1
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Aggarwal S, Agarwal P, Singh AK. Human papilloma virus vaccines: A comprehensive narrative review. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2023; 37:100780. [PMID: 38006748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2023.100780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women aged 15-44 years in the world, with more than three-quarters of cases diagnosed at a locally advanced clinical stage with minor prospects of survival. Although only a small percentage of women with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) develop cervical cancer and most of the HPV infections are cleared subsequently at primary stage itself, but seroconversion not always guarantees that the individual is immune to HPV. The advent of the cervical carcinoma vaccine has raised the expectations that eradication of cervical carcinoma might be possible in the near future as it exhibited remarkably high efficacy against the vaccine-specific types in naive women with no serious vaccine-related adverse events. Few prophylactic HPV vaccines are currently licensed in over 100 countries. It has also been suggested that vaccinating both men and women is more beneficial than vaccinating only females. Vaccination is a cost-effective strategy to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer and mortality compared to no vaccination based on the cost of cancer treatment. Well-coordinated vaccination strategy with focus on adolescent girls and if possible, boys can lead to dramatic impact on disease reduction around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Aggarwal
- Division of ECD, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New-Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Pragati Agarwal
- Division of ECD, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New-Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- National JALMA Institute of Leprosy And Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
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2
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Jackson R, Rajadhyaksha EV, Loeffler RS, Flores CE, Van Doorslaer K. Characterization of 3D organotypic epithelial tissues reveals tonsil-specific differences in tonic interferon signaling. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292368. [PMID: 37792852 PMCID: PMC10550192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) culturing techniques can recapitulate the stratified nature of multicellular epithelial tissues. Organotypic 3D epithelial tissue culture methods have several applications, including the study of tissue development and function, drug discovery and toxicity testing, host-pathogen interactions, and the development of tissue-engineered constructs for use in regenerative medicine. We grew 3D organotypic epithelial tissues from foreskin, cervix, and tonsil-derived primary cells and characterized the transcriptome of these in vitro tissue equivalents. Using the same 3D culturing method, all three tissues yielded stratified squamous epithelium, validated histologically using basal and superficial epithelial cell markers. The goal of this study was to use RNA-seq to compare gene expression patterns in these three types of epithelial tissues to gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying their function and identify potential therapeutic targets for various diseases. Functional profiling by over-representation and gene set enrichment analysis revealed tissue-specific differences: i.e., cutaneous homeostasis and lipid metabolism in foreskin, extracellular matrix remodeling in cervix, and baseline innate immune differences in tonsil. Specifically, tonsillar epithelia may play an active role in shaping the immune microenvironment of the tonsil balancing inflammation and immune responses in the face of constant exposure to microbial insults. Overall, these data serve as a resource, with gene sets made available for the research community to explore, and as a foundation for understanding the epithelial heterogeneity and how it may impact their in vitro use. An online resource is available to investigate these data (https://viz.datascience.arizona.edu/3DEpiEx/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Jackson
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Esha V. Rajadhyaksha
- College of Medicine and College of Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Reid S. Loeffler
- Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Caitlyn E. Flores
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Koenraad Van Doorslaer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Immunobiology, Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, Genetics Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, and University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
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3
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Yin W, Egawa N, Zheng K, Griffin H, Tian P, Aiyenuro A, Bornstein J, Doorbar J. HPV E6 inhibits E6AP to regulate epithelial homeostasis by modulating keratinocyte differentiation commitment and YAP1 activation. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011464. [PMID: 37379354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) cause persistent infections by modulating epithelial homeostasis in cells of the infected basal layer. Using FUCCI and cell-cell competition assays, we have identifed regulatory roles for E6AP and NHERF1, which are the primary HPV11 E6 cellular targets, as well as being targets of the high-risk E6 proteins, in processes governing epithelial homeostasis (i.e. cell density, cell cycle entry, commitment to differentiation and basal layer delamination). Depletion of E6AP, or expression of HPV11 or 16E6 increased keratinocyte cell density and cell cycle activity, and delayed the onset of differentiation; phenotypes which were conspicuously present in HPV11 and 16 infected patient tissue. In line with proposed E6 functions, in HPV11 condyloma tissue, E6AP and NHERF1 were significantly reduced when compared to uninfected epithelium. In experimental systems, loss of HPV11 E6/E6AP binding abolished 11E6's homeostasis regulatory functions, while loss of E6/NHERF1 binding reduced the cell density threshold at which differentiation was triggered. By contrast, a NHERF1-binding mutant of 16E6 was not compromised in its homeostasis functions, while E6AP appeared essential. RNA sequencing revealed similar transcriptional profiles in both 11 and 16E6-expressing cells and E6AP-/- cells, with YAP target genes induced, and keratinocyte differentiation genes being downregulated. HPV11 E6-mediated Yap activation was observed in 2D and 3D (organotypic raft) cell culture systems and HPV-infected lesions, with both NHERF1, which is a regulator of the Hippo and Wnt pathways, and E6AP, playing an important role. As the conserved binding partner of Alpha group HPV E6 proteins, the precise role of E6AP in modulating keratinocyte phenotype and associated signalling pathways has not previously been defined. Our study suggests a model in which the preserved functions of the low and high-risk Alpha E6 proteins modulate epithelial homeostasis via E6AP activity, and lead to alteration of multiple downstream pathways, including those involving NHERF1 and YAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yin
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nagayasu Egawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ke Zheng
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Griffin
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pu Tian
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ademola Aiyenuro
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Bornstein
- Gynecologist & Obstetrician, Colposcopy, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine of Bar-Ilan University, and Galilee Medical Center-Nahariya
| | - John Doorbar
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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4
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Scott H, Dong L, Stevenson A, MacDonald AI, Srinivasan S, Massimi P, Banks L, Martin PE, Johnstone SR, Graham SV. The human discs large protein 1 interacts with and maintains connexin 43 at the plasma membrane in keratinocytes. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs259984. [PMID: 37288673 PMCID: PMC10309592 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Gap junction channels, composed of connexins, allow direct cell-to-cell communication. Connexin 43 (Cx43; also known as GJA1) is widely expressed in tissues, including the epidermis. In a previous study of human papillomavirus-positive cervical epithelial tumour cells, we identified Cx43 as a binding partner of the human homologue of Drosophila Discs large (Dlg1; also known as SAP97). Dlg1 is a member of the membrane associated-guanylate kinase (MAGUK) scaffolding protein family, which is known to control cell shape and polarity. Here, we show that Cx43 also interacts with Dlg1 in uninfected keratinocytes in vitro and in keratinocytes, dermal cells and adipocytes in normal human epidermis in vivo. Depletion of Dlg1 in keratinocytes did not alter Cx43 transcription but was associated with a reduction in Cx43 protein levels. Reduced Dlg1 levels in keratinocytes resulted in a reduction in Cx43 at the plasma membrane with a concomitant reduction in gap junctional intercellular communication and relocation of Cx43 to the Golgi compartment. Our data suggest a key role for Dlg1 in maintaining Cx43 at the plasma membrane in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Scott
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Li Dong
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Andrew Stevenson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Alasdair I. MacDonald
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Sharmila Srinivasan
- Translation Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Paola Massimi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lawrence Banks
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Patricia E. Martin
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK
| | - Scott R. Johnstone
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Virginia Tech, Roanoke VA 24016, USA
| | - Sheila V. Graham
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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5
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Gallego C, Jaracz-Ros A, Laganà M, Mercier-Nomé F, Domenichini S, Fumagalli A, Roingeard P, Herfs M, Pidoux G, Bachelerie F, Schlecht-Louf G. Reprogramming of connexin landscape fosters fast gap junction intercellular communication in human papillomavirus-infected epithelia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1138232. [PMID: 37260709 PMCID: PMC10228504 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1138232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are highly prevalent commensal viruses that require epithelial stratification to complete their replicative cycle. While HPV infections are most often asymptomatic, certain HPV types can cause lesions, that are usually benign. In rare cases, these infections may progress to non-replicative viral cycles associated with high HPV oncogene expression promoting cell transformation, and eventually cancer when not cleared by host responses. While the consequences of HPV-induced transformation on keratinocytes have been extensively explored, the impact of viral replication on epithelial homeostasis remains largely unexplored. Gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) is critical for stratified epithelium integrity and function. This process is ensured by a family of proteins named connexins (Cxs), including 8 isoforms that are expressed in stratified squamous epithelia. GJIC was reported to be impaired in HPV-transformed cells, which was attributed to the decreased expression of the Cx43 isoform. However, it remains unknown whether and how HPV replication might impact on the expression of Cx isoforms and GJIC in stratified squamous epithelia. To address this question, we have used 3D-epithelial cell cultures (3D-EpCs), the only model supporting the productive HPV life cycle. We report a transcriptional downregulation of most epithelial Cx isoforms except Cx45 in HPV-replicating epithelia. At the protein level, HPV replication results in a reduction of Cx43 expression while that of Cx45 increases and displays a topological shift toward the cell membrane. To quantify GJIC, we pioneered quantitative gap-fluorescence loss in photobleaching (FLIP) assay in 3D-EpCs, which allowed us to show that the reprogramming of Cx landscape in response to HPV replication translates into accelerated GJIC in living epithelia. Supporting the pathophysiological relevance of our observations, the HPV-associated Cx43 and Cx45 expression pattern was confirmed in human cervical biopsies harboring HPV. In conclusion, the reprogramming of Cx expression and distribution in HPV-replicating epithelia fosters accelerated GJIC, which may participate in epithelial homeostasis and host immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Gallego
- Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, INSERM UMR-996, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Agnieszka Jaracz-Ros
- Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, INSERM UMR-996, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Marta Laganà
- Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, INSERM UMR-996, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Françoise Mercier-Nomé
- Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, INSERM UMR-996, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- US31-UMS3679-Plateforme PHIC, Ingénierie et Plateformes au Service de l’Innovation Thérapeutique (IPSIT), INSERM, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Séverine Domenichini
- UMS-IPSIT Plateforme MIPSIT, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Inserm, Ingénierie et Plateformes au Service de l’Innovation Thérapeutique, Orsay, France
| | - Amos Fumagalli
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- INSERM U1259, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours & Plateforme IBiSA des Microscopies, PPF ASB, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Michael Herfs
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Françoise Bachelerie
- Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, INSERM UMR-996, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Géraldine Schlecht-Louf
- Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, INSERM UMR-996, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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6
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Conley MJ, Epifano I, Kirk A, Stevenson A, Graham SV. Microwave hyperthermia represses human papillomavirus oncoprotein activity and induces cell death due to cell stress in 3D tissue models of anogenital precancers and cancers. EBioMedicine 2023; 91:104577. [PMID: 37068348 PMCID: PMC10130467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperthermia is a well-accepted cancer therapy. Microwaves provide a very precise, targeted means of hyperthermia and are currently used to treat plantar warts caused by cutaneous-infective human papillomaviruses (HPVs). Other HPV genotypes infecting the anogenital mucosa cause genital warts or preneoplastic lesions or cervical cancer. Effective, non-ablative therapies for these morbid HPV-associated lesions are lacking. METHODS The molecular consequences of microwave treatment were investigated in in vitro cultured three-dimensional HPV-positive cervical tumour tissues, and tissues formed from HPV-infected normal immortalised keratinocytes. Microwave energy delivery to tissues was quantified. Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR was used to quantify mRNA expression. Immunohistochemistry and fluorescence immunostaining was used to assess protein expression. FINDINGS Microwave energy deposition induced sustained, localised cell death at the treatment site. There was a downregulation in levels of HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 alongside a reduction in cellular growth/proliferation and induction of apoptosis/autophagy. HSP70 expression confirmed hyperthermia, concomitant with induction of translational stress. INTERPRETATION The data suggest that microwave treatment inhibits tumour cell proliferation and allows the natural apoptosis of HPV-infected cells to resume. Precision microwave delivery presents a potential new treatment for treating HPV-positive anogenital precancerous lesions and cancers. FUNDING Funding was through an Innovate UK Biomedical Catalyst grant (ID# 92138-556187), a Chief Scientist Office grant (TCS/19/11) and core support from Medical Research Council (MC_ UU_12014) core funding for the MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela J Conley
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research; School of Infection and Immunity; College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Ilaria Epifano
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research; School of Infection and Immunity; College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Anna Kirk
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research; School of Infection and Immunity; College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Andrew Stevenson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research; School of Infection and Immunity; College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Sheila V Graham
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research; School of Infection and Immunity; College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK.
