1
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Singh CK, Mintie CA, Ndiaye MA, Chhabra G, Roy S, Sullivan R, Longley BJ, Schieke SM, Ahmad N. Protective effects of dietary grape against atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/NgaTndCrlj mice. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1051472. [PMID: 36741360 PMCID: PMC9893861 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1051472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with significant health/economic burdens. Existing therapies are not fully effective, necessitating development of new approaches for AD management. Here, we report that dietary grape powder (GP) mitigates AD-like symptoms in 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced AD in NC/NgaTndCrlj mice. Using prevention and intervention protocols, we tested the efficacy of 3% and 5% GP-fortified diet in a 13-weeks study. We found that GP feeding markedly inhibited development and progression of AD-like skin lesions, and caused reduction in i) epidermal thickness, mast cell infiltration, ulceration, excoriation and acanthosis in dorsal skin, ii) spleen weight, extramedullary hematopoiesis and lymph nodes sizes, and iii) ear weight and IgE levels. We also found significant modulations in 15 AD-associated serum cytokines/chemokines. Next, using quantitative global proteomics, we identified 714 proteins. Of these, 68 (normal control) and 21 (5% GP-prevention) were significantly modulated (≥2-fold) vs AD control (DNFB-treated) group, with many GP-modulated proteins reverting to normal levels. Ingenuity pathway analysis of GP-modulated proteins followed by validation using ProteinSimple identified changes in acute phase response signaling (FGA, FGB, FGG, HP, HPX, LRG1). Overall, GP supplementation inhibited DNFB-induced AD in NC/NgaTndCrlj mice in both prevention and intervention trials, and should be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra K. Singh
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Charlotte A. Mintie
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Mary A. Ndiaye
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Gagan Chhabra
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sushmita Roy
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ruth Sullivan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - B. Jack Longley
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Stefan M. Schieke
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- William S. Middleton Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Madison, WI, United States
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2
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Mikheil D, Prabhakar K, Ng TL, Teertam S, Longley BJ, Newton MA, Setaluri V. Notch Signaling Suppresses Melanoma Tumor Development in BRAF/Pten Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020519. [PMID: 36672468 PMCID: PMC9857214 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Both oncogenic and tumor suppressor roles have been assigned to Notch signaling in melanoma. In clinical trials, Notch inhibitors proved to be ineffective for melanoma treatment. Notch signaling has also been implicated in melanoma transdifferentiation, a prognostic feature in primary melanoma. In this study, we investigated the role of Notch signaling in melanoma tumor development and growth using the genetic model of mouse melanoma by crossing BRAFCA/+/Pten+/+/Tyr-CreER+ (B) and BRAFCA/+/Pten-/-/Tyr-CreER + (BP) mice with Notch1 or Notch2 floxed allele mice. The topical application of tamoxifen induced tumors in BP mice but not in B mice with or without the deletion of either Notch1 or Notch2. These data show that the loss of either Notch1 nor Notch2 can substitute the tumor suppressor function of Pten in BRAFV600E-induced melanomagenesis. However, in Pten-null background, the loss of either Notch1 or Notch2 appeared to accelerate BRAFV600E-induced tumor development, suggesting a tumor suppressor role for Notch1 and Notch2 in BRAFV600E/Pten-null driven melanomagenesis. Quantitative immunochemical analysis of a human cutaneous melanoma tissue microarray that consists of >100 primary tumors with complete clinical history showed a weak to moderate correlation between NOTCH protein levels and clinical and pathological parameters. Our data show that Notch signaling is involved during melanomagenesis and suggest that the identification of genes and signaling pathways downstream of Notch could help devise strategies for melanoma prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dareen Mikheil
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Kirthana Prabhakar
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Tun Lee Ng
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sireesh Teertam
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - B. Jack Longley
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Michael A. Newton
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Vijayasaradhi Setaluri
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Correspondence:
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Chamcheu JC, Siddiqui IA, Adhami VM, Esnault S, Bharali DJ, Babatunde AS, Adame S, Massey RJ, Wood GS, Longley BJ, Mousa SA, Mukhtar H. Erratum: Chitosan-Based Nanoformulated (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) Modulates Human Keratinocyte-Induced Responses and Alleviates Imiquimod-Induced Murine Psoriasiform Dermatitis [Erratum]. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:2503-2505. [PMID: 37197027 PMCID: PMC10184834 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s416060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S165966.].
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4
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Loke ASW, Longley BJ, Lambert PF, Spurgeon ME. A Novel In Vitro Culture Model System to Study Merkel Cell Polyomavirus-Associated MCC Using Three-Dimensional Organotypic Raft Equivalents of Human Skin. Viruses 2021; 13:138. [PMID: 33478104 PMCID: PMC7835998 DOI: 10.3390/v13010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is a human polyomavirus causally linked to the development of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), an aggressive malignancy that largely arises within the dermis of the skin. In this study, we recapitulate the histopathology of human MCC tumors in vitro using an organotypic (raft) culture system that is traditionally used to recapitulate the dermal and epidermal equivalents of skin in three dimensions (3D). In the optimal culture condition, MCPyV+ MCC cells were embedded in collagen between the epidermal equivalent comprising human keratinocytes and a dermal equivalent containing fibroblasts, resulting in MCC-like lesions arising within the dermal equivalent. The presence and organization of MCC cells within these dermal lesions were characterized through biomarker analyses. Interestingly, co-culture of MCPyV+ MCC together with keratinocytes specifically within the epidermal equivalent of the raft did not reproduce human MCC morphology, nor were any keratinocytes necessary for MCC-like lesions to develop in the dermal equivalent. This 3D tissue culture system provides a novel in vitro platform for studying the role of MCPyV T antigens in MCC oncogenesis, identifying additional factors involved in this process, and for screening potential MCPyV+ MCC therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S. W. Loke
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | - B. Jack Longley
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | - Paul F. Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | - Megan E. Spurgeon
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
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5
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Simonson L, Vold S, Mowers C, Massey RJ, Ong IM, Longley BJ, Chang H. Keratin 13 deficiency causes white sponge nevus in mice. Dev Biol 2020; 468:146-153. [PMID: 32758484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
White sponge nevus (WSN) is a benign autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the formation of white spongy plaques in the oral mucosa. Keratin (KRT) 13 is highly expressed in the mucosa, and mutations in this gene have been commonly associated with WSN patients. However, it remains unknown whether there is a causal relationship between KRT13 mutations and WSN and what the underlying mechanisms might be. Here, we use mouse genetic models to demonstrate that Krt13 is crucial for the maintenance of epithelial integrity. Krt13 knockout mice show a WSN-like phenotype in several tissues, including the tongue, buccal mucosa, and esophagus. Transcriptome analyses uncover that Krt13 regulates a cohort of gene networks in tongue epithelial cells, including epithelial differentiation, immune responses, stress-activated kinase signaling, and metabolic processes. We also provide evidence that epithelial cells without Krt13 are susceptible to mechanical stresses experienced during postnatal life, resulting in unbalanced cell proliferation and differentiation. These data demonstrate that Krt13 is essential for maintaining epithelial homeostasis and loss of Krt13 causes the WSN-like phenotype in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Simonson
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Samantha Vold
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Colton Mowers
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Randall J Massey
- Electron Microscope Facility, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Irene M Ong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - B Jack Longley
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Hao Chang
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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6
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McCaughey CD, Amarnani A, Longley BJ, Bennett DD, Wood GS. Erythema gyratum Repens-like eruption in Sézary syndrome: evidence for the role of a dermatophyte. Cutis 2019; 103:357-360. [PMID: 31348450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Erythema gyratum repens (EGR) is a rare and poorly understood dermatosis. The relationship of superficial dermatophytic infection to EGR-like eruptions in mycosis fungoides (MF) is unclear. We present a case of an EGR-like eruption in a patient with Sézary syndrome (SS). Histopathologic examination revealed both a superficial dermatophyte (Trichophyton rubrum) and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) in biopsies of the skin, regardless of whether those biopsies showed EGR-like lesions or erythroderma clinically. On 2 occasions, treatment of the superficial dermatophytic infection led to resolution of the EGR-like eruption and associated pruritus but not to resolution of the erythroderma. This case supports a role for dermatophytic superinfection in an EGR-like eruption in SS. Further investigation is necessary to fully understand the impact of dermatophytic infection in this clinical setting.
