling (DCM). In contrast to functional connectivity, the impact of data processing varieties on DCM estimates of task-evoked EC has hardly ever been addressed. We therefore investigated how task-evoked EC is affected by choices made for data processing. In particular, we considered the impact of global signal regression (GSR), block/event-related design of the general linear model (GLM) used for the first-level task-evoked fMRI analysis, type of activation contrast, and significance thresholding approach. Using DCM, we estimated individual and group-averaged task-evoked EC within a brain network related to spatial conflict processing for all the parameters considered and compared the differences in task-evoked EC between any two data processing conditions via between-group parametric empirical Bayes (PEB) analysis and Bayesian data comparison (BDC). We observed strongly varying patterns of the group-averaged EC depending on the data processing choices. In particular, task-evoked EC and parameter certainty were strongly impacted by GLM design and type of activation contrast as revealed by PEB and BDC, respectively, whereas they were little affected by GSR and the type of significance thresholding. The event-related GLM design appears to be more sensitive to task-evoked modulations of EC, but provides model parameters with lower certainty than the block-based design, while the latter is more sensitive to the type of activation contrast than is the event-related design. Our results demonstrate that applying different reasonable data processing choices can substantially alter task-evoked EC as estimated by DCM. Such choices should be made with care and, whenever possible, varied across parallel analyses to evaluate their impact and identify potential convergence for robust outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufei Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour (INM‐7)Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Medical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Kyesam Jung
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour (INM‐7)Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Medical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Robert Langner
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour (INM‐7)Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Medical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Esther Florin
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Simon B. Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour (INM‐7)Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Medical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Oleksandr V. Popovych
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour (INM‐7)Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Medical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
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Charbonneau JA, Santistevan AC, Raven EP, Bennett JL, Russ BE, Bliss-Moreau E. Evolutionarily conserved neural responses to affective touch in monkeys transcend consciousness and change with age. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2322157121. [PMID: 38648473 PMCID: PMC11067024 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2322157121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Affective touch-a slow, gentle, and pleasant form of touch-activates a different neural network than which is activated during discriminative touch in humans. Affective touch perception is enabled by specialized low-threshold mechanoreceptors in the skin with unmyelinated fibers called C tactile (CT) afferents. These CT afferents are conserved across mammalian species, including macaque monkeys. However, it is unknown whether the neural representation of affective touch is the same across species and whether affective touch's capacity to activate the hubs of the brain that compute socioaffective information requires conscious perception. Here, we used functional MRI to assess the preferential activation of neural hubs by slow (affective) vs. fast (discriminative) touch in anesthetized rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The insula, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), amygdala, and secondary somatosensory cortex were all significantly more active during slow touch relative to fast touch, suggesting homologous activation of the interoceptive-allostatic network across primate species during affective touch. Further, we found that neural responses to affective vs. discriminative touch in the insula and ACC (the primary cortical hubs for interoceptive processing) changed significantly with age. Insula and ACC in younger animals differentiated between slow and fast touch, while activity was comparable between conditions for aged monkeys (equivalent to >70 y in humans). These results, together with prior studies establishing conserved peripheral nervous system mechanisms of affective touch transduction, suggest that neural responses to affective touch are evolutionarily conserved in monkeys, significantly impacted in old age, and do not necessitate conscious experience of touch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey A. Charbonneau
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Davis, CA95616
- Neuroscience and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | - Anthony C. Santistevan
- Neuroscience and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA95616
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | - Erika P. Raven
- Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - Jeffrey L. Bennett
- Neuroscience and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA95616
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA95616
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA95817
- The Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, Sacramento, CA95817
| | - Brian E. Russ
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY10962
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone, New York, NY10016
| | - Eliza Bliss-Moreau
- Neuroscience and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA95616
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA95616
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Boot E, Levy A, Gaeta G, Gunasekara N, Parkkinen E, Kontaris E, Jacquot M, Tachtsidis I. fNIRS a novel neuroimaging tool to investigate olfaction, olfactory imagery, and crossmodal interactions: a systematic review. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1266664. [PMID: 38356646 PMCID: PMC10864673 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1266664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Olfaction is understudied in neuroimaging research compared to other senses, but there is growing evidence of its therapeutic benefits on mood and well-being. Olfactory imagery can provide similar health benefits as olfactory interventions. Harnessing crossmodal visual-olfactory interactions can facilitate olfactory imagery. Understanding and employing these cross-modal interactions between visual and olfactory stimuli could aid in the research and applications of olfaction and olfactory imagery interventions for health and wellbeing. This review examines current knowledge, debates, and research on olfaction, olfactive imagery, and crossmodal visual-olfactory integration. A total of 56 papers, identified using the PRISMA method, were evaluated to identify key brain regions, research themes and methods used to determine the suitability of fNIRS as a tool for studying these topics. The review identified fNIRS-compatible protocols and brain regions within the fNIRS recording depth of approximately 1.5 cm associated with olfactory imagery and crossmodal visual-olfactory integration. Commonly cited regions include the orbitofrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The findings of this review indicate that fNIRS would be a suitable tool for research into these processes. Additionally, fNIRS suitability for use in naturalistic settings may lead to the development of new research approaches with greater ecological validity compared to existing neuroimaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Levy
- Metabolight Ltd., London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giuliano Gaeta
- Health and Well-being Centre of Excellence, Givaudan UK Limited, Ashford, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Gunasekara
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emilia Parkkinen
- Health and Well-being Centre of Excellence, Givaudan UK Limited, Ashford, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Kontaris
- Health and Well-being Centre of Excellence, Givaudan UK Limited, Ashford, United Kingdom
| | - Muriel Jacquot
- Health and Well-being Centre of Excellence, Givaudan UK Limited, Ashford, United Kingdom
| | - Ilias Tachtsidis
- Metabolight Ltd., London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Tabas A, von Kriegstein K. Multiple Concurrent Predictions Inform Prediction Error in the Human Auditory Pathway. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e2219222023. [PMID: 37949655 PMCID: PMC10851690 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2219-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The key assumption of the predictive coding framework is that internal representations are used to generate predictions on how the sensory input will look like in the immediate future. These predictions are tested against the actual input by the so-called prediction error units, which encode the residuals of the predictions. What happens to prediction errors, however, if predictions drawn by different stages of the sensory hierarchy contradict each other? To answer this question, we conducted two fMRI experiments while female and male human participants listened to sequences of sounds: pure tones in the first experiment and frequency-modulated sweeps in the second experiment. In both experiments, we used repetition to induce predictions based on stimulus statistics (stats-informed predictions) and abstract rules disclosed in the task instructions to induce an orthogonal set of (task-informed) predictions. We tested three alternative scenarios: neural responses in the auditory sensory pathway encode prediction error with respect to (1) the stats-informed predictions, (2) the task-informed predictions, or (3) a combination of both. Results showed that neural populations in all recorded regions (bilateral inferior colliculus, medial geniculate body, and primary and secondary auditory cortices) encode prediction error with respect to a combination of the two orthogonal sets of predictions. The findings suggest that predictive coding exploits the non-linear architecture of the auditory pathway for the transmission of predictions. Such non-linear transmission of predictions might be crucial for the predictive coding of complex auditory signals like speech.Significance Statement Sensory systems exploit our subjective expectations to make sense of an overwhelming influx of sensory signals. It is still unclear how expectations at each stage of the processing pipeline are used to predict the representations at the other stages. The current view is that this transmission is hierarchical and linear. Here we measured fMRI responses in auditory cortex, sensory thalamus, and midbrain while we induced two sets of mutually inconsistent expectations on the sensory input, each putatively encoded at a different stage. We show that responses at all stages are concurrently shaped by both sets of expectations. The results challenge the hypothesis that expectations are transmitted linearly and provide for a normative explanation of the non-linear physiology of the corticofugal sensory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Tabas
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katharina von Kriegstein
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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6
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Alahäivälä ALI, Thaploo D, Wein S, Seidel P, Riebel M, Hummel T, Schwarzbach JV. Inhalation-modulated detection of olfactory BOLD responses in the human brain. FRONTIERS IN NEUROIMAGING 2023; 2:1260893. [PMID: 38107774 PMCID: PMC10725246 DOI: 10.3389/fnimg.2023.1260893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction In contrast to other sensory domains, detection of primary olfactory processes using functional magnetic resonance imaging has proven to be notably challenging with conventional block designs. This difficulty arises from significant habituation and hemodynamic responses in olfactory areas that do not appear to align with extended boxcar functions convolved with a generic hemodynamic response model. Consequently, some researchers have advocated for a transition to event-related designs, despite their known lower detection power compared to block designs. Methods Here, we conducted a block design experiment with 16s of continuous odorant stimulation alternating with 16s of continuous odorless air stimulation in 33 healthy participants. We compared four statistical analyses that relied either on standard block designs (SBD1-2) or on block designs that were modulated by the participants' individual breathing patterns (MBD1-2). Results We found that such modulated block designs were comparatively more powerful than standard block designs, despite having a substantially lower design efficiency. Using whole-brain effect size maps, we observed that the right insular and medial aspects of the left piriform cortex exhibited a preference for a breathing-modulated analysis approach. Discussion Research in olfaction that necessitates designs with longer-lasting blocks, such as those employed in the investigation of state-dependent processing, will benefit from the breathing-modulated analyses outlined in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aino-Lotta I. Alahäivälä
- Biomedical Imaging Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Divesh Thaploo
- Interdisciplinary Center Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Simon Wein
- Biomedical Imaging Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Seidel
- Biomedical Imaging Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marco Riebel
- Biomedical Imaging Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Interdisciplinary Center Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Volkmar Schwarzbach
- Biomedical Imaging Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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7
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Wang Q, Yang Y, Wang K, Shen L, Chen Q. Fate of the second task in dual-task interference is associated with sensory system interactions with default-mode network. Cortex 2023; 166:154-171. [PMID: 37385005 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Psychological refractory period (PRP) effect refers to the delay in responding to the second of two tasks occurring in rapid succession. While all the major models of PRP highlight the importance of the frontoparietal control network (FPCN) in prioritizing the neural processing of the first task, the fate of the second task remains poorly understood. Here, we provide novel neural evidence on how the functional connectivity between sensory systems and the default-mode network (DMN) suspends the neural processing of the second task to ensure the efficient completion of the first task in dual-task situation. In a cross-modal PRP paradigm, a visual task could either precede or follow an auditory task. The DMN was generally deactivated during task performance and selectively coupled with the sensory system underlying the second task subjected to the PRP effect. Specifically, the DMN showed neural coupling with the auditory system when the auditory task came after the visual task, and with the visual system vice versa. More critically, the strength of the DMN-Sensory coupling correlated negatively with the size of the PRP effect: the stronger the coupling, the shorter the PRP. Therefore, rather than being detrimental to the dual-task performance, temporary suspension of the second task, via the DMN-Sensory coupling, surprisingly guaranteed the efficient completion of the first task by reducing the interference from the second task. Accordingly, the entry and processing of the second stimuli in the central executive system were speeded up as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifei Wang
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqian Yang
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ke Wang
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Lu Shen
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Qi Chen
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
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8