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7
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Bedard MC, Chihanga T, Carlile A, Jackson R, Brusadelli MG, Lee D, VonHandorf A, Rochman M, Dexheimer PJ, Chalmers J, Nuovo G, Lehn M, Williams DEJ, Kulkarni A, Carey M, Jackson A, Billingsley C, Tang A, Zender C, Patil Y, Wise-Draper TM, Herzog TJ, Ferris RL, Kendler A, Aronow BJ, Kofron M, Rothenberg ME, Weirauch MT, Van Doorslaer K, Wikenheiser-Brokamp KA, Lambert PF, Adam M, Steven Potter S, Wells SI. Single cell transcriptomic analysis of HPV16-infected epithelium identifies a keratinocyte subpopulation implicated in cancer. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1975. [PMID: 37031202 PMCID: PMC10082832 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent HPV16 infection is a major cause of the global cancer burden. The viral life cycle is dependent on the differentiation program of stratified squamous epithelium, but the landscape of keratinocyte subpopulations which support distinct phases of the viral life cycle has yet to be elucidated. Here, single cell RNA sequencing of HPV16 infected compared to uninfected organoids identifies twelve distinct keratinocyte populations, with a subset mapped to reconstruct their respective 3D geography in stratified squamous epithelium. Instead of conventional terminally differentiated cells, an HPV-reprogrammed keratinocyte subpopulation (HIDDEN cells) forms the surface compartment and requires overexpression of the ELF3/ESE-1 transcription factor. HIDDEN cells are detected throughout stages of human carcinogenesis including primary human cervical intraepithelial neoplasias and HPV positive head and neck cancers, and a possible role in promoting viral carcinogenesis is supported by TCGA analyses. Single cell transcriptome information on HPV-infected versus uninfected epithelium will enable broader studies of the role of individual keratinocyte subpopulations in tumor virus infection and cancer evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Bedard
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Tafadzwa Chihanga
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Adrean Carlile
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Robert Jackson
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | | | - Denis Lee
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Andrew VonHandorf
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Mark Rochman
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Phillip J Dexheimer
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Jeffrey Chalmers
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Gerard Nuovo
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Maria Lehn
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - David E J Williams
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Medical Scientist Training M.D.-Ph.D. Program (MSTP), College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Aditi Kulkarni
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
| | - Molly Carey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Amanda Jackson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Caroline Billingsley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Alice Tang
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Chad Zender
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Yash Patil
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Trisha M Wise-Draper
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Thomas J Herzog
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Robert L Ferris
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
| | - Ady Kendler
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Bruce J Aronow
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Matthew Kofron
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
- Divisions of Human Genetics, Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Koenraad Van Doorslaer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- The BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Kathryn A Wikenheiser-Brokamp
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
- Division of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and The Perinatal Institute Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Paul F Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Mike Adam
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - S Steven Potter
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - Susanne I Wells
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
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8
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Jackson R, Rajadhyaksha EV, Loeffler RS, Flores CE, Van Doorslaer K. Characterization of 3D organotypic epithelial tissues reveals tonsil-specific differences in tonic interferon signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.19.524743. [PMID: 36711548 PMCID: PMC9882319 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.19.524743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) culturing techniques can recapitulate the stratified nature of multicellular epithelial tissues. Organotypic 3D epithelial tissue culture methods have several applications, including the study of tissue development and function, drug discovery and toxicity testing, host-pathogen interactions, and the development of tissue-engineered constructs for use in regenerative medicine. We grew 3D organotypic epithelial tissues from foreskin, cervix, and tonsil-derived primary cells and characterized the transcriptome of these in vitro tissue equivalents. Using the same 3D culturing method, all three tissues yielded stratified squamous epithelium, validated histologically using basal and superficial epithelial cell markers. The goal of this study was to use RNA-seq to compare gene expression patterns in these three types of epithelial tissues to gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying their function and identify potential therapeutic targets for various diseases. Functional profiling by over-representation and gene set enrichment analysis revealed tissue-specific differences: i.e. , cutaneous homeostasis and lipid metabolism in foreskin, extracellular matrix remodeling in cervix, and baseline innate immune differences in tonsil. Specifically, tonsillar epithelia may play an active role in shaping the immune microenvironment of the tonsil balancing inflammation and immune responses in the face of constant exposure to microbial insults. Overall, these data serve as a resource, with gene sets made available for the research community to explore, and as a foundation for understanding the epithelial heterogeneity and how it may impact their in vitro use. An online resource is available to investigate these data ( https://viz.datascience.arizona.edu/3DEpiEx/ ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Jackson
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Esha V Rajadhyaksha
- College of Medicine and College of Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Reid S Loeffler
- Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; College of Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Caitlyn E Flores
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Koenraad Van Doorslaer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Immunobiology; Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program; Genetics Graduate Interdisciplinary Program; and University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
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9
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Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) E7 plays a major role in HPV-induced malignancy, perturbing cell cycle regulation, and driving cell proliferation. Major targets of cancer-causing HPV E7 proteins are the pRB family of tumor suppressors, which E7 targets for proteasome-mediated degradation and whose interaction is promoted through an acidic patch, downstream of the LXCXE motif in E7, that is subject to phosphorylation by casein kinase II (CKII). In this study we show that HPV-16 E7 targets the AP2-complex, which plays a critical role in cargo recognition in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Intriguingly, HPV-16 E7 contains a specific amino acid sequence for AP2 recognition, and this overlaps the pRb LXCXE recognition sequence but involves completely different amino acid residues. HPV-16 E7 does this by binding to the AP2-μ2 adaptor protein subunit via residues 25-YEQL-28 within the LXCXE motif. Point mutations at Y25 within 22-LYCYE-26 suggest that the interaction of E7 with AP2-μ2 is independent from pRB binding. In cells, this interaction is modulated by acidic residues downstream of LXCXE, with the binding being facilitated by CKII-phosphorylation of the serines at positions 31 and 32. Finally, we also show that association of HPV-16 E7 with the AP2 adaptor complex can contribute to cellular transformation under low-nutrient conditions, which appears to be mediated, in part, through inhibition of AP2-mediated internalization of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). This indicates that E7 can modulate endocytic transport pathways, with one such component, EGFR, most likely contributing toward the ability of E7 to induce cell transformation and malignancy. These studies define a new and unexpected role for HPV-16 E7 in targeting clathrin-mediated endocytosis. IMPORTANCE Despite being a very small protein, HPV-E7 has a wide range of functions within the infected cell, many of which can lead to cell transformation. High-risk HPV-E7 deregulates the function of many cellular proteins, perturbing cellular homeostasis. We show that a novel target of HPV-E7 is the clathrin-adaptor protein 2 complex (AP2) μ2 subunit, interacting via residues within E7's pRB-binding region. Mutational studies show that an AP2 recognition motif is present in the CR2 region and is conserved in >50 HPV types, suggesting a common function for this motif in HPV biology. Mutational analysis suggests that this motif is important for cellular transformation, potentially modulating endocytosis of growth factor receptors such as EGFR, and thus being a novel activity of E7 in modulating clathrin-mediated endocytosis and cargo selection. This study has important implications for the molecular basis of E7 function in modulating protein trafficking at the cell surface.
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10
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Kyrgiou M, Moscicki AB. Vaginal microbiome and cervical cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:189-198. [PMID: 35276341 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The female reproductive tract, similar to other mucosal sites, harbors a specific microbiome commonly dominated by Lactobacillus species (spp.), which has an essential role in maintaining health and homeostasis. Increasing evidence shows that genital tract dysbiosis and/or specific bacteria and cytokines might have an active role in the development and/or progression of HPV infection and cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) and as a result cervical cancer. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies reported that Lactobacillus spp. depletion increases with severity of CIN and that this may negatively affect disease regression rates. It is plausible that Lactobacillus deplete microbiome composition may lead to a pro-inflammatory environment that can increase malignant cell proliferation and HPV E6 and E7 oncogene expression. Future longitudinal cohorts and mechanistic experiments on HPV transfected cells models will further permit exploration of the impact of Lactobacillus spp. on HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kyrgiou
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction - Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, UK; West London Gynaecological Cancer Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK.