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7
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Craddock LN, Inda JJ, Longley BJ, Wood GS. EBV + mucocutaneous ulcers in the setting of pre-existing cutaneous T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders: A report of 2 cases. JAAD Case Rep 2018; 5:78-81. [PMID: 30581939 PMCID: PMC6293026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N. Craddock
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
- Correspondence to: Lauren Craddock, MD, 1 S Park St, 7 floor, Madison, WI, 53715.
| | - Jacob J. Inda
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - B. Jack Longley
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Gary S. Wood
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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8
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Chamcheu JC, Siddiqui IA, Adhami VM, Esnault S, Bharali DJ, Babatunde AS, Adame S, Massey RJ, Wood GS, Longley BJ, Mousa SA, Mukhtar H. Chitosan-based nanoformulated (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) modulates human keratinocyte-induced responses and alleviates imiquimod-induced murine psoriasiform dermatitis. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:4189-4206. [PMID: 30057446 PMCID: PMC6059258 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s165966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Psoriasis is a chronic and currently incurable inflammatory skin disease characterized by hyperproliferation, aberrant differentiation, and inflammation, leading to disrupted skin barrier function. The use of natural agents that can abrogate these effects could be useful for the treatment of psoriasis. Earlier studies have shown that treatment of keratinocytes and mouse skin with the green tea polyphenol (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) mitigated inflammation and increased the expression of caspase-14 while promoting epidermal differentiation and cornification. However, bioavailability issues have restricted the development of EGCG for the treatment of psoriasis. Materials and methods To overcome these limitations, we employed a chitosan-based polymeric nanoparticle formulation of EGCG (CHI-EGCG-NPs, hereafter termed nanoEGCG) suitable for topical delivery for treating psoriasis. We investigated and compared the efficacy of nanoEGCG versus native or free EGCG in vitro and in an in vivo imiquimod (IMQ)-induced murine psoriasis-like dermatitis model. The in vivo relevance and efficacy of nanoEGCG formulation (48 µg/mouse) were assessed in an IMQ-induced mouse psoriasis-like skin lesion model compared to free EGCG (1 mg/mouse). Results Like free EGCG, nanoEGCG treatment induced differentiation, and decreased proliferation and inflammatory responses in cultured keratinocytes, but with a 4-fold dose advantage. Topically applied nanoEGCG elicited a significant (p<0.01) amelioration of psoriasiform pathological markers in IMQ-induced mouse skin lesions, including reductions in ear and skin thickness, erythema and scales, proliferation (Ki-67), infiltratory immune cells (mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and CD4+ T cells), and angiogenesis (CD31). We also observed increases in the protein expression of caspase-14, early (keratin-10) and late (filaggrin and loricrin) markers of differentiation, and the activator protein-1 factor (JunB). Importantly, a significant modulation of several psoriasis-related inflammatory cytokines and chemokines was observed compared to the high dose of free EGCG (p<0.05). Taken together, topically applied nanoEGCG displayed a >20-fold dose advantage over free EGCG. Conclusion Based on these observations, our nanoEGCG formulation represents a promising drug-delivery strategy for treating psoriasis and possibly other inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Christopher Chamcheu
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA, .,School of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA,
| | - Imtiaz A Siddiqui
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA,
| | - Vaqar M Adhami
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA,
| | - Stephane Esnault
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dhruba J Bharali
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Abiola S Babatunde
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA, .,Department of Hematology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Stephanie Adame
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA,
| | - Randall J Massey
- Electron Microscope Facility, Medical School Research Support Programs, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gary S Wood
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA,
| | - B Jack Longley
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA,
| | - Shaker A Mousa
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Hasan Mukhtar
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA,
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9
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Denu RA, Shabbir M, Nihal M, Singh CK, Longley BJ, Burkard ME, Ahmad N. Centriole Overduplication is the Predominant Mechanism Leading to Centrosome Amplification in Melanoma. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:517-527. [PMID: 29330283 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Centrosome amplification (CA) is common in cancer and can arise by centriole overduplication or by cell doubling events, including the failure of cell division and cell-cell fusion. To assess the relative contributions of these two mechanisms, the number of centrosomes with mature/mother centrioles was examined by immunofluorescence in a tissue microarray of human melanomas and benign nevi (n = 79 and 17, respectively). The centrosomal protein 170 (CEP170) was used to identify centrosomes with mature centrioles; this is expected to be present in most centrosomes with cell doubling, but on fewer centrosomes with overduplication. Using this method, it was determined that the majority of CA in melanoma can be attributed to centriole overduplication rather than cell doubling events. As Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) is the master regulator of centriole duplication, the hypothesis that PLK4 overexpression contributes to centriole overduplication was evaluated. PLK4 is significantly overexpressed in melanoma compared with benign nevi and in a panel of human melanoma cell lines (A375, Hs294T, G361, WM35, WM115, 451Lu, and SK-MEL-28) compared with normal human melanocytes. Interestingly, although PLK4 expression did not correlate with CA in most cases, treatment of melanoma cells with a selective small-molecule PLK4 inhibitor (centrinone B) significantly decreased cell proliferation. The antiproliferative effects of centrinone B were also accompanied by induction of apoptosis.Implications: This study demonstrates that centriole overduplication is the predominant mechanism leading to centrosome amplification in melanoma and that PLK4 should be further evaluated as a potential therapeutic target for melanoma treatment. Mol Cancer Res; 16(3); 517-27. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Denu
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Maria Shabbir
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Minakshi Nihal
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Chandra K Singh
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - B Jack Longley
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.,William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mark E Burkard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. .,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. .,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.,William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison, Wisconsin
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10
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Rodríguez CI, Castro-Pérez E, Prabhakar K, Block L, Longley BJ, Wisinski JA, Kimple ME, Setaluri V. EPAC-RAP1 Axis-Mediated Switch in the Response of Primary and Metastatic Melanoma to Cyclic AMP. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:1792-1802. [PMID: 28851815 PMCID: PMC6309370 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is an important second messenger that regulates a wide range of physiologic processes. In mammalian cutaneous melanocytes, cAMP-mediated signaling pathways activated by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), like melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), play critical roles in melanocyte homeostasis including cell survival, proliferation, and pigment synthesis. Impaired cAMP signaling is associated with increased risk of cutaneous melanoma. Although mutations in MAPK pathway components are the most frequent oncogenic drivers of melanoma, the role of cAMP in melanoma is not well understood. Here, using the Braf(V600E)/Pten-null mouse model of melanoma, topical application of an adenylate cyclase agonist, forskolin (a cAMP inducer), accelerated melanoma tumor development in vivo and stimulated the proliferation of mouse and human primary melanoma cells, but not human metastatic melanoma cells in vitro The differential response of primary and metastatic melanoma cells was also evident upon pharmacologic inhibition of the cAMP effector protein kinase A. Pharmacologic inhibition and siRNA-mediated knockdown of other cAMP signaling pathway components showed that EPAC-RAP1 axis, an alternative cAMP signaling pathway, mediates the switch in response of primary and metastatic melanoma cells to cAMP. Evaluation of pERK levels revealed that this phenotypic switch was not correlated with changes in MAPK pathway activity. Although cAMP elevation did not alter the sensitivity of metastatic melanoma cells to BRAF(V600E) and MEK inhibitors, the EPAC-RAP1 axis appears to contribute to resistance to MAPK pathway inhibition. These data reveal a MAPK pathway-independent switch in response to cAMP signaling during melanoma progression.Implications: The prosurvival mechanism involving the cAMP-EPAC-RAP1 signaling pathway suggest the potential for new targeted therapies in melanoma. Mol Cancer Res; 15(12); 1792-802. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos I Rodríguez