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Nebe S, Reutter M, Baker DH, Bölte J, Domes G, Gamer M, Gärtner A, Gießing C, Gurr C, Hilger K, Jawinski P, Kulke L, Lischke A, Markett S, Meier M, Merz CJ, Popov T, Puhlmann LMC, Quintana DS, Schäfer T, Schubert AL, Sperl MFJ, Vehlen A, Lonsdorf TB, Feld GB. Enhancing precision in human neuroscience. eLife 2023; 12:e85980. [PMID: 37555830 PMCID: PMC10411974 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human neuroscience has always been pushing the boundary of what is measurable. During the last decade, concerns about statistical power and replicability - in science in general, but also specifically in human neuroscience - have fueled an extensive debate. One important insight from this discourse is the need for larger samples, which naturally increases statistical power. An alternative is to increase the precision of measurements, which is the focus of this review. This option is often overlooked, even though statistical power benefits from increasing precision as much as from increasing sample size. Nonetheless, precision has always been at the heart of good scientific practice in human neuroscience, with researchers relying on lab traditions or rules of thumb to ensure sufficient precision for their studies. In this review, we encourage a more systematic approach to precision. We start by introducing measurement precision and its importance for well-powered studies in human neuroscience. Then, determinants for precision in a range of neuroscientific methods (MRI, M/EEG, EDA, Eye-Tracking, and Endocrinology) are elaborated. We end by discussing how a more systematic evaluation of precision and the application of respective insights can lead to an increase in reproducibility in human neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Nebe
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, Department of Economics, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Mario Reutter
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-UniversityWürzburgGermany
| | - Daniel H Baker
- Department of Psychology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of YorkYorkUnited Kingdom
| | - Jens Bölte
- Institute for Psychology, University of Münster, Otto-Creuzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral NeuroscienceMünsterGermany
| | - Gregor Domes
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, University of TrierTrierGermany
- Institute for Cognitive and Affective NeuroscienceTrierGermany
| | - Matthias Gamer
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-UniversityWürzburgGermany
| | - Anne Gärtner
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Carsten Gießing
- Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of OldenburgOldenburgGermany
| | - Caroline Gurr
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
| | - Kirsten Hilger
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-UniversityWürzburgGermany
- Department of Psychology, Psychological Diagnostics and Intervention, Catholic University of Eichstätt-IngolstadtEichstättGermany
| | - Philippe Jawinski
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Louisa Kulke
- Department of Developmental with Educational Psychology, University of BremenBremenGermany
| | - Alexander Lischke
- Department of Psychology, Medical School HamburgHamburgGermany
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Medical School HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Sebastian Markett
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Maria Meier
- Department of Psychology, University of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
- University Psychiatric Hospitals, Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research Department (UPKKJ), University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Christian J Merz
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University BochumBochumGermany
| | - Tzvetan Popov
- Department of Psychology, Methods of Plasticity Research, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Lara MC Puhlmann
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience ResearchMainzGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
| | - Daniel S Quintana
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
- NevSom, Department of Rare Disorders & Disabilities, Oslo University HospitalOsloNorway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of OsloOsloNorway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Tim Schäfer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
| | | | - Matthias FJ Sperl
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of GiessenGiessenGermany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Universities of Marburg and GiessenGiessenGermany
| | - Antonia Vehlen
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, University of TrierTrierGermany
| | - Tina B Lonsdorf
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburgGermany
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of BielefeldBielefeldGermany
| | - Gordon B Feld
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
- Department of Addiction Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
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9
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Koolschijn RS, Clarke WT, Ip IB, Emir UE, Barron HC. Event-related functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neuroimage 2023; 276:120194. [PMID: 37244321 PMCID: PMC7614684 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive brain imaging technique used to measure the concentration of different neurochemicals. "Single-voxel" MRS data is typically acquired across several minutes, before individual transients are averaged through time to give a measurement of neurochemical concentrations. However, this approach is not sensitive to more rapid temporal dynamics of neurochemicals, including those that reflect functional changes in neural computation relevant to perception, cognition, motor control and ultimately behaviour. In this review we discuss recent advances in functional MRS (fMRS) that now allow us to obtain event-related measures of neurochemicals. Event-related fMRS involves presenting different experimental conditions as a series of trials that are intermixed. Critically, this approach allows spectra to be acquired at a time resolution in the order of seconds. Here we provide a comprehensive user guide for event-related task designs, choice of MRS sequence, analysis pipelines, and appropriate interpretation of event-related fMRS data. We raise various technical considerations by examining protocols used to quantify dynamic changes in GABA, the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Overall, we propose that although more data is needed, event-related fMRS can be used to measure dynamic changes in neurochemicals at a temporal resolution relevant to computations that support human cognition and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée S Koolschijn
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - William T Clarke
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - I Betina Ip
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Uzay E Emir
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States
| | - Helen C Barron
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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10
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Coggan DD, Tong F. Spikiness and animacy as potential organizing principles of human ventral visual cortex. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:8194-8217. [PMID: 36958809 PMCID: PMC10321104 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable research has been devoted to understanding the fundamental organizing principles of the ventral visual pathway. A recent study revealed a series of 3-4 topographical maps arranged along the macaque inferotemporal (IT) cortex. The maps articulated a two-dimensional space based on the spikiness and animacy of visual objects, with "inanimate-spiky" and "inanimate-stubby" regions of the maps constituting two previously unidentified cortical networks. The goal of our study was to determine whether a similar functional organization might exist in human IT. To address this question, we presented the same object stimuli and images from "classic" object categories (bodies, faces, houses) to humans while recording fMRI activity at 7 Tesla. Contrasts designed to reveal the spikiness-animacy object space evoked extensive significant activation across human IT. However, unlike the macaque, we did not observe a clear sequence of complete maps, and selectivity for the spikiness-animacy space was deeply and mutually entangled with category-selectivity. Instead, we observed multiple new stimulus preferences in category-selective regions, including functional sub-structure related to object spikiness in scene-selective cortex. Taken together, these findings highlight spikiness as a promising organizing principle of human IT and provide new insights into the role of category-selective regions in visual object processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Coggan
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 111 21st Ave S, Nashville, TN 37240, United States
| | - Frank Tong
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 111 21st Ave S, Nashville, TN 37240, United States
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11
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Breu MS, Ramezanpour H, Dicke PW, Thier P. A frontoparietal network for volitional control of gaze following. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:1723-1735. [PMID: 36967647 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Gaze following is a major element of non-verbal communication and important for successful social interactions. Human gaze following is a fast and almost reflex-like behaviour, yet it can be volitionally controlled and suppressed to some extent if inappropriate or unnecessary, given the social context. In order to identify the neural basis of the cognitive control of gaze following, we carried out an event-related fMRI experiment, in which human subjects' eye movements were tracked while they were exposed to gaze cues in two distinct contexts: A baseline gaze following condition in which subjects were instructed to use gaze cues to shift their attention to a gazed-at spatial target and a control condition in which the subjects were required to ignore the gaze cue and instead to shift their attention to a distinct spatial target to be selected based on a colour mapping rule, requiring the suppression of gaze following. We could identify a suppression-related blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) response in a frontoparietal network comprising dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), the anterior insula, precuneus, and posterior parietal cortex (PPC). These findings suggest that overexcitation of frontoparietal circuits in turn suppressing the gaze following patch might be a potential cause of gaze following deficits in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Breu
- Cognitive Neurology Laboratory, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - H Ramezanpour
- Cognitive Neurology Laboratory, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - P W Dicke
- Cognitive Neurology Laboratory, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - P Thier
- Cognitive Neurology Laboratory, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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12
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Das S, Yi W, Ding M, Mangun GR. Optimizing cognitive neuroscience experiments for separating event- related fMRI BOLD responses in non-randomized alternating designs. FRONTIERS IN NEUROIMAGING 2023; 2:1068616. [PMID: 37554656 PMCID: PMC10406298 DOI: 10.3389/fnimg.2023.1068616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has revolutionized human brain research. But there exists a fundamental mismatch between the rapid time course of neural events and the sluggish nature of the fMRI blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal, which presents special challenges for cognitive neuroscience research. This limitation in the temporal resolution of fMRI puts constraints on the information about brain function that can be obtained with fMRI and also presents methodological challenges. Most notably, when using fMRI to measure neural events occurring closely in time, the BOLD signals may temporally overlap one another. This overlap problem may be exacerbated in complex experimental paradigms (stimuli and tasks) that are designed to manipulate and isolate specific cognitive-neural processes involved in perception, cognition, and action. Optimization strategies to deconvolve overlapping BOLD signals have proven effective in providing separate estimates of BOLD signals from temporally overlapping brain activity, but there remains reduced efficacy of such approaches in many cases. For example, when stimulus events necessarily follow a non-random order, like in trial-by-trial cued attention or working memory paradigms. Our goal is to provide guidance to improve the efficiency with which the underlying responses evoked by one event type can be detected, estimated, and distinguished from other events in designs common in cognitive neuroscience research. We pursue this goal using simulations that model the nonlinear and transient properties of fMRI signals, and which use more realistic models of noise. Our simulations manipulated: (i) Inter-Stimulus-Interval (ISI), (ii) proportion of so-called null events, and (iii) nonlinearities in the BOLD signal due to both cognitive and design parameters. We offer a theoretical framework along with a python toolbox called deconvolve to provide guidance on the optimal design parameters that will be of particular utility when using non-random, alternating event sequences in experimental designs. In addition, though, we also highlight the challenges and limitations in simultaneously optimizing both detection and estimation efficiency of BOLD signals in these common, but complex, cognitive neuroscience designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soukhin Das
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Weigang Yi
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Mingzhou Ding
- Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - George R. Mangun
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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13
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Zhang H, Di X, Rypma B, Yang H, Meng C, Biswal B. Interaction Between Memory Load and Experimental Design on Brain Connectivity and Network Topology. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:631-644. [PMID: 36565381 PMCID: PMC10073362 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00982-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The conventional approach to investigating functional connectivity in the block-designed study usually concatenates task blocks or employs residuals of task activation. While providing many insights into brain functions, the block design adds more manipulation in functional network analysis that may reduce the purity of the blood oxygenation level-dependent signal. Recent studies utilized one single long run for task trials of the same condition, the so-called continuous design, to investigate functional connectivity based on task functional magnetic resonance imaging. Continuous brain activities associated with the single-task condition can be directly utilized for task-related functional connectivity assessment, which has been examined for working memory, sensory, motor, and semantic task experiments in previous research. But it remains unclear how the block and continuous design influence the assessment of task-related functional connectivity networks. This study aimed to disentangle the separable effects of block/continuous design and working memory load on task-related functional connectivity networks, by using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Across 50 young healthy adults, behavioral results of accuracy and reaction time showed a significant main effect of design as well as interaction between design and load. Imaging results revealed that the cingulo-opercular, fronto-parietal, and default model networks were associated with not only task activation, but significant main effects of design and load as well as their interaction on intra- and inter-network functional connectivity and global network topology. Moreover, a significant behavior-brain association was identified for the continuous design. This work has extended the evidence that continuous design can be used to study task-related functional connectivity and subtle brain-behavioral relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heming Zhang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Xin Di
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, 07102, USA
| | - Bart Rypma
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, 75390, USA
| | - Hang Yang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Chun Meng
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
| | - Bharat Biswal
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, 07102, USA.