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11
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Loke ASW, Lambert PF, Spurgeon ME. Current In Vitro and In Vivo Models to Study MCPyV-Associated MCC. Viruses 2022; 14:2204. [PMID: 36298759 PMCID: PMC9607385 DOI: 10.3390/v14102204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is the only human polyomavirus currently known to cause human cancer. MCPyV is believed to be an etiological factor in at least 80% of cases of the rare but aggressive skin malignancy Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). In these MCPyV+ MCC tumors, clonal integration of the viral genome results in the continued expression of two viral proteins: the viral small T antigen (ST) and a truncated form of the viral large T antigen. The oncogenic potential of MCPyV and the functional properties of the viral T antigens that contribute to neoplasia are becoming increasingly well-characterized with the recent development of model systems that recapitulate the biology of MCPyV+ MCC. In this review, we summarize our understanding of MCPyV and its role in MCC, followed by the current state of both in vitro and in vivo model systems used to study MCPyV and its contribution to carcinogenesis. We also highlight the remaining challenges within the field and the major considerations related to the ongoing development of in vitro and in vivo models of MCPyV+ MCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Megan E. Spurgeon
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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12
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Brimer N, Vande Pol S. Human papillomavirus type 16 E6 induces cell competition. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010431. [PMID: 35320322 PMCID: PMC8979454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections induce squamous epithelial tumors in which the virus replicates. Initially, the virus-infected cells are untransformed, but expand in both number and area at the expense of uninfected squamous epithelial cells. We have developed an in vitro assay in which colonies of post-confluent HPV16 expressing cells outcompete and displace confluent surrounding uninfected keratinocytes. The enhanced colony competition induced by the complete HPV16 genome is conferred by E6 expression alone, not by individual expression of E5 or E7, and requires E6 interaction with p53. E6-expressing keratinocytes undermine and displace adjacent normal keratinocytes from contact with the attachment substrate, thereby expanding the area of the E6-expressing colony at the expense of normal keratinocytes. These new results separate classic oncogenicity that is primarily conferred by HPV16 E7 from cell competition that we show is primarily conferred by E6 and provides a new biological role for E6 oncoproteins from high-risk human papillomaviruses. Microbial infections can change the fate and behavior of normal vertebrate cells to resemble oncogenic cells. High-risk papillomaviruses induce infected squamous epithelial cells to form tumors, some of which evolve into malignancies. The present work shows that the enhanced competitiveness of HPV16-infected cells for the basal cell surface is primarily due to the expression of the E6 oncoprotein and not the E7 or E5 oncoproteins. Compared to normal keratinocytes, E6 induces a super-competitor phenotype while E5 and E7 do not. This work shows the importance of measuring oncoprotein traits not only as cell autonomous traits, but in the context of competition with uninfected cells and shows the potential of papillomavirus oncoproteins to be novel genetic probes for the analysis of cell competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Brimer
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Scott Vande Pol
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Saunders-Wood T, Egawa N, Zheng K, Giaretta A, Griffin HM, Doorbar J. Role of E6 in Maintaining the Basal Cell Reservoir during Productive Papillomavirus Infection. J Virol 2022; 96:e0118121. [PMID: 35019722 PMCID: PMC8906426 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01181-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses exclusively infect stratified epithelial tissues and cause chronic infections. To achieve this, infected cells must remain in the epithelial basal layer alongside their uninfected neighbors for years or even decades. To examine how papillomaviruses achieve this, we used the in vivo MmuPV1 (Mus musculus papillomavirus 1) model of lesion formation and persistence. During early lesion formation, an increased cell density in the basal layer, as well as a delay in the infected cells' commitment to differentiation, was apparent in cells expressing MmuPV1 E6/E7 RNA. Using cell culture models, keratinocytes exogenously expressing MmuPV1 E6, but not E7, recapitulated this delay in differentiation postconfluence and also grew to a significantly higher density. Cell competition assays further showed that MmuPV1 E6 expression led to a preferential persistence of the cell in the first layer, with control cells accumulating almost exclusively in the second layer. Interestingly, the disruption of MmuPV1 E6 binding to MAML1 protein abrogated these phenotypes. This suggests that the interaction between MAML1 and E6 is necessary for the lower (basal)-layer persistence of MmuPV1 E6-expressing cells. Our results indicate a role for E6 in lesion establishment by facilitating the persistence of infected cells in the epithelial basal layer, a mechanism that is most likely shared by other papillomavirus types. Interruption of this interaction is predicted to impede persistent papillomavirus infection and consequently provides a novel treatment target. IMPORTANCE Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types can lead to development of HPV-associated cancers, and persistent low-risk HPV infection causes problematic diseases, such as recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. The management and treatment of these conditions pose a considerable economic burden. Maintaining a reservoir of infected cells in the basal layer of the epithelium is critical for the persistence of infection in the host, and our studies using the mouse papillomavirus model suggest that E6 gene expression leads to the preferential persistence of epithelial cells in the lower layers during stratification. The E6 interaction with MAML1, a component of the Notch pathway, is required for this phenotype and is linked to E6 effects on cell density and differentiation. These observations are likely to reflect a common E6 role that is preserved among papillomaviruses and provide us with a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of recalcitrant lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nagayasu Egawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ke Zheng
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Giaretta
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Heather M. Griffin
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John Doorbar
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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14
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Condrat CE, Filip L, Gherghe M, Cretoiu D, Suciu N. Maternal HPV Infection: Effects on Pregnancy Outcome. Viruses 2021; 13:2455. [PMID: 34960724 PMCID: PMC8707668 DOI: 10.3390/v13122455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, caused by a ubiquitous virus typically transmitted through the direct contact of infected organs, either through the skin or mucosa, is the most common sexually transmitted infection, placing young women at a high risk of contracting it. Although the vast majority of cases spontaneously clear within 1-2 years, persistent HPV infection remains a serious concern, as it has repeatedly been linked to the development of multiple malignancies, including cervical, anogenital, and oropharyngeal cancers. Additionally, more recent data suggest a harmful effect of HPV infection on pregnancy. As the maternal hormonal environment and immune system undergo significant changes during pregnancy, the persistence of HPV is arguably favored. Various studies have reported an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes among HPV-positive women, with the clinical impact encompassing a range of conditions, including preterm birth, miscarriage, pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders (PIHD), intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), low birth weight, the premature rupture of membranes (PROM), and fetal death. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms employed by HPV that negatively impact pregnancy and assessing potential approaches to counteract them would be of interest in the quest to optimize pregnancy outcomes and improve child survival and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Elena Condrat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Polizu Clinical Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
- Fetal Medicine Excellence Research Center, Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, 020395 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Lidia Filip
- Dermatology Department, Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, 030303 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Mirela Gherghe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Alexandru Trestioreanu Oncology Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dragos Cretoiu
- Fetal Medicine Excellence Research Center, Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, 020395 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicolae Suciu
- Fetal Medicine Excellence Research Center, Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, 020395 Bucharest, Romania;
- Division of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Neonatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Polizu Clinical Hospital, Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, 020395 Bucharest, Romania
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15
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Coursey TL, McBride AA. Development of Keratinocyte Cell Lines Containing Extrachromosomal Human Papillomavirus Genomes. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e235. [PMID: 34496149 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause persistent infections in stratified cutaneous and mucosal epithelia. In these infections, the viral DNA replicates as low-copy-number, extrachromosomal, double-stranded-DNA circular plasmids in the nucleus of the dividing basal cells. When the infected cells begin the process of differentiation, the viral DNA amplifies to a high copy number and virions are assembled in the superficial cells. To study HPV DNA replication, our laboratory generates primary keratinocyte cell lines that contain replicating extrachromosomal HPV genomes. Here, we describe protocols to culture human keratinocytes, to transfect viral DNA into cells using electroporation, to determine the efficiency of genome establishment in cells with a colony-forming assay, and to measure the copy number and extrachromosomal status of viral genomes using Southern blotting. These methods can be used to study DNA replication of different oncogenic Alphapapillomavirus HPV types. Published 2021. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Basic Protocol 1: Electroporation to transfect keratinocytes with recircularized HPV genomes Alternate Protocol: Use of HPV replicon containing selection marker in keratinocyte transfection Support Protocol 1: Rheinwald-Green method of co-culture of irradiated J2 3T3 feeders and human keratinocytes Support Protocol 2: Recircularization of HPV genomes Basic Protocol 2: Quantitative colony formation assay to measure the efficiency of HPV genome establishment Basic Protocol 3: Southern blot analysis of extrachromosomal viral DNA Support Protocol 3: Hirt extraction of low-molecular-weight DNA Support Protocol 4: Qiagen DNeasy Blood & Tissue DNA extraction Support Protocol 5: Generation of a 32 P-labeled HPV DNA probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tami L Coursey
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alison A McBride
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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16
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Murakami I, Iwata T, Morisada T, Tanaka K, Aoki D. Nucleosome Positioning on Episomal Human Papillomavirus DNA in Cultured Cells. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060772. [PMID: 34205361 PMCID: PMC8235217 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several human papillomaviruses (HPV) are associated with the development of cervical carcinoma. HPV DNA synthesis is increased during the differentiation of infected host keratinocytes as they migrate from the basal layer of the epithelium to the spinous layer, but the molecular mechanism is unclear. Nucleosome positioning affects various cellular processes such as DNA replication and repair by permitting the access of transcription factors to promoters to initiate transcription. In this study, nucleosome positioning on virus chromatin was investigated in normal immortalized keratinocytes (NIKS) stably transfected with HPV16 or HPV18 genomes to determine if there is an association with the viral life cycle. Micrococcal nuclease-treated DNA analyzed by Southern blotting using probes against HPV16 and HPV18 and quantified by nucleosome scanning analysis using real-time PCR revealed mononucleosomal-sized fragments of 140-200 base pairs that varied in their location within the viral genome according to whether the cells were undergoing proliferation or differentiation. Notably, changes in the regions around nucleotide 110 in proliferating and differentiating host cells were common to HPV16 and HPV18. Our findings suggest that changes in nucleosome positions on viral DNA during host cell differentiation is an important regulatory event in the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Murakami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (I.M.); (T.M.); (D.A.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Tokyo 153-8515, Japan;
| | - Takashi Iwata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (I.M.); (T.M.); (D.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tohru Morisada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (I.M.); (T.M.); (D.A.)
| | - Kyoko Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Tokyo 153-8515, Japan;
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (I.M.); (T.M.); (D.A.)
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17
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Heremans R, Jan Z, Timmerman D, Vankelecom H. Organoids of the Female Reproductive Tract: Innovative Tools to Study Desired to Unwelcome Processes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:661472. [PMID: 33959613 PMCID: PMC8093793 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.661472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pelviperineal organs of the female reproductive tract form an essential cornerstone of human procreation. The system comprises the ectodermal external genitalia, the Müllerian upper-vaginal, cervical, endometrial and oviductal derivatives, and the endodermal ovaries. Each of these organs presents with a unique course of biological development as well as of malignant degeneration. For many decades, various preclinical in vitro models have been employed to study female reproductive organ (patho-)biology, however, facing important shortcomings of limited expandability, loss of representativeness and inadequate translatability to the clinic. The recent emergence of 3D organoid models has propelled the field forward by generating powerful research tools that in vitro replicate healthy as well as diseased human tissues and are amenable to state-of-the-art experimental interventions. Here, we in detail review organoid modeling of the different female reproductive organs from healthy and tumorigenic backgrounds, and project perspectives for both scientists and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Heremans
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- Cluster Woman and Child, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ziga Jan
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- Cluster Woman and Child, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gynecology, Klinikum Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Dirk Timmerman
- Cluster Woman and Child, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hugo Vankelecom
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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18
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Park S, Auyeung A, Lee DL, Lambert PF, Carchman EH, Sherer NM. HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors Slow HPV16-Driven Cell Proliferation through Targeted Depletion of Viral E6 and E7 Oncoproteins. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:949. [PMID: 33668328 PMCID: PMC7956332 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus strain 16 (HPV16) causes oral and anogenital cancers through the activities of two viral oncoproteins, E6 and E7, that dysregulate the host p53 and pRb tumor suppressor pathways, respectively. The maintenance of HPV16-positive cancers requires constitutive expression of E6 and E7. Therefore, inactivating these proteins could provide the basis for an anticancer therapy. Herein we demonstrate that a subset of aspartyl protease inhibitor drugs currently used to treat HIV/AIDS cause marked reductions in HPV16 E6 and E7 protein levels using two independent cell culture models: HPV16-transformed CaSki cervical cancer cells and NIKS16 organotypic raft cultures (a 3-D HPV16-positive model of epithelial pre-cancer). Treatment of CaSki cells with some (lopinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir, and saquinavir) but not other (indinavir and atazanavir) protease inhibitors reduced E6 and E7 protein levels, correlating with increased p53 protein levels and decreased cell viability. Long-term (>7 day) treatment of HPV16-positive NIKS16 raft cultures with saquinavir caused epithelial atrophy with no discernible effects on HPV-negative rafts, demonstrating selectivity. Saquinavir also reduced HPV16's effects on markers of the cellular autophagy pathway in NIKS16 rafts, a hallmark of HPV-driven pre-cancers. Taken together, these data suggest HIV-1 protease inhibitors be studied further in the context of treating or preventing HPV16-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeong Park
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Deptartment of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (S.P.); (D.L.L.); (P.F.L.)