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Edgardo Castro-Pérez
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kirthana Prabhakar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Laura Block
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - B Jack Longley
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jaclyn A Wisinski
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Michelle E Kimple
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Vijayasaradhi Setaluri
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
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11
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Rodríguez CI, Castro-Pérez E, Longley BJ, Setaluri V. Elevated cyclic AMP levels promote BRAF CA/Pten -/- mouse melanoma growth but pCREB is negatively correlated with human melanoma progression. Cancer Lett 2017; 414:268-277. [PMID: 29179997 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Melanocyte development and differentiation are regulated by cAMP, which is produced by the adenylate cyclase (AC) enzyme upon activation of the melanocortin-1-receptor (MC1R). Individuals carrying single amino acid substitution variants of MC1R have impaired cAMP signaling and higher risk of melanoma. However, the contribution of AC to this risk is not clear. Downstream of AC, the phosphorylated transcription factor, cyclic AMP Responsive Element Binding Protein (pCREB), which is activated by protein kinase A, regulates the expression of several genes including the melanocyte master regulator MITF. The roles of AC and CREB in melanoma development and growth are not well understood. Here, we investigated the effect of topical application of AC inhibitor on BrafCA/Pten-/- mouse melanoma development. We show that AC inhibitor delays melanoma growth independent of MAPK pathway activity and melanin content. Next, employing a primary melanoma tissue microarray and quantitative immunohistochemistry, we show that pCREB levels are positively correlated with the proliferative status of melanoma, but low pCREB expression is associated with tumor aggressiveness and metastatic recurrence. These data suggest that low cAMP signaling inhibits tumor growth but is a predictor of melanoma aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos I Rodríguez
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Edgardo Castro-Pérez
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - B Jack Longley
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Vijayasaradhi Setaluri
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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Craddock LN, Cooley DM, Endo JO, Longley BJ, Caldera F. TNF inhibitor induced alopecia: an unusual form of psoriasiform alopecia that breaks the Renbök mold. Dermatol Online J 2017; 23:13030/qt4gk06758. [PMID: 28329519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TNF-α-inhibitors are known to induce skin adverseeffects including psoriasis and alopecia areata. Here, wedescribe a unique pattern of hair loss that has psoriaticand alopecia areata-like features. Diagnosis requiresclinical-pathologic correlation and is supportedby increased catagen/telogen hairs, psoriasiformepidermal hyperplasia, perifollicular lymphocyticinfiltrate, and the presence of eosinophils and plasmacells. Although there are no treatment consensusguidelines, management options include stoppingtherapy, switching to a different TNF-α inhibitor orustekinumab (in severe cases), or continuing TNF-αinhibitor therapy with addition of topical, intralesional,or systemic immunosuppressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Craddock
- University of Wisconsin, Departments of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Madison, Wisconsin.
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13
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Chamcheu JC, Adhami VM, Esnault S, Sechi M, Siddiqui IA, Satyshur KA, Syed DN, Dodwad SJM, Chaves-Rodriquez MI, Longley BJ, Wood GS, Mukhtar H. Dual Inhibition of PI3K/Akt and mTOR by the Dietary Antioxidant, Delphinidin, Ameliorates Psoriatic Features In Vitro and in an Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis-Like Disease in Mice. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:49-69. [PMID: 27393705 PMCID: PMC5206770 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM The treatment of psoriasis remains elusive, underscoring the need for identifying novel disease targets and mechanism-based therapeutic approaches. We recently reported that the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway that is frequently deregulated in many malignancies is also clinically relevant for psoriasis. We also provided rationale for developing delphinidin (Del), a dietary antioxidant for the management of psoriasis. This study utilized high-throughput biophysical and biochemical approaches and in vitro and in vivo models to identify molecular targets regulated by Del in psoriasis. RESULTS A kinome-level screen and Kds analyses against a panel of 102 human kinase targets showed that Del binds to three lipid (PIK3CG, PIK3C2B, and PIK3CA) and six serine/threonine (PIM1, PIM3, mTOR, S6K1, PLK2, and AURKB) kinases, five of which belong to the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Surface plasmon resonance and in silico molecular modeling corroborated Del's direct interactions with three PI3Ks (α/c2β/γ), mTOR, and p70S6K. Del treatment of interleukin-22 or TPA-stimulated normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) significantly inhibited proliferation, activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR components, and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. To establish the in vivo relevance of these findings, an imiquimod (IMQ)-induced Balb/c mouse psoriasis-like skin model was employed. Topical treatment of Del significantly decreased (i) hyperproliferation and epidermal thickness, (ii) skin infiltration by immune cells, (iii) psoriasis-related cytokines/chemokines, (iv) PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway activation, and (v) increased differentiation when compared with controls. Innovation and Conclusion: Our observation that Del inhibits key kinases involved in psoriasis pathogenesis and alleviates IMQ-induced murine psoriasis-like disease suggests a novel PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway modulator that could be developed to treat psoriasis. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 49-69.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Christopher Chamcheu
- 1 Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Vaqar M Adhami
- 1 Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Stephane Esnault
- 2 Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mario Sechi
- 3 Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari , Sassari, Italy
| | - Imtiaz A Siddiqui
- 1 Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kenneth A Satyshur
- 4 Small Molecule Screening Facility, Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin.,5 Middleton VA Medical Center , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Deeba N Syed
- 1 Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Shah-Jahan M Dodwad
- 1 Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Maria-Ines Chaves-Rodriquez
- 1 Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin.,6 Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica , Cartago, Republica de Costa Rica
| | - B Jack Longley
- 1 Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Gary S Wood
- 1 Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Hasan Mukhtar
- 1 Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
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Craddock LN, Cooley DM, Endo JO, Longley BJ, Caldera F. TNF inhibitor induced alopecia: an unusual form of psoriasiform alopecia that breaks the Renbök mold. Dermatol Online J 2017. [DOI: 10.5070/d3233034290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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15
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Rush PS, Shiau JM, Hibler BP, Longley BJ, Downs TM, Bennett DD. Primary cutaneous adenosquamous carcinoma of the penis: the first characterization of HPV status in this rare and diagnostically challenging entity with review of glandular carcinomas of the penis. J Cutan Pathol 2016; 43:1226-1230. [PMID: 27696488 DOI: 10.1111/cup.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glandular and pseudoglandular tumors of the penile skin are extremely uncommon and can present diagnostic challenges. Primary adenosquamous carcinoma of the penis is an extremely rare tumor, composed of distinct areas of malignant squamous and glandular cells, making it a diagnostically challenging entity. The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes several subtypes of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), each with its own distinctive pathologic appearance, clinical associations and prognosis. Among these variants is the exceedingly uncommon adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC), representing 1%-2% of all SCC of the penis. Recent large studies have interrogated the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in malignant penile tumors and have shown specific morphologic patterns and clinical presentations to associate with HPV status. However, given the rarity of the adenosquamous variant of SCC, it has largely been excluded from these studies. The glandular components of these lesions can present a confusing appearance, particularly when a large tumor is represented on a small biopsy. Here we describe a difficult histologic presentation of this rare tumor, with the first published characterization of the HPV status of this subtype. This case represents a distinctly unusual case of metastatic HPV-positive primary cutaneous adenosquamous carcinoma of the penis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Rush