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14
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Neurobiological correlates and attenuated positive social intention attribution during laughter perception associated with degree of autistic traits. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023; 130:585-596. [PMID: 36808307 PMCID: PMC10049931 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02599-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Laughter plays an important role in group formation, signaling social belongingness by indicating a positive or negative social intention towards the receiver. In adults without autism, the intention of laughter can be correctly differentiated without further contextual information. In autism spectrum disorder (ASD), however, differences in the perception and interpretation of social cues represent a key characteristic of the disorder. Studies suggest that these differences are associated with hypoactivation and altered connectivity among key nodes of the social perception network. How laughter, as a multimodal nonverbal social cue, is perceived and processed neurobiologically in association with autistic traits has not been assessed previously. We investigated differences in social intention attribution, neurobiological activation, and connectivity during audiovisual laughter perception in association with the degree of autistic traits in adults [N = 31, Mage (SD) = 30.7 (10.0) years, nfemale = 14]. An attenuated tendency to attribute positive social intention to laughter was found with increasing autistic traits. Neurobiologically, autistic trait scores were associated with decreased activation in the right inferior frontal cortex during laughter perception and with attenuated connectivity between the bilateral fusiform face area with bilateral inferior and lateral frontal, superior temporal, mid-cingulate and inferior parietal cortices. Results support hypoactivity and hypoconnectivity during social cue processing with increasing ASD symptoms between socioemotional face processing nodes and higher-order multimodal processing regions related to emotion identification and attribution of social intention. Furthermore, results reflect the importance of specifically including signals of positive social intention in future studies in ASD.
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15
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Stein J, von Kriegstein K, Tabas A. Predictive encoding of pure tones and FM-sweeps in the human auditory cortex. Cereb Cortex Commun 2022; 3:tgac047. [PMID: 36545253 PMCID: PMC9764222 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgac047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Expectations substantially influence perception, but the neural mechanisms underlying this influence are not fully understood. A prominent view is that sensory neurons encode prediction error with respect to expectations on upcoming sensory input. Although the encoding of prediction error has been previously demonstrated in the human auditory cortex (AC), previous studies often induced expectations using stimulus repetition, potentially confounding prediction error with neural habituation. These studies also measured AC as a single population, failing to consider possible predictive specializations of different AC fields. Moreover, the few studies that considered prediction error to stimuli other than pure tones yielded conflicting results. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to systematically investigate prediction error to subjective expectations in auditory cortical fields Te1.0, Te1.1, Te1.2, and Te3, and two types of stimuli: pure tones and frequency modulated (FM) sweeps. Our results show that prediction error is elicited with respect to the participants' expectations independently of stimulus repetition and similarly expressed across auditory fields. Moreover, despite the radically different strategies underlying the decoding of pure tones and FM-sweeps, both stimulus modalities were encoded as prediction error in most fields of AC. Altogether, our results provide unequivocal evidence that predictive coding is the general encoding mechanism in AC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katharina von Kriegstein
- Chair of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Technical University Dresden, Bamberger Str. 7, Dresden 01187, Germany
| | - Alejandro Tabas
- Chair of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Technical University Dresden, Bamberger Str. 7, Dresden 01187, Germany
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16
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Corriveau-Lecavalier N, Décarie-Labbé L, Mellah S, Belleville S, Rajah MN. Sex differences in patterns of associative memory-related activation in individuals at risk of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 119:89-101. [PMID: 35985098 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The risk of developing Alzheimer's disease dementia is higher in females compared to males and is greater in individuals with subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment than in healthy controls. We used a multivariate behavioral partial least square correlation analysis to examine how relationships between memory-related activation and associative memory performance vary as a function of sex and clinical status. This was assessed in 182 participants from the Consortium for the Early Identification of Alzheimer's Disease-Quebec cohort, which were stratified according to sex (Male, Female) and clinical status (healthy controls, subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment). We found 6 significant latent variables mainly expressing: (1) overall sex differences; (2) between-sex differences according to clinical status; and (3) within-sex differences according to clinical status in relationships between whole-brain memory-related activation and memory performance. These patterns of activation mostly involved the default mode and fronto-parietal networks. Our results have implication in understanding the macro-scale functional processes possibly contributing to the higher risk of cognitive decline in females compared to males in the context of aging and early Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurie Décarie-Labbé
- Research Centre, Institut universitaire de geriatrie de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychology, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Samira Mellah
- Research Centre, Institut universitaire de geriatrie de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvie Belleville
- Research Centre, Institut universitaire de geriatrie de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychology, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maria Natasha Rajah
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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17
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Nakagawa E, Koike T, Sumiya M, Shimada K, Makita K, Yoshida H, Yokokawa H, Sadato N. The Neural Correlates of Semantic and Grammatical Encoding During Sentence Production in a Second Language: Evidence From an fMRI Study Using Structural Priming. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 15:753245. [PMID: 35111005 PMCID: PMC8801494 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.753245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese English learners have difficulty speaking Double Object (DO; give B A) than Prepositional Object (PO; give A to B) structures which neural underpinning is unknown. In speaking, syntactic and phonological processing follow semantic encoding, conversion of non-verbal mental representation into a structure suitable for expression. To test whether DO difficulty lies in linguistic or prelinguistic process, we conducted functional magnetic resonance imaging. Thirty participants described cartoons using DO or PO, or simply named them. Greater reaction times and error rates indicated DO difficulty. DO compared with PO showed parieto-frontal activation including left inferior frontal gyrus, reflecting linguistic process. Psychological priming in PO produced immediately after DO and vice versa compared to after control, indicated shared process between PO and DO. Cross-structural neural repetition suppression was observed in occipito-parietal regions, overlapping the linguistic system in pre-SMA. Thus DO and PO share prelinguistic process, whereas linguistic process imposes overload in DO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Nakagawa
- Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Takahiko Koike
- Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Motofumi Sumiya
- Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Shimada
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Kai Makita
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Haruyo Yoshida
- Department of English Education, Osaka Kyoiku University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Yokokawa
- School of Languages and Communication, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Norihiro Sadato
- Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Kanagawa, Japan
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center (BIRC), University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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18
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Cheng D, Li M, Cui J, Wang L, Wang N, Ouyang L, Wang X, Bai X, Zhou X. Algebra dissociates from arithmetic in the brain semantic network. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2022; 18:1. [PMID: 34996499 PMCID: PMC8740448 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-022-00186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Mathematical expressions mainly include arithmetic (such as 8 − (1 + 3)) and algebra (such as a − (b + c)). Previous studies have shown that both algebraic processing and arithmetic involved the bilateral parietal brain regions. Although previous studies have revealed that algebra was dissociated from arithmetic, the neural bases of the dissociation between algebraic processing and arithmetic is still unclear. The present study uses functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify the specific brain networks for algebraic and arithmetic processing. Methods Using fMRI, this study scanned 30 undergraduates and directly compared the brain activation during algebra and arithmetic. Brain activations, single-trial (item-wise) interindividual correlation and mean-trial interindividual correlation related to algebra processing were compared with those related to arithmetic. The functional connectivity was analyzed by a seed-based region of interest (ROI)-to-ROI analysis. Results Brain activation analyses showed that algebra elicited greater activation in the angular gyrus and arithmetic elicited greater activation in the bilateral supplementary motor area, left insula, and left inferior parietal lobule. Interindividual single-trial brain-behavior correlation revealed significant brain-behavior correlations in the semantic network, including the middle temporal gyri, inferior frontal gyri, dorsomedial prefrontal cortices, and left angular gyrus, for algebra. For arithmetic, the significant brain-behavior correlations were located in the phonological network, including the precentral gyrus and supplementary motor area, and in the visuospatial network, including the bilateral superior parietal lobules. For algebra, significant positive functional connectivity was observed between the visuospatial network and semantic network, whereas for arithmetic, significant positive functional connectivity was observed only between the visuospatial network and phonological network. Conclusion These findings suggest that algebra relies on the semantic network and conversely, arithmetic relies on the phonological and visuospatial networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dazhi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, China.,Lab for Educational Neuroscience, Center for Educational Science and Technology, Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Future Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Mengyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Future Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jiaxin Cui
- College of Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Future Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Naiyi Wang
- Lab for Educational Neuroscience, Center for Educational Science and Technology, Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Liangyuan Ouyang
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Xiaozhuang Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Xuejun Bai
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Xinlin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, China. .,Advanced Innovation Center for Future Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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19
