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Iqbal Z, Masood M, Shafiq M, Briddon RW. Temporal changes in the levels of virus and betasatellite DNA in B. tabaci feeding on CLCuD affected cotton during the growing season. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1410568. [PMID: 38841073 PMCID: PMC11150673 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1410568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cotton, a key source of income for Pakistan, has suffered significantly by cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) since 1990. This disease is caused by a complex of phylogenetically-related begomovirus (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) species and a specific betasatellite (genus Betasatellite, family Tolecusatellitidae), cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite. Additionally, another DNA satellite called alphasatellite (family Alphasatellitidae), is also frequently associated. All these virus components are vectored by a single species of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). While many factors affect cotton productivity, including cotton variety, sowing time, and environmental cues such as temperature, humidity, and rainfall, CLCuD is a major biotic constraint. Although the understanding of begomoviruses transmission by whiteflies has advanced significantly over the past three decades, however, the in-field seasonal dynamics of the viruses in the insect vector remained an enigma. This study aimed to assess the levels of virus and betasatellite in whiteflies collected from cotton plants throughout the cotton growing season from 2014 to 2016. Notably, begomovirus levels showed no consistent pattern, with minimal variations, ranging from 0.0017 to 0.0074 ng.μg-1 of the genomic DNA in 2014, 0.0356 to 0.113 ng.μg-1 of the genomic DNA in 2015, and 0.0517 to 0.0791 ng.μg-1 of the genomic DNA in 2016. However, betasatellite levels exhibited a distinct pattern. During 2014 and 2015, it steadily increased throughout the sampling period (May to September). While 2016 showed a similar trend from the start of sampling (July) to September but a decline in October (end of sampling). Such a study has not been conducted previously, and could potentially provide valuable insights about the epidemiology of the virus complex causing CLCuD and possible means of controlling losses due to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Iqbal
- Central Laboratories, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariyam Masood
- Department of Zoology, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Management and Technology, Sialkot Campus, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Rob W. Briddon
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Fan Y, Zhong Y, Pan L, Wang X, Ding M, Liu S. A shift of vector specificity acquired by a begomovirus through natural homologous recombination. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:882-895. [PMID: 37191666 PMCID: PMC10346445 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Recombination is common in plant viruses such as geminiviruses, but the ecological and pathogenic consequences have been explored only in a few cases. Here, we found that a new begomovirus, tomato yellow leaf curl Shuangbai virus (TYLCSbV), probably originated from the recombination of Ageratum yellow vein China virus (AYVCNV) and tobacco curl shoot virus (TbCSV). Agrobacterium-mediated inoculation showed that TYLCSbV and AYVCNV have similar levels of infectivity on tomato and tobacco plants. However, the two viruses exhibit contrasting specificities for vector transmission, that is, TYLCSbV was efficiently transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean (MED) rather than by the whitefly B. tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), whereas AYVCNV was more efficiently transmitted by MEAM1. We also showed that the transmission efficiencies of TYLCSbV and AYVCNV are positively correlated with the accumulation of the viruses in whitefly whole bodies and organs/tissues. The key coat protein amino acids that determine their accumulation are between positions 147 and 256. Moreover, field surveys suggest that MED has displaced MEAM1 in some regions where TYLCSbV was collected. Viral competition assays indicated that TYLCSbV outcompeted AYVCNV when transmitted by MED, while the outcome was the opposite when transmitted by MEAM1. Our findings suggest that recombination has resulted in a shift of vector specificity that could provide TYLCSbV with a potential selective transmission advantage, and the population shift of whitefly cryptic species could have influenced virus evolution towards an extended trajectory of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun‐Yun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yu‐Wei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Li‐Long Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xiao‐Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Ming Ding
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources InstituteYunnan Academy of Agricultural SciencesKunmingChina
| | - Shu‐Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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Ghosh S, Srinivasan R, Ghanim M. A C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci interacts with the capsid proteins of begomoviruses and inhibits virus retention. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 32:240-250. [PMID: 36571165 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Begomoviruses are a group of ssDNA viruses exclusively transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci and constrain vegetable production in the old and new worlds. Although multiple molecular determinants governing the transmission of begomoviruses by whiteflies have been unravelled, factors critical for transmission majorly remain unknown. In this study, a whitefly C2H2 zinc finger (ZF) protein, 100% identical to the vascular endothelial ZF-like gene (vezf) protein was confirmed to interact with the CP of both old- and new-world begomoviruses. This was achieved by a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) system screening of a whitefly cDNA library using capsid protein (CP) of TYLCV as a bait. In silico annotation of vezf protein revealed that it contains a N-terminal ZF-associated domain (ZAD) alongside multiple C2H2 ZF domains on the C-terminal end. ZAD-ZF proteins form the most abundant class of transcription factors within insects. Herein, we validated the interaction of vezf with four diverse begomoviruses and its functional role in begomovirus transmission. Silencing of the vezf gene of B. tabaci led to increased retention of three diverse begomoviruses tested. Vezf is the first insect transcription factor identified to interact with plant viruses and can be crucial to understand the possible mechanisms by which plant viruses modulate transcription of their insect vectors during transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Ghosh
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion, Israel
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion, Israel
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Dye AE, Muga B, Mwangi J, Hoyer JS, Ly V, Rosado Y, Sharpee W, Mware B, Wambugu M, Labadie P, Deppong D, Jackai L, Jacobson A, Kennedy G, Ateka E, Duffy S, Hanley-Bowdoin L, Carbone I, Ascencio-Ibáñez JT. Cassava begomovirus species diversity changes during plant vegetative cycles. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1163566. [PMID: 37303798 PMCID: PMC10248227 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1163566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cassava is a root crop important for global food security and the third biggest source of calories on the African continent. Cassava production is threatened by Cassava mosaic disease (CMD), which is caused by a complex of single-stranded DNA viruses (family: Geminiviridae, genus: Begomovirus) that are transmitted by the sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). Understanding the dynamics of different cassava mosaic begomovirus (CMB) species through time is important for contextualizing disease trends. Cassava plants with CMD symptoms were sampled in Lake Victoria and coastal regions of Kenya before transfer to a greenhouse setting and regular propagation. The field-collected and greenhouse samples were sequenced using Illumina short-read sequencing and analyzed on the Galaxy platform. In the field-collected samples, African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV), East African cassava mosaic Kenya virus (EACMKV), and East African cassava mosaic virus-Uganda variant (EACMV-Ug) were detected in samples from the Lake Victoria region, while EACMV and East African mosaic Zanzibar virus (EACMZV) were found in the coastal region. Many of the field-collected samples had mixed infections of EACMV and another begomovirus. After 3 years of regrowth in the greenhouse, only EACMV-like viruses were detected in all samples. The results suggest that in these samples, EACMV becomes the dominant virus through vegetative propagation in a greenhouse. This differed from whitefly transmission results. Cassava plants were inoculated with ACMV and another EACMV-like virus, East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus (EACMCV). Only ACMV was transmitted by whiteflies from these plants to recipient plants, as indicated by sequencing reads and copy number data. These results suggest that whitefly transmission and vegetative transmission lead to different outcomes for ACMV and EACMV-like viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Dye
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Brenda Muga
- Department of Horticulture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jenniffer Mwangi
- Department of Horticulture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - J. Steen Hoyer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Vanessa Ly
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Yamilex Rosado
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - William Sharpee
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Benard Mware
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mary Wambugu
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Paul Labadie
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - David Deppong
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Louis Jackai
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Alana Jacobson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - George Kennedy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Elijah Ateka
- Department of Horticulture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Siobain Duffy
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Linda Hanley-Bowdoin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Ignazio Carbone
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Factors Determining Transmission of Persistent Viruses by Bemisia tabaci and Emergence of New Virus-Vector Relationships. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091808. [PMID: 34578388 PMCID: PMC8472762 DOI: 10.3390/v13091808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plant viruses depend on insect vectors for their transmission and dissemination. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is one of the most important virus vectors, transmitting more than four hundred virus species, the majority belonging to begomoviruses (Geminiviridae), with their ssDNA genomes. Begomoviruses are transmitted by B. tabaci in a persistent, circulative manner, during which the virus breaches barriers in the digestive, hemolymph, and salivary systems, and interacts with insect proteins along the transmission pathway. These interactions and the tissue tropism in the vector body determine the efficiency and specificity of the transmission. This review describes the mechanisms involved in circulative begomovirus transmission by B. tabaci, focusing on the most studied virus in this regard, namely the tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and its closely related isolates. Additionally, the review aims at drawing attention to the recent knowhow of unorthodox virus—B. tabaci interactions. The recent knowledge of whitefly-mediated transmission of two recombinant poleroviruses (Luteoviridae), a virus group with an ssRNA genome and known to be strictly transmitted with aphids, is discussed with its broader context in the emergence of new whitefly-driven virus diseases.