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J M Shiau
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI, USA
| | - B P Hibler
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - B J Longley
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI, USA
| | - T M Downs
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI, USA
| | - D D Bennett
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI, USA
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16
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Chamcheu JC, Chaves-Rodriquez MI, Adhami VM, Siddiqui IA, Wood GS, Longley BJ, Mukhtar H. Upregulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR, FABP5 and PPARβ/δ in Human Psoriasis and Imiquimod-induced Murine Psoriasiform Dermatitis Model. Acta Derm Venereol 2016; 96:854-6. [PMID: 26833029 DOI: 10.2340/00015555-2359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Christopher Chamcheu
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 53706 Madison, WI, USA
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17
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Shabbir M, Nihal M, Singh CK, Longley BJ, Ahmad N. Abstract LB-102: A pro-proliferative function of centriole duplication regulator, polo-like kinase-4 in human melanoma. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-lb-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is one of the deadliest forms of skin cancer that remains resistant to existing therapeutic strategies. According to the SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) program database of the National Cancer Institute, the 5-year survival rate for metastatic melanoma is a dismal 16%. Further, of the seven most common cancers in the USA, melanoma is the only neoplasm with constantly increasing incidence. Therefore, it is important to intensify our efforts to better-understand the genetics and biology of melanoma. This may lead to development of novel targets and biomarkers for management of this hard-to-treat neoplasm. This study was undertaken to determine the role and potential significance of polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) in human melanoma. PLK4 is a serine/threonine kinase that has been shown to localize to centrioles and regulate centriole duplication during the cell cycle. While the potential role of PLK4 in cancer is beginning to be appreciated, there are evidence for its function as a tumor suppressor as well as tumor promoter. However, the role of PLK4 in melanoma is not known. Here, we employed in vitro and ex vivo experiments to determine the role of PLK4 in melanoma. Our data demonstrated that PLK4 was significantly overexpressed, both at mRNA and protein levels in human melanoma cells viz. A375, Hs294T, G361, 451Lu; when compared to the normal human epidermal melanocytes (NHEM). We also found a significant increase in PLK4 immunostaining in clinical melanoma tissues, compared to normal skin and nevus tissues. Further, treatment of melanoma cells with a selective small molecule PLK4 inhibitor, centrinone-B, was found to cause a significant decrease in the cell growth/viability and clonogenic survival in multiple melanoma cell lines. The observed anti-proliferative effects of centrinone-B were found to be accompanied with i) a G0/G1 phase arrest of cell cycle, and ii) induction of apoptosis, in human melanoma cells. Taken together, our study suggests a pro-proliferative role of PLK4 in human melanoma. Additional studies are ongoing in our laboratory to determine the functional significance of PLK4 in melanoma. We suggest that PLK4 should be further evaluated as a potential ‘druggable target’ and biomarker, for the management of melanoma.
Citation Format: Maria Shabbir, Minakshi Nihal, Chandra K. Singh, B Jack Longley, Nihal Ahmad. A pro-proliferative function of centriole duplication regulator, polo-like kinase-4 in human melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-102.
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18
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Hibler BP, Eastman KL, Bennett DD, Swanson AM, Longley BJ, Wood GS. Multiple Adult Xanthogranulomas Associated With Cutaneous Lymphoid Hyperplasia and Lupus Erythematosus. Skinmed 2016; 14:153-155. [PMID: 27319967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A 50-year-old woman presented to our clinic for evaluation of numerous recurrent, pruritic papules on her upper extremities. She reported a 2- to 3-year history of up to eight unique lesions on the bilateral upper arms that would initially appear as firm papules before gradually softening and flattening out, leaving residual pink macules (Figure 1A). Her medical history was notable for mild hyperlipidemia. On presentation, she had several erythematous papules with overlying telangiectasias scattered throughout her bilateral upper arms. One lesion of concern over the left deltoid had been present for 5 months without signs of regression (Figure 1B). Pathology of this and a similar lesion showed histiocytes forming Touton giant cells with foamy cytoplasm consistent with a xanthogranuloma (AXG). Results from immunoperoxidase stains were negative for factor XIIIa and CD1a, diffusely positive for CD68, and focally positive for S100 (Figure 2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Hibler
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Kristin L Eastman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI;
| | - Daniel D Bennett
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Andrew M Swanson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - B Jack Longley
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Gary S Wood
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
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Endo J, Strickland N, Grewal S, Vandergriff T, Keenan T, Longley BJ, Jacobe H. Correspondence: The association between morphea profunda and monoclonal gammopathy: A case series. Dermatol Online J 2016; 22:13030/qt857261f5. [PMID: 27136633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that eosinophilic fasciitis can be associated with monoclonal gammopathy. There is clinical similarity between eosinophilic fasciitis and morphea profunda, but it is unclear whether morphea profunda might be associated with monoclonal gammopathy. The temporal quantification of gammopathy in morphea profunda has not been well characterized. We describe four patients with morphea profunda that were associated with monoclonal gammopathy. Three were associated with monoclonal IgG protein and one with IgM. No patients in our series developed myeloma. In conclusion, the association of monoclonal gammopathy is not unique to eosinophilic fasciitis and scleromyxedema. Further studies are necessary to characterize further the relationship between the two conditions.
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Endo J, Strickland N, Grewal S, Vandergriff T, Keenan T, Longley BJ, Jacobe H. Correspondence: The association between morphea profunda and monoclonal gammopathy: A case series. Dermatol Online J 2016. [DOI: 10.5070/d3223030372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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21
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Gertz R, Longley BJ, Bennett D, Ranheim E, Rajamanickam V, Kawahara T, Endo J. Integrating virtual dermatopathology as part of formative and summative assessment of residents: a feasibility pilot study. J Cutan Pathol 2015; 42:779-81. [PMID: 25990466 DOI: 10.1111/cup.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Gertz
- Department of Pathology, Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - B Jack Longley
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Daniel Bennett
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Erik Ranheim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Victoria Rajamanickam
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tisha Kawahara
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Justin Endo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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Wu J, Salva KA, Stutz N, Longley BJ, Spiegelman VS, Wood GS. Quantitative gene analysis of methylation and expression (Q-GAME) in fresh or fixed cells and tissues. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:304-9. [PMID: 24646432 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression by DNA methylation is a central mechanism governing the silencing of tumor suppressor genes in many forms of cancer. Current methods have not proven optimal for the quantitative analysis of DNA methylation and corresponding in situ protein expression within cells in small specimens like skin biopsies. We have overcome this limitation by combining and modifying several techniques: target cell enrichment, DNA micro-isolation, one-step denaturation/bisulphite conversion/in-column desulphonation, specially designed PCR amplification, pyrosequencing and multispectral image analysis. Using this approach optimized for small samples, we can quantify minor alterations in gene methylation and protein expression using minimal amounts of tissue. Comparative studies of fresh and processed cells showed that our method is valid for DNA in both fresh and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens. We can measure the effects of DNA methylation inhibitors, administered in vitro or in vivo, on the promoter methylation and protein expression of selected genes in specific cells. This novel approach should prove useful for a wide variety of investigative and clinical applications in dermatology and other specialties where the collection of small, routinely processed biopsy specimens is common. We refer to this method as Q-GAME (quantitative gene analysis of methylation and expression).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Wu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; The Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison, WI, USA