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Branzi FM, Martin CD, Paz-Alonso PM. Task-Relevant Representations and Cognitive Control Demands Modulate Functional Connectivity from Ventral Occipito-Temporal Cortex During Object Recognition Tasks. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:3068-3080. [PMID: 34918042 PMCID: PMC9290561 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The left ventral occipito-temporal cortex (vOTC) supports extraction and processing of visual features. However, it has remained unclear whether left vOTC-based functional connectivity (FC) differs according to task-relevant representations (e.g., lexical, visual) and control demands imposed by the task, even when similar visual-semantic processing is required for object identification. Here, neural responses to the same set of pictures of meaningful objects were measured, while the type of task that participants had to perform (picture naming versus size-judgment task), and the level of cognitive control required by the picture naming task (high versus low interference contexts) were manipulated. Explicit retrieval of lexical representations in the picture naming task facilitated activation of lexical/phonological representations, modulating FC between left vOTC and dorsal anterior-cingulate-cortex/pre-supplementary-motor-area. This effect was not observed in the size-judgment task, which did not require explicit word-retrieval of object names. Furthermore, retrieving the very same lexical/phonological representation in the high versus low interference contexts during picture naming increased FC between left vOTC and left caudate. These findings support the proposal that vOTC functional specialization emerges from interactions with task-relevant brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca M Branzi
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK.,MRC Cognition & Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK
| | - Clara D Martin
- BCBL. Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, San Sebastian 20009, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
| | - Pedro M Paz-Alonso
- BCBL. Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, San Sebastian 20009, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
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20
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Geisler M, Ritter A, Herbsleb M, Bär K, Weiss T. Neural mechanisms of pain processing differ between endurance athletes and nonathletes: A functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging study. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:5927-5942. [PMID: 34524716 PMCID: PMC8596969 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain perception and the ability to modulate arising pain vary tremendously between individuals. It has been shown that endurance athletes possess higher pain tolerance thresholds and a greater effect of conditioned pain modulation than nonathletes, both indicating a more efficient system of endogenous pain inhibition. The aim of the present study was to focus on the neural mechanisms of pain processing in endurance athletes that have not been investigated yet. Therefore, we analyzed the pain processing of 18 male athletes and 19 healthy male nonathletes using functional magnetic resonance imaging. We found lower pain ratings in endurance athletes compared to nonathletes to physically identical painful stimulation. Furthermore, brain activations of athletes versus nonathletes during painful heat stimulation revealed reduced activation in several brain regions that are typically activated by nociceptive stimulation. This included the thalamus, primary and secondary somatosensory cortex, insula, anterior cingulate cortex, midcingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and brain stem (BS). Functional connectivity analyses revealed stronger network during painful heat stimulation in athletes between the analyzed brain regions except for connections with the BS that showed reduced functional connectivity in athletes. Post hoc correlation analyses revealed associations of the subject's fitness level and the brain activation strengths, subject's fitness level and functional connectivity, and brain activation strengths and functional connectivity. Together, our results demonstrate for the first time that endurance athletes do not only differ in behavioral variables compared to nonathletes, but also in the neural processing of pain elicited by noxious heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Geisler
- Department of Clinical PsychologyFriedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaJenaGermany
| | - Alexander Ritter
- Section of Neurological Rehabilitation, Hans–Berger Department of NeurologyJena University HospitalJenaGermany
| | - Marco Herbsleb
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health PromotionFriedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaJenaGermany
| | - Karl‐Jürgen Bär
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital JenaJenaGermany
| | - Thomas Weiss
- Department of Clinical PsychologyFriedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaJenaGermany
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21
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Geissler CF, Frings C, Moeller B. Illuminating the prefrontal neural correlates of action sequence disassembling in response-response binding. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22856. [PMID: 34819541 PMCID: PMC8613220 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Execution of two independent actions in quick succession results in transient binding of these two actions. Subsequent repetition of any of these actions automatically retrieves the other. This process is probably fundamental for developing complex action sequences. However, rigid bindings between two actions are not always adaptive. Sometimes, it is necessary to repeat only one of the two previously executed actions. In such situations, stored action sequences must be disassembled, for the sake of flexibility. Exact mechanisms that allow for such an active unbinding of actions remain largely unknown, but it stands to reason, that some form of prefrontal executive control is necessary. Building on prior neuronal research that explored other forms of binding (e.g. between distractors and responses and abstract representations and responses), we explored middle and superior frontal correlates of -response binding in a sequential classification task with functional near-infrared spectroscopy. We found that anterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity varied as a function of response-repetition condition. Activity in the right anterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex correlated with changes in reaction times due to response-response binding. Our results indicate that the right anterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex dismantles bindings between consecutive actions, whenever such bindings interfere with current action goals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Frings
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, University of Trier, 54286, Trier, Germany
| | - Birte Moeller
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, University of Trier, 54286, Trier, Germany
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22
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Shared neural codes for visual and semantic information about familiar faces in a common representational space. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2110474118. [PMID: 34732577 PMCID: PMC8609335 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110474118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our brain processes faces of close others differently than faces of visually familiar individuals. While both types of faces activate similar visual areas, faces of close others activate areas involved in processing social and semantic information. Here, we used between-subject linear classifiers trained on hyperaligned brain data to investigate the neural code for visual and semantic information about familiar others. The identity of both visually and personally familiar faces could be decoded across participants from brain activity in visual areas. Instead, only the identity of personally familiar faces could be decoded in areas involved in social cognition. Our results suggest that individually distinctive information associated with familiar faces is embedded in a neural code that is shared across brains. Processes evoked by seeing a personally familiar face encompass recognition of visual appearance and activation of social and person knowledge. Whereas visual appearance is the same for all viewers, social and person knowledge may be more idiosyncratic. Using between-subject multivariate decoding of hyperaligned functional magnetic resonance imaging data, we investigated whether representations of personally familiar faces in different parts of the distributed neural system for face perception are shared across individuals who know the same people. We found that the identities of both personally familiar and merely visually familiar faces were decoded accurately across brains in the core system for visual processing, but only the identities of personally familiar faces could be decoded across brains in the extended system for processing nonvisual information associated with faces. Our results show that personal interactions with the same individuals lead to shared neural representations of both the seen and unseen features that distinguish their identities.
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23
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Testing models at the neural level reveals how the brain computes subjective value. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2106237118. [PMID: 34686596 PMCID: PMC8639327 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106237118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, models have played an increasingly important role for understanding the brain in cognitive, behavioral, and systems neuroscience. Decision neuroscience in particular has benefitted greatly from the application of economic models of choice preferences to neural data. However, an often-overlooked aspect is that many models of preferences have a generic problem—they make extremely similar behavioral predictions. Here, we demonstrate that to understand the mechanisms of valuation in the brain, it is useful to compare models of choice preferences not only at the behavioral but also at the neural level. Decisions are based on the subjective values of choice options. However, subjective value is a theoretical construct and not directly observable. Strikingly, distinct theoretical models competing to explain how subjective values are assigned to choice options often make very similar behavioral predictions, which poses a major difficulty for establishing a mechanistic, biologically plausible explanation of decision-making based on behavior alone. Here, we demonstrate that model comparison at the neural level provides insights into model implementation during subjective value computation even though the distinct models parametrically identify common brain regions as computing subjective value. We show that frontal cortical regions implement a model based on the statistical distributions of available rewards, whereas intraparietal cortex and striatum compute subjective value signals according to a model based on distortions in the representations of probabilities. Thus, better mechanistic understanding of how cognitive processes are implemented arises from model comparisons at the neural level, over and above the traditional approach of comparing models at the behavioral level alone.
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24
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Linear and nonlinear profiles of weak behavioral and neural differentiation between numerical operations in children with math learning difficulties. Neuropsychologia 2021; 160:107977. [PMID: 34329664 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mathematical knowledge is constructed hierarchically during development from a basic understanding of addition and subtraction, two foundational and inter-related, but semantically distinct, numerical operations. Early in development, children show remarkable variability in their numerical problem-solving skills and difficulties in solving even simple addition and subtraction problems are a hallmark of math learning difficulties. Here, we use novel quantitative analyses to investigate whether less distinct representations are associated with poor problem-solving abilities in children during the early stages of math-skill acquisition. Crucially, we leverage dimensional and categorical analyses to identify linear and nonlinear neurobehavioral profiles of individual differences in math skills. Behaviorally, performance on the two different numerical operations was less differentiated in children with low math abilities, and lower problem-solving efficiency stemmed from weak evidence-accumulation during problem-solving. Children with low numerical abilities also showed less differentiated neural representations between addition and subtraction operations in multiple cortical areas, including the fusiform gyrus, intraparietal sulcus, anterior temporal cortex and insula. Furthermore, analysis of multi-regional neural representation patterns revealed significantly higher network similarity and aberrant integration of representations within a fusiform gyrus-intraparietal sulcus pathway important for manipulation of numerical quantity. These findings identify the lack of distinct neural representations as a novel neurobiological feature of individual differences in children's numerical problem-solving abilities, and an early developmental biomarker of low math skills. More generally, our approach combining dimensional and categorical analyses overcomes pitfalls associated with the use of arbitrary cutoffs for probing neurobehavioral profiles of individual differences in math abilities.
