1
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Li ZG, Li BC, Li ZW, Hu HY, Ma X, Cao H, Yu ZH, Dai HP, Wang J, Wang C. The Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers for the IgG Subclass in Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis. J Immunol Res 2023; 2023:9233386. [PMID: 36959921 PMCID: PMC10030223 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9233386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that exposure to coal dust increases immunoglobulin concentration. However, there is a paucity of data reporting immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass in coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP). Therefore, this study intended to evaluate potential diagnostic biomarkers for the disease. CWP patients, dust-exposed workers without pneumoconiosis (DEW), and matched healthy controls (HCs) presented to the General Hospital of Datong Coal Mining Group and Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment Hospital of Datong Coal Mining Group between May 2019 and September 2019 were recruited. The serum immunoglobulin concentration was determined by the multiplex immunoassay technique. Totally, 104 CWP patients, 109 DEWs, and 74 HCs were enrolled. Serum levels of IgG1, IgG2, IgM, and IgA were elevated in CWPs compared with those in DEWs and HCs (P < 0.05). The order of diagnostic accuracy between CWPs and DEWs depicted by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was IgG2, IgM, IgG1, IgG3, and IgA. Significantly higher IgG1/IgG3 and IgG2/IgG3 ratios were observed in the CWP group than in DEW and HC groups. Based on the IgG2/IgG3 ratio, the area under the ROC curve between CWP and DEW was 0.785 (95% CI 0.723-0.838), with a sensitivity of 73.1% and a specificity of 73.4%. Our findings suggest that IgG1, IgG2, IgM, and IgA are higher in the CWPs than DEWs and HCs. The IgG2/IgG3 ratio provides a viable alternative for the diagnosis of CWP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Guo Li
- Department of Respiratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086 Heilongjiang, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Bai-Cun Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hui-Yuan Hu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
- First Clinical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xia Ma
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Datong Coal Mine Group Co., Ltd, Datong 037000, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Hong Cao
- Occupational Disease Prevention and treatment Hospital of Datong Coal Mine Group Co., Ltd, Datong 037001, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Yu
- Occupational Disease Prevention and treatment Hospital of Datong Coal Mine Group Co., Ltd, Datong 037001, China
| | - Hua-Ping Dai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Beijing 100029, China
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Respiratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086 Heilongjiang, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Beijing 100029, China
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
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2
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Drønen EK, Namork E, Dirven H, Nygaard UC. Suspected gut barrier disruptors and development of food allergy: Adjuvant effects and early immune responses. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:1029125. [PMID: 36483186 PMCID: PMC9723362 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.1029125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Food allergy is an increasing public health challenge worldwide. It has recently been hypothesized that the increase in exposure to intestinal epithelial barrier-damaging biological and chemical agents contribute to this development. In animal models, exposure to adjuvants with a food allergen has been shown to promote sensitization and development of food allergy, and barrier disrupting capacities have been suggested to be one mechanism of adjuvant action. Here, we investigated how gut barrier disrupting compounds affected food allergy development in a mouse model of peanut allergy. Sensitization and clinical peanut allergy in C3H/HEOuJ mice were assessed after repeated oral exposure to peanut extract together with cholera toxin (CT; positive control), the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON), house dust mite (HDM) or the pesticide glyphosate (GLY). In addition, we investigated early effects 4 to 48 h after a single exposure to the compounds by assessing markers of intestinal barrier permeability, alarmin production, intestinal epithelial responses, and local immune responses. CT and DON exerted adjuvant effects on peanut allergy development assessed as clinical anaphylaxis in mice. Early markers were affected only by DON, observed as increased IL-33 (interleukin 33) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) alarmin production in intestines and IL-33 receptor ST2 in serum. DON also induced an inflammatory immune response in lymph node cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). HDM and GLY did not clearly promote clinical food allergy and affected few of the early markers at the doses tested. In conclusion, oral exposure to CT and DON promoted development of clinical anaphylaxis in the peanut allergy mouse model. DON, but not CT, affected the early markers measured in this study, indicating that DON and CT have different modes of action at the early stages of peanut sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Klåpbakken Drønen
- Department for Chemical Toxicology, Division for Climate and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen Namork
- Department for Chemical Toxicology, Division for Climate and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hubert Dirven
- Department for Chemical Toxicology, Division for Climate and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Unni Cecilie Nygaard
- Department for Chemical Toxicology, Division for Climate and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Immunology, Division for Infection Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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3
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Acute air pollution exposure increases TETs in human PBMCs. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:477-488.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4
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Ahmad K, Shah HUR, Ashfaq M, Nawaz H. Removal of decidedly lethal metal arsenic from water using metal organic frameworks: a critical review. REV INORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/revic-2021-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Water contamination is worldwide issue, undermining whole biosphere, influencing life of a large number of individuals all over the world. Water contamination is one of the chief worldwide danger issues for death, sickness, and constant decrease of accessible drinkable water around the world. Among the others, presence of arsenic, is considered as the most widely recognized lethal contaminant in water bodies and poses a serious threat not exclusively to humans but also towards aquatic lives. Hence, steps must be taken to decrease quantity of arsenic in water to permissible limits. Recently, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with outstanding stability, sorption capacities, and ecofriendly performance have empowered enormous improvements in capturing substantial metal particles. MOFs have been affirmed as good performance adsorbents for arsenic removal having extended surface area and displayed remarkable results as reported in literature. In this review we look at MOFs which have been recently produced and considered for potential applications in arsenic metal expulsion. We have delivered a summary of up-to-date abilities as well as significant characteristics of MOFs used for this removal. In this review conventional and advanced materials applied to treat water by adsorptive method are also discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Ahmad
- Institute of Chemistry, Baghdad ul Jadeed Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur , Bahawalpur 63100 , Pakistan
| | - Habib-Ur-Rehman Shah
- Institute of Chemistry, Baghdad ul Jadeed Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur , Bahawalpur 63100 , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ashfaq
- Institute of Chemistry, Baghdad ul Jadeed Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur , Bahawalpur 63100 , Pakistan
| | - Haq Nawaz
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100190 , China
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5
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Cho CC, Hsieh WY, Tsai CH, Chen CY, Chang HF, Lin CS. In Vitro and In Vivo Experimental Studies of PM 2.5 on Disease Progression. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1380. [PMID: 29966381 PMCID: PMC6068560 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution is a very critical issue worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Particulate matter (PM) is a type of air pollution that comprises a heterogeneous mixture of different particle sizes and chemical compositions. There are various sources of fine PM (PM2.5), and the components may also have different effects on people. The pathogenesis of PM2.5 in several diseases remains to be clarified. There is a long history of epidemiological research on PM2.5 in several diseases. Numerous studies show that PM2.5 can induce a variety of chronic diseases, such as respiratory system damage, cardiovascular dysfunction, and diabetes mellitus. However, the epidemiological evidence associated with potential mechanisms in the progression of diseases need to be proved precisely through in vitro and in vivo investigations. Suggested mechanisms of PM2.5 that lead to adverse effects and chronic diseases include increasing oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and genotoxicity. The aim of this review is to provide a brief overview of in vitro and in vivo experimental studies of PM2.5 in the progression of various diseases from the last decade. The summarized research results could provide clear information about the mechanisms and progression of PM2.5-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chang Cho
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Boai Street, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Yeh Hsieh
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, 690 Section 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Chin-Hung Tsai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Boai Street, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tungs' Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, 699 Section 8, Taiwan Blvd., Taichung 435, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Yi Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Boai Street, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, 690 Section 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Fang Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Boai Street, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, 690 Section 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Sheng Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Boai Street, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
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6
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Dong J, Ma Q. Type 2 Immune Mechanisms in Carbon Nanotube-Induced Lung Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1120. [PMID: 29872441 PMCID: PMC5972321 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