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6
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Zhao J, Guo T, Lei T, Zhu JC, Wang F, Wang XW, Liu SS. Proteomic Analyses of Whitefly-Begomovirus Interactions Reveal the Inhibitory Role of Tumorous Imaginal Discs in Viral Retention. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1596. [PMID: 32849541 PMCID: PMC7417349 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, plant viruses are mostly transmitted by hemipteran insects, such as aphids, leafhoppers, and whiteflies. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the interactions between virus and insect vector are poorly known. Here, we investigate the proteomic interactions between tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV, genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae), a plant virus, and its vector whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) species complex. First, using a yeast two-hybrid system, we identified 15 candidate whitefly proteins interacting with the coat protein of TYLCV. GO and KEGG pathway analysis implicated that these 15 whitefly proteins are of different biological functions/processes mainly including metabolic process, cell motility, signal transduction, and response to stimulus. We then found that the whitefly protein tumorous imaginal discs (Tid), one of the 15 whitefly proteins identified, had a stable interaction with TYLCV CP in vitro, and the DnaJ_C domain of Tid301−499aa may be the viral binding site. During viral retention, the expression of whitefly protein Tid was observed to increase at the protein level, and feeding whiteflies with dsRNA or antibody against Tid resulted in a higher quantity of TYLCV in the whitefly body, suggesting the role of Tid in antiviral infection. Our data indicate that the induction of Tid following viral acquisition is likely a whitefly immune response to TYLCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Guo
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Teng Lei
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Chen Zhu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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7
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Fiallo-Olivé E, Pan LL, Liu SS, Navas-Castillo J. Transmission of Begomoviruses and Other Whitefly-Borne Viruses: Dependence on the Vector Species. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:10-17. [PMID: 31544592 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-19-0273-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Most plant viruses require a biological vector to spread from plant to plant in nature. Among biological vectors for plant viruses, hemipteroid insects are the most common, including phloem-feeding aphids, whiteflies, mealybugs, planthoppers, and leafhoppers. A majority of the emerging diseases challenging agriculture worldwide are insect borne, with those transmitted by whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) topping the list. Most damaging whitefly-transmitted viruses include begomoviruses (Geminiviridae), criniviruses (Closteroviridae), and torradoviruses (Secoviridae). Among the whitefly vectors, Bemisia tabaci, now recognized as a complex of cryptic species, is the most harmful in terms of virus transmission. Here, we review the available information on the differential transmission efficiency of begomoviruses and other whitefly-borne viruses by different species of whiteflies, including the cryptic species of the B. tabaci complex. In addition, we summarize the factors affecting transmission of viruses by whiteflies and point out some future research prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Fiallo-Olivé
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Málaga (IHSM-CSIC-UMA), 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Li-Long Pan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Jesús Navas-Castillo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Málaga (IHSM-CSIC-UMA), 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
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8
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Chi Y, Pan LL, Bouvaine S, Fan YY, Liu YQ, Liu SS, Seal S, Wang XW. Differential transmission of Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus by three cryptic species of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci complex. Virology 2019; 540:141-149. [PMID: 31794888 PMCID: PMC6971692 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus (SLCMV), a begomovirus (genus Begmovirus, family Geminiviridae) causing cassava mosaic disease in Asia, poses serious threats to cassava cultivation in Asia. However, the transmission of SLCMV in the areas into which it has recently been introduced remain largely unexplored. Here we have compared the transmission efficiencies of SLCMV by three widely distributed whitefly species in Asia, and found that only Asia II 1 whiteflies were able to transmit this virus efficiently. The transmission efficiencies of SLCMV by different whitefly species were found to correlate positively with quantity of virus in whitefly whole body. Further, the viral transmission efficiency was found to be associated with varied ability of virus movement within different species of whiteflies. These findings provide detailed information regarding whitefly transmission of SLCMV, which will help to understand the spread of SLCMV in the field, and facilitate the prediction of virus epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chi
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Li-Long Pan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sophie Bouvaine
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Yun-Yun Fan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yin-Quan Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Susan Seal
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Saurav GK, Rana VS, Popli S, Daimei G, Rajagopal R. A thioredoxin-like protein of Bemisia tabaci interacts with coat protein of begomoviruses. Virus Genes 2019; 55:356-367. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01657-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Czosnek H, Hariton-Shalev A, Sobol I, Gorovits R, Ghanim M. The Incredible Journey of Begomoviruses in Their Whitefly Vector. Viruses 2017; 9:E273. [PMID: 28946649 PMCID: PMC5691625 DOI: 10.3390/v9100273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Begomoviruses are vectored in a circulative persistent manner by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. The insect ingests viral particles with its stylets. Virions pass along the food canal and reach the esophagus and the midgut. They cross the filter chamber and the midgut into the haemolymph, translocate into the primary salivary glands and are egested with the saliva into the plant phloem. Begomoviruses have to cross several barriers and checkpoints successfully, while interacting with would-be receptors and other whitefly proteins. The bulk of the virus remains associated with the midgut and the filter chamber. In these tissues, viral genomes, mainly from the tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) family, may be transcribed and may replicate. However, at the same time, virus amounts peak, and the insect autophagic response is activated, which in turn inhibits replication and induces the destruction of the virus. Some begomoviruses invade tissues outside the circulative pathway, such as ovaries and fat cells. Autophagy limits the amounts of virus associated with these organs. In this review, we discuss the different sites begomoviruses need to cross to complete a successful circular infection, the role of the coat protein in this process and the sites that balance between virus accumulation and virus destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Czosnek
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Aliza Hariton-Shalev
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Iris Sobol
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Rena Gorovits
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, HaMaccabim Road 68, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel.
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Hipp K, Grimm C, Jeske H, Böttcher B. Near-Atomic Resolution Structure of a Plant Geminivirus Determined by Electron Cryomicroscopy. Structure 2017; 25:1303-1309.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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12
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Mar TB, Mendes IR, Lau D, Fiallo-Olivé E, Navas-Castillo J, Alves MS, Murilo Zerbini F. Interaction between the New World begomovirus Euphorbia yellow mosaic virus and its associated alphasatellite: effects on infection and transmission by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1552-1562. [PMID: 28590236 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of Old World monopartite begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae) are associated with satellite DNAs. Alphasatellites are capable of autonomous replication, but depend on the helper virus for movement, encapsidation and transmission by the insect vector. Recently, Euphorbia yellow mosaic alphasatellite (EuYMA) was found in association with Euphorbia yellow mosaic virus (EuYMV) infecting Euphorbia heterophylla plants in Brazil. The geographical range of EuYMA was assessed in a representative sampling of E. heterophylla plants collected in several states of Brazil from 2009 to 2014. Infectious clones were generated and used to assess the phenotype of viral infection in the presence or absence of the alphasatellite in tomato, E. heterophylla, Nicotiana benthamiana, Arabidopsis thaliana and Crotalaria juncea. Phenotypic differences of EuYMV infection in the presence or absence of EuYMA were observed in A. thaliana, N. benthamiana and E. heterophylla. Symptoms were more severe when EuYMV was inoculated in combination with EuYMA in N. benthamiana and E. heterophylla, and the presence of the alphasatellite was determinant for symptom development in A. thaliana. Quantification of EuYMV and EuYMA indicated that EuYMA affects the accumulation of EuYMV during infection on a host-dependent basis. Transmission assays indicated that EuYMA negatively affects the transmission of EuYMV by Bemisia tabaci MEAM1. Together, these results indicate that EuYMA is capable of modulating symptoms, viral accumulation and whitefly transmission of EuYMV, potentially interfering with virus dissemination in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Bernardon Mar
- Dep de Fitopatologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.,National Research Institute for Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Igor Rodrigues Mendes
- Dep de Fitopatologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.,National Research Institute for Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Douglas Lau