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25
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Sun M, Hu L, Xin X, Zhang X. Neural Hierarchy of Color Categorization: From Prototype Encoding to Boundary Encoding. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:679627. [PMID: 34349615 PMCID: PMC8327959 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.679627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A long-standing debate exists on how our brain assigns the fine-grained perceptual representation of color into discrete color categories. Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have identified several regions as the candidate loci of color categorization, including the visual cortex, language-related areas, and non-language-related frontal regions, but the evidence is mixed. Distinct from most studies that emphasized the representational differences between color categories, the current study focused on the variability among members within a category (e.g., category prototypes and boundaries) to reveal category encoding in the brain. We compared and modeled brain activities evoked by color stimuli with varying distances from the category boundary in an active categorization task. The frontal areas, including the inferior and middle frontal gyri, medial superior frontal cortices, and insular cortices, showed larger responses for colors near the category boundary than those far from the boundary. In addition, the visual cortex encodes both within-category variability and cross-category differences. The left V1 in the calcarine showed greater responses to colors at the category center than to those far from the boundary, and the bilateral V4 showed enhanced responses for colors at the category center as well as colors around the boundary. The additional representational similarity analyses (RSA) revealed that the bilateral insulae and V4a carried information about cross-category differences, as cross-category colors exhibited larger dissimilarities in brain patterns than within-category colors. Our study suggested a hierarchically organized network in the human brain during active color categorization, with frontal (both lateral and medial) areas supporting domain-general decisional processes and the visual cortex encoding category structure and differences, likely due to top-down modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdan Sun
- Center for Psychological Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luming Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyang Xin
- Center for Psychological Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuemin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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26
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Zhang J, Yang X, Jin Z, Li L. Where there is no object formation, there is no perceptual organization: Evidence from the configural superiority effect. Neuroimage 2021; 237:118108. [PMID: 33940152 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Object formation is considered the aim of perceptual organization, but such a proposition has been neglected in empirical studies. In the current study, we investigated the role of object formation in configural superiority. Essentially, discrimination on bar orientations was enhanced by adding a right angle to each of the bars. Such facilitation is due to the emergent feature (EF) of closure formed by combining the bars with right angles. To study object formation, visual stimuli were generated by random dot stereograms to form objects or holes in 3D. Behaviorally, we found that the EF of closure facilitated oddball discrimination on objects, as demonstrated by previous studies, but did not facilitate oddball discrimination on holes with the same shape as objects. Multivariate pattern analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data showed that the EF of closure increased the object classification accuracy compared to the holes in the lateral occipital cortex (LOC), where object information is encoded, but not in the early visual cortex (EVC). The neural representations of objects and holes with and without EFs were further investigated using representational similarity analysis. The results demonstrate that in the LOC, the neural representations of objects with EFs showed a greater difference than those of the other three, that is, objects without EFs and holes with or without EFs. However, the uniqueness of objects with EFs was not observed in the EVC. Thus, our results suggest that the EF of closure, which leads to the configural superiority effect, only emerges for objects but not for holes, and only in the LOC but not the EVC. Our study provides the first empirical evidence suggesting that object formation plays an indispensable role in perceptual organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Zhang
- MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China
| | - Zhenlan Jin
- MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China
| | - Ling Li
- MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China.
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27
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Luke R, Larson E, Shader MJ, Innes-Brown H, Van Yper L, Lee AKC, Sowman PF, McAlpine D. Analysis methods for measuring passive auditory fNIRS responses generated by a block-design paradigm. NEUROPHOTONICS 2021; 8:025008. [PMID: 34036117 PMCID: PMC8140612 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.8.2.025008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an increasingly popular tool in auditory research, but the range of analysis procedures employed across studies may complicate the interpretation of data. Aim: We aim to assess the impact of different analysis procedures on the morphology, detection, and lateralization of auditory responses in fNIRS. Specifically, we determine whether averaging or generalized linear model (GLM)-based analysis generates different experimental conclusions when applied to a block-protocol design. The impact of parameter selection of GLMs on detecting auditory-evoked responses was also quantified. Approach: 17 listeners were exposed to three commonly employed auditory stimuli: noise, speech, and silence. A block design, comprising sounds of 5 s duration and 10 to 20 s silent intervals, was employed. Results: Both analysis procedures generated similar response morphologies and amplitude estimates, and both indicated that responses to speech were significantly greater than to noise or silence. Neither approach indicated a significant effect of brain hemisphere on responses to speech. Methods to correct for systemic hemodynamic responses using short channels improved detection at the individual level. Conclusions: Consistent with theoretical considerations, simulations, and other experimental domains, GLM and averaging analyses generate the same group-level experimental conclusions. We release this dataset publicly for use in future development and optimization of algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Luke
- Macquarie University, Macquarie University Hearing & Department of Linguistics, Australian Hearing Hub, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Bionics Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric Larson
- University of Washington, Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Maureen J. Shader
- The Bionics Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Medical Bionics, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hamish Innes-Brown
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Medical Bionics, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Eriksholm Research Centre, Oticon A/S, Snekkersten, Denmark
| | - Lindsey Van Yper
- Macquarie University, Macquarie University Hearing & Department of Linguistics, Australian Hearing Hub, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adrian K. C. Lee
- University of Washington, Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences, Seattle, Washington, United States
- University of Washington, Department of Speech & Hearing Sciences and Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Paul F. Sowman
- Macquarie University, Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David McAlpine
- Macquarie University, Macquarie University Hearing & Department of Linguistics, Australian Hearing Hub, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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28
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Perez DL, Nicholson TR, Asadi-Pooya AA, Bègue I, Butler M, Carson AJ, David AS, Deeley Q, Diez I, Edwards MJ, Espay AJ, Gelauff JM, Hallett M, Horovitz SG, Jungilligens J, Kanaan RAA, Tijssen MAJ, Kozlowska K, LaFaver K, LaFrance WC, Lidstone SC, Marapin RS, Maurer CW, Modirrousta M, Reinders AATS, Sojka P, Staab JP, Stone J, Szaflarski JP, Aybek S. Neuroimaging in Functional Neurological Disorder: State of the Field and Research Agenda. Neuroimage Clin 2021; 30:102623. [PMID: 34215138 PMCID: PMC8111317 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Functional neurological disorder (FND) was of great interest to early clinical neuroscience leaders. During the 20th century, neurology and psychiatry grew apart - leaving FND a borderland condition. Fortunately, a renaissance has occurred in the last two decades, fostered by increased recognition that FND is prevalent and diagnosed using "rule-in" examination signs. The parallel use of scientific tools to bridge brain structure - function relationships has helped refine an integrated biopsychosocial framework through which to conceptualize FND. In particular, a growing number of quality neuroimaging studies using a variety of methodologies have shed light on the emerging pathophysiology of FND. This renewed scientific interest has occurred in parallel with enhanced interdisciplinary collaborations, as illustrated by new care models combining psychological and physical therapies and the creation of a new multidisciplinary FND society supporting knowledge dissemination in the field. Within this context, this article summarizes the output of the first International FND Neuroimaging Workgroup meeting, held virtually, on June 17th, 2020 to appraise the state of neuroimaging research in the field and to catalyze large-scale collaborations. We first briefly summarize neural circuit models of FND, and then detail the research approaches used to date in FND within core content areas: cohort characterization; control group considerations; task-based functional neuroimaging; resting-state networks; structural neuroimaging; biomarkers of symptom severity and risk of illness; and predictors of treatment response and prognosis. Lastly, we outline a neuroimaging-focused research agenda to elucidate the pathophysiology of FND and aid the development of novel biologically and psychologically-informed treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Perez
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Timothy R Nicholson
- Section of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ali A Asadi-Pooya
- Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz Iran; Department of Neurology, Jefferson Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Indrit Bègue
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva Switzerland; Service of Neurology Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Butler
- Section of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alan J Carson
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Anthony S David
- Institute of Mental Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Quinton Deeley
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London UK Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ibai Diez
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark J Edwards
- Neurosciences Research Centre, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Alberto J Espay
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jeannette M Gelauff
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Silvina G Horovitz
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Johannes Jungilligens
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Richard A A Kanaan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Austin Health Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Marina A J Tijssen
- Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kasia Kozlowska
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney Medical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kathrin LaFaver
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - W Curt LaFrance
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Sarah C Lidstone
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, University Health Network and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ramesh S Marapin
- Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carine W Maurer
- Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Mandana Modirrousta
- Department of Psychiatry, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Antje A T S Reinders
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Petr Sojka
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jeffrey P Staab
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology and Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jon Stone
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Jerzy P Szaflarski
- University of Alabama at Birmingham Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Selma Aybek
- Neurology Department, Psychosomatic Medicine Unit, Bern University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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29
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Brice H, Frost SJ, Bick AS, Molfese PJ, Rueckl JG, Pugh KR, Frost R. Tracking second language immersion across time: Evidence from a bi-directional longitudinal cross-linguistic fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 2021; 154:107796. [PMID: 33610615 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Parallel cohorts of Hebrew speakers learning English in the U.S., and American-English speakers learning Hebrew in Israel were tracked over the course of two years of immersion in their L2. We utilised a functional MRI semantic judgement task with print and speech tokens, as well as a battery of linguistic and cognitive behavioural measures prior to and after immersion, to track changes in both L1 and L2 processing. fMRI activation for print tokens produced a similar network of activation in both English and Hebrew, irrespective of L1 or L2 status. Significant convergence of print and speech processing was also observed in both languages across a network of left-hemisphere regions joint for both L1 and L2. Despite significant increases in behavioural measures of L2 proficiency, only a few signs of longitudinal change in L2 brain activation were found. In contrast, L1 showed widespread differences in processing across time, suggesting that the neurobiological footprint of reading is dynamic and plastic even in adults, with L2 immersion impacting L1 processing. Print/speech convergence showed little longitudinal change, suggesting that it is a stable marker of the differences in L1 and L2 processing across L2 proficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Atira Sara Bick
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Jay G Rueckl
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT, USA; University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Kenneth R Pugh
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Ram Frost
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT, USA; Basque Centre on Cognition, Brain and Language, San Sebastian, Spain
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30
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Peyrin C, Roux-Sibilon A, Trouilloud A, Khazaz S, Joly M, Pichat C, Boucart M, Krainik A, Kauffmann L. Semantic and Physical Properties of Peripheral Vision Are Used for Scene Categorization in Central Vision. J Cogn Neurosci 2021; 33:799-813. [PMID: 33571079 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Theories of visual recognition postulate that our ability to understand our visual environment at a glance is based on the extraction of the gist of the visual scene, a first global and rudimentary visual representation. Gist perception would be based on the rapid analysis of low spatial frequencies in the visual signal and would allow a coarse categorization of the scene. We aimed to study whether the low spatial resolution information available in peripheral vision could modulate the processing of visual information presented in central vision. We combined behavioral measures (Experiments 1 and 2) and fMRI measures (Experiment 2). Participants categorized a scene presented in central vision (artificial vs. natural categories) while ignoring another scene, either semantically congruent or incongruent, presented in peripheral vision. The two scenes could either share the same physical properties (similar amplitude spectrum and spatial configuration) or not. Categorization of the central scene was impaired by a semantically incongruent peripheral scene, in particular when the two scenes were physically similar. This semantic interference effect was associated with increased activation of the inferior frontal gyrus. When the two scenes were semantically congruent, the dissimilarity of their physical properties impaired the categorization of the central scene. This effect was associated with increased activation in occipito-temporal areas. In line with the hypothesis of predictive mechanisms involved in visual recognition, results suggest that semantic and physical properties of the information coming from peripheral vision would be automatically used to generate predictions that guide the processing of signal in central vision.