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Eby JM, Kang HK, Klarquist J, Chatterjee S, Mosenson JA, Nishimura MI, Garrett-Mayer E, Longley BJ, Engelhard VH, Mehrotra S, Le Poole IC. Immune responses in a mouse model of vitiligo with spontaneous epidermal de- and repigmentation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:1075-85. [PMID: 24935676 PMCID: PMC4470702 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To generate a mouse model of spontaneous epidermal depigmentation, parental h3TA2 mice, expressing both a human-derived, tyrosinase-reactive T-cell receptor on T cells and the matching HLA-A2 transgene, were crossed to keratin 14-promoter driven, stem cell factor transgenic (K14-SCF) mice with intra-epidermal melanocytes. In resulting Vitesse mice, spontaneous skin depigmentation precedes symmetrical and sharply demarcated patches of graying hair. Whereas the SCF transgene alone dictates a greater retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγt)(+) T-cell compartment, these cells displayed markedly increased IL-17 expression within Vitesse mice. Similar to patient skin, regulatory T cells were less abundant compared with K14-SCF mice, with the exception of gradually appearing patches of repigmenting skin. The subtle repigmentation observed likely reflects resilient melanocytes that coexist with skin-infiltrating, melanocyte-reactive T cells. Similar repigmenting lesions were found in a different TCR transgenic model of vitiligo developed on an SCF transgenic background, supporting a role for SCF in repigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Eby
- Oncology Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Salva KA, Haemel AK, Pincus LB, Liu J, Sundram U, Guitart J, Longley BJ, Wood GS. Expression of CD31/PECAM-1 (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1) by blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasms. JAMA Dermatol 2014; 150:73-6. [PMID: 24225899 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.7141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare malignant neoplasm with cutaneous manifestations and a rapidly progressive clinical course. The diagnosis relies on characteristic clinicopathologic and immunopathologic features. However, the overlap of immunophenotypic features with other cancers, as well as newly discovered interpersonal and intrapersonal phenotypic variations, renders the identification of BPDCN challenging. A greater understanding of the proteins expressed by BPDCN might facilitate its recognition and provide insights into its clinical behavior. OBSERVATIONS In 7 of 9 patients at 4 tertiary care institutions, immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated strong CD31/PECAM-1 (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1) expression by neoplastic cells. Combined with similar findings observed in 1 former patient, 8 of 10 cases of BPDCN were CD31/PECAM-1 positive. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Expression of CD31/PECAM-1 by BPDCN adds new information about the antigenic profile of this unusual neoplasm. CD31/PECAM-1 influences multiple cell functions including adhesion, apoptosis, coagulation, host response, and protein synthesis that might affect clinical features of BPDCN such as hemorrhage, aggressive tumor growth, and resistance to therapy. Therefore, the potential role of this molecule in the tumor formation and progression of BPDCN warrants additional exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin A Salva
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | - Anna K Haemel
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco3Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Laura B Pincus
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco3Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Uma Sundram
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University6Department of Pathology, Stanford University
| | - Joan Guitart
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - B Jack Longley
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | - Gary S Wood
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison
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25
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Haemel AK, Bearden A, Longley BJ, Crnich C. Black spots in the returning traveler. Dermatol Online J 2013; 19:20393. [PMID: 24314770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
African tick bite fever (ATBF) is a rickettsial infection that should be considered as the cause of fever in travelers returning from endemic regions of sub-Saharan Africa or the Caribbean. Patients typically present with a flu-like syndrome and may demonstrate one or more cutaneous inoculation eschars as a diagnostic key. We present a case of ATBF in a pregnant woman following her trip to Swaziland. Her symptoms rapidly improved with institution of effective antimicrobial treatment with azithromycin and rifampin; she made a full recovery.
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Buehler D, Rush P, Hasenstein JR, Rice SR, Hafez GR, Longley BJ, Kozak KR. Expression of angiopoietin-TIE system components in angiosarcoma. Mod Pathol 2013; 26:1032-40. [PMID: 23558570 PMCID: PMC3706492 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2013.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Angiosarcoma is an aggressive malignancy of endothelial differentiation. Potential roles of the endothelial angiopoietin-tunica interna endothelial cell kinase (ANGPT-TIE) system in angiosarcoma diagnosis, pathogenesis, prognosis and treatment are undefined. To examine the expression and prognostic significance of angiopoietin-1, angiopoietin-2, TIE1 and TEK (TIE2) proteins in angiosarcoma, we immunohistochemically evaluated clinically annotated human angiosarcoma samples. Correlations of protein expression with overall survival and pathological features were explored. The cohort included 51 patients diagnosed with angiosarcoma at the age of 30-86 years (median 67). The 5-year overall survival was 45% with a median of 26 months. Moderate to strong expression of angiopoietin-1, TIE1 and TEK (TIE2) was identified in the majority of angiosarcomas and moderate to strong expression of angiopoietin-2 was observed in 42% of angiosarcomas. Increased angiopoietin-1 expression correlated with improved survival. Non-significant trends toward longer survival were also observed with increased TIE1 and TEK (TIE2) expression. Increased expression of angiopoietin-2, TIE1 and TEK (TIE2) was associated with vasoformative architecture. No differences in expression of these proteins were observed when patients were segregated by age, gender, presence or absence of metastases at diagnosis, primary tumor location, radiation association or the presence of necrosis. We conclude that components of the ANGPT-TIE system are commonly expressed in angiosarcomas. Reduced expression of these proteins is associated with non-vasoformative and clinically more aggressive lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Buehler
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Patrick Rush
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jason R. Hasenstein
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Stephanie R. Rice
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Gholam Reza Hafez
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - B. Jack Longley
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kevin R Kozak
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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Kang HK, Eby J, Klarquist J, Mehrotra S, Nishimura M, Jack Longley B, Caroline Le Poole I. Accelerated vitiligo is associated with enhanced IL17 responses in mice (P5166). The Journal of Immunology 2013. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.195.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Vitiligo is a pigmentary skin disease resulting from T cell mediated cytotoxicity towards melanocytes. To study the involvement of Th17 cells in vitiligo pathogenesis, we generated a spontaneous mouse model of epidermal depigmentation in vitiligo by crossing HLA-A2 transgenic mice expressing a human-derived, tyrosinase reactive T cell receptor transgene within T cells were crossed with a K14-SCF transgenic mouse that retains intra-epidermal melanocytes. In this triple (HLA-A2, h3T, K14-SCF) transgenic mouse, we observed that hair depigmentation was significantly accelerated as compared to the h3TA2 mice parental strain. The presence of the SCF transgene is associated with an increase of IL-17A+T cells among peripheral T cells. Triple transgenic display enhanced tyrosinase-specific Th17 responses and stronger spontaneous CTL responses. The increased Th17 responses are correlated to expansion of SCF responsive MM cell for megakaryocyte and/or bipotent megakaryocyte/erythroid progenitors (CD117+CD151+CD41+CD11c-CD11b-) that induce Th17 cells as previously shown to mediate lupus. In addition, SCF overexpression allows for spotted repigmentation of the epidermis to form ‘NeVi’. Repigmentation is accompanied by reduced Th17 and increased Treg infiltration to the skin. Taken together, accelerated vitiligo is associated with IL-17 responses in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Kap Kang
- 1Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Jonathan Eby
- 2Oncology Institute Rm 213, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Jared Klarquist
- 2Oncology Institute Rm 213, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | | | - Michael Nishimura
- 1Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
- 2Oncology Institute Rm 213, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - B. Jack Longley