T helper (Th) 2-dependent type 2 immune pathways have been recognized as an important driver for the development of fibrosis. Upon stimulation, activated Th2 immune cells and type 2 cytokines interact with inflammatory and tissue repair functions to stimulate an overzealous reparative response to tissue damage, leading to organ fibrosis and destruction. In this connection, type 2 pathways are activated by a variety of insults and pathological conditions to modulate the response. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are nanomaterials with a wide range of applications. However, pulmonary exposure to CNTs causes a number of pathologic outcomes in animal lungs, dominated by inflammation and fibrosis. These findings, alongside the rapidly expanding production and commercialization of CNTs and CNT-containing materials in recent years, have raised concerns on the health risk of CNT exposure in humans. The CNT-induced pulmonary fibrotic lesions resemble those of human fibrotic lung diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and pneumoconiosis, to a certain extent with regard to disease development and pathological features. In fibrotic scenarios, immune cells are activated including varying immune pathways, ranging from innate immune cell activation to autoimmune disease. These events often precede and/or accompany the occurrence of fibrosis. Upon CNT exposure, significant induction and activation of Th2 cells and type 2 cytokines in the lungs are observed. Moreover, type 2 pathways are shown to play important roles in promoting CNT-induced lung fibrosis by producing type 2 pro-fibrotic factors and inducing the reparative phenotypes of macrophages in response to CNTs. In light of the vastly increased demand for nanosafety and the apparent induction and multiple roles of type 2 immune pathways in lung fibrosis, we review the current literature on CNT-induced lung fibrosis, with a focus on the induction and activation of type 2 responses by CNTs and the stimulating function of type 2 signaling on pulmonary fibrosis development. These analyses provide new insights into the mechanistic understanding of CNT-induced lung fibrosis, as well as the potential of using type 2 responses as a monitoring target and therapeutic strategy for human fibrotic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiang Ma
- Receptor Biology Laboratory, Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States
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7
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Gawda A, Majka G, Nowak B, Marcinkiewicz J. Air pollution, oxidative stress, and exacerbation of autoimmune diseases. Cent Eur J Immunol 2017; 42:305-312. [PMID: 29204097 PMCID: PMC5708213 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2017.70975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of epidemiological studies have shown a strong association between exposure to ambient airborne particulate matter (PM 2.5, PM < 1.0) and lung or cardiovascular diseases characterised by high mortality and morbidity. However, much less is known about the role of air pollution in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, which constitutes a significant problem in modern society. This paper summarises the state of current research regarding the influence of PM on the development and/or progression of autoimmune diseases. A brief review of the great body of research concerning pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders is presented. Then, the scope of our review is narrowed to the research related to the impact of particulate matter on oxidative and nitrosative stress, as well as exacerbation of chronic inflammation, because they can contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases. Moreover, we discuss the impact of various components of PM (metal, organic compounds) on PM toxicity and the ability to generate oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gawda
- Chair of Immunology, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Majka
- Chair of Immunology, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bernadeta Nowak
- Chair of Immunology, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Krakow, Poland
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8
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Øvrevik J, Refsnes M, Låg M, Brinchmann BC, Schwarze PE, Holme JA. Triggering Mechanisms and Inflammatory Effects of Combustion Exhaust Particles with Implication for Carcinogenesis. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 121 Suppl 3:55-62. [PMID: 28001342 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A number of biological responses may contribute to the carcinogenic effects of combustion-derived particulate matter (CPM). Here, we focus on mechanisms that trigger CPM-induced pro-inflammatory responses. Inflammation has both genotoxic and non-genotoxic implications and is considered to play a central role in development of various health outcome associated with CPM exposure, including cancer. Chronic, low-grade inflammation may cause DNA damage through a persistent increased level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced and released by activated immune cells. Moreover, a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines display mitogenic, motogenic, morphogenic and/or angiogenic properties and may therefore contribute to tumour growth and metastasis. The key triggering events involved in activation of pro-inflammatory responses by CPM and soluble CPM components can be categorized into (i) formation of ROS and oxidative stress, (ii) interaction with the lipid layer of cellular membranes, (iii) activation of receptors, ion channels and transporters on the cell surface and (iv) interactions with intracellular molecular targets including receptors such as the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). In particular, we will elucidate the effects of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) using human lung epithelial cells as a model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Øvrevik
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Domain for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magne Refsnes
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Domain for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit Låg
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Domain for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bendik C Brinchmann
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Domain for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per E Schwarze
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Domain for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørn A Holme
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Domain for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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9
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Bøgh KL, van Bilsen J, Głogowski R, López-Expósito I, Bouchaud G, Blanchard C, Bodinier M, Smit J, Pieters R, Bastiaan-Net S, de Wit N, Untersmayr E, Adel-Patient K, Knippels L, Epstein MM, Noti M, Nygaard UC, Kimber I, Verhoeckx K, O'Mahony L. Current challenges facing the assessment of the allergenic capacity of food allergens in animal models. Clin Transl Allergy 2016; 6:21. [PMID: 27313841 PMCID: PMC4910256 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-016-0110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Food allergy is a major health problem of increasing concern. The insufficiency of protein sources for human nutrition in a world with a growing population is also a significant problem. The introduction of new protein sources into the diet, such as newly developed innovative foods or foods produced using new technologies and production processes, insects, algae, duckweed, or agricultural products from third countries, creates the opportunity for development of new food allergies, and this in turn has driven the need to develop test methods capable of characterizing the allergenic potential of novel food proteins. There is no doubt that robust and reliable animal models for the identification and characterization of food allergens would be valuable tools for safety assessment. However, although various animal models have been proposed for this purpose, to date, none have been formally validated as predictive and none are currently suitable to test the allergenic potential of new foods. Here, the design of various animal models are reviewed, including among others considerations of species and strain, diet, route of administration, dose and formulation of the test protein, relevant controls and endpoints measured.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Iván López-Expósito
- Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Institute for Food Science Research (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Joost Smit
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond Pieters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Shanna Bastiaan-Net
- Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole de Wit
- Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Untersmayr
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karine Adel-Patient
- UMR-INRA-CEA, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Leon Knippels
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands ; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle M Epstein
- Experimental Allergy Laboratory, DIAID, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Noti
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Ian Kimber
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Liam O'Mahony
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zürich, Obere Strasse 22, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland
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10
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Ni L, Chuang CC, Zuo L. Fine particulate matter in acute exacerbation of COPD. Front Physiol 2015; 6:294. [PMID: 26557095 PMCID: PMC4617054 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common airway disorder. In particular, acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) can significantly reduce pulmonary function. The majority of AECOPD episodes are attributed to infections, although environmental stress also plays a role. Increasing urbanization and associated air pollution, especially in developing countries, have been shown to contribute to COPD pathogenesis. Elevated levels of particulate matter (PM) in polluted air are strongly correlated with the onset and development of various respiratory diseases. In this review, we have conducted an extensive literature search of recent studies of the role of PM2.5 (fine PM) in AECOPD. PM2.5 leads to AECOPD via inflammation, oxidative stress (OS), immune dysfunction, and altered airway epithelial structure and microbiome. Reducing PM2.5 levels is a viable approach to lower AECOPD incidence, attenuate COPD progression and decrease the associated healthcare burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ni
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus, OH, USA ; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China ; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Pudong Meteorological Service Shanghai, China
| | - Chia-Chen Chuang
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus, OH, USA ; Interdisciplinary Biophysics Program, The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Li Zuo
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus, OH, USA ; Interdisciplinary Biophysics Program, The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
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11
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Jaligama S, Chen Z, Saravia J, Yadav N, Lomnicki SM, Dugas TR, Cormier SA. Exposure to Deepwater Horizon Crude Oil Burnoff Particulate Matter Induces Pulmonary Inflammation and Alters Adaptive Immune Response. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:8769-8776. [PMID: 26115348 PMCID: PMC4526136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The ″in situ burning" of trapped crude oil on the surface of Gulf waters during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill released numerous pollutants, including combustion-generated particulate matter (PM). Limited information is available on the respiratory impact of inhaled in situ burned oil sail particulate matter (OSPM). Here we utilized PM collected from in situ burn plumes of the DWH oil spill to study the acute effects of exposure to OSPM on pulmonary health. OSPM caused dose-and time-dependent cytotoxicity and generated reactive oxygen species and superoxide radicals in vitro. Additionally, mice exposed to OSPM exhibited significant decreases in body weight gain, systemic oxidative stress in the form of increased serum 8-isoprostane (8-IP) levels, and airway inflammation in the form of increased macrophages and eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Further, in a mouse model of allergic asthma, OSPM caused increased T helper 2 cells (Th2), peribronchiolar inflammation, and increased airway mucus production. These findings demonstrate that acute exposure to OSPM results in pulmonary inflammation and alteration of innate/adaptive immune responses in mice and highlight potential respiratory effects associated with cleaning up an oil spill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Jaligama