- Embrapa Trigo, Rodovia BR-285, CP 3081, Passo Fundo, RS, 99001-970, Brazil
| | - Elvira Fiallo-Olivé
- National Research Institute for Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.,Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ''La Mayora'', Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental ''La Mayora'', 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Navas-Castillo
- National Research Institute for Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.,Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ''La Mayora'', Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental ''La Mayora'', 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Murilo Siqueira Alves
- Dep de Fitopatologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.,National Research Institute for Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - F Murilo Zerbini
- Dep de Fitopatologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.,National Research Institute for Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
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13
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Pan LL, Chen QF, Zhao JJ, Guo T, Wang XW, Hariton-Shalev A, Czosnek H, Liu SS. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is involved in Tomato yellow leaf curl virus transport across the midgut barrier of its whitefly vector. Virology 2017; 502:152-159. [PMID: 28056414 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a begomovirus transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. The circulative translocation of the virus in the insect is known in its broad line. However, transit of TYLCV from the digestive tract into the haemolymph is poorly understood. We studied the involvement of clathrin in this process by disrupting the clathrin-mediated endocytosis and the endosome network using inhibitor feeding, antibody blocking and dsRNA silencing. We monitored the quantities of TYLCV in the whitefly and virus transmission efficiency. Following endocytosis and endosome network disruption, the quantity of virus was higher in the midgut relative to that of the whole insect body, and the quantity of virus in the haemolymph was reduced. The transmission efficiency of TYLCV by the treated insects was also reduced. These findings indicate that clathrin-mediated endocytosis and endosomes play an important role in the transport of TYLCV across the whitefly midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Long Pan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qun-Fang Chen
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Juan-Juan Zhao
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tao Guo
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Aliza Hariton-Shalev
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 10, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Henryk Czosnek
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 10, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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14
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Hassan I, Orílio AF, Fiallo-Olivé E, Briddon RW, Navas-Castillo J. Infectivity, effects on helper viruses and whitefly transmission of the deltasatellites associated with sweepoviruses (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae). Sci Rep 2016; 6:30204. [PMID: 27453359 PMCID: PMC4958995 DOI: 10.1038/srep30204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae) are whitefly-transmitted viruses with single-stranded DNA genomes that are frequently associated with DNA satellites. These satellites include non-coding satellites, for which the name deltasatellites has been proposed. Although the first deltasatellite was identified in the late 1990s, little is known about the effects they have on infections of their helper begomoviruses. Recently a group of deltasatellites were identified associated with sweepoviruses, a group of phylogenetically distinct begomoviruses that infect plants of the family Convolvulaceae including sweet potato. In this work, the deltasatellites associated with sweepoviruses are shown to be transreplicated and maintained in plants by the virus with which they were identified, sweet potato leaf curl virus (SPLCV). These deltasatellites were shown generally to reduce symptom severity of the virus infection by reducing virus DNA levels. Additionally they were shown to be maintained in plants, and reduce the symptoms induced by two Old World monopartite begomoviruses, tomato yellow leaf curl virus and tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus. Finally one of the satellites was shown to be transmitted plant-to-plant in the presence of SPLCV by the whitefly vector of the virus, Bemisia tabaci, being the first time a deltasatellite has been shown to be insect transmitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishtiaq Hassan
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental “La Mayora”, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Anelise F. Orílio
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental “La Mayora”, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Elvira Fiallo-Olivé
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental “La Mayora”, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rob W. Briddon
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Jesús Navas-Castillo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental “La Mayora”, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
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15
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Nagendran K, Satya VK, Mohankumar S, Karthikeyan G. Molecular characterization of a distinct bipartite Begomovirus species infecting ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis L.) in Tamil Nadu, India. Virus Genes 2016; 52:146-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-015-1278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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16
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Kanakala S, Ghanim M. Implication of the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Cyclophilin B Protein in the Transmission of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1702. [PMID: 27895657 PMCID: PMC5109225 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a single-stranded (ssDNA) begomoviruses that causes severe damage to tomato and several other crops worldwide. TYLCV is exclusively transmitted by the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci in a persistent circulative and propagative manner. Previous studies have shown that the transmission, retention, and circulation of TYLCV in its vector involves interaction with insect and endosymbiont proteins, which aid in the transmission of the virus, or have a protective role in response to the presence of the virus in the insect body. However, only a low number of such proteins have been identified. Here, the role of B. tabaci Cyclophilin B (CypB) in the transmission of TYLCV protein was investigated. Cyclophilins are a large family of cellular prolyl isomerases that have many molecular roles including facilitating protein-protein interactions in the cell. One cyclophilin protein has been implicated in aphid-luteovirus interactions. We demonstrate that the expression of CypB from B. tabaci is altered upon TYLCV acquisition and retention. Further experiments used immunocapture-PCR and co-immunolocalization and demonstrated a specific interaction and colocalization between CypB and TYLCV in the the midgut, eggs, and salivary glands. Membrane feeding of anti-CypB antibodies and TYLCV-infected plants showed a decrease in TYLCV transmission, suggesting a critical role that CypB plays in TYLCV transmission. Further experiments, which used membrane feeding with the CypB inhibitor Cyclosporin A showed decrease in CypB-TYLCV colocalization in the midgut and virus transmission. Altogether, our results indicate that CypB plays an important role in TYLCV transmission by B. tabaci.
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17
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Rosario K, Seah YM, Marr C, Varsani A, Kraberger S, Stainton D, Moriones E, Polston JE, Duffy S, Breitbart M. Vector-Enabled Metagenomic (VEM) Surveys Using Whiteflies (Aleyrodidae) Reveal Novel Begomovirus Species in the New and Old Worlds. Viruses 2015; 7:5553-70. [PMID: 26516898 PMCID: PMC4632403 DOI: 10.3390/v7102895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Whitefly-transmitted viruses belonging to the genus Begomovirus (family Geminiviridae) represent a substantial threat to agricultural food production. The rapid evolutionary potential of these single-stranded DNA viruses combined with the polyphagous feeding behavior of their whitefly vector (Bemisia tabaci) can lead to the emergence of damaging viral strains. Therefore, it is crucial to characterize begomoviruses circulating in different regions and crops globally. This study utilized vector-enabled metagenomics (VEM) coupled with high-throughput sequencing to survey begomoviruses directly from whiteflies collected in various locations (California (USA), Guatemala, Israel, Puerto Rico, and Spain). Begomoviruses were detected in all locations, with the highest diversity identified in Guatemala where up to seven different species were identified in a single field. Both bipartite and monopartite viruses were detected, including seven new begomovirus species from Guatemala, Puerto Rico, and Spain. This begomovirus survey extends the known diversity of these highly damaging plant viruses. However, the new genomes described here and in the recent literature appear to reflect the outcome of interactions between closely-related species, often resulting from recombination, instead of unique, highly divergent species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyna Rosario
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, Saint Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
| | - Yee Mey Seah
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Christian Marr
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, Saint Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
| | - Arvind Varsani
- School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Ilam, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.
| | - Simona Kraberger
- School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Ilam, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
| | - Daisy Stainton
- School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Ilam, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
| | - Enrique Moriones
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Estación Experimental "La Mayora", Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga 29750, Spain.