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31
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Using mouse cursor tracking to investigate online cognition: Preserving methodological ingenuity while moving toward reproducible science. Psychon Bull Rev 2020; 28:766-787. [PMID: 33319317 PMCID: PMC8219569 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-020-01851-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mouse cursor tracking has become a prominent method for characterizing cognitive processes, used in a wide variety of domains of psychological science. Researchers have demonstrated considerable ingenuity in the application of the approach, but the methodology has not undergone systematic analysis to facilitate the development of best practices. Furthermore, recent research has demonstrated effects of experimental design features on a number of mousetracking outcomes. We conducted a systematic review of the mouse-tracking literature to survey the reporting and spread of mouse variables (Cursor speed, Sampling rate, Training), physical characteristics of the experiments (Stimulus position, Response box position) and response requirements (Start procedure, Response procedure, Response deadline). This survey reveals that there is room for improvement in reporting practices, especially of subtler design features that researchers may have assumed would not impact research results (e.g., Cursor speed). We provide recommendations for future best practices in mouse-tracking studies and consider how best to standardize the mouse-tracking literature without excessively constraining the methodological flexibility that is essential to the field.
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32
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Tabas A, Mihai G, Kiebel S, Trampel R, von Kriegstein K. Abstract rules drive adaptation in the subcortical sensory pathway. eLife 2020; 9:64501. [PMID: 33289479 PMCID: PMC7785290 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The subcortical sensory pathways are the fundamental channels for mapping the outside world to our minds. Sensory pathways efficiently transmit information by adapting neural responses to the local statistics of the sensory input. The long-standing mechanistic explanation for this adaptive behaviour is that neural activity decreases with increasing regularities in the local statistics of the stimuli. An alternative account is that neural coding is directly driven by expectations of the sensory input. Here, we used abstract rules to manipulate expectations independently of local stimulus statistics. The ultra-high-field functional-MRI data show that abstract expectations can drive the response amplitude to tones in the human auditory pathway. These results provide first unambiguous evidence of abstract processing in a subcortical sensory pathway. They indicate that the neural representation of the outside world is altered by our prior beliefs even at initial points of the processing hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Tabas
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Research Group Neural Mechanism of Human Communication, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Glad Mihai
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Research Group Neural Mechanism of Human Communication, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Kiebel
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Centre for Tactile Internet with Human-in-the-Loop (CeTI), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Trampel
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katharina von Kriegstein
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Research Group Neural Mechanism of Human Communication, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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Arioli M, Basso G, Carne I, Poggi P, Canessa N. Increased pSTS activity and decreased pSTS-mPFC connectivity when processing negative social interactions. Behav Brain Res 2020; 399:113027. [PMID: 33249070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that activity and connectivity within and between the action observation and mentalizing brain systems reflect the degree of positive dimensions expressed by social interactions such as cooperativity and affectivity, respectively. Here we aim to extend this evidence by investigating the neural bases of processing negative dimensions of observed interactions, such as competition and affective conflict, possibly representing a benchmark for different pathological conditions. In this fMRI study 34 healthy participants were shown pictures depicting interactions characterized by two crossed dimensions, i.e. positively- vs. negatively- connotated social intentions mainly expressed in terms of motor acts vs. mental states, i.e. cooperative, competitive, affective and conflicting interactions. We confirmed the involvement of the action observation and mentalizing networks in processing intentions mainly expressed through motor acts (cooperative/competitive) vs. mental states (affective/conflicting), respectively. Results highlighted the selective role of the left pSTS/TPJ in decoding social interactions, even when compared with parallel actions by non-interacting individuals. Its right-hemispheric homologue displayed stronger responses to negative than positive social intentions, regardless of their motor/mental status, and decreased connectivity with the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) when processing negative interactions. The resulting mPFC downregulation by negative social scenes might reflect an adaptive response to socio-affective threats, via decreased mentalizing when facing negative social stimuli. This evidence on the brain mechanisms underlying the decoding of real complex interactions represents a baseline for assessing both the neural correlates of impaired social cognition, and the effects of rehabilitative treatments, in neuro-psychiatric diseases or borderline conditions such as loneliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Arioli
- Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Pavia, 27100, Italy; Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
| | | | - Irene Carne
- Medical Physics Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
| | - Paolo Poggi
- Radiology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
| | - Nicola Canessa
- Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Pavia, 27100, Italy; Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
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Arioli M, Basso G, Poggi P, Canessa N. Fronto-temporal brain activity and connectivity track implicit attention to positive and negative social words in a novel socio-emotional Stroop task. Neuroimage 2020; 226:117580. [PMID: 33221447 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous inconsistencies on the effects of implicitly processing positively - vs. negatively - connotated emotional words might reflect the influence of uncontrolled psycholinguistic dimensions, and/or social facets inherent in putative "emotional" stimuli. Based on the relevance of social features in semantic cognition, we developed a socio-emotional Stroop task to assess the influence of social vs. individual (non-social) emotional content, besides negative vs. positive valence, on implicit word processing. The effect of these variables was evaluated in terms of performance and RTs, alongside associated brain activity/connectivity. We matched conditions for several psycholinguistic variables, and assessed a modulation of brain activity/connectivity by trial-wise RT, to characterize the maximum of condition- and subject-specific variability. RTs were tracked by insular and anterior cingulate activations likely reflecting implicit attention to stimuli, interfering with task-performance based on condition-specific processing of their subjective salience. Slower performance for negative than neutral/positive words was tracked by left-hemispheric structures processing negative stimuli and emotions, such as fronto-insular cortex, while the lack of specific activations for positively-connotated words supported their marginal facilitatory effect. The speeding/slowing effects of processing positive/negative individual emotional stimuli were enhanced by social words, reflecting in specific activations of the right anterior temporal and orbitofrontal cortex, respectively. RTs to social positive and negative words modulated connectivity from these regions to fronto-striatal and sensorimotor structures, respectively, likely promoting approach vs. avoidance dispositions shaping their facilitatory vs. inhibitory effect. These results might help assessing the neural correlates of impaired social cognition and emotional regulation, and the effects of rehabilitative interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Arioli
- NEtS center, Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Pavia 27100, Italy; Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Basso
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia 27100, Italy; University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan 20126, Italy
| | - Paolo Poggi
- Radiology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Nicola Canessa
- NEtS center, Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Pavia 27100, Italy; Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia 27100, Italy.