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 50 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38103, United States
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38103, United States
| | - Zaili Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Jordy Saravia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 50 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38103, United States
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38103, United States
| | - Nikki Yadav
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 50 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38103, United States
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38103, United States
| | - Slawomir M. Lomnicki
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Tammy R. Dugas
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Stephania A. Cormier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 50 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38103, United States
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38103, United States
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12
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Øvrevik J, Refsnes M, Låg M, Holme JA, Schwarze PE. Activation of Proinflammatory Responses in Cells of the Airway Mucosa by Particulate Matter: Oxidant- and Non-Oxidant-Mediated Triggering Mechanisms. Biomolecules 2015; 5:1399-440. [PMID: 26147224 PMCID: PMC4598757 DOI: 10.3390/biom5031399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is considered to play a central role in a diverse range of disease outcomes associated with exposure to various types of inhalable particulates. The initial mechanisms through which particles trigger cellular responses leading to activation of inflammatory responses are crucial to clarify in order to understand what physico-chemical characteristics govern the inflammogenic activity of particulate matter and why some particles are more harmful than others. Recent research suggests that molecular triggering mechanisms involved in activation of proinflammatory genes and onset of inflammatory reactions by particles or soluble particle components can be categorized into direct formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with subsequent oxidative stress, interaction with the lipid layer of cellular membranes, activation of cell surface receptors, and direct interactions with intracellular molecular targets. The present review focuses on the immediate effects and responses in cells exposed to particles and central down-stream signaling mechanisms involved in regulation of proinflammatory genes, with special emphasis on the role of oxidant and non-oxidant triggering mechanisms. Importantly, ROS act as a central second-messenger in a variety of signaling pathways. Even non-oxidant mediated triggering mechanisms are therefore also likely to activate downstream redox-regulated events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Øvrevik
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Magne Refsnes
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Marit Låg
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jørn A Holme
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Per E Schwarze
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
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Wang G, Zhao J, Jiang R, Song W. Rat lung response to ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:343-356. [PMID: 24136897 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to different ambient pollutants maybe more toxic to lung than exposure to a single pollutant. In this study, we discussed the inflammation and oxidative stress responses of rat lung caused by ozone and PM2.5 versus that of rats exposed to saline, ozone, or single PM2.5 . Wistar rats inhaled 0.8 ppm ozone or air for 4 h and then placed in air for 3 h following intratracheal instillation with 0, 0.2 (low dose), 0.8 (medium dose), 3.2 (high dose) mg/rat PM2.5 dissolved in sterile saline (0.25 mL/rat), repeated twice per week for 3 weeks, the cumulative doses of PM2.5 in animals were 1.2, 4.8, and 19.2 mg. Rats were sacrificed 24 h after the last (sixth) exposure. The collected bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was analyzed for inflammatory cells and cytokines. Lung tissues were processed for light microscopic and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) examinations. Results showed that total cell number in BALF of PM2.5 -exposed groups were higher than control (p < 0.05). PM2.5 instillation caused dose-trend increase in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6, lactate dehydrogenase, and total protein of BALF. Exposure to ozone alone only caused TNF-α significant change in above-mentioned indicators of lung injury. On the other hand, ozone could enhance PM2.5-induced inflammatory changes and pathological characters in rat lungs. SOD and GSH-Px activities in lung were reduced in PM2.5-exposed rats with and without prior ozone exposure compared to control. To determine whether the PM2.5 and ozone affect endothelium system, iNOS, eNOS, and ICAM-1 mRNA levels in lung were analyzed by real-time PCR. These data demonstrated that inflammation and oxidative stress were involved in toxicology mechanisms of PM2.5 in rat lung and ozone potentiated these effects induced by PM2.5. These results have implications for understanding the pulmonary effects induced by ozone and PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghe Wang
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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14
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Guinan TM, Kirkbride P, Della Vedova CB, Kershaw SG, Kobus H, Voelcker NH. Direct detection of illicit drugs from biological fluids by desorption/ionization mass spectrometry with nanoporous silicon microparticles. Analyst 2015; 140:7926-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01754h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Surface assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS) with porous silicon microparticles was used for the all-in-one extraction and detection of illicit drugs from saliva, urine and plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. M. Guinan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
- Mawson Institute
- Australia
| | - P. Kirkbride
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences
- Flinders University
- Bedford Park
- Australia
| | - C. B. Della Vedova
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences
- University of South Australia
- Adelaide
- Australia
| | - S. G. Kershaw
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences
- University of South Australia
- Adelaide
- Australia
| | - H. Kobus
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences
- Flinders University
- Bedford Park
- Australia
| | - N. H. Voelcker
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
- Mawson Institute
- Australia
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15
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El-Sayed YS, Shimizu R, Onoda A, Takeda K, Umezawa M. Carbon black nanoparticle exposure during middle and late fetal development induces immune activation in male offspring mice. Toxicology 2015; 327:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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16
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Moon KY, Park MK, Leikauf GD, Park CS, Jang AS. Diesel exhaust particle-induced airway responses are augmented in obese rats. Int J Toxicol 2014; 33:21-8. [PMID: 24536021 DOI: 10.1177/1091581813518355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Air pollutants and obesity are important factors that contribute to asthma. The aim of this study was to assess the airway responsiveness and inflammation in Otsuka-Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) obese rats and Long Evans Tokushima-Otsuka (LETO) nonobese rats exposed to diesel exhaust particles (DEPs). Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima fatty rats and LETO rats were exposed intranasally to DEP and then challenged with aerosolized DEP on days 6 to 8. Body plethysmography, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and histology were performed. Enhanced pause (Penh) was measured as an indicator of airway resistance on day 9 and samples were collected on day 10. After exposure to DEP, the OLETF group exhibited a greater increase in Penh compared to that in the LETO group. Moreover, the BAL fluid in mice showed an increase in the total and differential cell counts in the DEP-exposed OLETF group compared to that in the DEP-exposed LETO group. Histological assessment of lung tissue from each group revealed that the DEP-exposed OLETF group tended to have increased inflammatory cell infiltrations in the prebronchial area. Increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, coactivator 1β messenger RNA was observed in the lungs of obese rats compared to that in nonobese rats following DEP exposure. These data indicate that the DEP-exposed OLETF group had increased airway responses and inflammation compared to the DEP-exposed LETO group, indicating that diesel particulates and obesity may be co-contributors to asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuk-Young Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-Do, 420-767, Republic of Korea.
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Boland S, Hussain S, Baeza-Squiban A. Carbon black and titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce distinct molecular mechanisms of toxicity. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 6:641-52. [PMID: 25266826 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence link nanomaterials with adverse biological outcomes and due to the variety of applications and potential human exposures to nanoparticles, it is thus important to evaluate their toxicity for the risk assessment of workers and consumers. It is crucial to understand the underlying mechanisms of their toxicity as observation of similar effects after different nanomaterial exposures does not reflect similar intracellular processing and organelle interactions. A thorough understanding of mechanisms is needed not only for accurate prediction of potential toxicological impacts but also for the development of safer nanoapplications by modulating the physicochemical characteristics. Furthermore biomedical applications may also take advantage of an in depth knowledge about the mode of action of nanotoxicity to design new nanoparticle-derived drugs. In the present manuscript we discuss the similarities and differences in molecular pathways of toxicity after carbon black (CB) and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticle exposures and identify the main toxicity mechanisms induced by these two nanoparticles which may also be indicative for the mode of action of other insoluble nanomaterials. We address the translocation, cell death induction, genotoxicity, and inflammation induced by TiO₂ and CB nanoparticles which depend on their internalization, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production capacities and/or protein interactions. We summarize their distinct cellular mechanisms of toxicity and the crucial steps which may be targeted to avoid adverse effects or to induce them for nanomedical purposes. Several physicochemical characteristics could influence these general toxicity pathways depicted here and the identification of common toxicity pathways could support the grouping of nanomaterials in terms of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Boland