| | - Jane E Polston
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Siobain Duffy
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Mya Breitbart
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, Saint Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
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18
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Gray S, Cilia M, Ghanim M. Circulative, "nonpropagative" virus transmission: an orchestra of virus-, insect-, and plant-derived instruments. Adv Virus Res 2014; 89:141-99. [PMID: 24751196 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800172-1.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Species of plant viruses within the Luteoviridae, Geminiviridae, and Nanoviridae are transmitted by phloem-feeding insects in a circulative, nonpropagative manner. The precise route of virus movement through the vector can differ across and within virus families, but these viruses all share many biological, biochemical, and ecological features. All share temporal and spatial constraints with respect to transmission efficiency. The viruses also induce physiological changes in their plant hosts resulting in behavioral changes in the insects that optimize the transmission of virus to new hosts. Virus proteins interact with insect, endosymbiont, and plant proteins to orchestrate, directly and indirectly, virus movement in insects and plants to facilitate transmission. Knowledge of these complex interactions allows for the development of new tools to reduce or prevent transmission, to quickly identify important vector populations, and to improve the management of these economically important viruses affecting agricultural and natural plant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Gray
- Biological Integrated Pest Management Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Ithaca, New York, USA; Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
| | - Michelle Cilia
- Biological Integrated Pest Management Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Ithaca, New York, USA; Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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19
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Fischer A, Strohmeier S, Krenz B, Jeske H. Evolutionary liberties of the Abutilon mosaic virus cluster. Virus Genes 2014; 50:63-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Wang LL, Wei XM, Ye XD, Xu HX, Zhou XP, Liu SS, Wang XW. Expression and functional characterisation of a soluble form of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus coat protein. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2014; 70:1624-31. [PMID: 24488592 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a member of the genus Begomovirus within the family Geminiviridae, is an important pathogen of tomato in many tropical, subtropical and temperate regions. TYLCV is exclusively transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci in a circulative manner. The viral coat protein (CP) has been assumed to play important roles in the entry of TYLCV into the insect midgut cells. RESULTS Testing the hypothesis that CP plays an important role in TYLCV acquisition by B. tabaci, a soluble form of the CP was expressed and purified. The purified recombinant CP made it possible to examine the function of TYLCV CP without other viral proteins. In an in vivo binding assay, specific binding of TYLCV CP to B. tabaci midguts was detected when purified CP was fed to B. tabaci. In addition, real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of virus titre revealed that B. tabaci fed with purified CP had reduced the level of virus in their midgut compared with those fed with bovine serum albumin or maltose-binding protein. These results suggest that binding of TYLCV CP to the B. tabaci midgut specifically inhibits virus acquisition. CONCLUSIONS The findings that TYLCV CP binds to B. tabaci midguts and decreases virus acquisition provide direct evidence that CP mediates the attachment of TYLCV to receptors on the epithelial cells of the B. tabaci midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Lan Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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21
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Polston JE, De Barro P, Boykin LM. Transmission specificities of plant viruses with the newly identified species of the Bemisia tabaci species complex. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2014; 70:1547-52. [PMID: 24464790 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci has had a colorful nomenclatural past and is now recognized as a species complex. This new species framework has added many new areas of research including adding new insight into the virus transmission specificity of the species in the B. tabaci species complex. There is a wide disparity in what is known about the transmission of plant viruses by different members of the B. tabaci species complex. In this paper, we have synthesized the transmission specificities of the plant viruses transmitted by species belonging to the complex. There are five genera of plant viruses with members that are transmitted by species of the B. tabaci species complex. The transmission of viruses belonging to two of these, Begomovirus and Crinivirus, are well studied and much is known in regards to the relationship between species and transmission and etiology. This is in contrast to viruses of the genera, Torradovirus and Carlavirus, for which very little is known inregards to their transmission. This is the first attempt to integrate viral data within the new B. tabaci species complex framework. It is clear that matching historical transmission data with the current species framework is difficult due to the lack of awareness of the underlying genetic diversity within B. tabaci. We encourage all researchers to determine which species of B. tabaci they are using to facilitate association of phenotypic traits with particular members of the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Polston
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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22
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Specific cells in the primary salivary glands of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci control retention and transmission of begomoviruses. J Virol 2014; 88:13460-8. [PMID: 25210181 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02179-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The majority of plant viruses are vectored by arthropods via persistent-circulative or noncirculative transmission. Previous studies have shown that specific binding sites for noncirculative viruses reside within the stylet or foregut of insect vectors, whereas the transmission mechanisms of circulative viruses remain ambiguous. Here we report the critical roles of whitefly primary salivary glands (PSGs) in the circulative transmission of two begomoviruses. The Middle East Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) species of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci complex efficiently transmits both Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), whereas the Mediterranean (MED) species transmits TYLCV but not TYLCCNV. PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization experiments showed that TYLCCNV efficiently penetrates the PSGs of MEAM1 but not MED whiteflies. When a fragment of the coat protein of TYLCCNV was exchanged with that of TYLCV, mutated TYLCCNV accumulated in the PSGs of MED whiteflies, while mutant TYLCV was nearly undetectable. Confocal microscopy revealed that virion transport in PSGs follows specific paths to reach secretory cells in the central region, and the accumulation of virions in the secretory region of PSGs was correlated with successful virus transmission. Our findings demonstrate that whitefly PSGs, in particular the cells around the secretory region, control the specificity of begomovirus transmission. IMPORTANCE Over 75% of plant viruses are transmitted by insects. However, the mechanisms of virus transmission by insect vectors remain largely unknown. Begomoviruses and whiteflies are a complex of viruses and vectors which threaten many crops worldwide. We investigated the transmission of two begomoviruses by two whitefly species. We show that specific cells of the whitefly primary salivary glands control viral transmission specificity and that virion transport in the glands follows specific paths to reach secretory cells in the central region and then to reach the salivary duct. Our results indicate that the secretory cells in the central region of primary salivary glands determine the recognition and transmission of begomoviruses. These findings set a foundation for future research not only on circulative plant virus transmission but also on other human and animal viruses transmitted by arthropod vectors.
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Maghuly F, Ramkat RC, Laimer M. Virus versus host plant microRNAs: who determines the outcome of the interaction? PLoS One 2014; 9:e98263. [PMID: 24896088 PMCID: PMC4045720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the importance of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the regulation of essential processes in plant pathogen interactions, it is not surprising that, while plant miRNA sequences counteract viral attack via antiviral RNA silencing, viruses in turn have developed antihost defense mechanisms blocking these RNA silencing pathways and establish a counter-defense. In the current study, computational and stem-loop Reverse Transcription – Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) approaches were employed to a) predict and validate virus encoded mature miRNAs (miRs) in 39 DNA-A sequences of the bipartite genomes of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and East African cassava mosaic virus-Uganda (EACMV-UG) isolates, b) determine whether virus encoded miRs/miRs* generated from the 5′/3′ harpin arms have the capacity to bind to genomic sequences of the host plants Jatropha or cassava and c) investigate whether plant encoded miR/miR* sequences have the potential to bind to the viral genomes. Different viral pre-miRNA hairpin sequences and viral miR/miR* length variants occurring as isomiRs were predicted in both viruses. These miRNAs were located in three Open Reading Frames (ORFs) and in the Intergenic Region (IR). Moreover, various target genes for miRNAs from both viruses were predicted and annotated in the host plant genomes indicating that they are involved in biotic response, metabolic pathways and transcription factors. Plant miRs/miRs* from conserved and highly expressed families were identified, which were shown to have potential targets in the genome of both begomoviruses, representing potential plant miRNAs mediating antiviral defense. This is the first assessment of predicted viral miRs/miRs* of ACMV and EACMV-UG and host plant miRNAs, providing a reference point for miRNA identification in pathogens and their hosts. These findings will improve the understanding of host- pathogen interaction pathways and the function of viral miRNAs in Euphorbiaceous crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Maghuly
- Plant Biotechnology Unit (PBU), Department Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU-VIBT, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rose C. Ramkat
- Plant Biotechnology Unit (PBU), Department Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU-VIBT, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya
| | - Margit Laimer
- Plant Biotechnology Unit (PBU), Department Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU-VIBT, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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24
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Osmond CB, Daley PF, Badger MR, Lüttge U. Chlorophyll Fluorescence Quenching During Photosynthetic Induction in Leaves ofAbutilon striatumDicks. Infected with Abutilon Mosaic Virus, Observed with a Field-Portable Imaging System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1998.tb00724.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Gorovits R, Moshe A, Ghanim M, Czosnek H. Recruitment of the host plant heat shock protein 70 by Tomato yellow leaf curl virus coat protein is required for virus infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70280. [PMID: 23894631 PMCID: PMC3720902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A functional capsid protein (CP) is essential for host plant infection and insect transmission of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and other monopartite begomoviruses. We have previously shown that TYLCV CP specifically interacts with the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) of the virus insect vector, Bemisia tabaci. Here we demonstrate that during the development of tomato plant infection with TYLCV, a significant amount of HSP70 shifts from a soluble form into insoluble aggregates. CP and HSP70 co-localize in these aggregates, first in the cytoplasm, then in the nucleus of cells associated with the vascular system. CP-HSP70 interaction was demonstrated by co-immunopreciptation in cytoplasmic - but not in nuclear extracts from leaf and stem. Inhibition of HSP70 expression by quercetin caused a decrease in the amount of nuclear CP aggregates and a re-localization of a GFP-CP fusion protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. HSP70 inactivation resulted in a decrease of TYLCV DNA levels, demonstrating the role of HSP70 in TYLCV multiplication in planta. The current study reveals for the first time the involvement of plant HSP70 in TYLCV CP intracellular movement. As described earlier, nuclear aggregates contained TYLCV DNA-CP complexes and infectious virions. Showing that HSP70 localizes in these large nuclear aggregates infers that these structures operate as nuclear virus factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena Gorovits
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
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26
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Kliot A, Ghanim M. The role of bacterial chaperones in the circulative transmission of plant viruses by insect vectors. Viruses 2013; 5:1516-35. [PMID: 23783810 PMCID: PMC3717719 DOI: 10.3390/v5061516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent circulative transmission of plant viruses involves complex interactions between the transmitted virus and its insect vector. Several studies have shown that insect vector proteins are involved in the passage and the transmission of the virus. Interestingly, proteins expressed by bacterial endosymbionts that reside in the insect vector, were also shown to influence the transmission of these viruses. Thus far, the transmission of two plant viruses that belong to different virus genera was shown to be facilitated by a bacterial chaperone protein called GroEL. This protein was shown to be implicated in the transmission of Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) by the green peach aphid Myzus persicae, and the transmission of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) by the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci. These tri-trophic levels of interactions and their possible evolutionary implications are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Kliot
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel; E-Mail:
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel; E-Mail:
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Kanakala S, Jyothsna P, Shukla R, Tiwari N, Veer BS, Swarnalatha P, Krishnareddy M, Malathi VG. Asymmetric synergism and heteroencapsidation between two bipartite begomoviruses, tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus and tomato leaf curl Palampur virus. Virus Res 2013; 174:126-36. [PMID: 23578824 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Kanakala
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
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Péréfarres F, Thierry M, Becker N, Lefeuvre P, Reynaud B, Delatte H, Lett JM. Biological invasions of geminiviruses: case study of TYLCV and Bemisia tabaci in Reunion Island. Viruses 2012; 4:3665-88. [PMID: 23235470 PMCID: PMC3528285 DOI: 10.3390/v4123665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last 20 years, molecular ecology approaches have proven to be extremely useful to identify and assess factors associated with viral emerging diseases, particularly in economically and socially important tropical crops such as maize (maize streak disease) and cassava (cassava mosaic disease). Molecular ecology approaches were applied in Reunion Island to analyze the epidemic of tomato yellow leaf curl disease, which has been affecting the island since the end of the 1990s. Before the invasive biotype B (currently known as Middle East-Asia Minor 1 cryptic species) of Bemisia tabaci spread across the world, Reunion Island (South West Indian Ocean) only hosted an indigenous biotype of B. tabaci, Ms (currently known as Indian Ocean cryptic species). Wild hybrids between invasive and indigenous species were subsequently characterized over multiple generations. Endosymbiont analysis of the hybrid population indicated that matings were non-random. Similarly, while no indigenous begomoviruses have ever been reported on Reunion Island, the two main strains of one of the most damaging and emerging plant viruses in the world, the Mild and Israel strains of the Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV-Mld and TYLCV-IL), were introduced in 1997 and 2004 respectively. While these introductions extensively modified the agricultural landscape of Reunion Island, they also provided an invaluable opportunity to study the ecological and genetic mechanisms involved in biological invasion and competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Péréfarres
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, France; E-Mails: (F.P.); (M.T.); (P.L.); (B.R.); (H.D.); (J.-M.L.)