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (A.A.); (E.H.C.)
| | - Andrew Auyeung
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (A.A.); (E.H.C.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Denis L. Lee
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Deptartment of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (S.P.); (D.L.L.); (P.F.L.)
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (A.A.); (E.H.C.)
| | - Paul F. Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Deptartment of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (S.P.); (D.L.L.); (P.F.L.)
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (A.A.); (E.H.C.)
| | - Evie H. Carchman
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (A.A.); (E.H.C.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Nathan M. Sherer
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Deptartment of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (S.P.); (D.L.L.); (P.F.L.)
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (A.A.); (E.H.C.)
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19
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Loke ASW, Longley BJ, Lambert PF, Spurgeon ME. A Novel In Vitro Culture Model System to Study Merkel Cell Polyomavirus-Associated MCC Using Three-Dimensional Organotypic Raft Equivalents of Human Skin. Viruses 2021; 13:138. [PMID: 33478104 PMCID: PMC7835998 DOI: 10.3390/v13010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is a human polyomavirus causally linked to the development of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), an aggressive malignancy that largely arises within the dermis of the skin. In this study, we recapitulate the histopathology of human MCC tumors in vitro using an organotypic (raft) culture system that is traditionally used to recapitulate the dermal and epidermal equivalents of skin in three dimensions (3D). In the optimal culture condition, MCPyV+ MCC cells were embedded in collagen between the epidermal equivalent comprising human keratinocytes and a dermal equivalent containing fibroblasts, resulting in MCC-like lesions arising within the dermal equivalent. The presence and organization of MCC cells within these dermal lesions were characterized through biomarker analyses. Interestingly, co-culture of MCPyV+ MCC together with keratinocytes specifically within the epidermal equivalent of the raft did not reproduce human MCC morphology, nor were any keratinocytes necessary for MCC-like lesions to develop in the dermal equivalent. This 3D tissue culture system provides a novel in vitro platform for studying the role of MCPyV T antigens in MCC oncogenesis, identifying additional factors involved in this process, and for screening potential MCPyV+ MCC therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S. W. Loke
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | - B. Jack Longley
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | - Paul F. Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | - Megan E. Spurgeon
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
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Egawa N, Shiraz A, Crawford R, Saunders-Wood T, Yarwood J, Rogers M, Sharma A, Eichenbaum G, Doorbar J. Dynamics of papillomavirus in vivo disease formation & susceptibility to high-level disinfection-Implications for transmission in clinical settings. EBioMedicine 2021; 63:103177. [PMID: 33421945 PMCID: PMC7806788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-level disinfection protects tens-of-millions of patients from the transmission of viruses on reusable medical devices. The efficacy of high-level disinfectants for preventing human papillomavirus (HPV) transmission has been called into question by recent publications, which if true, would have significant public health implications. METHODS Evaluation of the clinical relevance of these published findings required the development of novel methods to quantify and compare: (i) Infectious titres of lab-produced, clinically-sourced, and animal-derived papillomaviruses, (ii) The papillomavirus dose responses in the newly developed in vitro and in vivo models, and the kinetics of in vivo disease formation, and (iii) The efficacy of high-level disinfectants in inactivating papillomaviruses in these systems. FINDINGS Clinical virus titres obtained from cervical lesions were comparable to those obtained from tissue (raft-culture) and in vivo models. A mouse tail infection model showed a clear dose-response for disease formation, that papillomaviruses remain stable and infective on fomite surfaces for at least 8 weeks without squames and up to a year with squames, and that there is a 10-fold drop in virus titre with transfer from a fomite surface to a new infection site. Disinfectants such as ortho-phthalaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide, but not ethanol, were highly effective at inactivating multiple HPV types in vitro and in vivo. INTERPRETATION Together with comparable results presented in a companion manuscript from an independent laboratory, this work demonstrates that high-level disinfectants inactivate HPV and highlights the need for standardized and well-controlled methods to assess HPV transmission and disinfection. FUNDING Advanced Sterilization Products, UK-MRC (MR/S024409/1 and MC-PC-13050) and Addenbrookes Charitable Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagayasu Egawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Aslam Shiraz
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Robin Crawford
- Department of Gynae-Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Taylor Saunders-Wood
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Jeremy Yarwood
- Advanced Sterilization Products, Inc., 33 Technology Drive, Irvine, CA 926184, USA
| | - Marc Rogers
- Advanced Sterilization Products, Inc., 33 Technology Drive, Irvine, CA 926184, USA
| | - Ankur Sharma
- Advanced Sterilization Products, Inc., 33 Technology Drive, Irvine, CA 926184, USA
| | - Gary Eichenbaum
- Johnson & Johnson, Office of the Chief Medical Officer, 410 George Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - John Doorbar
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK.
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Jee B, Yadav R, Pankaj S, Shahi SK. Immunology of HPV-mediated cervical cancer: current understanding. Int Rev Immunol 2020; 40:359-378. [PMID: 32853049 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1811859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human papilloma virus (HPV) has emerged as a primary cause of cervical cancer worldwide. HPV is a relatively small (55 nm in diameter) and non-enveloped virus containing approximately 8 kb long double stranded circular DNA genome. To date, 228 genotypes of HPV have been identified. Although all HPV infections do not lead to the development of malignancy of cervix, only persistent infection of high-risk types of HPV (mainly with HPV16 and HPV18) results in the disease. In addition, the immunity of the patients also acts as a key determinant in the carcinogenesis. Since, no HPV type specific medication is available for the patient suffering with cervical cancer, hence, a deep understanding of the disease etiology may be vital for developing an effective strategy for its prevention and management. From the immunological perspectives, the entire mechanisms of disease progression still remain unclear despite continuous efforts. In the present review, the recent developments in immunology of HPV-mediated cervix carcinoma were discussed. At the end, the prevention of disease using HPV type specific recombinant vaccines was also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babban Jee
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Renu Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India
| | - Sangeeta Pankaj
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Shivendra Kumar Shahi
- Department of Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
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Ishii Y, Taguchi A, Kukimoto I. The homeobox transcription factor HOXC13 upregulates human papillomavirus E1 gene expression and contributes to viral genome maintenance. FEBS Lett 2019; 594:751-762. [PMID: 31642514 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infects the basal cells of epithelia and maintains its genome stably as episomes. However, the mechanisms of viral genome maintenance are not fully understood. Here, using normal human immortalized keratinocytes (NIKS), we identified the homeobox transcription factor HOXC13 as a critical host factor for retaining the copy number of HPV genomes in the cell. HOXC13 knockdown in NIKS significantly decreased mRNA levels of the E1 gene, which encodes a DNA helicase required for HPV genome replication, accompanied by a reduction of the viral genome copy number. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed HOXC13 binding to the long control region that regulates E1 expression. These results indicate that HOXC13 plays invaluable roles in maintaining HPV persistent infection through E1 gene upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Ishii
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Taguchi
- Gynecology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Disease Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Iwao Kukimoto
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Banerjee NS, Moore DW, Wang HK, Broker TR, Chow LT. NVN1000, a novel nitric oxide-releasing compound, inhibits HPV-18 virus production by interfering with E6 and E7 oncoprotein functions. Antiviral Res 2019; 170:104559. [PMID: 31319090 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Sanjib Banerjee
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, 35294-0005, USA.