- Univ Paris Diderot, (Sorbonne Paris Cité), UMR 8251 CNRS, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA), Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Responses to Xenobiotics (RMCX), Paris, France
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Bode C, Kinjo T, Alvord WG, Klinman DM. Suppressive oligodeoxynucleotides reduce lung cancer susceptibility in mice with silicosis. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1078-83. [PMID: 24403310 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicosis is an inflammatory lung disease induced by the inhalation of silica-containing dust particles. There is conflicting data on whether patients with silicosis are more susceptible to lung cancer induced by cigarette smoke. To examine this issue experimentally, a model was developed in which one of the most abundant and potent carcinogens present in cigarette smoke [4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)] was administered to mice at the peak of silica-induced pulmonary inflammation. Results show that the incidence of lung tumors in silicotic mice treated with NNK was significantly increased compared with mice exposed to silica or NNK alone. Synthetic oligonucleotides (ODN) containing repetitive TTAGGG motifs can block pathologic inflammation. We therefore examined whether treatment with these suppressive (Sup) ODN could block silica-induced pulmonary inflammation and thereby reduce susceptibility to lung cancer. Results show that Sup (but not control) ODN inhibit pulmonary fibrosis and other inflammatory manifestations of chronic silicosis. Of greater import, Sup ODN reduced lung tumor incidence and multiplicity in silicotic mice exposed to NNK. These findings establish an experimental model for examining the role of silicotic inflammation in cancer susceptibility and demonstrate that Sup ODN represent a novel therapy for chronic silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bode
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Roy R, Kumar S, Verma AK, Sharma A, Chaudhari BP, Tripathi A, Das M, Dwivedi PD. Zinc oxide nanoparticles provide an adjuvant effect to ovalbumin via a Th2 response in Balb/c mice. Int Immunol 2013; 26:159-72. [PMID: 24225181 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxt053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNPs) have been used in dietary supplements and may cause an immunomodulatory effect. The present study investigated the effect of ZNPs on antigen-specific immune responses in mice sensitized with the T-cell-dependent antigen ovalbumin (OVA). BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally administered ZNPs (0.25, 0.5, 1 and 3mg) once, in combination with OVA, and the serum antibodies, splenocyte reactivity and activation of antigen-presenting cells were examined. The serum levels of OVA-specific IgG1 and IgE were found significantly enhanced by treatment with ZNPs over control. An increased level of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17 and decreased level of IL-10 and TNF-α in splenocytes administered with ZNPs were observed in comparison with control. The ZNPs and OVA-stimulated T lymphocytes showed enhanced proliferation compared with control. Macrophages and B cells showed high expression of MHC class II, whereas higher expression of CD11b in macrophages of the ZNPs and ZNPs/OVA treated groups was observed. The lungs and spleen had increased eosinophils and mast cell numbers. Also, myeloperoxidase activity in lungs was found to be increased by 2.5-fold in the case of ZNPs and 3.75-fold increase in ZNPs/OVA, whereas in intestine, there was significant increase in both the groups. Increased expression of the genes for GATA-3, SOCS-3, TLR-4, IL-13 and IL-5 in the intestine was observed. Collectively, these data indicate that systemic exposure to a single administration of ZNPs could enhance subsequent antigen-specific immune reactions, including the serum production of antigen-specific antibodies, and the functionality of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Roy
- Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, M.G. Marg, PO Box 80, Lucknow 226001, India
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Sadakane K, Ichinose T, Takano H, Yanagisawa R, Inoue KI, Kawazato H, Yasuda A, Hayakawa K. Organic chemicals in diesel exhaust particles enhance picryl chloride-induced atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2013; 162:7-15. [PMID: 23817207 DOI: 10.1159/000350765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) have been reported to worsen allergic airway inflammation in mice. Recently, the organic chemical components of DEP (DEP-OC) were found to be important contributors to the aggravation of allergic airway inflammation in mice. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of DEP-OC on atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions induced by picryl chloride (PiCl) in NC/Nga mice. METHODS DEP were extracted with benzene/ethanol, and the soluble organic fraction formed the DEP-OC. NC/Nga male mice received simultaneous application of DEP-OC and/or PiCl on their ears once a week for 9 or 3 weeks. We evaluated skin lesions by noting scaling, eruption, excoriation, erosion, hemorrhage, pathologic changes, production of cytokines, and IgE level in the serum. RESULTS PiCl application alone produced progressively severe AD-like skin lesions. The application of PiCl plus DEP-OC resulted in a marked worsening of skin lesions in the early stages of AD. Moreover, mast cell counts significantly increased in the subcutaneous tissue. Administration of PiCl combined with DEP-OC resulted in a greater increase in the local expression of interleukin-4, keratinocyte chemoattractant, and neutrophils in subcutaneous tissue compared with PiCl treatment alone. In contrast, the combination treatment produced lower levels of IFN-γ compared with PiCl treatment alone. CONCLUSIONS DEP-OC application to the skin aggravated PiCl-induced AD. This aggravation may be due to activation of the Th2-associated immune responses by the organic chemicals in DEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Sadakane
- Department of Health Sciences, Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Oita, Japan
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21
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Layachi S, Rogerieux F, Robidel F, Lacroix G, Bayat S. Effect of combined nitrogen dioxide and carbon nanoparticle exposure on lung function during ovalbumin sensitization in Brown Norway rat. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45687. [PMID: 23029182 PMCID: PMC3461023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of particulate and gaseous pollutants in their effects on the severity of allergic inflammation and airway responsiveness are not well understood. We assessed the effect of exposure to NO2 in the presence or absence of repetitive treatment with carbon nanoparticle (CNP) during allergen sensitization and challenges in Borwn-Norway (BN) rat, in order to assess their interactions on lung function and airway responses (AR) to allergen and methacholine (MCH), end-expiratory lung volume (EELV), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cellular content, serum and BALF cytokine levels and histological changes. Animals were divided into the following groups (n = 6): Control; CNP (Degussa-FW2): 13 nm, 0.5 mg/kg instilled intratracheally ×3 at 7-day intervals; OVA: ovalbumin-sensitised; OVA+CNP: both sensitized and exposed to CNP. Rats were divided into equal groups exposed either to air or to NO2, 10 ppm, 6 h/d, 5d/wk for 4 weeks. Exposure to NO2, significantly enhanced lung inflammation and airway reactivity, with a significantly larger effect in animals sensitized to allergen, which was related to a higher expression of TH1 and TH2-type cytokines. Conversely, exposure to NO2 in animals undergoing repeated tracheal instillation of CNP alone, increased BALF neutrophilia and enhanced the expression of TH1 cytokines: TNF-α and IFN-γ, but did not show an additive effect on airway reactivity in comparison to NO2 alone. The exposure to NO2 combined with CNP treatment and allergen sensitization however, unexpectedly resulted in a significant decrease in both airway reactivity to allergen and to methacholine, and a reduction in TH2-type cytokines compared to allergen sensitization alone. EELV was significantly reduced with sensitization, CNP treatment or both. These data suggest an immunomodulatory effect of repeated tracheal instillation of CNP on the proinflammatory effects of NO2 exposure in sensitized BN rat. Furthermore, our findings suggest that NO2, CNP and OVA sensitization may significantly slow overall lung growth in parenchymally mature animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skander Layachi
- University of Picardie Jules Verne, EA4285 Laboratoire Périnatalité et Risques Toxiques- UMI01 INERIS, Amiens, France
| | - Françoise Rogerieux
- Departments of Paediatric Cardiology and Respiratory Medicine, Paediatric Lung Function Laboratory, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Franck Robidel
- Departments of Paediatric Cardiology and Respiratory Medicine, Paediatric Lung Function Laboratory, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Ghislaine Lacroix
- Departments of Paediatric Cardiology and Respiratory Medicine, Paediatric Lung Function Laboratory, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Sam Bayat
- University of Picardie Jules Verne, EA4285 Laboratoire Périnatalité et Risques Toxiques- UMI01 INERIS, Amiens, France
- Departments of Paediatric Cardiology and Respiratory Medicine, Paediatric Lung Function Laboratory, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
- * E-mail:
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Hussain S, Vanoirbeek JAJ, Hoet PHM. Interactions of nanomaterials with the immune system. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 4:169-83. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salik Hussain
- Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Responses to Xenobiotics, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Research Unit for Lung Toxicology, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Imbalance of Th1 and Th2 cells in cardiac injury induced by ambient fine particles. Toxicol Lett 2011; 208:225-31. [PMID: 22134058 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The study was to explore the potential immunoregulatory mechanisms linking fine particles and cardiac injury. Wistar kyoto (WKY) rats were exposed by intratracheal instillation to fine particles with the doses of 0.0, 1.6, 8.0 and 40.0mg/kg b.w., respectively. The exposure was conducted once a day, for three consecutive days. Twenty-four hours after the last exposure, the rats were sacrificed. Th1- and Th2-related transcription factors and cytokines were assessed in left ventricle of rats. The mRNA expressions of Th1- and Th2-related transcription factors signal transducer and activator of transcriptionl 1 (STAT1), signal transducer and activator of transcriptional 6 (STAT6), GATA-3 and T-bet were assessed in left ventricle of rats using real-time PCR. Meanwhile, the levels of Th1- and Th2-related cytokines IL-4, IL-13 and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) were determined by ELISA kits in cardiac homogenate supernatant of rats. Furthermore, the protein expression of IL-4 and IFN-γ were detected in myocardium by Western blot. The results of cardiac histology demonstrated exacerbated cardiac lesions and histological characterization of inflammation and degeneration in rats after exposure to fine particles. Moreover, fine particles induced significant increase of IL-4 and IL-13 and decrease of IFN-γ in myocardium of rats. The mRNA expression of STAT1, STAT6 and GATA-3 were up-regulated in left ventricle of rats in a dose-dependent manner, whereas T-bet was significantly down-regulated. The variations of these cytokines demonstrated the imbalance of Th1 and Th2 cytokines existed in cardiac injuries induced by fine particle. The imbalance of Th1/Th2 cytokines might be one of the mechanisms of immunotoxicity of cardiovascular system induced by ambient fine particles.