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, France
| | - Magali Thierry
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, France; E-Mails: (F.P.); (M.T.); (P.L.); (B.R.); (H.D.); (J.-M.L.)
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, France
| | - Nathalie Becker
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Département Systématique et Evolution, USM 601, CNRS UMR 5202 Origine, Structure et Evolution de la Biodiversité, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, 75005 Paris, France; E-Mail:
| | - Pierre Lefeuvre
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, France; E-Mails: (F.P.); (M.T.); (P.L.); (B.R.); (H.D.); (J.-M.L.)
| | - Bernard Reynaud
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, France; E-Mails: (F.P.); (M.T.); (P.L.); (B.R.); (H.D.); (J.-M.L.)
| | - Hélène Delatte
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, France; E-Mails: (F.P.); (M.T.); (P.L.); (B.R.); (H.D.); (J.-M.L.)
| | - Jean-Michel Lett
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, France; E-Mails: (F.P.); (M.T.); (P.L.); (B.R.); (H.D.); (J.-M.L.)
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Götz M, Popovski S, Kollenberg M, Gorovits R, Brown JK, Cicero JM, Czosnek H, Winter S, Ghanim M. Implication of Bemisia tabaci heat shock protein 70 in Begomovirus-whitefly interactions. J Virol 2012; 86:13241-52. [PMID: 23015709 PMCID: PMC3503126 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00880-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a major cosmopolitan pest capable of feeding on hundreds of plant species and transmits several major plant viruses. The most important and widespread viruses vectored by B. tabaci are in the genus Begomovirus, an unusual group of plant viruses owing to their small, single-stranded DNA genome and geminate particle morphology. B. tabaci transmits begomoviruses in a persistent circulative nonpropagative manner. Evidence suggests that the whitefly vector encounters deleterious effects following Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) ingestion and retention. However, little is known about the molecular and cellular basis underlying these coevolved begomovirus-whitefly interactions. To elucidate these interactions, we undertook a study using B. tabaci microarrays to specifically describe the responses of the transcriptomes of whole insects and dissected midguts following TYLCV acquisition and retention. Microarray, real-time PCR, and Western blot analyses indicated that B. tabaci heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) specifically responded to the presence of the monopartite TYLCV and the bipartite Squash leaf curl virus. Immunocapture PCR, protein coimmunoprecipitation, and virus overlay protein binding assays showed in vitro interaction between TYLCV and HSP70. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunolocalization showed colocalization of TYLCV and the bipartite Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus virions and HSP70 within midgut epithelial cells. Finally, membrane feeding of whiteflies with anti-HSP70 antibodies and TYLCV virions showed an increase in TYLCV transmission, suggesting an inhibitory role for HSP70 in virus transmission, a role that might be related to protection against begomoviruses while translocating in the whitefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Götz
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Plant Virus Department, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Mario Kollenberg
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Plant Virus Department, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rena Gorovits
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Judith K. Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Joseph M. Cicero
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Henryk Czosnek
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Stephan Winter
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Plant Virus Department, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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Rana VS, Singh ST, Priya NG, Kumar J, Rajagopal R. Arsenophonus GroEL interacts with CLCuV and is localized in midgut and salivary gland of whitefly B. tabaci. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42168. [PMID: 22900008 PMCID: PMC3416813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV) (Gemininiviridae: Begomovirus) is the causative agent of leaf curl disease in cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum). CLCuV is exclusively transmitted by the whitefly species B. tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Alerodidae). B. tabaci contains several biotypes which harbor dissimilar bacterial endo-symbiotic community. It is reported that these bacterial endosymbionts produce a 63 kDa chaperon GroEL protein which binds to geminivirus particles and protects them from rapid degradation in gut and haemolymph. In biotype B, GroEL protein of Hamiltonella has been shown to interact with Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). The present study was initiated to find out whether endosymbionts of B. tabaci are similarly involved in CLCuV transmission in Sriganganagar (Rajasthan), an area endemic with cotton leaf curl disease. Biotype and endosymbiont diversity of B. tabaci were identified using MtCO1 and 16S rDNA genes respectively. Analysis of our results indicated that the collected B. tabaci population belong to AsiaII genetic group and harbor the primary endosymbiont Portiera and the secondary endosymbiont Arsenophonus. The GroEL proteins of Portiera and Arsenophonus were purified and in-vitro interaction studies were carried out using pull down and co-immunoprecipitation assays. In-vivo interaction was confirmed using yeast two hybrid system. In both in-vitro and in-vivo studies, the GroEL protein of Arsenophonus was found to be interacting with the CLCuV coat protein. Further, we also localized the presence of Arsenophonus in the salivary glands and the midgut of B. tabaci besides the already reported bacteriocytes. These results suggest the involvement of Arsenophonus in the transmission of CLCuV in AsiaII genetic group of B. tabaci.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jitendra Kumar
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Raman Rajagopal
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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31
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Zakri AM, Ziegler A, Commandeur U, Fischer R, Torrance L. In vivo expression and binding activity of scFv-RWAV, which recognizes the coat protein of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (family Geminiviridae). Arch Virol 2012; 157:1291-9. [PMID: 22491815 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies expressed in plants have the potential to interrupt virus infections by blocking essential stages of the infection cycle. Here, we show that the expression of a recombinant single-chain variable fragment (scFv) that recognizes the coat protein of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) in vitro can also bind to a recombinant coat protein in vivo in the reducing environment of the plant cytosol. The scFv and its target were both expressed as fluorescent protein fusions, one incorporating green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the other DsRed. We found that the incorporation of a nuclear localization signal into the scFv construct resulted in the nuclear import of the antibody-antigen complex, as shown by colocalization of the two fluorescent signals. This demonstrates that recombinant antibodies can be targeted to the nucleus and will bind to geminivirus coat proteins therein, allowing the virus infection cycle to be interrupted during its critical replicative phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel M Zakri
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology (Biology VII), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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32
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Martin DP, Biagini P, Lefeuvre P, Golden M, Roumagnac P, Varsani A. Recombination in eukaryotic single stranded DNA viruses. Viruses 2011; 3:1699-738. [PMID: 21994803 PMCID: PMC3187698 DOI: 10.3390/v3091699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although single stranded (ss) DNA viruses that infect humans and their domesticated animals do not generally cause major diseases, the arthropod borne ssDNA viruses of plants do, and as a result seriously constrain food production in most temperate regions of the world. Besides the well known plant and animal-infecting ssDNA viruses, it has recently become apparent through metagenomic surveys of ssDNA molecules that there also exist large numbers of other diverse ssDNA viruses within almost all terrestrial and aquatic environments. The host ranges of these viruses probably span the tree of life and they are likely to be important components of global ecosystems. Various lines of evidence suggest that a pivotal evolutionary process during the generation of this global ssDNA virus diversity has probably been genetic recombination. High rates of homologous recombination, non-homologous recombination and genome component reassortment are known to occur within and between various different ssDNA virus species and we look here at the various roles that these different types of recombination may play, both in the day-to-day biology, and in the longer term evolution, of these viruses. We specifically focus on the ecological, biochemical and selective factors underlying patterns of genetic exchange detectable amongst the ssDNA viruses and discuss how these should all be considered when assessing the adaptive value of recombination during ssDNA virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren P. Martin
- Computational Biology Group, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 4579, South Africa; E-Mail:
| | - Philippe Biagini
- UMR CNRS 6578 Anthropologie Bioculturelle, Equipe “Emergence et co-évolution virale”, Etablissement Français du Sang Alpes-Méditerranée, Université de la Méditerranée, 27 Bd. Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; E-Mail:
| | - Pierre Lefeuvre
- CIRAD, UMR 53 PVBMT CIRAD-Université de la Réunion, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, Ligne Paradis, 97410, Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France; E-Mail:
| | - Michael Golden
- Computational Biology Group, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 4579, South Africa; E-Mail:
| | - Philippe Roumagnac
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, TA A-54/K, Campus International de Montferrier-Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France; E-Mail:
| | - Arvind Varsani
- Electron Microscope Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa; E-Mail:
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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33
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Ramkat RC, Calari A, Maghuly F, Laimer M. Biotechnological approaches to determine the impact of viruses in the energy crop plant Jatropha curcas. Virol J 2011; 8:386. [PMID: 21812981 PMCID: PMC3163225 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geminiviruses infect a wide range of plant species including Jatropha and cassava both belonging to family Euphorbiaceae. Cassava is traditionally an important food crop in Sub - Saharan countries, while Jatropha is considered as valuable biofuel plant with great perspectives in the future. RESULTS A total of 127 Jatropha samples from Ethiopia and Kenya and 124 cassava samples from Kenya were tested by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for RNA viruses and polymerase chain reaction for geminiviruses. Jatropha samples from 4 different districts in Kenya and Ethiopia (analyzed by ELISA) were negative for all three RNA viruses tested: Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV), Cassava common mosaic virus, Cucumber mosaic virus, Three cassava samples from Busia district (Kenya) contained CBSV. Efforts to develop diagnostic approaches allowing reliable pathogen detection in Jatropha, involved the amplification and sequencing of the entire DNA A molecules of 40 Kenyan isolates belonging to African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and East African cassava mosaic virus - Uganda. This information enabled the design of novel primers to address different questions: a) primers amplifying longer sequences led to a phylogenetic tree of isolates, allowing some predictions on the evolutionary aspects of Begomoviruses in Jatrophia; b) primers amplifying shorter sequences represent a reliable diagnostic tool. This is the first report of the two Begomoviruses in J. curcas. Two cassava samples were co - infected with cassava mosaic geminivirus and CBSV. A Defective DNA A of ACMV was found for the first time in Jatropha. CONCLUSION Cassava geminiviruses occurring in Jatropha might be spread wider than anticipated. If not taken care of, this virus infection might negatively impact large scale plantations for biofuel production. Being hosts for similar pathogens, the planting vicinity of the two crop plants needs to be handled carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose C Ramkat