- 4Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Madison, WI
| | - I. Caroline Le Poole
- 2Oncology Institute Rm 213, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
- 5Pathology, Loyola Univ. Chicago, Maywood, IL
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Bhatia N, Xiao TZ, Rosenthal KA, Siddiqui IA, Thiyagarajan S, Smart B, Meng Q, Zuleger CL, Mukhtar H, Kenney SC, Albertini MR, Jack Longley B. MAGE-C2 promotes growth and tumorigenicity of melanoma cells, phosphorylation of KAP1, and DNA damage repair. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 133:759-767. [PMID: 23096706 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma-associated antigen-encoding (MAGE) genes are expressed in melanoma and other cancers but not in normal somatic cells. MAGE expression is associated with aggressive tumor growth, poor clinical outcome, and resistance to chemotherapy, but the mechanisms have not been completely elucidated. In this study, we show that downregulation of MAGE-C2 in A375 melanoma cells and low-passage cultures from human metastatic melanomas (MRA cells) results in increased apoptosis and decreased growth of tumor xenografts in athymic nude mice. Previously, we showed that MAGE-C2 binds KAP1, a scaffolding protein that regulates DNA repair. Phosphorylation of KAP1-Serine 824 (Ser824) by ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) kinase is necessary for repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs); now we show that MAGE-C2 knockdown reduces, whereas MAGE-C2 overexpression increases, ATM kinase-dependent phosphorylation of KAP1-Ser824. We demonstrate that MAGE-C2 increases co-precipitation of KAP1 with ATM and that binding of MAGE-C2 to KAP1 is necessary for increased KAP1-Ser824 phosphorylation. Furthermore, ectopic expression of MAGE-C2 enhances repair of I-SceI endonuclease-induced DSBs in U-2OS cells. As phosphorylation of KAP1-Ser824 facilitates relaxation of heterochromatin, which is necessary for DNA repair and cellular proliferation, our results suggest that MAGE-C2 can promote tumor growth by phosphorylation of KAP1-Ser824 and by enhancement of DNA damage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neehar Bhatia
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
| | - Tony Z Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Imtiaz A Siddiqui
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Brendan Smart
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Qiao Meng
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Cindy L Zuleger
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hasan Mukhtar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Mark R Albertini
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Medical Service, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - B Jack Longley
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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Kleker BM, Ramirez-Fort MK, Puchalsky D, Longley BJ, Swanson A, Zone J. A generalized annular eruption with occasional vesicles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 148:531-6. [PMID: 22508880 DOI: 10.1001/archdermatol.2012.1a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Kleker
- University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Madison, USA
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Rae J, Viros A, Hayward R, Bennett DC, Dhomen N, Longley BJ, Reis-Filho JS, Marais R. (V600E)Braf::Tyr-CreERT2::K14-Kitl mice do not develop superficial spreading-like melanoma: keratinocyte Kit ligand is insufficient to "translocate" (V600E)Braf-driven melanoma to the epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:488-91. [PMID: 22113477 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Xiao TZ, Bhatia N, Urrutia R, Lomberk GA, Simpson A, Longley BJ. MAGE I transcription factors regulate KAP1 and KRAB domain zinc finger transcription factor mediated gene repression. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23747. [PMID: 21876767 PMCID: PMC3158099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Class I MAGE proteins (MAGE I) are normally expressed only in developing germ cells but are aberrantly expressed in many cancers. They have been shown to promote tumor survival, aggressive growth, and chemoresistance but the underlying mechanisms and MAGE I functions have not been fully elucidated. KRAB domain zinc finger transcription factors (KZNFs) are the largest group of vertebrate transcription factors and regulate neoplastic transformation, tumor suppression, cellular proliferation, and apoptosis. KZNFs bind the KAP1 protein and direct KAP1 to specific DNA sequences where it suppresses gene expression by inducing localized heterochromatin characterized by histone 3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3me3K9). Discovery that MAGE I proteins also bind to KAP1 prompted us to investigate whether MAGE I can affect KZNF and KAP1 mediated gene regulation. We found that expression of MAGE I proteins, MAGE-A3 or MAGE-C2, relieved repression of a reporter gene by ZNF382, a KZNF with tumor suppressor activity. ChIP of MAGE I (-) HEK293T cells showed KAP1 and H3me3K9 are normally bound to the ID1 gene, a target of ZNF382, but that binding is greatly reduced in the presence of MAGE I proteins. MAGE I expression relieved KAP1 mediated ID1 repression, causing increased expression of ID1 mRNA and ID1 chromatin relaxation characterized by loss of H3me3K9. MAGE I binding to KAP1 also induced ZNF382 poly-ubiquitination and degradation, consistent with loss of ZNF382 leading to decreased KAP1 binding to ID1. In contrast, MAGE I expression caused increased KAP1 binding to Ki67, another KAP1 target gene, with increased H3me3K9 and decreased Ki67 mRNA expression. Since KZNFs are required to direct KAP1 to specific genes, these results show that MAGE I proteins can differentially regulate members of the KZNF family and KAP1 mediated gene repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Z. Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TZX); (BJL)
| | - Neehar Bhatia
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Raul Urrutia
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Gwen A. Lomberk
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Andrew Simpson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - B. Jack Longley
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TZX); (BJL)
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Poonawalla T, Longley BJ, Aughenbaugh W. Serpiginous erythematous plaques on the feet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 147:235-40. [PMID: 21339453 DOI: 10.1001/archdermatol.2010.425-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tasneem Poonawalla
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
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Bhatia N, Yang B, Xiao TZ, Peters N, Hoffmann MF, Longley BJ. Identification of novel small molecules that inhibit protein-protein interactions between MAGE and KAP-1. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 508:217-21. [PMID: 21277283 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 01/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The Class I MAGE proteins are normally expressed only in developing germ cells but are often aberrantly expressed in malignancies, particularly melanoma, making them good therapeutic targets. MAGE proteins promote tumor survival by binding to the RBCC region of KAP-1 and suppressing p53. Although, suppression of MAGE expression, by RNA interference, relieves p53 suppression and inhibits tumor growth, its therapeutic uses are limited by lack of methods for systemic delivery of small interfering RNA. To overcome this barrier, we sought to discover chemical compounds that inhibit binding between MAGE and KAP-1 proteins. Based on previously published effects of MAGE suppression, we developed a strategy for screening a small molecule library based on selective death of MAGE positive cells, activation of p53 and lack of caspase activity. We screened the Maybridge HitFinder library of compounds and eight compounds fulfilled these criteria. Seven of these compounds interfered with co-precipitation of MAGE and KAP-1, and three interfered with binding of MAGE and KAP-1 in a mammalian two hybrid assay. We now report identification of three potential compounds that interfere with MAGE/KAP-1 binding and can be developed as novel chemo-therapeutic agents for treatment of advanced melanoma and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neehar Bhatia
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Merritt BG, Snow SN, Longley BJ. Desmoplastic trichoepithelioma, infiltrative/morpheaform BCC, and microcystic adnexal carcinoma: differentiation by immunohistochemistry and determining the need for Mohs micrographic surgery. Cutis 2010; 85:254-258. [PMID: 20540416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Several important cutaneous neoplasms present with basaloid cells in the dermis. Desmoplastic trichoepithelioma (DTE), infiltrative/morpheaform basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and microcystic adnexal carcinoma (MAC) are tumors in this category that may be difficult to differentiate, especially when evaluating thin biopsy specimens. An accurate diagnosis has important clinical implications. While DTE is a benign neoplasm with indolent behavior, infiltrative/morpheaform BCC and MAC can be highly aggressive, leading to substantial local destruction and potential metastasis. We present a patient with an unusual tumor demonstrating basaloid cells in the dermis and discuss the diagnostic approach for these lesions, emphasizing the potential role of cytokeratin 20 (CK20) in determining the need for Mohs micrographic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley G Merritt
- Department of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3100 Thurston-Bowles Bldg, CB 7287, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7287, USA.