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Morimoto Y, Ogami A, Todoroki M, Yamamoto M, Murakami M, Hirohashi M, Oyabu T, Myojo T, Nishi KI, Kadoya C, Yamasaki S, Nagatomo H, Fujita K, Endoh S, Uchida K, Yamamoto K, Kobayashi N, Nakanishi J, Tanaka I. Expression of inflammation-related cytokines following intratracheal instillation of nickel oxide nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology 2011; 4:161-76. [PMID: 20795893 DOI: 10.3109/17435390903518479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine what kinds of cytokines are related to lung disorder by well-dispersed nanoparticles. The mass median diameter of nickel oxide in distilled water was 26 nm. Rats intratracheally received 0.2 mg of nickel oxide suspended in distilled water, and were sacrificed from three days to six months. The concentrations of 21 cytokines including inflammation, fibrosis and allergy-related ones were measured in the lung. Infiltration of alveolar macrophages was observed persistently in the nickel oxide-exposed group. Expression of macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha showed a continued increase in lung tissue and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) while interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), IL-1beta in lung tissue and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in BALF showed transient increases. Taken together, it was suggested that nano-agglomerates of nickel oxide nanoparticles have a persistent inflammatory effect, and the transient increase in cytokine expression and persistent increases in CC chemokine were involved in the persistent pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Morimoto
- Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Inoue KI. Promoting effects of nanoparticles/materials on sensitive lung inflammatory diseases. Environ Health Prev Med 2010; 16:139-43. [PMID: 21431802 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-010-0177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the adverse health effects of nanoparticles/materials have been proposed and are being clarified, their facilitating effects on preexisting pathological conditions have not been fully established. We provide insights into the environmental immunotoxicity of nanoparticles as an aggravating factor in hypersusceptible subjects, especially those with respiratory disorders, using our in vivo models. We first examined the effects of nanoparticles/materials on lung inflammation induced by bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) as a test model against innate immunity, and demonstrated that nanoparticles instilled through both an intratracheal tube and an inhalation system can exacerbate lung inflammation. Secondly, we examined the effects of nanoparticles/materials on allergic pathophysiology, and showed that repetitive pulmonary exposure to nanoparticles has aggravating effects on allergic airway inflammation, including adjuvant effects on Th2-milieu. Taken together, nanoparticle exposure may synergistically facilitate pathological inflammatory conditions in the lung via both innate and adaptive immunological abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichiro Inoue
- Department of Public Health and Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
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Vandebriel RJ, Loveren HV. Non-animal sensitization testing: State-of-the-art. Crit Rev Toxicol 2010; 40:389-404. [DOI: 10.3109/10408440903524262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Maes T, Provoost S, Lanckacker EA, Cataldo DD, Vanoirbeek JAJ, Nemery B, Tournoy KG, Joos GF. Mouse models to unravel the role of inhaled pollutants on allergic sensitization and airway inflammation. Respir Res 2010; 11:7. [PMID: 20092634 PMCID: PMC2831838 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Air pollutant exposure has been linked to a rise in wheezing illnesses. Clinical data highlight that exposure to mainstream tobacco smoke (MS) and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) as well as exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) could promote allergic sensitization or aggravate symptoms of asthma, suggesting a role for these inhaled pollutants in the pathogenesis of asthma. Mouse models are a valuable tool to study the potential effects of these pollutants in the pathogenesis of asthma, with the opportunity to investigate their impact during processes leading to sensitization, acute inflammation and chronic disease. Mice allow us to perform mechanistic studies and to evaluate the importance of specific cell types in asthma pathogenesis. In this review, the major clinical effects of tobacco smoke and diesel exhaust exposure regarding to asthma development and progression are described. Clinical data are compared with findings from murine models of asthma and inhalable pollutant exposure. Moreover, the potential mechanisms by which both pollutants could aggravate asthma are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Maes
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Abstract
Ultrafine particles and engineered nanoparticles have unique aerodynamic and biochemical properties that affect the immune system and human health in ways that are different from or exceed those seen with gases or larger particulates. These effects result from a unique set of physical characteristics and surface moieties, which generate an ability of UFPs to enter tissues and cells, interact with proteins and DNA at a molecular level and directly and indirectly modulate the immune system by novel mechanisms. In recent years, a new field known as nanotechnology has impacted multiple industries by taking advantage of the special qualities of these small "atomic-sized" particles. Nanomedicine has already opened up a new avenue of research in cancer therapy, drug delivery and immune regulation. While the benefits of this new science to human civilization are seemingly immeasurable, it is also important to appreciate that these particles can also lead to harmful effects on human health. In vitro and animal studies are showing that nanoparticles and UFPs are capable of activating proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules, with recruitment of inflammatory cells including basophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, neutrophils and eosinophils. These changes may have an impact on immune defense, but also on the Th1/Th2 balance, and even on non-immunologic function. Resulting immune system derangement can lead to increases in incidence of autoimmune, allergic and even neoplastic diseases. Cardiorespiratory effects have been observed to occur in humans. Much further research is needed to establish safe exposure levels for this important new class of particulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6510, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Klinman DM, Tross D, Klaschik S, Shirota H, Sato T. Therapeutic applications and mechanisms underlying the activity of immunosuppressive oligonucleotides. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1175:80-8. [PMID: 19796080 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04970.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) capable of "neutralizing" or "inhibiting" immune responses have been described. This review will focus on the properties of phosphorothioate ODN that mimic the immunosuppressive activity of the repetitive TTAGGG motifs present in mammalian telomeres. These TTAGGG multimers block the production of pro-inflammatory and T helper type 1 cytokines elicited when immune cells are activated by a wide variety of Toll-like receptor ligands, polyclonal activators, and antigens. Several mechanisms contribute to the suppressive activity of such ODN. Ongoing microarray studies indicate that suppressive ODN interfere with the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and STAT4, thereby blocking the inflammation mediated by STAT-associated signaling cascades. In animal models, suppressive ODN can be used to prevent or treat diseases characterized by persistent immune activation, including collagen-induced arthritis, inflammatory arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, silicosis, and toxic shock. These findings suggest that TTAGGG multimers may find broad use in the treatment of diseases characterized by over-exuberant/persistent immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M Klinman
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
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Ritz SA. Air pollution as a potential contributor to the 'epidemic' of autoimmune disease. Med Hypotheses 2009; 74:110-7. [PMID: 19665849 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There has been remarkable progress over the past 20 years in pushing forward our understanding of many facets of autoimmune disease. Indeed, knowledge of the genetic basis of autoimmunity and the molecular and cellular pathways involved in its pathogenesis has reached an unprecedented level. Yet this knowledge has not served to prevent autoimmune disease nor to curtail the dramatic rise in its incidence over the same interval. Population-level genetic changes cannot explain this trend; thus, environmental factors are strongly implicated. Among the possible environmental contributors to autoimmune disease, air pollution exposure has received very little attention. Although there is only a small amount of published data directly examining a possible causal relationship between air pollution exposure and autoimmunity, data from related fields suggests that it could facilitate autoimmunity as well. If correct, this hypothesis could prove to have sizeable public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey A Ritz
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, East Campus - Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, Canada.