| | - Dianne W Moore
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, 35294-0005, USA
| | - Hsu-Kun Wang
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, 35294-0005, USA
| | - Thomas R Broker
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, 35294-0005, USA
| | - Louise T Chow
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, 35294-0005, USA
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24
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Jackson R, Eade S, Zehbe I. An epithelial organoid model with Langerhans cells for assessing virus-host interactions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180288. [PMID: 30955491 PMCID: PMC6501905 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) may lead to cancer in mucosal and skin tissue. Consequently, HPV must have developed strategies to escape host immune surveillance. Nevertheless, most HPV infections are cleared by the infected host. Our laboratory investigates Langerhans cells (LCs), acting at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity. We hypothesize that this first line of defence is vital for potential HPV elimination. As an alternative to animal models, we use smaller-scale epithelial organoids grown from human primary keratinocytes derived from various anatomical sites. This approach is amenable to large sample sizes-an essential aspect for scientific rigour and statistical power. To evaluate LCs phenotypically and molecularly during the viral life cycle and onset of carcinogenesis, we have included an engineered myeloid cell line with the ability to acquire an LC phenotype. This model is accurately tailored for the crucial time-window of early virus elimination in a complex organism and will shed more light on our long-standing research question of how naturally occurring HPV variants influence disease development. It may also be applied to other microorganism-host interaction research or enquiries of epithelium immunobiology. Finally, our continuously updated pathogen-host analysis tool enables state-of-the-art bioinformatics analyses of next-generation sequencing data. This article is part of the theme issue 'Silent cancer agents: multi-disciplinary modelling of human DNA oncoviruses'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Jackson
- Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, 980 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, CanadaP7B 6V4
- Biotechnology Program, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, CanadaP7B 5E1
| | - Statton Eade
- Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, 980 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, CanadaP7B 6V4
| | - Ingeborg Zehbe
- Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, 980 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, CanadaP7B 6V4
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, CanadaP7B 5E1
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Murakami I, Egawa N, Griffin H, Yin W, Kranjec C, Nakahara T, Kiyono T, Doorbar J. Roles for E1-independent replication and E6-mediated p53 degradation during low-risk and high-risk human papillomavirus genome maintenance. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007755. [PMID: 31083694 PMCID: PMC6544336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) have genotype-specific disease associations, with high-risk alpha types causing at least 5% of all human cancers. Despite these conspicuous differences, our data show that high- and low- risk HPV types use similar approaches for genome maintenance and persistence. During the maintenance phase, viral episomes and the host cell genome are replicated synchronously, and for both the high- and low-risk HPV types, the E1 viral helicase is non-essential. During virus genome amplification, replication switches from an E1-independent to an E1-dependent mode, which can uncouple viral DNA replication from that of the host cell. It appears that the viral E2 protein, but not E6 and E7, is required for the synchronous maintenance-replication of both the high and the low-risk HPV types. Interestingly, the ability of the high-risk E6 protein to mediate the proteosomal degradation of p53 and to inhibit keratinocyte differentiation, was also seen with low-risk HPV E6, but in this case was regulated by cell density and the level of viral gene expression. This allows low-risk E6 to support genome amplification, while limiting the extent of E6-mediated cell proliferation during synchronous genome maintenance. Both high and low-risk E7s could facilitate cell cycle re-entry in differentiating cells and support E1-dependent replication. Despite the well-established differences in the viral pathogenesis and cancer risk, it appears that low- and high-risk HPV types use fundamentally similar molecular strategies to maintain their genomes, albeit with important differences in their regulatory control. Our results provide new insights into the regulation of high and low-risk HPV genome replication and persistence in the epithelial basal and parabasal cells layers. Understanding the minimum requirement for viral genome persistence will facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies for clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Murakami
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nagayasu Egawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Griffin
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Wen Yin
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Kranjec
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tomomi Nakahara
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Kiyono
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John Doorbar
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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26
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White EA. Manipulation of Epithelial Differentiation by HPV Oncoproteins. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040369. [PMID: 31013597 PMCID: PMC6549445 DOI: 10.3390/v11040369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses replicate and cause disease in stratified squamous epithelia. Epithelial differentiation is essential for the progression of papillomavirus replication, but differentiation is also impaired by papillomavirus-encoded proteins. The papillomavirus E6 and E7 oncoproteins partially inhibit and/or delay epithelial differentiation and some of the mechanisms by which they do so are beginning to be defined. This review will outline the key features of the relationship between HPV infection and differentiation and will summarize the data indicating that papillomaviruses alter epithelial differentiation. It will describe what is known so far and will highlight open questions about the differentiation-inhibitory mechanisms employed by the papillomaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A White
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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28
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Chen Z, DeSalle R, Schiffman M, Herrero R, Wood CE, Ruiz JC, Clifford GM, Chan PKS, Burk RD. Niche adaptation and viral transmission of human papillomaviruses from archaic hominins to modern humans. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007352. [PMID: 30383862 PMCID: PMC6211759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries on the origins of modern humans from multiple archaic hominin populations and the diversity of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) suggest a complex scenario of virus-host evolution. To evaluate the origin of HPV pathogenesis, we estimated the phylogeny, timing, and dispersal of HPV16 variants using a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo framework. To increase precision, we identified and characterized non-human primate papillomaviruses from New and Old World monkeys to set molecular clock models. We demonstrate specific host niche adaptation of primate papillomaviruses with subsequent coevolution with their primate hosts for at least 40 million years. Analyses of 212 HPV16 complete genomes and 3582 partial sequences estimated ancient divergence of HPV16 variants (between A and BCD lineages) from their most recent common ancestors around half a million years ago, roughly coinciding with the timing of the split between archaic Neanderthals and modern Homo sapiens, and nearly three times longer than divergence times of modern Homo sapiens. HPV16 A lineage variants were significantly underrepresented in present African populations, whereas the A sublineages were highly prevalent in European (A1-3) and Asian (A4) populations, indicative of viral sexual transmission from Neanderthals to modern non-African humans through multiple interbreeding events in the past 80 thousand years. Remarkably, the human leukocyte antigen B*07:02 and C*07:02 alleles associated with increased risk in cervix cancer represent introgressed regions from Neanderthals in present-day Eurasians. The archaic hominin-host-switch model was also supported by other HPV variants. Niche adaptation and virus-host codivergence appear to influence the pathogenesis of papillomaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zigui Chen
- Departments of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rob DeSalle
- Sackler Institute of Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Mark Schiffman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Rolando Herrero
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
- Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Charles E. Wood
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Julio C. Ruiz
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gary M. Clifford
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Paul K. S. Chan
- Departments of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Robert D. Burk
- Departments of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Immunology; Epidemiology and Population Health; Obstetrics, Gynecology and Woman’s Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
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29
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Cohen N, Fedewa S, Chen AY. Epidemiology and Demographics of the Head and Neck Cancer Population. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2018; 30:381-395. [PMID: 30078696 DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck malignancies comprise a heterogeneous group of malignancies that cause significant morbidity to those affected. These malignancies are associated with specific risk factors and exposures, some of which impact prognosis. The most common risk factors for developing head and neck cancers are tobacco and alcohol use. Marijuana and e-cigarettes, occupational exposures, and use of topical substances have also been linked to head and neck cancers. Human papilloma virus has been associated with oropharyngeal cancer. Such measures as oral hygiene, screening, smoking cessation, and vaccination are measures taken to decrease the incidence and morbidity of head and neck cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Cohen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, 550 Peachtree Street. MOT 1135, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA
| | - Stacey Fedewa
- American Cancer Society, 250 Williams Street. NW, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Amy Y Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, 550 Peachtree Street. MOT 1135, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA.
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30
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The SMC5/6 Complex Interacts with the Papillomavirus E2 Protein and Influences Maintenance of Viral Episomal DNA. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00356-18. [PMID: 29848583 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00356-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The papillomavirus E2 protein executes numerous essential functions related to viral transcription, replication of viral DNA, and viral genome maintenance. Because E2 lacks enzymatic activity, many of these functions are mediated by interactions with host cellular proteins. Unbiased proteomics approaches have successfully identified a number of E2-host protein interactions. We have extended such studies and have identified and validated the cellular proteins structural maintenance of chromosome 5 (SMC5) and SMC6 as interactors of the viral E2 protein. These two proteins make up the core components of the SMC5/6 complex. The SMC5/6 complex is a member of the conserved structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) family of proteins, which are essential for genome maintenance. We have examined the role of SMC5/6 in various E2 functions. Our data suggest that SMC6 is not required for E2-mediated transcriptional activation, E1/E2-mediated transient replication, or differentiation-dependent amplification of viral DNA. Our data, however, suggest a role for SMC5/6 in viral genome maintenance.IMPORTANCE The high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the etiological cause of cervical cancer and the most common sexually transmitted infection. While the majority of infections may be asymptomatic or cause only benign lesions, persistent infection with the oncogenic high-risk HPV types may lead to serious diseases, such as cervical cancer, anogenital carcinoma, or head and neck oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. The identification of virus-host protein interactions provides insights into the mechanisms of viral DNA persistence, viral genome replication, and cellular transformation. Elucidating the mechanism of early events in the virus replication cycle as well as of integration of viral DNA into host chromatin may present novel antiviral strategies and targets for counteracting persistent infection. The E2 protein is an important viral regulatory protein whose functions are mediated through interactions with host cell proteins. Here we explore the interaction of E2 with SMC5/6 and the functional consequences.
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31
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Xiao S, Tang YS, Kusumanchi P, Stabler SP, Zhang Y, Antony AC. Folate Deficiency Facilitates Genomic Integration of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 DNA In Vivo in a Novel Mouse Model for Rapid Oncogenic Transformation of Human Keratinocytes. J Nutr 2018; 148:389-400. [PMID: 29546304 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxx060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiologic and in vitro studies suggest independent linkages between poor folate and/or vitamin B-12 nutrition, genomic human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 viral integration, and cancer. However, there is no direct evidence in vivo to support the causative role of poor folate nutrition in HPV16 integration into the cellular genome. Objective We tested the hypothesis that folate deficiency enables the integration of HPV16 into the genome of HPV16-harboring keratinocytes, and could thereby influence earlier transformation of these cells to cancer in an animal model. Methods HPV16-harboring human keratinocytes [(HPV16)BC-1-Ep/SL] were differentiated into 3-dimensional HPV16-organotypic rafts under either folate-replete or folate-deficient conditions in vitro. These were then subcutaneously implanted in severely immunocompromised female Beige Nude XID (Hsd: NIHS-LystbgFoxn1nuBtkxid) mice (4-6 wk old, 16-18 g) fed either a folate-replete diet (1200 nmol folate/kg diet) or a progressively folate-deficient diet (600 or 400 nmol folate/kg diet) for 2 mo prior to raft-implantation surgery, and indefinitely thereafter. The tumors that subsequently developed were characterized for onset, pattern of growth, morphology, HPV16 oncogene expression, and HPV16-genomic integration. Results All HPV16-organotypic rafts developed in either folate-replete or physiologic low-folate media in vitro and subsequently implanted in folate-replete mice eventually transformed into aggressive malignancies within weeks. When compared to HPV16-high folate-organotypic raft-derived tumors from mice fed either a 1200 or 600 nmol folate/kg diet, those raft-derived cancers that developed in mice fed a 400 nmol folate/kg diet expressed significantly more HPV16 E6 (1.8-fold more) and E7 (2.8-fold more) oncogenic proteins (P = 0.001), and revealed significantly more HPV16-integration sites in genomic DNA (2-fold more), either directly into, or in the vicinity of, cellular genes (P < 0.05). Conclusions This unprecedented animal model for the consistent rapid transformation of differentiated (HPV16)BC-1-Ep/SL-derived organotypic raft-keratinocytes to cancer in Beige Nude XID mice confirms that dietary folate deficiency can profoundly influence and modulate events leading to HPV16-induced carcinogenesis, and facilitates genomic integration of HPV16 DNA in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhong Xiao