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Maddodi N, Huang W, Havighurst T, Kim K, Longley BJ, Setaluri V. Induction of autophagy and inhibition of melanoma growth in vitro and in vivo by hyperactivation of oncogenic BRAF. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:1657-67. [PMID: 20182446 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activating mutations in NRAS and BRAF are found frequently in cutaneous melanomas. Because concurrent mutations of both BRAF and RAS are extremely rare, it is thought that transformation by RAS and BRAF occurs through a common mechanism. Also, there is evidence for a relationship of synthetic lethality between NRAS and BRAF oncogenes that leads to selection against cells with a hyperactive mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. However, it is not known whether the hyperactivation of the MAPK pathway by overexpression of either oncogene alone could also inhibit melanoma tumorigenesis. Here, we show that in melanoma cells with oncogenic BRAF (mBRAF), high levels of mBRAF induce hyperactivation of ERK and senescence-like phenotype and trigger autophagy by inhibiting the mammalian target of rapamycin complex signaling. Growth inhibition and cell death caused by high mBRAF levels are partially rescued by downregulation of BRAF protein or inhibition of autophagy, but not by inhibition of the MAPK or apoptotic pathways. In nude mice, growth of mBRAF-overexpressing tumors is inhibited. Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of human melanomas and cell lines showed a significant positive correlation between the levels of BRAF protein and autophagy marker light chain 3. Our data suggest that high oncogenic BRAF levels trigger autophagy, which may have a role in melanoma tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nityanand Maddodi
- Department of Dermatology, UW School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Atwater AR, Longley BJ, Aughenbaugh WD. Kikuchi's disease: case report and systematic review of cutaneous and histopathologic presentations. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 59:130-6. [PMID: 18462833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Kikuchi's disease, also known as histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis, is a systemic illness with classic clinical findings of cervical lymphadenopathy and fever. Diagnosis is confirmed by lymph node histology, which reveals paracortical foci of necrosis and a histiocytic infiltrate. Kikuchi's disease has been associated with a number of infections, but no single source has been identified. Diverse, often nonspecific, cutaneous findings have been described in up to 40% of cases. Description of the histopathologic findings of skin lesions is limited to single case reports and one case series. We describe a 24-year-old woman with fevers, lymphadenopathy, hepatic and hematologic abnormalities, and a skin eruption involving the face, neck, trunk, and extremities with characteristic lymph node and cutaneous histopathologic findings. We completed a systematic review of the clinical presentations and histopathology of Kikuchi's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Reck Atwater
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA
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Carter EL, O'Herrin S, Woolery C, Jack Longley B. Epidermal stem cell factor augments the inflammatory response in irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:1861-3. [PMID: 18200049 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yang B, O'Herrin SM, Wu J, Reagan-Shaw S, Ma Y, Bhat KMR, Gravekamp C, Setaluri V, Peters N, Hoffmann FM, Peng H, Ivanov AV, Simpson AJG, Longley BJ. MAGE-A, mMage-b, and MAGE-C proteins form complexes with KAP1 and suppress p53-dependent apoptosis in MAGE-positive cell lines. Cancer Res 2007; 67:9954-62. [PMID: 17942928 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The MAGE-A, MAGE-B, and MAGE-C protein families comprise the class-I MAGE/cancer testes antigens, a group of highly homologous proteins whose expression is suppressed in all normal tissues except developing sperm. Aberrant expression of class I MAGE proteins occurs in melanomas and many other malignancies, and MAGE proteins have long been recognized as tumor-specific targets; however, their functions have largely been unknown. Here, we show that suppression of class I MAGE proteins induces apoptosis in the Hs-294T, A375, and S91 MAGE-positive melanoma cell lines and that members of all three families of MAGE class I proteins form complexes with KAP1, a scaffolding protein that is known as a corepressor of p53 expression and function. In addition to inducing apoptosis, MAGE suppression decreases KAP1 complexing with p53, increases immunoreactive and acetylated p53, and activates a p53 responsive reporter gene. Suppression of class I MAGE proteins also induces apoptosis in MAGE-A-positive, p53wt/wt parental HCT 116 colon cancer cells but not in a MAGE-A-positive HCT 116 p53-/- variant, indicating that MAGE suppression of apoptosis requires p53. Finally, treatment with MAGE-specific small interfering RNA suppresses S91 melanoma growth in vivo, in syngenic DBA2 mice. Thus, class I MAGE protein expression may suppress apoptosis by suppressing p53 and may actively contribute to the development of malignancies and by promoting tumor survival. Because the expression of class I MAGE proteins is limited in normal tissues, inhibition of MAGE antigen expression or function represents a novel and specific treatment for melanoma and diverse malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- Department of Dermatology and Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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Abstract
The Class I MAGE proteins include the MAGE-A, MAGE-B, and MAGE-C antigens, which are normally expressed only in male germ cells but may be aberrantly expressed in melanomas and other tumors. It is known that MAGE gene expression is epigenetically repressed by promoter region methylation in most cells but factors controlling MAGE gene promoter methylation have not been identified. Using transcript microarray analysis and immunoblotting we found that MAGE-A and MAGE-C mRNA and protein are selectively downregulated by pharmacologic inhibition of KIT in KIT-dependent mast cell lines. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction studies showed that the MAGE-A3 and MAGE-C2 gene promoter regions were de-methylated in the presence of activated KIT but became methylated on inhibition of KIT, consistent with the downregulation of mRNA and protein. This is early evidence of a tyrosine kinase affecting MAGE gene promoter region methylation and expression, and represents early evidence of a tyrosine kinase in the epigenetic control of gene expression. MAGE proteins suppress apoptosis and promote tumor survival, and are novel targets for functional manipulation and immunotherapy. Understanding the factors controlling MAGE gene expression may allow more effective therapeutic strategies targeting MAGE antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA.
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Bodemer AA, Longley BJ. Thrombotic lymphocytic vasculitic reaction to intravenous immunoglobulin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 55:S112-3. [PMID: 17052525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2004] [Revised: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Yang B, O'Herrin S, Wu J, Reagan-Shaw S, Ma Y, Nihal M, Longley BJ. Select cancer testes antigens of the MAGE-A, -B, and -C families are expressed in mast cell lines and promote cell viability in vitro and in vivo. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 127:267-75. [PMID: 16960553 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
MAGE antigens are proteins that are normally expressed only in gametes but are often aberrantly expressed in melanomas, hematopoietic malignancies, and other "cancers". The functions of most MAGE proteins are unknown. Data have accumulated suggesting expression of MAGE proteins by malignant cells may contribute to advanced disease or resistance to chemotherapy, but direct evidence supporting this hypothesis is lacking. We show here that small interfering RNA (siRNA) suppression of MAGE-A, -B, and -C gene expression slows proliferation and induces caspase independent apoptosis in human and murine mast cell lines. Furthermore, treatment with MAGE specific siRNA suppresses growth of malignant cells in an in vivo murine model of mastocytosis. These observations demonstrate that MAGE protein expression can contribute to the development of tumors by permitting proliferation and prolonging the survival of malignant cells. We suggest a shift of the current clinical paradigm from one that envisions MAGE proteins solely as targets for immunologic attack to one in which MAGE genes and proteins are also targets for functional manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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Saleem M, Adhami VM, Zhong W, Longley BJ, Lin CY, Dickson RB, Reagan-Shaw S, Jarrard DF, Mukhtar H. A novel biomarker for staging human prostate adenocarcinoma: overexpression of matriptase with concomitant loss of its inhibitor, hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-1. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15:217-27. [PMID: 16492908 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matriptase, a type II transmembrane serine protease is involved in angiogenesis, degradation of extracellular matrix, and in the progression of some epithelial cancers. Here, we establish the clinical significance of matriptase and its inhibitor, hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-1 (HAI-1), during the progression of human prostate cancer (CaP). METHODS The expression patterns of matriptase and HAI-1 were determined in primary cultures of normal human prostate epithelial (NHPE) cells, human CaP cells LNCaP, DU-145, CWR22Rnu1, and PC-3, and in tissue samples of 172 patients with normal prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and adenocarcinoma of different tumor grades. RESULTS The protein and mRNA levels of matriptase were significantly higher in all carcinoma cells as compared with NHPE cells. Conversely, all CaP cells exhibited a reduced expression of HAI-1 as compared with NHPE cells. A progressive increase in the protein levels of matriptase was observed with increasing tumor grade in CaP specimens as compared with normal and BPH tissue specimens. Tissue samples of normal prostate exhibited a high constitutive protein level of HAI-1 compared with BPH and low-grade cancer with a progressive loss with increasing tumor grade. CONCLUSION The increased expression of matriptase and loss of HAI-1 may be an important event during the progression of CaP in humans. We suggest that the ratio of these two gene products may serve as a promising biomarker for CaP progression and a potential marker for establishing the efficacy of therapeutic and chemopreventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saleem
- Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Medical Sciences Center, B-25, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Hartmann K, Wardelmann E, Ma Y, Merkelbach-Bruse S, Preussner LM, Woolery C, Baldus SE, Heinicke T, Thiele J, Buettner R, Longley BJ. Novel germline mutation of KIT associated with familial gastrointestinal stromal tumors and mastocytosis. Gastroenterology 2005; 129:1042-6. [PMID: 16143141 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2004] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are often associated with activating KIT mutations, affecting regulatory domains of the KIT tyrosine kinase. Sporadic mastocytosis in adults is usually also caused by KIT mutations that, however, activate KIT by affecting the intracellular enzymatic site of the molecule. Most GISTs respond to KIT inhibitors that bind to the enzymatic site; in most cases of mastocytosis, however, the modified enzymatic site is not affected by these drugs. We present a kindred with both familial GISTs and mastocytosis that express a novel germline KIT mutation in exon 8, resulting in deletion of codon 419 and affecting the extracellular domain of KIT. This mutation activates KIT, and the mutant KIT is inhibited by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate. Our studies identify a new regulatory region in the KIT molecule and strongly suggest that patients with extracellular KIT mutations respond to tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Hartmann
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Abstract
According to the World Cancer Report, skin cancer constitutes approximately 30% of all newly diagnosed cancers in the world, and solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation (particularly, its UVB component; 290-320 nm) is an established cause of approximately 90% of skin cancers. The available options have proven to be inadequate for the management of skin cancers. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop mechanism-based novel approaches for prevention/therapy of skin cancer. In this study, we evaluated the chemopreventive effects of resveratrol against UVB radiation-mediated skin tumorigenesis in the SKH-1 hairless mouse model. For our studies, we used a UVB initiation-promotion protocol in which the control mice were subjected to chronic UVB exposure (180 mJ/cm2, twice weekly, for 28 weeks). The experimental animals received either a pretreatment (30 min before each UVB) or post-treatment (5 min after UVB) of resveratrol (25 or 50 micro mole/0.2 ml acetone/mouse). The mice were followed for skin tumorigenesis and were killed at 24 h after the last UVB exposure, for further studies. The topical application of skin with resveratrol (both pre- and post- treatment) resulted in a highly significant 1) inhibition in tumor incidence, and 2) delay in the onset of tumorigenesis. Interestingly, the post-treatment of resveratrol was found to impart equal protection than the pretreatment; suggesting that resveratrol-mediated responses may not be sunscreen effects. Because Survivin is a critical regulator of survival/death of cells, and its overexpression has been implicated in several cancers, we evaluated its involvement in chemoprevention of UVB-mediated skin carcinogenesis by resveratrol. Our data demonstrated a significant 1) up-regulation of Survivin (both at protein- and mRNA- levels), 2) up-regulation of phospho-Survivin protein, and 3) down-regulation of proapoptotic Smac/DIABLO protein in skin tumors; whereas treatment with resveratrol resulted in the attenuation of these responses. Our study also suggests that resveratrol enhanced apoptosis in UVB-exposure-mediated skin tumors. Our study, for the first time, demonstrated that 1) resveratrol imparts strong chemopreventive effects against UVB exposure-mediated skin carcinogenesis (relevant to human skin cancers), and 2) the chemopreventive effects of resveratrol may, at least in part, be mediated via modulations in Survivin and other associated events. On the basis of our work, it is conceivable to design resveratrol-containing emollient or patch, as well as sunscreen and skin-care products for prevention of skin cancer and other conditions, which are believed to be caused by UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moammir Hasan Aziz
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Akin C, Brockow K, D'Ambrosio C, Kirshenbaum AS, Ma Y, Longley BJ, Metcalfe DD. Effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 on human mast cells bearing wild-type or mutated c-kit. Exp Hematol 2003; 31:686-92. [PMID: 12901973 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(03)00112-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE STI571 is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor which inhibits the kinase activity of kit, the receptor for stem cell factor (SCF). Because activating mutations of c-kit affecting codon 816 are associated with human mast cell neoplasms, we determined whether STI571 exerted a similar cytotoxic effect on neoplastic and normal human mast cells. METHODS We investigated the effect of addition of STI571 in increasing concentrations (0.01 to 10 micromolar) to two HMC-1 human mast cell leukemia cell lines carrying two different activating c-kit mutations in codons 816 or 560, as well as the effect of the drug on short-term bone marrow cultures obtained from patients who carry a mutated codon 816 or wild-type c-kit. RESULTS STI571 failed to inhibit the growth of HMC-1(560,816) cells bearing a codon 816 mutation but effectively suppressed the proliferation of HMC-1(560) carrying c-kit with the wild-type codon 816. STI571 did not induce preferential killing of neoplastic bone marrow mast cells in short-term cultures from patients bearing a codon 816 c-kit mutation. In contrast, STI571 caused a dramatic reduction in mast cells in patients without codon 816 c-kit mutations. CONCLUSION These results suggest that STI571, while effectively killing mast cells with wild-type c-kit, did not show preferential cytotoxicity to neoplastic human mast cells and thus may not be effective in the treatment of human systemic mastocytosis associated with codon 816 c-kit mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Akin
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1881, USA.
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Djabali K, Panteleyev AA, Lalin T, Garzon MC, Longley BJ, Bickers DR, Zlotogorski A, Christiano AM. Recurrent missense mutations in the hair keratin gene hHb6 in monilethrix. Clin Exp Dermatol 2003; 28:206-10. [PMID: 12653715 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2230.2003.01196.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Monilethrix is an autosomal dominant hair disorder characterized by a beaded appearance of the hair resulting from periodic thinning of the shaft (MIM 158000). The phenotype shows variable penetrance and results in hair fragility and patchy dystrophic alopecia. Mutations of the helix-encoded region in two hair-specific keratins (hHb1 and hHb6) have been identified as responsible for this disorder. We investigated two unrelated families from Russia and Colombia with monilethrix and found two missense mutations in hHb6. In the Russian family, we found a G to A transition at the first base of codon 402, resulting in a lysine substitution (GAG to AAG), designated E402K. In the Colombian family, affected patients carried a missense mutation of codon 413, involving a transition from G to A causing a lysine substitution (GAG to AAG), designated E413K. These two mutations have been identified in other monilethrix families from Europe. Our findings extend the body of evidence implicating recurrent hHb6 and hHb1 mutations in monilethrix families from around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Djabali
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Chamlin SL, Cowper SE, Longley BJ, Williams ML. Generalized bullae in an infant. Arch Dermatol 2002; 138:831-6. [PMID: 12056971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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50
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Abstract
Recent studies have done much to reveal the biological and genetic underpinnings of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Constitutive activation of the KIT receptor tyrosine kinase is a central pathogenetic event in most GISTs and generally results from oncogenic point mutations which can involve either extracellular or cytoplasmic domains of the receptor. Oncogenic mutations enable the KIT receptor to phosphorylate various substrate proteins, leading to activation of signal transduction cascades which regulate cell proliferation, apoptosis, chemotaxis, and adhesion. KIT mutations can be broadly assigned to 2 groups, those that involve the "regulatory" regions responsible for modulating KIT enzymatic activity and those that involve the enzymatic region itself. In vitro studies suggest that GISTs with regulatory-region KIT mutations are more likely to respond to STI-571 than are GISTs with enzymatic-region mutations. A minority of GISTs lack demonstrable KIT mutations, but KIT is nonetheless strongly activated. Such GISTs might contain KIT mutations which are not readily detected by conventional screening methods, or alternately, KIT might be activated by nonmutational mechanisms. Most GISTs have noncomplex cytogenetic profiles, often featuring deletions of chromosomes 14 and 22. Additional chromosomal aberrations are acquired as the GISTs progress to higher histologic grade. These cytogenetic aberrations are undoubtedly important in GIST pathogenesis, but currently they do not play a key role as diagnostic adjuncts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Heinrich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Oregon Health Sciences University and Portland VA Medical Center, USA
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