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Pasula R, Britigan BE, Turner J, Martin WJ. Airway delivery of silica increases susceptibility to mycobacterial infection in mice: potential role of repopulating macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:7102-9. [PMID: 19454707 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Silica exposure results in an increased lifelong risk of developing mycobacterial pulmonary infections. To date, there are no animal models that replicate this finding to permit assessment of the mechanisms underlying susceptibility to mycobacterial infection. To test the hypothesis that prior silica exposure increases risk of mycobacterial infection, we intratracheally (I.T.) administered silica, a control dust (Al(2)O(3)) or saline into mechanically ventilated C57BL/6 mice. Later, the mice received Mycobacterium avium or Mycobacterium tuberculosis I.T. Mice were sacrificed at defined time points and mycobacteria in lung homogenates were quantified. M. avium or M. tuberculosis infection was markedly increased in silica-exposed mice compared with mice exposed to either Al(2)O(3) or saline beginning 3 wk after silica exposure. Similarly, lung sections from silica-exposed mice had many more acid fast bacilli(+) (AFB(+)) organisms than from control mice. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) from bronchoalveolar lavage of silica-exposed mice also revealed a higher number of mycobacteria compared with mice treated with Al(2)O(3) or saline. In addition, passive transfer of AMs from silica-exposed mice to control mice increased M. tuberculosis susceptibility. These results indicate that silica exposure converts mycobacteria-resistant mice into mycobacteria-susceptible mice via a process that likely involves a new population of AMs that are more susceptible to mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajamouli Pasula
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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Fedulov AV, Kobzik L. Immunotoxicologic analysis of maternal transmission of asthma risk. J Immunotoxicol 2009; 5:445-52. [PMID: 19404877 DOI: 10.1080/15476910802481765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma has origins in early life. Epidemiological studies show that maternal, more than paternal, asthma significantly increases a child's risk of developing the disease. Experimental animal models exist which reproduce the increased susceptibility to asthma seen in human studies, and allow analysis of immunotoxic mechanisms that may contribute to neonatal allergy. In addition to maternal asthma, chemically-induced skin contact hypersensitivity or exposure during pregnancy of non-allergic females to certain environmental agents, e.g., air pollution particles, can also result in increased susceptibility to asthma in their offspring. We review here experimental models of maternal transmission of asthma risk, the progress to date in identifying mechanisms, and potential directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Fedulov
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Alberg T, Cassee FR, Groeng EC, Dybing E, Løvik M. Fine ambient particles from various sites in europe exerted a greater IgE adjuvant effect than coarse ambient particles in a mouse model. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2009; 72:1-13. [PMID: 18979350 DOI: 10.1080/15287390802414471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the European Union (EU)-funded project Respiratory Allergy and Inflammation due to Ambient Particles (RAIAP), coarse and fine ambient particulate matter (PM) was collected at traffic dominated locations in Oslo, Rome, Lodz, and Amsterdam, in the spring, summer, and winter 2001/2002. PM was also collected in de Zilk, a rural seaside background location in the Netherlands. The aim of this study was to screen the ambient PM fractions for allergy adjuvant activity measured as the production of allergen- (ovalbumin-) specific immunoglobulin (Ig) E following subcutaneous (sc) injection into the footpad of mice. A second aim was to determine whether the 6-d popliteal lymph node (PLN) assay can be used to detect an allergy adjuvant activity. Allergy screening for IgE adjuvant activity showed that in the presence of ovalbumin (Ova) 12 out of 13 of the fine ambient PM fractions exerted a significant IgE adjuvant activity. In contrast, only 3 out of 13 of the coarse PM fractions had significant adjuvant activity. Overall, fine ambient PM exerted significantly greater IgE adjuvant activity per unit mass than coarse PM. No significant differences were observed between locations or seasons. Substantial higher levels of specific components of PM such as vanadium (V), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), ammonium (NH(4)), and sulfate (SO(4)) were present in the fine compared to coarse PM fractions. However, differences in the content of these components among fine PM fractions did not reflect the variation in the levels of IgE anti-Ova. Still, when comparing all seasons overall, positive correlations were observed between V, Ni, and SO(4) and the allergen specific IgE levels. The PLN responses (weight and cell number) to Ova and ambient PM in combination were significantly higher than to Ova or PM alone. Still, the PLN assay appears not to be useful as a quantitative assay for screening of allergy adjuvant activity since no correlation was observed between PLN responses and allergen specific IgE levels. In conclusion, fine ambient PM fractions consistently were found to increase the allergen-specific IgE responses more than the coarse ones. Our finding is in agreement with the notion that traffic-related air pollution contributes to the disease burden in asthma and allergy, and points to fine and ultrafine ambient PM as the most important fractions in relation to allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torunn Alberg
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Environmental Medicine, Oslo, Norway.
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Steerenberg P, Verlaan A, De Klerk A, Boere A, Loveren H, Cassee F. Sensitivity to Ozone, Diesel Exhaust Particles, and Standardized Ambient Particulate Matter in Rats with aListeria Monocytogenes-Induced Respiratory Infection. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 16:311-7. [PMID: 15371182 DOI: 10.1080/08958370490428436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ambient particulate matter may increase respiratory allergic skewing of the T-cell-mediated immune response toward a T-helper-2 (Th2) response, with the consequence that the Th1 response develops less well. Successful clearing of a respiratory bacterial infection depends on an adequate Th1 immune response; therefore, the subject would not control the infection as well if exposed to particulate matter. To substantiate this hypothesis, we examined the effect of exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) and urban particulate matter (EHC-93, Ottawa dust) on rats with a Listeria monocytogenes respiratory infection. Since this hypothesis has been confirmed for ozone, we used it as a positive control. Wistar rats were exposed to ozone (2 mg/m3 for 24 h/day for 7 days) and to DEP or to EHC-93 (50 microg/rat intranasally daily for 7 consecutive days). Twenty-four hours after the last exposure, the rats were infected intratracheally with 1 x 10(6) L. monocytogenes bacteria. The number of L. monocytogenes was determined after 3, 4 and 5 days. Statistically significant increases of the number of L. monocytogenes in rats exposed to ozone were observed in the lungs and spleen at all three times. However, we found no significant differences in the numbers of bacteria that were found in rats exposed to DEP or EHC-93 compared to the saline-treated group at any of the three times. In conclusion, the results of this study do not support the hypothesis that exposure to DEP or EHC-93 reduces subsequent resistance to a respiratory infection in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Steerenberg
- Laboratory for Toxicology, Pathology, and Genetics, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Steerenberg PA, van Dalen WJ, Withagen CET, Dormans JAMA, van Loveren H. Optimization of Route of Administration for Coexposure to Ovalbumin and Particle Matter to Induce Adjuvant Activity in Respiratory Allergy in the Mouse. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 15:1309-25. [PMID: 14569495 DOI: 10.1080/08958370390241786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental studies have not only shown that air pollution induces increased pulmonary morbidity, and mortality, but also that air pollution components may potentiate allergic responses. The respiratory allergy model to ovalbumin in the mouse has been shown a useful tool to characterize the adjuvant potency of air pollution components. However, the choice for the most effective route of administration for testing small amounts of air pollution component is hampered by the diversity of routes of administration used. To test the adjuvant activity of airborne particles (Ottawa dust EHC-93), we studied the optimal route of respiratory administration: intranasally (in) and aerosol (aero) in comparison with responses observed by intraperitoneal (ip) with diesel exhaust particles (DEP) as a positive control. Our results show that the combination of in/aero with ovalbumin caused almost similar immunoglobulin (Ig)E and inflammatory responses compared to the ip/aero. In/in application induced less responses for IgE, less inflammation in the lung, and less increased numbers of eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). This response increased dramatically when ovalbumin was coadministered with DEP. Subsequently, EHC-93, which is made up of airborne particles, was tested via the in/in route of administration. EHC-93 induced similar IgE responses, inflammation, and eosinophilic response in BAL compared to DEP. In addition, EHC-93 increased the airway responsiveness of the ovalbumin-sensitized mice measured in unrestrained condition and not in nonsensitized control mice. It is concluded that intranasal sensitization with intranasal challenge with airborne particles (EHC-93) is an effective route of administration to show potency of adjuvant activity of airborne particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Steerenberg
- Laboratory for Toxicology, Pathology, and Genetics, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Sato T, Shimosato T, Alvord WG, Klinman DM. Suppressive oligodeoxynucleotides inhibit silica-induced pulmonary inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7648-54. [PMID: 18490767 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation of silica-containing dust particles induces silicosis, an inflammatory disease of the lungs characterized by the infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils into the lungs and the production of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) expressing "immunosuppressive motifs" were recently shown to block pathologic inflammatory reactions in murine models of autoimmune disease. Based on those findings, the potential of suppressive ODN to prevent acute murine silicosis was examined. In vitro studies indicate that suppressive ODN blunt silica-induced macrophage toxicity. This effect was associated with a reduction in ROS production and p47phox expression (a subunit of NADPH oxidase key to ROS generation). In vivo studies show that pretreatment with suppressive (but not control) ODN reduces silica-dependent pulmonary inflammation, as manifest by fewer infiltrating cells, less cytokine/chemokine production, and lower levels of ROS (p < 0.01 for all parameters). Treatment with suppressive ODN also reduced disease severity and improved the survival (p < 0.05) of mice exposed to silica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sato
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Song HM, Jang AS, Ahn MH, Takizawa H, Lee SH, Kwon JH, Lee YM, Rhim TY, Park CS. Ym1 and Ym2 expression in a mouse model exposed to diesel exhaust particles. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2008; 23:110-116. [PMID: 18214922 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitinase may play a role in regulating allergic diseases. OBJECTIVE We studied the role of chitinase in a mouse model exposed to diesel exhaust particles (DEP). Mice were exposed to intranasal DEP (0.6 mg/mL) for 5 days and challenged with aerosolized DEP (6 mg/m(3)) on days 6-8. Enhanced pause (Penh), as an airway obstruction marker, was measured on day 9, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and lung tissues were collected on day 10. The expression of Ym1 and Ym2 mRNA was assessed in lung tissue extracts by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS DEP induced significant increases in methacholine-induced Penh and IL-4 levels in BAL fluid relative to the control group. Peribronchial and perivascular inflammatory cell infiltrates were prominent in the DEP group. DEP induced Ym1 and Ym2 mRNA expression in lung tissue extracts relative to the control group. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that DEP induced airway hyperresponsiveness and Ym mRNA expression via a Th2 cell-biased response, suggesting that chitinase may play an important role in airway inflammation and responsiveness upon exposure to DEP in a mouse model, and may therefore be involved in regulating allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Mi Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
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Samuelsen M, Nygaard UC, Løvik M. Allergy adjuvant effect of particles from wood smoke and road traffic. Toxicology 2008; 246:124-31. [PMID: 18289765 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that in addition to augmenting the severity of asthma and allergic diseases, particulate air pollution also increases the incidence of allergy and asthma. We studied the adjuvant effect of particles from wood smoke and road traffic on the immune response to the allergen ovalbumin (OVA). OVA with and without particles was injected into one hind footpad of Balb/cA mice. All particles together with OVA significantly increased the level of OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) in serum, compared to groups given OVA or particles alone. Reference diesel exhaust particles (DEP) with OVA induced the highest levels of IgE, whereas no clear difference was observed between particles from road traffic and wood smoke. Road traffic particles collected in the autumn induced higher IgE values with OVA than corresponding particles collected during the winter season when studded tires are used, suggesting that studded tire-generated road pavement particles have less allergy adjuvant activity than exhaust particles. Compared to OVA or particles alone, all particles with OVA increased popliteal lymph node cell numbers, cell proliferation, ex vivo secretion of IL-4 and IL-10 after ConA stimulation, and the expression of several cell surface molecules (CD19, MHC class II, CD86 and CD23). Wood smoke particles with OVA induced somewhat higher cellular responses than road traffic particles, but less than DEP with OVA which seemed to be the most potent particle in inducing cellular as well as antibody responses. Thus, wood smoke particles had about the same capacity to enhance allergic sensitization as road traffic particles, but less than diesel exhaust particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Samuelsen
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O.Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway.