- Plant Biotechnology Unit, IAM, VIBT, BOKU, Muthgasse 18, A - 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alberto Calari
- Plant Biotechnology Unit, IAM, VIBT, BOKU, Muthgasse 18, A - 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fatemeh Maghuly
- Plant Biotechnology Unit, IAM, VIBT, BOKU, Muthgasse 18, A - 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Margit Laimer
- Plant Biotechnology Unit, IAM, VIBT, BOKU, Muthgasse 18, A - 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Krenz B, Wege C, Jeske H. Cell-free construction of disarmed Abutilon mosaic virus-based gene silencing vectors. J Virol Methods 2010; 169:129-37. [PMID: 20638413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The bipartite Abutilon mosaic virus (AbMV) was engineered as a versatile silencing vector in which the coat protein gene of DNA A was deleted and replaced by sequences of interest. Plants transgenic for the dimeric AbMV DNA B component were used as test hosts to minimize the risk of unintended release of the recombinant DNA. The vector construct was stable genetically upon systemic infection and, in common with the parental virus, the vector remained phloem-limited. For virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), a phytoene desaturase gene fragment was isolated from Nicotiana benthamiana (NbPDS) and inserted into the vector. After agroinfection, phytoene desaturase silencing was triggered efficiently in all leaf tissues without interference by viral symptoms. In order to facilitate further the use of the system, a technique for cell-free construction of recombinants was established using rolling circle amplification and biolistic inoculation of DNA B-transgenic plants. This novel procedure provides a convenient and safe way for delivering VIGS constructs for functional genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Krenz
- University of Stuttgart, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany
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Gottlieb Y, Zchori-Fein E, Mozes-Daube N, Kontsedalov S, Skaljac M, Brumin M, Sobol I, Czosnek H, Vavre F, Fleury F, Ghanim M. The transmission efficiency of tomato yellow leaf curl virus by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci is correlated with the presence of a specific symbiotic bacterium species. J Virol 2010; 84:9310-7. [PMID: 20631135 PMCID: PMC2937599 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00423-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) (Geminiviridae: Begomovirus) is exclusively vectored by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). TYLCV transmission depends upon a 63-kDa GroEL protein produced by the vector's endosymbiotic bacteria. B. tabaci is a species complex comprising several genetically distinct biotypes that show different secondary-symbiont fauna. In Israel, the B biotype harbors Hamiltonella, and the Q biotype harbors Wolbachia and Arsenophonus. Both biotypes harbor Rickettsia and Portiera (the obligatory primary symbionts). The aim of this study was to determine which B. tabaci symbionts are involved in TYLCV transmission using B. tabaci populations collected in Israel. Virus transmission assays by B. tabaci showed that the B biotype efficiently transmits the virus, while the Q biotype scarcely transmits it. Yeast two-hybrid and protein pulldown assays showed that while the GroEL protein produced by Hamiltonella interacts with TYLCV coat protein, GroEL produced by Rickettsia and Portiera does not. To assess the role of Wolbachia and Arsenophonus GroEL proteins (GroELs), we used an immune capture PCR (IC-PCR) assay, employing in vivo- and in vitro-synthesized GroEL proteins from all symbionts and whitefly artificial feeding through membranes. Interaction between GroEL and TYLCV was found to occur in the B biotype, but not in the Q biotype. This assay further showed that release of virions protected by GroEL occurs adjacent to the primary salivary glands. Taken together, the GroEL protein produced by Hamiltonella (present in the B biotype, but absent in the Q biotype) facilitates TYLCV transmission. The other symbionts from both biotypes do not seem to be involved in transmission of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Gottlieb
- The Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel, ARO, Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Entomology, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne F-69622, France, Institute for Adriatic Crops, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Einat Zchori-Fein
- The Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel, ARO, Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Entomology, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne F-69622, France, Institute for Adriatic Crops, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Netta Mozes-Daube
- The Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel, ARO, Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Entomology, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne F-69622, France, Institute for Adriatic Crops, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Svetlana Kontsedalov
- The Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel, ARO, Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Entomology, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne F-69622, France, Institute for Adriatic Crops, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Marisa Skaljac
- The Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel, ARO, Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Entomology, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne F-69622, France, Institute for Adriatic Crops, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Marina Brumin
- The Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel, ARO, Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Entomology, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne F-69622, France, Institute for Adriatic Crops, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Iris Sobol
- The Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel, ARO, Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Entomology, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne F-69622, France, Institute for Adriatic Crops, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Henryk Czosnek
- The Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel, ARO, Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Entomology, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne F-69622, France, Institute for Adriatic Crops, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Fabrice Vavre
- The Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel, ARO, Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Entomology, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne F-69622, France, Institute for Adriatic Crops, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Frédéric Fleury
- The Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel, ARO, Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Entomology, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne F-69622, France, Institute for Adriatic Crops, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Murad Ghanim
- The Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel, ARO, Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Entomology, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne F-69622, France, Institute for Adriatic Crops, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia
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Levy A, Tzfira T. Bean dwarf mosaic virus: a model system for the study of viral movement. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2010; 11:451-461. [PMID: 20618704 PMCID: PMC6640244 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
TAXONOMY Bean dwarf mosaic virus-[Colombia:1987] (BDMV-[CO:87]) is a single-stranded plant DNA virus, a member of the genus Begomovirus of the family Geminiviridae. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES BDMV virions are twinned incomplete isosahedra measuring 18 x 30 nm. The viral particle is composed of 110 subunits of coat protein, organized as 22 pentameric capsomers. Each subunit has a molecular mass of approximately 29 kDa. BDMV possesses two DNA components (designated DNA-A and DNA-B), each approximately 2.6 kb in size. HOST RANGE The natural and most important host of BDMV is the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Nicotiana benthamiana is often used as an experimental host. Common bean germplasm can be divided into two major gene pools: Andean materials, which are mostly susceptible to BDMV, and Middle American materials, which are mostly resistant to BDMV. DISEASE SYMPTOMS The symptom intensity in common bean plants depends on the stage of infection. Early infection of susceptible bean seedlings will result in severe stunting and dwarfing, leaf distortion and mottling or mosaic, as well as chlorotic or yellow spots or blotches. BDMV-infected plants usually abort their flowers or produce severely distorted pods. Late infection of susceptible plants or early infection of moderately resistant genotypes may show a mild mosaic, mottle and crumpling or an irregular distribution of variegated patches. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES: As a member of the Begomovirus group, BDMV is transmitted from plant to plant by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. BDMV is a nonphloem-limited virus and can replicate and move in the epidermal, cortical and phloem cells. As a nonphloem-limited virus, it is sap-transmissible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avner Levy
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Generation and characterization of a scFv against recombinant coat protein of the geminivirus tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus. Arch Virol 2010; 155:335-42. [PMID: 20107847 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0591-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the establishment of a hybridoma cell line secreting the monoclonal antibody (mAb) HAV, which recognizes the coat (AV1) protein of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), a begomovirus. The cell line was obtained following immunization of mice with purified recombinant AV1 fused to glutathione S-transferase (GST). A single-chain variable fragment (scFv-SAV) was assembled from hybridoma cDNA, but sequence analysis revealed a single nucleotide deletion causing a frame shift that resulted in a 21-residue N-terminal truncation. The missing nucleotide was restored by in vitro site-directed mutagenesis to create scFv-RWAV. The binding properties of mAb HAV and the corresponding scFvs were characterized by western blot, ELISA and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. MAb HAV bound to AV1 with nanomolar affinity but reacted neither with the N-terminal region of the protein nor with the GST fusion partner. This suggested that the antibody recognized a linear epitope in a region of the coat protein that is conserved among begomoviruses. Both scFvs retained the antigen specificity of mAb HAV, although the dissociation rate constant of scFv-RWAV was tenfold greater than that of scFv-SAV, showing the importance of restoring the 21 N-terminal amino acids.