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Greene AS, Gao S, Noble S, Scheinost D, Constable RT. How Tasks Change Whole-Brain Functional Organization to Reveal Brain-Phenotype Relationships. Cell Rep 2020; 32:108066. [PMID: 32846124 PMCID: PMC7469925 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional connectivity (FC) calculated from task fMRI data better reveals brain-phenotype relationships than rest-based FC, but how tasks have this effect is unknown. In over 700 individuals performing seven tasks, we use psychophysiological interaction (PPI) and predictive modeling analyses to demonstrate that task-induced changes in FC successfully predict phenotype, and these changes are not simply driven by task activation. Activation, however, is useful for prediction only if the in-scanner task is related to the predicted phenotype. To further characterize these predictive FC changes, we develop and apply an inter-subject PPI analysis. We find that moderate, but not high, task-induced consistency of the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal across individuals is useful for prediction. Together, these findings demonstrate that in-scanner tasks have distributed, phenotypically relevant effects on brain functional organization, and they offer a framework to leverage both task activation and FC to reveal the neural bases of complex human traits, symptoms, and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S Greene
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; MD/PhD Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Siyuan Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephanie Noble
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dustin Scheinost
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Statistics and Data Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; The Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - R Todd Constable
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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36
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Maffei V, Indovina I, Mazzarella E, Giusti MA, Macaluso E, Lacquaniti F, Viviani P. Sensitivity of occipito-temporal cortex, premotor and Broca's areas to visible speech gestures in a familiar language. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234695. [PMID: 32559213 PMCID: PMC7304574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When looking at a speaking person, the analysis of facial kinematics contributes to language discrimination and to the decoding of the time flow of visual speech. To disentangle these two factors, we investigated behavioural and fMRI responses to familiar and unfamiliar languages when observing speech gestures with natural or reversed kinematics. Twenty Italian volunteers viewed silent video-clips of speech shown as recorded (Forward, biological motion) or reversed in time (Backward, non-biological motion), in Italian (familiar language) or Arabic (non-familiar language). fMRI revealed that language (Italian/Arabic) and time-rendering (Forward/Backward) modulated distinct areas in the ventral occipito-temporal cortex, suggesting that visual speech analysis begins in this region, earlier than previously thought. Left premotor ventral (superior subdivision) and dorsal areas were preferentially activated with the familiar language independently of time-rendering, challenging the view that the role of these regions in speech processing is purely articulatory. The left premotor ventral region in the frontal operculum, thought to include part of the Broca's area, responded to the natural familiar language, consistent with the hypothesis of motor simulation of speech gestures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Maffei
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Centre of Space BioMedicine and Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Data Lake & BI, DOT - Technology, Poste Italiane, Rome, Italy
| | - Iole Indovina
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria Assunta Giusti
- Centre of Space BioMedicine and Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Emiliano Macaluso
- ImpAct Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Lyon, France
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Lacquaniti
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Centre of Space BioMedicine and Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Viviani
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Centre of Space BioMedicine and Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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37
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Ruiz MJ, Dojat M, Hupé JM. Multivariate pattern analysis of fMRI data for imaginary and real colours in grapheme-colour synaesthesia. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:3434-3456. [PMID: 32384170 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Grapheme-colour synaesthesia is a subjective phenomenon related to perception and imagination, in which some people involuntarily but systematically associate specific, idiosyncratic colours to achromatic letters or digits. Its investigation is relevant to unravel the neural correlates of colour perception in isolation from low-level neural processing of spectral components, as well as the neural correlates of imagination by being able to reliably trigger imaginary colour experiences. However, functional MRI studies using univariate analyses failed to provide univocal evidence of the activation of the "colour network" by synaesthesia. Applying multivariate (multivoxel) pattern analysis (MVPA) on 20 synaesthetes and 20 control participants, we tested whether the neural processing of real colours (concentric rings) and synaesthetic colours (black graphemes) shared patterns of activations. Region of interest analyses in retinotopically and anatomically defined visual areas revealed neither evidence of shared circuits for real and synaesthetic colour processing, nor processing difference between synaesthetes and controls. We also found no correlation with individual experiences, characterised by measuring the strength of synaesthetic associations. The whole brain searchlight analysis led to similar results. We conclude that revealing the neural coding of the synaesthetic experience of colours is a hard task which requires the improvement of our current methodology: for example involving more individuals and achieving higher MR signal to noise ratio and spatial resolution. So far, we have not found any evidence of the involvement of the cortical colour network in the subjective experience of synaesthetic colours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu J Ruiz
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse Paul Sabatier & CNRS, Toulouse, France.,Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM & CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Michel Dojat
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM & CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Michel Hupé
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse Paul Sabatier & CNRS, Toulouse, France
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38
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Mary A, Dayan J, Leone G, Postel C, Fraisse F, Malle C, Vallée T, Klein-Peschanski C, Viader F, de la Sayette V, Peschanski D, Eustache F, Gagnepain P. Resilience after trauma: The role of memory suppression. Science 2020; 367:367/6479/eaay8477. [PMID: 32054733 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay8477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the aftermath of trauma, little is known about why the unwanted and unbidden recollection of traumatic memories persists in some individuals but not others. We implemented neutral and inoffensive intrusive memories in the laboratory in a group of 102 individuals exposed to the 2015 Paris terrorist attacks and 73 nonexposed individuals, who were not in Paris during the attacks. While reexperiencing these intrusive memories, nonexposed individuals and exposed individuals without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) could adaptively suppress memory activity, but exposed individuals with PTSD could not. These findings suggest that the capacity to suppress memory is central to positive posttraumatic adaptation. A generalized disruption of the memory control system could explain the maladaptive and unsuccessful suppression attempts often seen in PTSD, and this disruption should be targeted by specific treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Mary
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, PSL Research University, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Jacques Dayan
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, PSL Research University, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, 14000 Caen, France.,Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Centre Hospitalier Guillaume Régnier, Université Rennes 1, 35700 Rennes, France
| | - Giovanni Leone
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, PSL Research University, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Charlotte Postel
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, PSL Research University, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Florence Fraisse
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, PSL Research University, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Carine Malle
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, PSL Research University, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Thomas Vallée
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, PSL Research University, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Carine Klein-Peschanski
- Université Paris I Panthéon Sorbonne, HESAM Université, EHESS, CNRS, UMR8209, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Fausto Viader
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, PSL Research University, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Vincent de la Sayette
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, PSL Research University, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Denis Peschanski
- Université Paris I Panthéon Sorbonne, HESAM Université, EHESS, CNRS, UMR8209, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Francis Eustache
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, PSL Research University, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Pierre Gagnepain
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, PSL Research University, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, 14000 Caen, France.
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39
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Pereira M, Faivre N, Iturrate I, Wirthlin M, Serafini L, Martin S, Desvachez A, Blanke O, Van De Ville D, Millán JDR. Disentangling the origins of confidence in speeded perceptual judgments through multimodal imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:8382-8390. [PMID: 32238562 PMCID: PMC7165419 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918335117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human capacity to compute the likelihood that a decision is correct-known as metacognition-has proven difficult to study in isolation as it usually cooccurs with decision making. Here, we isolated postdecisional from decisional contributions to metacognition by analyzing neural correlates of confidence with multimodal imaging. Healthy volunteers reported their confidence in the accuracy of decisions they made or decisions they observed. We found better metacognitive performance for committed vs. observed decisions, indicating that committing to a decision may improve confidence. Relying on concurrent electroencephalography and hemodynamic recordings, we found a common correlate of confidence following committed and observed decisions in the inferior frontal gyrus and a dissociation in the anterior prefrontal cortex and anterior insula. We discuss these results in light of decisional and postdecisional accounts of confidence and propose a computational model of confidence in which metacognitive performance naturally improves when evidence accumulation is constrained upon committing a decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pereira
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland;
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition, CNRS UMR 5105, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38400 Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France
| | - Nathan Faivre
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition, CNRS UMR 5105, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38400 Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France
| | - Iñaki Iturrate
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marco Wirthlin
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Luana Serafini
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Stéphanie Martin
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Desvachez
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olaf Blanke
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dimitri Van De Ville
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
- Medical Image Processing Lab, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - José Del R Millán
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
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40
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Ellis CT, Baldassano C, Schapiro AC, Cai MB, Cohen JD. Facilitating open-science with realistic fMRI simulation: validation and application. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8564. [PMID: 32117629 PMCID: PMC7035870 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With advances in methods for collecting and analyzing fMRI data, there is a concurrent need to understand how to reliably evaluate and optimally use these methods. Simulations of fMRI data can aid in both the evaluation of complex designs and the analysis of data. We present fmrisim, a new Python package for standardized, realistic simulation of fMRI data. This package is part of BrainIAK: a recently released open-source Python toolbox for advanced neuroimaging analyses. We describe how to use fmrisim to extract noise properties from real fMRI data and then create a synthetic dataset with matched noise properties and a user-specified signal. We validate the noise generated by fmrisim to show that it can approximate the noise properties of real data. We further show how fmrisim can help researchers find the optimal design in terms of power. The fmrisim package holds promise for improving the design of fMRI experiments, which may facilitate both the pre-registration of such experiments as well as the analysis of fMRI data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron T. Ellis
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | | | - Anna C. Schapiro
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Ming Bo Cai
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States of America
| | - Jonathan D. Cohen
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States of America
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41
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Schiller B, Domes G, Heinrichs M. Oxytocin changes behavior and spatio-temporal brain dynamics underlying inter-group conflict in humans. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 31:119-130. [PMID: 31883637 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.12.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Inter-group conflicts drive human discrimination, mass migration, and violence, but their psychobiological mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated whether the neuropeptide oxytocin modulates behavior and spatio-temporal brain dynamics in naturalistic inter-group conflict. Eighty-six male members of natural rival social groups received either oxytocin or placebo intranasally. In a decision-making paradigm involving real monetary stakes, participants could sacrifice their own resources to modulate the monetary gains and losses of in- and out-group members. Oxytocin eliminated the reduction in out-group gains - particularly in individuals with low emotional empathy, whereas those given placebo exhibited this negative social behavior. Our spatio-temporal analysis of event-related potentials elicited by outcome valuation revealed that oxytocin replaced a neurophysiological process associated with the negative valuation of out-group gains via a process associated with positive valuation between 200-500ms after outcome presentation. Oxytocin thus seems to modulate inter-group behavior in humans via a specific alteration of valuation-related brain dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Schiller
- Department of Psychology, Laboratory for Biological and Personality Psychology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; Freiburg Brain Imaging Center, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Gregor Domes
- Department of Psychology, Laboratory for Biological and Personality Psychology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; Freiburg Brain Imaging Center, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany; Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, University of Trier, D-54290 Trier, Germany
| | - Markus Heinrichs
- Department of Psychology, Laboratory for Biological and Personality Psychology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; Freiburg Brain Imaging Center, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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42