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Ying-Sheng Tang
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | - Sally P Stabler
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Asok C Antony
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.,Richard L Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
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Warburton A, Redmond CJ, Dooley KE, Fu H, Gillison ML, Akagi K, Symer DE, Aladjem MI, McBride AA. HPV integration hijacks and multimerizes a cellular enhancer to generate a viral-cellular super-enhancer that drives high viral oncogene expression. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007179. [PMID: 29364907 PMCID: PMC5798845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Integration of human papillomavirus (HPV) genomes into cellular chromatin is common in HPV-associated cancers. Integration is random, and each site is unique depending on how and where the virus integrates. We recently showed that tandemly integrated HPV16 could result in the formation of a super-enhancer-like element that drives transcription of the viral oncogenes. Here, we characterize the chromatin landscape and genomic architecture of this integration locus to elucidate the mechanisms that promoted de novo super-enhancer formation. Using next-generation sequencing and molecular combing/fiber-FISH, we show that ~26 copies of HPV16 are integrated into an intergenic region of chromosome 2p23.2, interspersed with 25 kb of amplified, flanking cellular DNA. This interspersed, co-amplified viral-host pattern is frequent in HPV-associated cancers and here we designate it as Type III integration. An abundant viral-cellular fusion transcript encoding the viral E6/E7 oncogenes is expressed from the integration locus and the chromatin encompassing both the viral enhancer and a region in the adjacent amplified cellular sequences is strongly enriched in the super-enhancer markers H3K27ac and Brd4. Notably, the peak in the amplified cellular sequence corresponds to an epithelial-cell-type specific enhancer. Thus, HPV16 integration generated a super-enhancer-like element composed of tandem interspersed copies of the viral upstream regulatory region and a cellular enhancer, to drive high levels of oncogene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Warburton
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Catherine J. Redmond
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Katharine E. Dooley
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Haiqing Fu
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maura L. Gillison
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Keiko Akagi
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David E. Symer
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Informatics (adjunct), The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mirit I. Aladjem
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alison A. McBride
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Schäfer G, Graham LM, Lang DM, Blumenthal MJ, Bergant Marušič M, Katz AA. Vimentin Modulates Infectious Internalization of Human Papillomavirus 16 Pseudovirions. J Virol 2017; 91:e00307-17. [PMID: 28566373 PMCID: PMC5533935 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00307-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common viral infection of the reproductive tract, with virtually all cases of cervical cancer being attributable to infection by oncogenic HPVs. However, the exact mechanism and receptors used by HPV to infect epithelial cells are controversial. The current entry model suggests that HPV initially attaches to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) at the cell surface, followed by conformational changes, cleavage by furin convertase, and subsequent transfer of the virus to an as-yet-unidentified high-affinity receptor. In line with this model, we established an in vitro infection system using the HSPG-deficient cell line pgsD677 together with HPV16 pseudovirions (HPV16-PsVs). While pgsD677 cells were nonpermissive for untreated HPV16-PsVs, furin cleavage of the particles led to a substantial increase in infection. Biochemical pulldown assays followed by mass spectrometry analysis showed that furin-precleaved HPV16-PsVs specifically interacted with surface-expressed vimentin on pgsD677 cells. We further demonstrated that both furin-precleaved and uncleaved HPV16-PsVs colocalized with surface-expressed vimentin on pgsD677, HeLa, HaCaT, and NIKS cells, while binding of incoming viral particles to soluble vimentin protein before infection led to a substantial decrease in viral uptake. Interestingly, decreasing cell surface vimentin by small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown in HeLa and NIKS cells significantly increased HPV16-PsV infectious internalization, while overexpression of vimentin had the opposite effect. The identification of vimentin as an HPV restriction factor enhances our understanding of the initial steps of HPV-host interaction and may lay the basis for the design of novel antiviral drugs preventing HPV internalization into epithelial cells.IMPORTANCE Despite HPV being a highly prevalent sexually transmitted virus causing significant disease burden worldwide, particularly cancer of the cervix, cell surface events preceding oncogenic HPV internalization are poorly understood. We herein describe the identification of surface-expressed vimentin as a novel molecule not previously implicated in the infectious internalization of HPV16. Contrary to our expectations, vimentin was found to act not as a receptor but rather as a restriction factor dampening the initial steps of HPV16 infection. These results importantly contribute to our current understanding of the molecular events during the infectious internalization of HPV16 and open a new direction in the development of alternative drugs to prevent HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Schäfer
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- UCT Receptor Biology Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- SA-MRC Gynecology Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lisa M Graham
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- UCT Receptor Biology Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- SA-MRC Gynecology Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dirk M Lang
- Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Melissa J Blumenthal
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- UCT Receptor Biology Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- SA-MRC Gynecology Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Martina Bergant Marušič
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Arieh A Katz
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- UCT Receptor Biology Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- SA-MRC Gynecology Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Cicchini L, Blumhagen RZ, Westrich JA, Myers ME, Warren CJ, Siska C, Raben D, Kechris KJ, Pyeon D. High-Risk Human Papillomavirus E7 Alters Host DNA Methylome and Represses HLA-E Expression in Human Keratinocytes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3633. [PMID: 28623356 PMCID: PMC5473897 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03295-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection distinctly alters methylation patterns in HPV-associated cancer. We have recently reported that HPV E7-dependent promoter hypermethylation leads to downregulation of the chemokine CXCL14 and suppression of antitumor immune responses. To investigate the extent of gene expression dysregulated by HPV E7-induced DNA methylation, we analyzed parallel global gene expression and DNA methylation using normal immortalized keratinocyte lines, NIKS, NIKS-16, NIKS-18, and NIKS-16∆E7. We show that expression of the MHC class I genes is downregulated in HPV-positive keratinocytes in an E7-dependent manner. Methylome analysis revealed hypermethylation at a distal CpG island (CGI) near the HLA-E gene in NIKS-16 cells compared to either NIKS cells or NIKS-16∆E7 cells, which lack E7 expression. The HLA-E CGI functions as an active promoter element which is dramatically repressed by DNA methylation. HLA-E protein expression on cell surface is downregulated by high-risk HPV16 and HPV18 E7 expression, but not by low-risk HPV6 and HPV11 E7 expression. Conversely, demethylation at the HLA-E CGI restores HLA-E protein expression in HPV-positive keratinocytes. Because HLA-E plays an important role in antiviral immunity by regulating natural killer and CD8+ T cells, epigenetic downregulation of HLA-E by high-risk HPV E7 may contribute to virus-induced immune evasion during HPV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Cicchini
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rachel Z Blumhagen
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Joseph A Westrich
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Mallory E Myers
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Cody J Warren
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Charlotte Siska
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - David Raben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Katerina J Kechris
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Dohun Pyeon
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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35
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Choi M, Park M, Lee S, Lee JW, Cho MC, Noh M, Lee C. Establishment of Immortalized Primary Human Foreskin Keratinocytes and Their Application to Toxicity Assessment and Three Dimensional Skin Culture Construction. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2017; 25:296-307. [PMID: 28365978 PMCID: PMC5424640 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of frequent usage of primary human foreskin keratinocytes (HFKs) in the study of skin biology, senescence-induced blockage of in vitro proliferation has been a big hurdle for their effective utilization. In order to overcome this passage limitation, we first isolated ten HFK lines from circumcision patients and successfully immortalized four of them via a retroviral transduction of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7 oncogenes. We confirmed expression of a keratinocyte marker protein, keratin 14 and two viral oncoproteins in these immortalized HFKs. We also observed their robust responsiveness to various exogenous stimuli, which was evidenced by increased mRNA expression of epithelial differentiation markers and pro-inflammatory genes in response to three reactive chemicals. In addition, their applicability to cytotoxicity assessment turned out to be comparable to that of HaCaT cells. Finally, we confirmed their differentiation capacity by construction of well-stratified three dimensional skin cultures. These newly established immortalized HFKs will be valuable tools not only for generation of in vitro skin disease models but also for prediction of potential toxicities of various cosmetic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonju Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyon Lee
- R&D Institute, Biosolution Co., Ltd., Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Lee
- Department of Urology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Chul Cho
- Department of Urology, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University (SMG-SNU) Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Noh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Choongho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
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Egawa N, Wang Q, Griffin HM, Murakami I, Jackson D, Mahmood R, Doorbar J. HPV16 and 18 genome amplification show different E4-dependence, with 16E4 enhancing E1 nuclear accumulation and replicative efficiency via its cell cycle arrest and kinase activation functions. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006282. [PMID: 28306742 PMCID: PMC5371391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify E1^E4’s role during high-risk HPV infection, the E4 proteins of HPV16 and 18 were compared side by side using an isogenic keratinocyte differentiation model. While no effect on cell proliferation or viral genome copy number was observed during the early phase of either virus life cycle, time-course experiments showed that viral genome amplification and L1 expression were differently affected upon differentiation, with HPV16 showing a much clearer E4 dependency. Although E4 loss never completely abolished genome amplification, its more obvious contribution in HPV16 focused our efforts on 16E4. As previously suggested, in the context of the virus life cycle, 16E4s G2-arrest capability was found to contribute to both genome amplification success and L1 accumulation. Loss of 16E4 also lead to a reduced maintenance of ERK, JNK and p38MAPK activity throughout the genome amplifying cell layers, with 16E4 (but not 18E4) co-localizing precisely with activated cytoplasmic JNK in both wild type raft tissue, and HPV16-induced patient biopsy tissue. When 16E1 was co-expressed with E4, as occurs during genome amplification in vivo, the E1 replication helicase accumulated preferentially in the nucleus, and in transient replication assays, E4 stimulated viral genome amplification. Interestingly, a 16E1 mutant deficient in its regulatory phosphorylation sites no longer accumulated in the nucleus following E4 co-expression. E4-mediated stabilisation of 16E2 was also apparent, with E2 levels declining in organotypic raft culture when 16E4 was absent. These results suggest that 16E4-mediated enhancement of genome amplification involves its cell cycle inhibition and cellular kinase activation functions, with E4 modifying the activity and function of viral replication proteins including E1. These activities of 16E4, and the different kinase patterns seen here with HPV18, 31 and 45, may reflect natural differences in the biology and tropisms of these viruses, as well as differences in E4 function. In HPV induced lesions, the most abundant protein expressed in the productive stage of viral life cycle is E1^E4 (E4), with its expression being coincident with viral genome amplification. To clarify the role of E4 in the high-risk HPV life cycle, we carried out a comparative analysis of E4 function in HPV16 and 18 using an isogenic keratinocyte cell-line background. Our results show that E1^E4 contributes to virus genome replication efficiency and life cycle completion rather than being essential. These effects were seen more dramatically with HPV16. The difference between HPV16 and HPV18 in our system suggests important tropism differences between these viruses. HPV16 E4’s contribution to the virus life cycle is mediated by several activities, including its G2 arrest function, as well as its role in activating members of the MAPK pathway, including ERK, p38, and most notably pJNK. These 16 E4 functions facilitated the nuclear localization of the E1 virus helicase and enhanced E1/E2 dependent viral genome amplification as well as stabilising E2. We suspect that the massive accumulation of E4 in the upper epithelial layers may however underlie a more critical role for E4 post-genome amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagayasu Egawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Qian Wang
- Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heather M. Griffin
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isao Murakami
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Jackson
- Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Radma Mahmood
- Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Doorbar
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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37
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Jackson R, Rosa BA, Lameiras S, Cuninghame S, Bernard J, Floriano WB, Lambert PF, Nicolas A, Zehbe I. Functional variants of human papillomavirus type 16 demonstrate host genome integration and transcriptional alterations corresponding to their unique cancer epidemiology. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:851. [PMID: 27806689 PMCID: PMC5094076 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a worldwide burden as they are a widespread group of tumour viruses in humans. Having a tropism for mucosal tissues, high-risk HPVs are detected in nearly all cervical cancers. HPV16 is the most common high-risk type but not all women infected with high-risk HPV develop a malignant tumour. Likely relevant, HPV genomes are polymorphic and some HPV16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are under evolutionary constraint instigating variable oncogenicity and immunogenicity in the infected host. RESULTS To investigate the tumourigenicity of two common HPV16 variants, we used our recently developed, three-dimensional organotypic model reminiscent of the natural HPV infectious cycle and conducted various "omics" and bioinformatics approaches. Based on epidemiological studies we chose to examine the HPV16 Asian-American (AA) and HPV16 European Prototype (EP) variants. They differ by three non-synonymous SNPs in the transforming and virus-encoded E6 oncogene where AAE6 is classified as a high- and EPE6 as a low-risk variant. Remarkably, the high-risk AAE6 variant genome integrated into the host DNA, while the low-risk EPE6 variant genome remained episomal as evidenced by highly sensitive Capt-HPV sequencing. RNA-seq experiments showed that the truncated form of AAE6, integrated in chromosome 5q32, produced a local gene over-expression and a large variety of viral-human fusion transcripts, including long distance spliced transcripts. In addition, differential enrichment of host cell pathways was observed between both HPV16 E6 variant-containing epithelia. Finally, in the high-risk variant, we detected a molecular signature of host chromosomal instability, a common property of cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS We show how naturally occurring SNPs in the HPV16 E6 oncogene cause significant changes in the outcome of HPV infections and subsequent viral and host transcriptome alterations prone to drive carcinogenesis. Host genome instability is closely linked to viral integration into the host genome of HPV-infected cells, which is a key phenomenon for malignant cellular transformation and the reason for uncontrolled E6 oncogene expression. In particular, the finding of variant-specific integration potential represents a new paradigm in HPV variant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Jackson
- Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Biotechnology Program, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce A Rosa
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sonia Lameiras
- NGS platform, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris, Cedex, France
| | - Sean Cuninghame
- Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Josee Bernard
- Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wely B Floriano
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul F Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alain Nicolas
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR3244, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Ingeborg Zehbe
- Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. .,Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
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38
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Thomas M, Myers MP, Massimi P, Guarnaccia C, Banks L. Analysis of Multiple HPV E6 PDZ Interactions Defines Type-Specific PDZ Fingerprints That Predict Oncogenic Potential. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005766. [PMID: 27483446 PMCID: PMC4970744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The high-risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) E6 oncoproteins are characterised by the presence of a class I PDZ-binding motif (PBM) on their extreme carboxy termini. The PBM is present on the E6 proteins derived from all cancer-causing HPV types, but can also be found on some related non-cancer-causing E6 proteins. We have therefore been interested in investigating the potential functional differences between these different E6 PBMs. Using an unbiased proteomic approach in keratinocytes, we have directly compared the interaction profiles of these different PBMs. This has allowed us to identify the potential PDZ target fingerprints of the E6 PBMs from 7 different cancer-causing HPV types, from 3 HPV types with weak cancer association, and from one benign HPV type that possesses an ancestral PBM. We demonstrate a striking increase in the number of potential PDZ targets bound by each E6 PBM as cancer-causing potential increases, and show that the HPV-16 and HPV-18 PBMs have the most flexibility in their PDZ target selection. Furthermore, the specific interaction with hScrib correlates directly with increased oncogenic potential. In contrast, hDlg is bound equally well by all the HPV E6 PBMs analysed, indicating that this is an evolutionarily conserved interaction, and was most likely one of the original E6 PBM target proteins that was important for the occupation of a potential new niche. Finally, we present evidence that the cell junction components ZO-2 and β-2 syntrophin are novel PDZ domain–containing targets of a subset of high-risk HPV types. The cancer-causing Human Papillomavirus (HPV) E6 oncoproteins have a unique carboxy terminal PDZ binding motif (PBM), which interacts with a number of different cellular PDZ domain-containing substrates. The PBM has important functions in both the viral life cycle and in HPV-induced malignancy. In this study we have used a proteomic approach to compare the ability of multiple HPV E6 oncoproteins to interact with different cellular PDZ proteins. We show a striking increase in the number of PDZ proteins recognised as the oncogenic potential of the individual E6 increases. Furthermore, we define combinations of PDZ proteins that are predictors of oncogenic potential, whilst others represent evolutionarily conserved targets bound across the evolutionary spectrum of low and high-risk PBM-containing E6 proteins. Taken together, these studies shed light on the functional conservation in the E6 PBM across multiple HPV types and support the hypothesis that ancestral PBM evolution originally conferred association with a restricted number of PDZ targets, which has, over time, evolved, to provide increased levels of flexibility and hence increase the number of cellular PDZ partners that can be bound by the cancer-causing E6 oncoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Thomas
- Tumour Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (I.C.G.E.B.), Trieste, Italy
- * E-mail: (MT); (LB)
| | - Michael P. Myers
- Protein Networks, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (I.C.G.E.B.), Trieste, Italy
| | - Paola Massimi
- Tumour Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (I.C.G.E.B.), Trieste, Italy
| | - Corrado Guarnaccia
- Biotechnology Development, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (I.C.G.E.B.), Trieste, Italy
| | - Lawrence Banks
- Tumour Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (I.C.G.E.B.), Trieste, Italy
- * E-mail: (MT); (LB)
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Enhanced expression of unique gangliosides with GM2-determinant in human uterine cervical carcinoma-derived cell lines. Glycoconj J 2016; 33:745-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9668-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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40
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Makielski KR, Lee D, Lorenz LD, Nawandar DM, Chiu YF, Kenney SC, Lambert PF. Human papillomavirus promotes Epstein-Barr virus maintenance and lytic reactivation in immortalized oral keratinocytes. Virology 2016; 495:52-62. [PMID: 27179345 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus and human papillomaviruses are human tumor viruses that infect and replicate in upper aerodigestive tract epithelia and cause head and neck cancers. The productive phases of both viruses are tied to stratified epithelia highlighting the possibility that these viruses may affect each other's life cycles. Our lab has established an in vitro model system to test the effects of EBV and HPV co-infection in stratified squamous oral epithelial cells. Our results indicate that HPV increases maintenance of the EBV genome in the co-infected cells and promotes lytic reactivation of EBV in upper layers of stratified epithelium. Expression of the HPV oncogenes E6 and E7 were found to be necessary and sufficient to account for HPV-mediated lytic reactivation of EBV. Our findings indicate that HPV increases the capacity of epithelial cells to support the EBV life cycle, which could in turn increase EBV-mediated pathogenesis in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R Makielski
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Denis Lee
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Laurel D Lorenz
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Dhananjay M Nawandar
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Ya-Fang Chiu
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, United States; Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 330 N. Orchard Street, Madison, WI 53715, United States
| | - Shannon C Kenney
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Paul F Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, United States.
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41
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Lee D, Norby K, Hayes M, Chiu YF, Sugden B, Lambert PF. Using Organotypic Epithelial Tissue Culture to Study the Human Papillomavirus Life Cycle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 41:14B.8.1-14B.8.19. [PMID: 27153383 DOI: 10.1002/cpmc.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small double-stranded DNA viruses that are associated with greater than 95% of cervical cancers and 20% of head and neck cancers. These cancers arise from persistent infections in which there is continued expression of the HPV E6 and E7 oncogenes, often as a consequence of integration of HPV DNA into the host genome. Such cancers represent "dead ends" for the virus as integration disrupts the viral genome and because the cancers are defective in normal epithelial differentiation, which is required for production of progeny papillomavirus. In order to study the full viral life cycle, from the establishment to maintenance to productive stages, our lab makes use of the organotypic epithelial tissue culture system. This system allows us to mimic the three-dimensional structure of epithelia whose differentiation is tightly linked to the completion of the HPV viral life cycle. In this chapter we describe how various aspects of the HPV life cycle are monitored in raft cultures making use of an immortalized keratinocyte cell line. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Lee
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kathryn Norby
- Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mitchell Hayes
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ya-Fang Chiu
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Bill Sugden
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Paul F Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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42
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Suppression of Antitumor Immune Responses by Human Papillomavirus through Epigenetic Downregulation of CXCL14. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.00270-16. [PMID: 27143385 PMCID: PMC4959654 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00270-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are causally associated with multiple human cancers. Previous studies have shown that the HPV oncoprotein E7 induces immune suppression; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. To understand the mechanisms by which HPV deregulates host immune responses in the tumor microenvironment, we analyzed gene expression changes of all known chemokines and their receptors using our global gene expression data sets from human HPV-positive and -negative head/neck cancer and cervical tissue specimens in different disease stages. We report that, while many proinflammatory chemokines increase expression throughout cancer progression, CXCL14 is dramatically downregulated in HPV-positive cancers. HPV suppression of CXCL14 is dependent on E7 and associated with DNA hypermethylation in the CXCL14 promoter. Using in vivo mouse models, we revealed that restoration of Cxcl14 expression in HPV-positive mouse oropharyngeal carcinoma cells clears tumors in immunocompetent syngeneic mice, but not in Rag1-deficient mice. Further, Cxcl14 reexpression significantly increases natural killer (NK), CD4+ T, and CD8+ T cell infiltration into the tumor-draining lymph nodes in vivo. In vitro transwell migration assays show that Cxcl14 reexpression induces chemotaxis of NK, CD4+ T, and CD8+ T cells. These results suggest that CXCL14 downregulation by HPV plays an important role in suppression of antitumor immune responses. Our findings provide a new mechanistic understanding of virus-induced immune evasion that contributes to cancer progression. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are causally associated with more than 5% of all human cancers. During decades of cancer progression, HPV persists, evading host surveillance. However, little is known about the immune evasion mechanisms driven by HPV. Here we report that the chemokine CXCL14 is significantly downregulated in HPV-positive head/neck and cervical cancers. Using patient tissue specimens and cultured keratinocytes, we found that CXCL14 downregulation is linked to CXCL14 promoter hypermethylation induced by the HPV oncoprotein E7. Restoration of Cxcl14 expression in HPV-positive cancer cells clears tumors in immunocompetent syngeneic mice, but not in immunodeficient mice. Mice with Cxcl14 reexpression show dramatically increased natural killer and T cells in the tumor-draining lymph nodes. These results suggest that epigenetic downregulation of CXCL14 by HPV plays an important role in suppressing antitumor immune responses. Our findings may offer novel insights to develop preventive and therapeutic tools for restoring antitumor immune responses in HPV-infected individuals.