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Liu J, Li M, Li JM, Huang CJ, Zhou XP, Xu FC, Liu SS. Viral infection of tobacco plants improves performance of Bemisia tabaci but more so for an invasive than for an indigenous biotype of the whitefly. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2010; 11:30-40. [PMID: 20043350 PMCID: PMC2801088 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b0900213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The ecological effects of plant-virus-vector interactions on invasion of alien plant viral vectors have been rarely investigated. We examined the transmission of Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) by the invasive Q biotype and the indigenous ZHJ2 biotype of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, a plant viral vector, as well as the influence of TYLCCNV-infection of plants on the performance of the two whitefly biotypes. Both whitefly biotypes were able to acquire viruses from infected plants and retained them in their bodies, but were unable to transmit them to either tobacco or tomato plants. However, when the Q biotype fed on tobacco plants infected with TYLCCNV, its fecundity and longevity were increased by 7- and 1-fold, respectively, compared to those of the Q biotype fed on uninfected tobacco plants. When the ZHJ2 biotype fed on virus-infected plants, its fecundity and longevity were increased by only 2- and 0.5-fold, respectively. These data show that the Q biotype acquired higher beneficial effects from TYLCCNV-infection of tobacco plants than the ZHJ2 biotype. Thus, the Q biotype whitefly may have advantages in its invasion and displacement of the indigenous ZHJ2 biotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Meng Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Jun-min Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Chang-jun Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Xue-ping Zhou
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Fang-cheng Xu
- Wenzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou 325006, China
| | - Shu-sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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39
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Collins AM, Mujaddad-ur-Rehman M, Brown JK, Reddy C, Wang A, Fondong V, Roye ME. Molecular characterization and experimental host range of an isolate of Wissadula golden mosaic St. Thomas virus. Virus Genes 2009; 39:387-95. [PMID: 19768650 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-009-0401-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Partial genome segments of a begomovirus were previously amplified from Wissadula amplissima exhibiting yellow-mosaic and leaf-curl symptoms in the parish of St. Thomas, Jamaica and this isolate assigned to a tentative begomovirus species, Wissadula golden mosaic St. Thomas virus. To clone the complete genome of this isolate of Wissadula golden mosaic St. Thomas virus, abutting primers were designed to PCR amplify its full-length DNA-A and DNA-B components. Sequence analysis of the complete begomovirus genome obtained, confirmed that it belongs to a distinct begomovirus species and this isolate was named Wissadula golden mosaic St. Thomas virus-[Jamaica:Albion:2005] (WGMSTV-[JM:Alb:05]). The genome of WGMSTV-[JM:Alb:05] is organized similar to that of other bipartite Western Hemisphere begomoviruses. Phylogenetic analyses placed the genome components of WGMSTV-[JM:Alb:05] in the Abutilon mosaic virus clade and showed that the DNA-A component is most closely related to four begomovirus species from Cuba, Tobacco leaf curl Cuba virus, Tobacco leaf rugose virus, Tobacco mottle leaf curl virus, and Tomato yellow distortion leaf virus. The putative Rep-binding-site motif in the common region of WGMSTV-[JM:Alb:05] was observed to be identical to that of Chino del tomate virus-Tomato [Mexico:Sinaloa:1983], Sida yellow mosaic Yucatan virus-[Mexico:Yucatan:2005], and Tomato leaf curl Sinaloa virus-[Nicaragua:Santa Lucia], suggesting that WGMSTV-[JM:Alb:05] is capable of forming viable pseudo-recombinants with these begomoviruses, but not with other members of the Abutilon mosaic virus clade. Biolistic inoculation of test plant species with partial dimers of the WGMSTV-[JM:Alb:05] DNA-A and DNA-B components showed that the virus was infectious to Nicotiana benthamiana and W. amplissima and the cultivated species Phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean) and Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato). Infected W. amplissima plants developed symptoms similar to symptoms observed under field conditions, confirming that this virus is a causal agent of Wissadula yellow mosaic disease in W. amplissima.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Collins
- Biotechnology Center, University of the West Indies, 2 St John's Close, Mona Campus, Kingston, Jamaica.
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40
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Ohnesorge S, Bejarano ER. Begomovirus coat protein interacts with a small heat-shock protein of its transmission vector (Bemisia tabaci). INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 18:693-703. [PMID: 19817909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00906.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV) is transmitted from plant to plant by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci in a persistent-circulative manner. The coat protein (CP) plays an important role in this transmission cycle. In this study, the CP was used to screen a Bemisia tabaci cDNA library using the yeast two-hybrid system, in a search for interacting partners. A member of the small heat-shock protein family (termed BtHSP16) was identified and its interaction with the CP was verified by an in vitro pull-down assay. The binding domain was located at the variable N-terminal part of the CP, while full-length BtHSP16 is required for the interaction. The putative role for this interaction in the transmission cycle by the whitefly is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ohnesorge
- Unidad de Genética, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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41
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Priyadarshini C. G. P, Savithri H. Kinetics of interaction of Cotton Leaf Curl Kokhran Virus-Dabawali (CLCuKV-Dab) coat protein and its mutants with ssDNA. Virology 2009; 386:427-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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42
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Abstract
Plant pathogenic geminiviruses have been proliferating worldwide and have, therefore, attracted considerable scientific interest during the past three decades. Current knowledge concerning their virion and genome structure, their molecular biology of replication, recombination, transcription, and silencing, as well as their transport through plants and dynamic competition with host responses are summarized. The topics are chosen to provide a comprehensive introduction for animal virologists, emphasizing similarities and differences to the closest functional relatives, polyomaviruses and circoviruses.