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Ciencewicki J, Gowdy K, Krantz QT, Linak WP, Brighton L, Gilmour MI, Jaspers I. Diesel exhaust enhanced susceptibility to influenza infection is associated with decreased surfactant protein expression. Inhal Toxicol 2007; 19:1121-33. [PMID: 17987464 DOI: 10.1080/08958370701665426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that exposure of respiratory epithelial cells to diesel exhaust (DE) enhances susceptibility to influenza infection and increases the production of interleukin (IL)-6 and interferon (IFN)-beta. The purpose of this study was to confirm and expand upon these in vitro results by assessing the effects of DE exposure on the progression of influenza infection and on development of associated pulmonary immune and inflammatory responses in vivo. BALB/c mice were exposed to air or to DE containing particulate matter at concentrations of 0.5 or 2 mg/m(3) for 4 h/day for 5 days and subsequently instilled with influenza A/Bangkok/1/79 virus. Exposure to 0.5 mg/m(3) (but not the higher 2-mg/m(3) dose) of DE increased susceptibility to influenza infection as demonstrated by a significant increase in hemagglutinin (HA) mRNA levels, a marker of influenza copies, and greater immunohistochemical staining for influenza virus protein in the lung. The enhanced susceptibility to infection observed in mice exposed to 0.5 mg/m(3) of DE was associated with a significant increase in the expression of IL-6, while antiviral lung IFN levels were unaffected. Analysis of the expression and production of surfactant proteins A and D, which are components of the interferon-independent antiviral defenses, showed that these factors were decreased following exposure to 0.5 mg/m(3) of DE but not to the higher 2-mg/m(3) concentration. Taken together, the results demonstrate that exposure to DE enhances the susceptibility to respiratory viral infections by reducing the expression and production of antimicrobial surfactant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ciencewicki
- Curriculum of Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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41
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Fedulov AV, Leme A, Yang Z, Dahl M, Lim R, Mariani TJ, Kobzik L. Pulmonary exposure to particles during pregnancy causes increased neonatal asthma susceptibility. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 38:57-67. [PMID: 17656681 PMCID: PMC2176127 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0124oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal immune responses can promote allergy development in offspring, as shown in a model of increased susceptibility to asthma in babies of ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized and -challenged mother mice. We investigated whether inflammatory responses to air pollution particles (diesel exhaust particles, DEP) or control "inert" titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) particles are enhanced during pregnancy and whether exposure to particles can cause increased neonatal susceptibility to asthma. Pregnant BALB/c mice (or nonpregnant controls) received particle suspensions intranasally at Day 14 of pregnancy. Lung inflammatory responses were evaluated 48 hours after exposure. Offspring of particle- or buffer-treated mothers were sensitized and aerosolized with OVA, followed by assays of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and allergic inflammation (AI). Nonpregnant females had the expected minimal response to "inert" TiO(2). In contrast, pregnant mice showed robust and persistent acute inflammation after both TiO(2) and DEP. Genomic profiling identified genes differentially expressed in pregnant lungs exposed to TiO(2). Neonates of mothers exposed to TiO(2) (and DEP, but not PBS) developed AHR and AI, indicating that pregnancy exposure to both "inert" TiO(2) and DEP caused increased asthma susceptibility in offspring. We conclude that (1) pregnancy enhances lung inflammatory responses to otherwise relatively innocuous inert particles; and (2) exposures of nonallergic pregnant females to inert or toxic environmental air particles can cause increased allergic susceptibility in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Fedulov
- Harvard School of Public Health, Dept. of Environmental Health, Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, 665 Huntington Ave, HSPH-12, Room 1313, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is compelling evidence that the immune responses induced by crystalline silica particles are implicated in the development of silicosis. This article reviews recent observations which further delineate how innate and adaptive immunity are involved in this lung disease. RECENT FINDINGS First, silica particles are recognized to have pathogen-associated molecular patterns by the innate immune system. The MARCO receptor expressed on the surface of macrophages appears crucial for the recognition and the uptake of silica as well as the activation of these immune cells in silicosis. Additional data support a major role of inflammation (mast cells, B lymphocytes and TNFalpha) in the development of lung fibrosis but also cancer. Silica-induced acute inflammation is accompanied by thrombosis; strongly suggesting that inhaled silica particles may also induce extrapulmonary lesions. Surprisingly, a pronounced anti-inflammatory reaction may also contribute to silica-induced lung fibrosis in mice and represent an additional etiopathogenic pathway of silicosis. Interestingly, it has been proposed that the pulmonary expression of IL-9 (a T lymphocyte-related interleukin) or Heme oxygenase-1 (an anti-inflammatory molecule) attenuated silicotic disease progression in animals. SUMMARY New pathogenic routes involving innate receptors and antiinflammation as well as new antifibrotic immune mediators have been recently described in experimental silicosis, highlighting new potential therapeutic targets and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Huaux
- Unit of Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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Hamada K, Suzaki Y, Leme A, Ito T, Miyamoto K, Kobzik L, Kimura H. Exposure of pregnant mice to an air pollutant aerosol increases asthma susceptibility in offspring. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2007; 70:688-95. [PMID: 17365623 DOI: 10.1080/15287390600974692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution contributes to both exacerbation and development of bronchial asthma. Studies showed that coexposure to air pollution directly promotes sensitization to inhaled allergen in neonatal mice. The aim of this study was to investigate whether prenatal exposure to air pollution could also increase susceptibility to development of asthma in early life. Pregnant female BALB/c mice were exposed to aerosolized leachate of residual oil fly ash (ROFA, 50 mg/ml, 30 min) at 5, 3, and 1 d before delivery. Offspring were treated once at 3 d of age with ovalbumin (OVA, 5 mug) and alum (ip), an intentionally suboptimal dose for sensitization, exposed to aerosolized OVA (1%, 10 min) at 12-14 d or 32-35 d of age, and evaluated 2 d after the final exposure. The offspring of ROFA-exposed mothers (ROFA group) revealed increasing airway hyperresponsiveness (higher enhanced pause [Penh] to methacholine challenge) and elevated substantial numbers of eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage flued (BALF). Histopathology revealed prominent inflammation in the lungs of ROFA group and showed increased allergen-specific IgE and IgG1 levels. Their cultured splenocytes showed an enhanced interleukin (IL)-4/interferon (IFN)-gamma cytokine, indicating Th2 skewed immunity. Data indicate that exposure of pregnant female mice to an air pollutant aerosol increased asthma susceptibility in their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Hamada
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
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Løvik M, Alberg T, Nygaard UC, Samuelsen M, Groeng EC, Gaarder PI. Popliteal lymph node (PLN) assay to study adjuvant effects on respiratory allergy. Methods 2007; 41:72-9. [PMID: 17161303 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Different variants of the popliteal lymph node (PLN) assay have been published. Here we describe the adjuvant popliteal lymph node assay, an immune response assay to study the adjuvant activity of soluble substances as well as particulate matter. The substance to be studied for adjuvant activity is injected into the hind footpad of mice or rats together with an antigen. Adjuvant activity is determined as the increase in PLN weight and cell numbers in animals receiving antigen together with the substance under study, compared with PLN weight and cell numbers in animals given the antigen without the substance in question, and animals given the putative adjuvant alone. Because lymph node weight and cell numbers are immunologically non-specific parameters, specific immune response assays like serum antibody responses or antibody-forming cell numbers should additionally be performed. Different antigens and immune response assays may be used, depending on the research question asked. In relation to respiratory (or food) allergy, the assays should as a minimum include determination of specific IgE in serum, and preferably also IgG1 (mouse). Serum specific IgG2a antibody determination may be added to get an indication of the Th1-Th2-balance of the response. The adjuvant PLN assay, with cellular response assays performed in the draining popliteal lymph node and antibody determinations in serum, requires small amounts of test material. The assay offers a practical, sensitive and reproducible method to determine the adjuvant activity of soluble substances as well as particulate material, with the possibility to also perform mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martinus Løvik
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, NO 0403 Oslo, Norway.