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Doorbar J. Model systems of human papillomavirus-associated disease. J Pathol 2015; 238:166-79. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Doorbar
- Department of Pathology; University of Cambridge; Tennis Court Road Cambridge UK
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Choi M, Lee C. Immortalization of Primary Keratinocytes and Its Application to Skin Research. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2015; 23:391-9. [PMID: 26336577 PMCID: PMC4556197 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
As a major component of the epidermal tissue, a primary keratinocyte has served as an essential tool not only for the study of pathogenesis of skin-related diseases but also for the assessment of potential toxicities of various chemicals used in cosmetics. However, its short lifespan in ex vivo setting has been a great hurdle for many practical applications. Therefore, a number of immortalization attempts have been made with success to overcome this limitation. In order to understand the immortalization process of a primary keratinocyte, several key biological phenomena governing its lifespan will be reviewed first. Then, various immortalization methods for the establishment of stable keratinocyte cell lines will be explained. Finally, its application to a three-dimensional skin culture system will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonju Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 410-820, Republic of Korea
| | - Choongho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 410-820, Republic of Korea
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Activated STING enhances Tregs infiltration in the HPV-related carcinogenesis of tongue squamous cells via the c-jun/CCL22 signal. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2494-503. [PMID: 26303640 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The negative role of the activated stimulator of IFN genes (STING) has been uncovered in autoinflammatory disease and cancer. However, the role of STING in virus-related carcinogenesis is not well known. Herein, HPV(+) tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) (n=25) and HPV(-) TSCC samples (n=25) were randomly collected and were verified by in situ hybridization (ISH) and p16 immunohistochemistry (IHC) to assess the expression and activated status of STING through IHC. The results showed that the expression of STING was up-regulated during the development of TSCC. Interestingly, although the expression of STING showed no difference between HPV(+/-) TSCC samples, the activated status of STING with dark staining around the nucleus was observed in HPV(+) TSCC samples. The role of activated STING was analyzed in three cell lines by siRNA and indicated that activated STING had no impact on cell viability or apoptosis but promoted the induction of several immunosuppressive cytokines, e.g., IL-10, IDO and CCL22, which facilitated the infiltration of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Moreover, increased infiltration of Foxp3(+) Tregs along with increased expression of CCL22 was confirmed in HPV(+) TSCC samples. An inhibitor of the MAPK/AP-1 pathway (U0126) and the silencing of c-jun significantly suppressed CCL22 induction and the recruitment of Tregs by activated STING. Furthermore, down-regulated miR-27 was verified in independent fresh TSCC samples (n=50) and eight cell lines, which enhanced STING activation and led to increased CCL22 expression for Tregs recruitment in the TSCC microenvironment. Therefore, our findings provided distinct insight into the side effects of activated STING in HPV-related carcinogenesis.
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Gallay C, Miranda E, Schaefer S, Catarino R, Jacot-Guillarmod M, Menoud PA, Guerry F, Achtari C, Sahli R, Vassilakos P, Petignat P. Human papillomavirus (HPV) contamination of gynaecological equipment. Sex Transm Infect 2015; 92:19-23. [PMID: 26071392 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2014-051977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The gynaecological environment can become contaminated by human papillomavirus (HPV) from healthcare workers' hands and gloves. This study aimed to assess the presence of HPV on frequently used equipment in gynaecological practice. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 179 samples were taken from fomites (glove box, lamp of a gynaecological chair, gel tubes for ultrasound, colposcope and speculum) in two university hospitals and in four gynaecological private practices. Samples were collected with phosphate-buffered saline-humidified polyester swabs according to a standardised pattern, and conducted twice per day for 2 days. The samples were analysed by a semiquantitative real-time PCR. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson's χ(2) test and multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS Thirty-two (18%) HPV-positive samples were found. When centres were compared, there was a higher risk of HPV contamination in gynaecological private practices compared with hospitals (OR 2.69, 95% CI 1.06 to 6.86). Overall, there was no difference in the risk of contamination with respect to the time of day (OR 1.79, 95% CI 0.68 to 4.69). When objects were compared, the colposcope had the highest risk of contamination (OR 3.02, 95% CI 0.86 to 10.57). CONCLUSIONS Gynaecological equipment and surfaces are contaminated by HPV despite routine cleaning. While there is no evidence that contaminated surfaces carry infectious viruses, our results demonstrate the need for strategies to prevent HPV contamination. These strategies, based on health providers' education, should lead to well-established cleaning protocols, adapted to gynaecological rooms, aimed at eliminating HPV material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gallay
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elodie Miranda
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Schaefer
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rosa Catarino
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Chahin Achtari
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roland Sahli
- Institute of Microbiology, department of laboratories, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Vassilakos
- Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Petignat
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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The transcription map of HPV11 in U2OS cells adequately reflects the initial and stable replication phases of the viral genome. Virol J 2015; 12:59. [PMID: 25890000 PMCID: PMC4414447 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0292-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although prophylactic vaccines have been developed against HPV6, HPV11, HPV16 and HPV18 there is the clear unmet medical need in order to justify the development of drugs targeting human papillomavirus replication. The native host cells of HPVs are human primary keratinocytes which can be cultivated in raft cultures. However, this method is difficult to use in high-throughput screening assays and the need for a cost-effective cellular system for screening potential anti-HPV drug candidates during all stages of HPV genome replication remains. METHODS U2OS cells were transfected with HPV11 wt or E8- minicircle genomes and their gene expression was studied via 3' RACE, 5' RACE or via real time PCR methods. The DNA replication of these genomes was detected by Southern blot methods. RESULTS The analysis of HPV11 transcripts in U2OS cells showed that the patterns of promoter use, splice sites and polyadenylation cleavage sites are identical to those previously characterized in human HPV-related lesions, human squamous carcinoma cell lines (e.g., SSC-4) and laryngeal papillomas. Transcriptional initiation from the three previously described HPV11 promoters in the E6 and E7 ORFs (P90, P264, and P674-714) were functional, and these promoters were used together with two promoter regions in the E1 ORF (P1092 and P1372). Mutating the E8 ORF ATG start codon to ACG eliminated the translation of fusion proteins from the E8 ORF coupled to E1 and E2 proteins C-terminal sequences, leading to the de-repression of gene expression (particularly from the P1092 promoter) and to the activation of genome replication. These data suggested that the expression of the functional E8^E2 protein is used to control viral gene expression and copy number of the HPV11 genome. The analysis of HPV11 E1 expression plasmids showed that the E6/E7 region, together with the E1 coding region, is crucial for the production of functionally active E1 protein. CONCLUSIONS The data presented in this paper suggest that in human osteosarcoma cell line U2OS the gene expression pattern of the HPV11 truly reflect the expression profile of the replicating HPV genome and therefore this cellular system is suitable for drug development program targeting HPV replication.
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Müller M, Prescott EL, Wasson CW, Macdonald A. Human papillomavirus E5 oncoprotein: function and potential target for antiviral therapeutics. Future Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.14.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Mucosal human papillomaviruses express a small, hydrophobic, protein called E5, which plays an important role in the HPV life cycle by delaying normal epithelial cell differentiation while maintaining cell cycle progression. In addition, E5 exhibits transforming abilities in a number of cell culture systems and transgenic mouse models. Lacking any described enzymatic activity, E5 is thought to function by binding to host proteins and modulating their activities. In particular, members of the growth factor receptor family are known targets for subversion. This review article summarizes our latest understanding of this enigmatic oncoprotein, including its role in the HPV life cycle, interactions with host proteins and contribution toward tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietta Müller
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Emma L Prescott
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Christopher W Wasson
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
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The transcription map of human papillomavirus type 18 during genome replication in U2OS cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116151. [PMID: 25548925 PMCID: PMC4280167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human osteosarcoma cell line U2OS is useful for studying genome replication of human papillomavirus (HPVs) subtypes that belong to different phylogenetic genera. In this study, we defined the HPV18 transcription map in U2OS cells during transient replication, stable maintenance and vegetative amplification by identifying viral promoter regions, transcription polyadenylation and splicing sites during HPV18 genome replication. Mapping of the HPV18 transcription start sites in U2OS cells revealed five distinct promoter regions (P102, P520, P811, P1193 and P3000). With the exception of P3000, all of these regions have been previously identified during productive HPV18 infection. Collectively, the data suggest that U2OS cells are suitable for studying the replication and transcription properties of HPVs and to serve as a platform for conducting high-throughput drug screens to identify HPV replication inhibitors. In addition, we have identified mRNA species that are initiated from the promoter region P3000, which can encode two E2C regulator proteins that contain only the C-terminal hinge and DNA-binding and dimerization domains of E2. We show that these proteins regulate the initial amplification of HPV18 by modulating viral transcription. Moreover, we show that one of these proteins can act as a transcriptional activator of promoter P102.
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Role of Cdk1 in the p53-independent abrogation of the postmitotic checkpoint by human papillomavirus E6. J Virol 2014; 89:2553-62. [PMID: 25520504 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02269-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Specific types of human papillomavirus (HPV) are strongly associated with the development of cervical carcinoma. The HPV E6 oncoprotein from HPV degrades p53 and abrogates cell cycle checkpoints. Nonetheless, functional p53 has been observed in cervical cancer. We have previously identified a p53-independent function of E6 in attenuating the postmitotic G1-like checkpoint that can lead to polyploidy, an early event during cervical carcinogenesis that predisposes cells to aneuploidy. How E6 promotes cell cycle progression in the presence of p53 and its target, p21, remains a mystery. In this study, we examined the expression of cell cycle-related genes in cells expressing wild-type E6 and the mutant that is defective in p53 degradation but competent in abrogating the postmitotic checkpoint. Our results demonstrated an increase in the steady-state levels of G1- and G2-related cyclins/Cdks in E6-expressing keratinocytes. Interestingly, only Cdk1 remained active in E6 mutant-expressing cells while bypassing the postmitotic checkpoint. Furthermore, the downregulation of Cdk1 impaired the ability of both wild-type and mutant E6 to induce polyploidy. Our study thus demonstrated an important role for Cdk1, which binds p21 with lower affinity than Cdk2, in abrogating the postmitotic checkpoint in E6-expressing cells. We further show that E2F1 is important for E6 to upregulate Cdk1. Moreover, reduced nuclear p21 localization was observed in the E6 mutant-expressing cells. These findings shed light on the mechanisms by which HPV induces genomic instability and hold promise for the identification of drug targets. IMPORTANCE HPV infection is strongly associated with the development of cervical carcinoma. HPV encodes an E6 oncoprotein that degrades the tumor suppressor p53 and abrogates cell cycle checkpoints. Nonetheless, functional p53 has been observed in cervical cancer. We have recently demonstrated a p53-independent abrogation of the postmitotic checkpoint by HPV E6 that induces polyploidy. However, the mechanism is not known. In this study, we provide evidence that Cdk1 plays an important role in this process. Previously, Cdk2 was thought to be essential for the G1/S transition, while Cdk1 only compensated its function in the absence of Cdk2. Our studies have demonstrated a novel role of Cdk1 at the postmitotic G1-like checkpoint in the presence of Cdk2. These findings shed light on the mechanisms by which HPV induces genomic instability and hold promise for the identification of drug targets.
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