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Abstract
The plant-infecting geminiviruses encapsidate their single-stranded DNA genome in characteristic twinned particles that are unique among viruses. These particles are formed by joining two incomplete T=1 icosahedra. African cassava mosaic virions were purified by density-gradient centrifugation from infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants and analysed for their stability with respect to pH changes and heat treatment by using electron microscopy. Negative staining and rotary shadowing revealed stable virions as well as isolated capsomeres between pH 4.0 and 8.5. At pH 9.0 and above, particles disintegrated, whereas they mainly aggregated at a pH below 6.0. Heating the preparations to 55 degrees C and above resulted in the complete loss of any discernible structure. A low proportion (approx. 10 %) of particles ejected their DNA within the pH range of 6.0-8.5. Most virions released their DNA at the top (15.9 %) or the shoulder (71.4 %) of the twin particles and only 12.7 % at the waist. Compared with the expected numbers of pentameric capsomeres at the top (9 %), the shoulder (45.5 %) or the waist (45.5 %), the results revealed a preferential DNA release from the top and shoulder of the geminate particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kittelmann
- Universität Stuttgart, Institute of Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Holger Jeske
- Universität Stuttgart, Institute of Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
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44
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Hogenhout SA, Ammar ED, Whitfield AE, Redinbaugh MG. Insect vector interactions with persistently transmitted viruses. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2008; 46:327-59. [PMID: 18680428 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.022508.092135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 605] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The majority of described plant viruses are transmitted by insects of the Hemipteroid assemblage that includes aphids, whiteflies, leafhoppers, planthoppers, and thrips. In this review we highlight progress made in research on vector interactions of the more than 200 plant viruses that are transmitted by hemipteroid insects beginning a few hours or days after acquisition and for up to the life of the insect, i.e., in a persistent-circulative or persistent-propagative mode. These plant viruses move through the insect vector, from the gut lumen into the hemolymph or other tissues and finally into the salivary glands, from which these viruses are introduced back into the plant host during insect feeding. The movement and/or replication of the viruses in the insect vectors require specific interactions between virus and vector components. Recent investigations have resulted in a better understanding of the replication sites and tissue tropism of several plant viruses that propagate in insect vectors. Furthermore, virus and insect proteins involved in overcoming transmission barriers in the vector have been identified for some virus-vector combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia A Hogenhout
- Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
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45
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Abutilon mosaic virus DNA B component supports mechanical virus transmission, but does not counteract begomoviral phloem limitation in transgenic plants. Virology 2007; 365:173-86. [PMID: 17462695 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Different Nicotiana benthamiana lines stably transformed with Abutilon mosaic virus (AbMV) dimeric DNA B were capable of systemically spreading complete bipartite AbMV genomes, following agroinoculation of DNA A alone. Constitutively expressed viral movement protein (BC1) did not induce any persistent disease phenotype, but plants developed transient morphological abnormalities such as radially symmetric leaves after kanamycin withdrawal. Systemic AbMV infection produced symptoms and virus titers indistinguishable from those in non-transgenic plants. In systemically invaded leaves, the begomovirus remained phloem-limited, whereas the plants' susceptibility to mechanical transmission of AbMV was enhanced by a factor of three to five, as compared to non-transgenic controls. Hence, DNA B-encoded movement functions can complement local movement to the phloem after mechanical transmission, but fail to support viral invasion of non-phloem cells in systemically infected organs, indicating that the phloem restriction of AbMV does not result predominantly from a lack of transport competence in mesophyll tissues.
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46
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Vanderschuren H, Stupak M, Fütterer J, Gruissem W, Zhang P. Engineering resistance to geminiviruses--review and perspectives. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2007; 5:207-20. [PMID: 17309676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2006.00217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Following the conceptual development of virus resistance strategies ranging from coat protein-mediated interference of virus propagation to RNA-mediated virus gene silencing, much progress has been achieved to protect plants against RNA and DNA virus infections. Geminiviruses are a major threat to world agriculture, and breeding resistant crops against these DNA viruses is one of the major challenges faced by plant virologists and biotechnologists. In this article, we review the most recent transgene-based approaches that have been developed to achieve durable geminivirus resistance. Although most of the strategies have been tested in model plant systems, they are ready to be adopted for the protection of crop plants. Furthermore, a better understanding of geminivirus gene and protein functions, as well as the native immune system which protects plants against viruses, will allow us to develop novel tools to expand our current capacity to stabilize crop production in geminivirus epidemic zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Vanderschuren
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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47
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Soto MJ, Chen LF, Seo YS, Gilbertson RL. Identification of regions of the Beet mild curly top virus (family Geminiviridae) capsid protein involved in systemic infection, virion formation and leafhopper transmission. Virology 2005; 341:257-70. [PMID: 16085227 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2005] [Revised: 04/28/2005] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses in the genus Curtovirus (family Geminiviridae) are vectored by the beet leafhopper (Circulifer tenellus) and cause curly top disease in a wide range of dicotyledonous plants. An infectious clone of an isolate of Beet mild curly top virus (BMCTV-[W4]), associated with an outbreak of curly top in pepper and tomato crops, was characterized and used to investigate the role of the capsid protein (CP) in viral biology and pathogenesis. Frameshift mutations were introduced into the overlapping CP and V2 genes, and a series of CP alanine scanning mutations were generated. All mutants replicated in tobacco protoplasts or systemically infected plants, consistent with these gene products not being required for viral DNA replication. The CP frameshift mutant and most C-terminal alanine scanning mutants did not systemically infect Nicotiana benthamiana plants or form detectable virions, and were not leafhopper-transmitted. In contrast, most N-terminal alanine scanning mutants systemically infected N. benthamiana and induced disease symptoms, formed virions and were leafhopper-transmissible; thus, these substitution mutations did not significantly alter the functional properties of this region. One N-terminal mutant (CP49-51) systemically infected N. benthamiana, but did not form detectable virions; whereas another (CP25-28) systemically infected N. benthamiana and formed virions, but was not insect-transmissible. These mutants may reveal regions involved in virus movement through the plant and/or leafhopper vector. Together, these results indicate an important role for virions in systemic infection (long-distance movement) and insect transmission, and strongly suggest that virions are the form in which BMCTV moves, long distance, in the phloem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Soto
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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48
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Malik PS, Kumar V, Bagewadi B, Mukherjee SK. Interaction between coat protein and replication initiation protein of Mung bean yellow mosaic India virus might lead to control of viral DNA replication. Virology 2005; 337:273-83. [PMID: 15913696 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2005] [Revised: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their encapsidation function, viral coat proteins (CP) contribute to viral life cycle in many different ways. The CPs of the geminiviruses are responsible for intra- as well as inter-plant virus transmission and might determine the yield of viral DNA inside the infected tissues by either packaging the viral DNA or interfering with the viral replicative machinery. Since the cognate Rep largely controls the rolling circle replication of geminiviral DNA, the interaction between Rep and CP might be worthwhile to examine for elucidation of CP-mediated control of the viral DNA copy number. Here a reasonably strong interaction between Rep and CP of the geminivirus Mung bean yellow mosaic India virus is reported. The domain of interaction has been mapped to a central region of Rep. The replication initiation activity of Rep, i.e., its nicking and closing function, is down regulated by CP. This report highlights how CP could be important in controlling geminiviral DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punjab Singh Malik
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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49
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Bosco D, Mason G, Accotto GP. TYLCSV DNA, but not infectivity, can be transovarially inherited by the progeny of the whitefly vector Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). Virology 2004; 323:276-83. [PMID: 15193923 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2004] [Revised: 01/27/2004] [Accepted: 03/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The transovarial transmission of two species of begomovirus, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV), through generations of Bemisia tabaci of the B and Q biotypes has been investigated. Different life stages of the progeny of viruliferous female whiteflies have been analysed by PCR detection of viral DNA and infectivity tests. Our results indicate that TYLCSV DNA can be detected in eggs and nymphs, and to a lesser extent adults, of the first-generation progeny. Infectivity tests using a large number of adult progeny of the first, second, and third generation indicate that even when viral DNA is inherited, infectivity is not. For TYLCV, neither viral DNA nor infectivity were associated with the progeny of viruliferous female whiteflies. Because the inherited viral DNA is unable to give rise to infections, the transovarial transmission of TYLCSV DNA appears to have no epidemiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bosco
- Di.Va.P.R.A.-Entomologia e Zoologia applicate all'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
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50
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Böttcher B, Unseld S, Ceulemans H, Russell RB, Jeske H. Geminate structures of African cassava mosaic virus. J Virol 2004; 78:6758-65. [PMID: 15194750 PMCID: PMC421685 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.13.6758-6765.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2003] [Accepted: 01/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two types of geminate structures were purified from African cassava mosaic geminivirus (ACMV)-infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants and analyzed by electron cryomicroscopy and image reconstruction. After cesium sulfate density gradient centrifugation, they were separated into lighter top (T) and heavier bottom (B) components. T particles comigrated with host proteins, whereas B particles were concentrated in a cesium density typical for complete virions. Both particles were composed of two incomplete icosahedra of 11 capsomers each, but T particles were slightly larger (diameter, 22.5 nm) and less dense in the interior than B particles (diameter, 21.5 nm). T particles were frequently associated with small globules of approximately 14 nm diameter of unknown origin. The overall structure of ACMV, a begomovirus transmitted by whiteflies, was similar to that of Maize streak virus (MSV), a mastrevirus transmitted by leafhoppers, although the vertices of the icosahedra were less pronounced. Models of ACMV coat proteins based on Satellite tobacco necrosis virus support the exposure of parts of the molecule essential for transmission specificity by whiteflies and provide possible structural explanations for the smaller protrusion of the ACMV capsid relative to MSV. The differences of ACMV and MSV virion shapes are discussed with reference to their different animal vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Böttcher
- Structural and Computational and Biology Programme EMBL, Meyerhofstrasse 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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