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Gau R, Bazin PL, Trampel R, Turner R, Noppeney U. Resolving multisensory and attentional influences across cortical depth in sensory cortices. eLife 2020; 9:46856. [PMID: 31913119 PMCID: PMC6984812 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In our environment, our senses are bombarded with a myriad of signals, only a subset of which is relevant for our goals. Using sub-millimeter-resolution fMRI at 7T, we resolved BOLD-response and activation patterns across cortical depth in early sensory cortices to auditory, visual and audiovisual stimuli under auditory or visual attention. In visual cortices, auditory stimulation induced widespread inhibition irrespective of attention, whereas auditory relative to visual attention suppressed mainly central visual field representations. In auditory cortices, visual stimulation suppressed activations, but amplified responses to concurrent auditory stimuli, in a patchy topography. Critically, multisensory interactions in auditory cortices were stronger in deeper laminae, while attentional influences were greatest at the surface. These distinct depth-dependent profiles suggest that multisensory and attentional mechanisms regulate sensory processing via partly distinct circuitries. Our findings are crucial for understanding how the brain regulates information flow across senses to interact with our complex multisensory world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Gau
- Computational Neuroscience and Cognitive Robotics Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Institute of Psychology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Pierre-Louis Bazin
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Integrative Model-based Cognitive Neuroscience research unit, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert Trampel
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Turner
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Uta Noppeney
- Computational Neuroscience and Cognitive Robotics Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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43
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Qin S, Basak C. Age-related differences in brain activation during working memory updating: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 2020; 138:107335. [PMID: 31923524 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent neuroimaging studies have reported an age-related reduction in brain activations in response to working memory load in task-sensitive brain regions. The current fMRI study investigated the age-related differences in brain activations of the updating mechanism in working memory, which was not investigated in previous studies. With a hybrid block/event-related design, this study was able to examine changes in BOLD signals (i.e., neuromodulation) to increase in updating, a type of cognitive control that is understudied. Older adults were separated into young-old and old-old cohorts to examine whether, within healthy aging, the neuromodulation to cognitive control decreases with age. Our results show that younger adults activate left precentral gyrus and right cerebellum more during trials that require updating than trials that do not require updating. Although older adults showed reduced neuromodulation in these two regions, the old-old cohort failed to show any significant neuromodulation in response to updating. Moreover, older adults not only showed reduced suppressions of the default mode network (DMN) regions during the task, they also overactivated some of the DMN regions, esp. the old-old, when compared to the younger adults. Older adults also showed overactivations in a region (right precentral gyrus) that is contralateral to a task-sensitive region that was activated in the younger adults during updating. Brain-behavior correlations suggest that age-related overactivations of these DMN regions and the right precentral gyrus are maladaptive to their performance. Our results suggest that not only the neuromodulation in response to updating demands is diminished in healthy aging, older adults also show maladaptive increases in activations of task-irrelevant regions and reduced hemispheric specificity during updating. These effects are most pronounced in old-old cohort, compared to young-old, suggesting that age-related declines in neuromodulation during cognitive control is more pronounced in older cohorts within healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Qin
- University of Texas at Dallas, TX, 75080, USA
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44
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Right-hemispheric Dominance in Self-body Recognition is Altered in Left-handed Individuals. Neuroscience 2020; 425:68-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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45
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Branzi FM, Martin CD, Carreiras M, Paz-Alonso PM. Functional connectivity reveals dissociable ventrolateral prefrontal mechanisms for the control of multilingual word retrieval. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 41:80-94. [PMID: 31515906 PMCID: PMC7268045 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This functional magnetic resonance imaging study established that different portions of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) support reactive and proactive language control processes during multilingual word retrieval. The study also examined whether proactive language control consists in the suppression of the nontarget lexicon. Healthy multilingual volunteers participated in a task that required them to name pictures alternately in their dominant and less‐dominant languages. Two crucial variables were manipulated: the cue‐target interval (CTI) to either engage (long CTI) or prevent (short CTI) proactive control processes, and the cognate status of the to‐be‐named pictures (noncognates vs. cognates) to capture selective pre‐activation of the target language. The results of the functional connectivity analysis showed a clear segregation between functional networks related to mid‐vlPFC and anterior vlPFC during multilingual language production. Furthermore, the results revealed that multilinguals engage in proactive control to prepare the target language. This proactive modulation, enacted by anterior vlPFC, is achieved by boosting the activation of lexical representations in the target language. Finally, control processes supported by both mid‐vlPFC and the left inferior parietal lobe, were similarly engaged by reactive and proactive control, possibly exerted on phonological representations to reduce cross‐language interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca M Branzi
- BCBL - Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, San Sebastian, Spain.,MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Clara D Martin
- BCBL - Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, San Sebastian, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Manuel Carreiras
- BCBL - Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, San Sebastian, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Pedro M Paz-Alonso
- BCBL - Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, San Sebastian, Spain
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46
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Bravo F, Cross I, Hopkins C, Gonzalez N, Docampo J, Bruno C, Stamatakis EA. Anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex response to systematically controlled tonal dissonance during passive music listening. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 41:46-66. [PMID: 31512332 PMCID: PMC7268082 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have attempted to investigate how the brain codes emotional value when processing music of contrasting levels of dissonance; however, the lack of control over specific musical structural characteristics (i.e., dynamics, rhythm, melodic contour or instrumental timbre), which are known to affect perceived dissonance, rendered results difficult to interpret. To account for this, we used functional imaging with an optimized control of the musical structure to obtain a finer characterization of brain activity in response to tonal dissonance. Behavioral findings supported previous evidence for an association between increased dissonance and negative emotion. Results further demonstrated that the manipulation of tonal dissonance through systematically controlled changes in interval content elicited contrasting valence ratings but no significant effects on either arousal or potency. Neuroscientific findings showed an engagement of the left medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the left rostral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) while participants listened to dissonant compared to consonant music, converging with studies that have proposed a core role of these regions during conflict monitoring (detection and resolution), and in the appraisal of negative emotion and fear‐related information. Both the left and right primary auditory cortices showed stronger functional connectivity with the ACC during the dissonant portion of the task, implying a demand for greater information integration when processing negatively valenced musical stimuli. This study demonstrated that the systematic control of musical dissonance could be applied to isolate valence from the arousal dimension, facilitating a novel access to the neural representation of negative emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bravo
- Centre for Music and Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,TU Dresden, Institut für Kunst- und Musikwissenschaft, Dresden, Germany.,Cognition and Consciousness Imaging Group, Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian Cross
- Centre for Music and Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Nadia Gonzalez
- Department of Neuroimaging, Fundación Científica del Sur Imaging Centre, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Docampo
- Department of Neuroimaging, Fundación Científica del Sur Imaging Centre, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudio Bruno
- Department of Neuroimaging, Fundación Científica del Sur Imaging Centre, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emmanuel A Stamatakis
- Cognition and Consciousness Imaging Group, Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Lemire-Rodger S, Lam J, Viviano JD, Stevens WD, Spreng RN, Turner GR. Inhibit, switch, and update: A within-subject fMRI investigation of executive control. Neuropsychologia 2019; 132:107134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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48
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Sato W, Kochiyama T, Uono S, Sawada R, Kubota Y, Yoshimura S, Toichi M. Widespread and lateralized social brain activity for processing dynamic facial expressions. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:3753-3768. [PMID: 31090126 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic facial expressions of emotions constitute natural and powerful means of social communication in daily life. A number of previous neuroimaging studies have explored the neural mechanisms underlying the processing of dynamic facial expressions, and indicated the activation of certain social brain regions (e.g., the amygdala) during such tasks. However, the activated brain regions were inconsistent across studies, and their laterality was rarely evaluated. To investigate these issues, we measured brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging in a relatively large sample (n = 51) during the observation of dynamic facial expressions of anger and happiness and their corresponding dynamic mosaic images. The observation of dynamic facial expressions, compared with dynamic mosaics, elicited stronger activity in the bilateral posterior cortices, including the inferior occipital gyri, fusiform gyri, and superior temporal sulci. The dynamic facial expressions also activated bilateral limbic regions, including the amygdalae and ventromedial prefrontal cortices, more strongly versus mosaics. In the same manner, activation was found in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and left cerebellum. Laterality analyses comparing original and flipped images revealed right hemispheric dominance in the superior temporal sulcus and IFG and left hemispheric dominance in the cerebellum. These results indicated that the neural mechanisms underlying processing of dynamic facial expressions include widespread social brain regions associated with perceptual, emotional, and motor functions, and include a clearly lateralized (right cortical and left cerebellar) network like that involved in language processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Sato
- Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Shota Uono
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Psychiatry, Habilitation and Rehabilitation, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Reiko Sawada
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Psychiatry, Habilitation and Rehabilitation, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kubota
- Health and Medical Services Center, Shiga University, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
| | - Sayaka Yoshimura
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Psychiatry, Habilitation and Rehabilitation, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Motomi Toichi
- Faculty of Human Health Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,The Organization for Promoting Neurodevelopmental Disorder Research, Kyoto, Japan
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Brice H, Mencl WE, Frost SJ, Bick AS, Rueckl JG, Pugh KR, Frost R. Neurobiological signatures of L2 proficiency: Evidence from a bi-directional cross-linguistic study. JOURNAL OF NEUROLINGUISTICS 2019; 50:7-16. [PMID: 30976136 PMCID: PMC6452641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroling.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that convergence of print and speech processing across a network of primarily left-hemisphere regions of the brain is a predictor of future reading skills in children, and a marker of fluent reading ability in adults. The present study extends these findings into the domain of second-language (L2) literacy, through brain imaging data of English and Hebrew L2 learners. Participants received an fMRI brain scan, while performing a semantic judgement task on spoken and written words and pseudowords in both their L1 and L2, alongside a battery of L1 and L2 behavioural measures. Imaging results show, overall, show a similar network of activation for reading across the two languages, alongside significant convergence of print and speech processing across a network of left-hemisphere regions in both L1 and L2 and in both cohorts. Importantly, convergence is greater for L1 in occipito-temporal regions tied to automatic skilled reading processes including the visual word-form area, but greater for L2 in frontal regions of the reading network, tied to more effortful, active processing. The main groupwise brain effects tell a similar story, with greater L2 than L1 activation across frontal, temporal and parietal regions, but greater L1 than L2 activation in parieto-occipital regions tied to automatic mapping processes in skilled reading. These results provide evidence for the shifting of the reading networks towards more automatic processing as reading proficiency rises and the mappings and statistics of the new orthography are learned and incorporated into the reading system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Atira Sara Bick
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
- Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jay G. Rueckl
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT
- University of Connecticut, CT
| | - Kenneth R. Pugh
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT
- University of Connecticut, CT
- Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Ram Frost
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT
- Basque Centre on Cognition Brain and Language, Spain
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50
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Perpetuini D, Cardone D, Filippini C, Chiarelli AM, Merla A. Modelling Impulse Response Function of Functional Infrared Imaging for General Linear Model Analysis of Autonomic Activity. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E849. [PMID: 30791366 PMCID: PMC6412675 DOI: 10.3390/s19040849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Functional infrared imaging (fIRI) is a validated procedure to infer autonomic arousal. Currently, fIRI signals are analysed through descriptive metrics, such as average temperature changes in a region of interest (ROI). However, the employment of mathematical models could provide a powerful tool for the accurate identification of autonomic activity and investigation of the mechanisms underlying autonomic arousal. A linear temporal statistical model such as the general linear model (GLM) is particularly suited for its simplicity and direct interpretation. In order to apply the GLM, the thermal response linearity and time-invariance of fIRI have to be demonstrated, and the thermal impulse response (TIR) needs to be characterized. In this study, the linearity and time-invariance of the thermal response to sympathetic activating stimulation were demonstrated, and the TIR for employment of the GLM was characterized. The performance of the GLM-fIRI was evaluated by comparison with the GLM applied on synchronous measurements of the skin conductance response (SCR). In fact, the GLM-SCR is a validated procedure to estimate autonomic arousal. Assuming the GLM-SCR as the gold standard approach, a GLM-fIRI sensitivity and specificity of 86.4% and 75.9% were obtained. The GLM-fIRI may allow increased performances in the evaluation of autonomic activity and a broader range of application of fIRI in both research and clinical settings for the assessment of psychophysiological and psychopathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Perpetuini
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. D'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Daniela Cardone
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. D'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Chiara Filippini
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. D'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Antonio Maria Chiarelli
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. D'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Arcangelo Merla
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. D'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
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