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Misson P, Brombacher F, Delos M, Lison D, Huaux F. Type 2 immune response associated with silicosis is not instrumental in the development of the disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 292:L107-13. [PMID: 16997884 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00503.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that the development of lung fibrosis is associated with a T helper type 2 response, mainly characterized by IL-4 and IL-13 production. We investigated the potential role of type 2 immune polarization in the silicotic process and examined the pulmonary response to silica particles in mice genetically deficient for IL-4. We found that IL-4−/− mice were not protected against the development of silicosis, suggesting that IL-4 is not essential for the development of this fibrotic disease. By evaluating the intensity of silica-induced lung fibrosis in mice deficient for IL-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα), we showed that the establishment of pulmonary fibrosis was independent of both IL-4 and IL-13. Strong impairment of the type 2 immune response (IgG1) in the lungs of IL-4−/− and IL-4Rα−/− mice did not affect the development of the disease. Measurement of IL-13α2 receptor expression and IgG2a, IL-12p70, and IFN-γ levels in silica-treated IL-4−/− and IL-4Rα−/− animals showed that the development of silicosis was not related to an IL-13 signaling pathway or a switch to a type 1 response in deficient animals. Our data clearly indicate that the type 2 immune response associated with silicosis in mice is not required for the development of this inflammatory and fibrotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Misson
- Unit of Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine, Université Catholique de Louvain, 53.02 Ave. E. Mounier, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Aam BB, Fonnum F. Carbon black particles increase reactive oxygen species formation in rat alveolar macrophages in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2006; 81:441-6. [PMID: 17119925 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-006-0164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AM) have an important role in clearing particles from the lungs. In response to different stimuli they can release reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory mediators and promote pulmonary inflammation. We exposed rat AM to carbon black (CB) particles (0.63-20 microg/ml) and measured the eneration of ROS by using the fluorescent probe 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. Fluorescence was elevated in a concentration dependent manner in the AM exposed to CB. Follow-up experiments using a series of enzyme inhibitors indicate that the ERK MAP kinase pathway and the p38 MAP kinase pathway may be involved in the formation of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Bjugan Aam
- Division for Protection, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, P.O. Box 25, Kjeller, 2027, Norway.
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Abstract
The thymus is a very sensitive target for environmental pollutants, which can affect this organ as well as thymocyte differentiation. A failure in thymocyte development can be due to the exacerbation of apoptosis, arrest of thymocyte maturation, generation of autoreactive T cells, and inhibition or stimulation of the output of recent thymic emigrants to the periphery. Recent data demonstrate that the immune system has the potential to maintain homeostasis under conditions of elevated risk, and the thymus plays a crucial role in this process. Environmental xenobiotics can exert their effects through receptor-mediated interactions or independently on receptor involvement. Under natural conditions organisms are exposed to a variety of xenobiotics. The final effect of such exposure is not related to the action of a single chemical, but to the action of a mixture of chemicals. The toxic effect of environmental xenobiotics on the generation and functions of immune cells may result in suppression or stimulation of the immune response. The most intensive studies have been done on halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals and various chemicals acting as endocrine disrupters. Recently, special interest has focused on the action of air particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadzieja Drela
- Department of Immunology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland.
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Mamessier E, Nieves A, Vervloet D, Magnan A. Diesel exhaust particles enhance T-cell activation in severe asthmatics. Allergy 2006; 61:581-8. [PMID: 16629788 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01056.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence of asthma is increasing in westernized countries. Epidemiological studies showed the impact of traffic pollution on the triggering of asthma symptoms and exacerbations, and this effect is mainly attributed to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon core of diesel exhaust particles (DEP). However, although DEP induce IgE synthesis, little is known of their role on T-cell activation, the main cells orchestrating asthma inflammation. We assessed the effect of DEP on T-cell activation in severe uncontrolled asthmatics during (n = 13) and outside (n = 19) exacerbations. Results were compared with data obtained in healthy controls (n = 14). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured in the presence of low-dose DEP. T-cell activation markers, CD69 and CD25, interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon (IFN)-gamma production and T-cell proliferation were assessed by flow cytometry. DEP exposure increased the proportion of CD3+CD69+ T cells in all subjects. The proportion of CD25+ T cells increased under DEP stimulation in the exacerbation group only. IFN-gamma- and IL-4-producing T cells increased in both asthmatic groups, especially during exacerbations, but not in controls. This effect was more pronounced for IL-4. In response to DEP stimulation, T-cell proliferation increased in higher proportion in asthmatics compared with controls. These results show that DEP activate T cells in asthmatics only, with a higher effect during exacerbations. This is in keeping with epidemiological data which demonstrated that DEP trigger respiratory symptoms in asthmatics but not in controls. The higher effect of DEP in exacerbated asthmatics suggests that uncontrolled asthma is a risk factor for aggravation under exposure to traffic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mamessier
- UPRES 3287, Université de la Méditerranée, IPHM IFR 125, Marseille, France
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Matschulat D, Prestel H, Haider F, Niessner R, Knopp D. Immunization with soot from a non-combustion process provokes formation of antibodies against polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Immunol Methods 2006; 310:159-70. [PMID: 16499922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Revised: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 01/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The emission of soot during combustion processes used in transportation, manufacturing, and power generation is of increasing concern because of its serious adverse health effects. In particular, the ability to modulate the immune system has recently been established. In the present investigation, an artificial soot sample that was prepared by fragmentation of acetylene in a laser-induced plasma was used as an antigen for the immunization of a rabbit. A highly sensitive competition curve in an indirect competitive ELISA using a benzo[a]pyrene-BSA conjugate as a coating antigen could be constructed for benzo[a]pyrene with an IC50 of 2.94 mug/l (11.65 nmol/l). In contrast to the high affinity, the soot antiserum dilution (antibody titer) of 1:750 was rather low. The cross-reactivity was tested with 16 parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 7 nitrated polycyclic aromatics, and 3 methylated, hydroxylated or butyric acid derivatives. The results obtained suggest that the vertebrate immune system can respond to an immunization with soot by the generation of high affinity IgG class antibodies against polycyclic aromatics. It is likely that antibodies are raised against the molecular structures which form the framework of the soot particles and not against adsorbed and extractable polyaromatic compounds. The experiments suggest that if soot is considered a T-independent antigen, the isotype switch, essentially from IgM to IgG, could have been caused by co-inoculation with a T-dependent antigen, i.e., mycobacteria contained in Freunds complete adjuvant. However, at the cellular level the mechanism remains to be uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Matschulat
- Laboratory for Environmental Immunoanalysis, Institute of Hydrochemistry and Chemical Balneology, Technical University Munich, Germany
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Inoue KI, Takano H, Yanagisawa R, Ichinose T, Sakurai M, Yoshikawa T. Effects of nano particles on cytokine expression in murine lung in the absence or presence of allergen. Arch Toxicol 2006; 80:614-9. [PMID: 16482471 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-006-0075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) can exacerbate allergic airway diseases. Health effects of PM with a diameter of less than 100 nm, called nano particles, have been focused. We have recently demonstrated that carbon nano particles (14, 56 nm) exaggerate allergic airway inflammation in mice. In the present study, we investigated the effects of repeated pulmonary exposure to carbon nano particles on the expression of a variety of cytokines in the absence or presence of allergen in mice. ICR mice were divided into six experimental groups. Vehicle, two sizes of carbon nano particles, ovalbumin (OVA), and OVA + nano particles were administered intratracheally. Nano particles increased the lung protein levels of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in the absence or presence of allergen. The enhancement was more prominent with 14 nm of nano particles than with 56 nm of nano particles in overall trend. 14 nm nano particle exposure significantly enhanced the lung expressions of interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-10 in the presence of allergen as compared with allergen exposure. These results suggest that pulmonary exposure to nano particles can induce the lung expression of TARC, MIP-1alpha, GM-CSF in the absence of allergen and can enhance that of TARC, MIP-1alpha, GM-CSF, IL-2, and IL-10 in the presence of allergen. The enhancing effects are more prominent with smaller particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Inoue
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, 305-8506, Tsukuba, Japan
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