1
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Makaremi S, Asgarzadeh A, Kianfar H, Mohammadnia A, Asghariazar V, Safarzadeh E. The role of IL-1 family of cytokines and receptors in pathogenesis of COVID-19. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:923-947. [PMID: 35751653 PMCID: PMC9243884 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01596-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A global pandemic has erupted as a result of the new brand coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This pandemic has been consociated with widespread mortality worldwide. The antiviral immune response is an imperative factor in confronting the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections. Meantime, cytokines recognize as crucial components in guiding the appropriate immune pathways in the restraining and eradication of the virus. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 can induce uncontrolled inflammatory responses characterized by hyper-inflammatory cytokine production, which causes cytokine storm and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). As excessive inflammatory responses are contributed to the severe stage of the COVID-19 disease, therefore, the pro-inflammatory cytokines are regarded as the Achilles heel during COVID-19 infection. Among these cytokines, interleukin (IL-) 1 family cytokines (IL-1, IL-18, IL-33, IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38) appear to have a strong inflammatory role in severe COVID-19. Hence, understanding the underlying inflammatory mechanism of these cytokines during infection is critical for reducing the symptoms and severity of the disease. Here, the possible mechanisms and pathways involved in inflammatory immune responses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Makaremi
- School of Medicine and Allied Medical Sciences, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.,Department of Health Information Management, School of Medicine and Allied Medical Sciences, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ali Asgarzadeh
- Students Research Committee, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.,Department of Health Information Management, School of Medicine and Allied Medical Sciences, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Hamed Kianfar
- Students Research Committee, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.,Department of Health Information Management, School of Medicine and Allied Medical Sciences, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Alireza Mohammadnia
- Department of Health Information Management, School of Medicine and Allied Medical Sciences, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Vahid Asghariazar
- Department of Health Information Management, School of Medicine and Allied Medical Sciences, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Elham Safarzadeh
- Department of Health Information Management, School of Medicine and Allied Medical Sciences, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran. .,Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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2
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Awad N, Mohamed RH, Ghoneim NI, Elmehrath AO, El-Badri N. Immunoinformatics approach of epitope prediction for SARS-CoV-2. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:60. [PMID: 35441904 PMCID: PMC9019534 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00344-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) caused lethal infections worldwide during an unprecedented pandemic. Identification of the candidate viral epitopes is the first step in the design of vaccines against the viral infection. Several immunoinformatic approaches were employed to identify the SARS-CoV-2 epitopes that bind specifically with the major histocompatibility molecules class I (MHC-I). We utilized immunoinformatic tools to analyze the whole viral protein sequences, to identify the SARS-CoV-2 epitopes responsible for binding to the most frequent human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles in the Egyptian population. These alleles were also found with high frequency in other populations worldwide. RESULTS Molecular docking approach showed that using the co-crystallized MHC-I and T cell receptor (TCR) instead of using MHC-I structure only, significantly enhanced docking scores and stabilized the conformation, as well as the binding affinity of the identified SARS-CoV-2 epitopes. Our approach directly predicts 7 potential vaccine subunits from the available SARS-CoV-2 spike and ORF1ab protein sequence. This prediction has been confirmed by published experimentally validated and in silico predicted spike epitope. On the other hand, we predicted novel epitopes (RDLPQGFSA and FCLEASFNY) showing high docking scores and antigenicity response with both MHC-I and TCR. Moreover, antigenicity, allergenicity, toxicity, and physicochemical properties of the predicted SARS-CoV-2 epitopes were evaluated via state-of-the-art bioinformatic approaches, showing high efficacy of the proposed epitopes as a vaccine candidate. CONCLUSION Our predicted SARS-CoV-2 epitopes can facilitate vaccine development to enhance the immunogenicity against SARS-CoV-2 and provide supportive data for further experimental validation. Our proposed molecular docking approach of exploiting both MHC and TCR structures can be used to identify potential epitopes for most microbial pathogens, provided the crystal structure of MHC co-crystallized with TCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourelislam Awad
- Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC), Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt.,Center of Informatics Sciences, Nile University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rania Hassan Mohamed
- Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC), Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nehal I Ghoneim
- Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC), Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed O Elmehrath
- Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC), Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt.,Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nagwa El-Badri
- Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC), Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt.
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3
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Aleebrahim-Dehkordi E, Molavi B, Mokhtari M, Deravi N, Fathi M, Fazel T, Mohebalizadeh M, Koochaki P, Shobeiri P, Hasanpour-Dehkordi A. T helper type (Th1/Th2) responses to SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A (H1N1) virus: From cytokines produced to immune responses. Transpl Immunol 2022; 70:101495. [PMID: 34774738 PMCID: PMC8579696 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2021.101495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines produced by T helper cells (Th cells) have essential roles in the body's defense against viruses. Type 1 T helper (Th1) cells are essential for the host defense toward intracellular pathogens while T helper type 2 (Th2) cells are considered to be critical for the helminthic parasites' elimination swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus, a disease led to an epidemic in 2009 and rapidly spread globally via human-to-human transmission. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused a global pandemic in 2020 and is a serious threat to the public health. Pulmonary immunopathology is the leading cause of death during influenza and SARS-CoV-2 epidemics and pandemics. Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 cause high levels of cytokines in the lung. Both inadequate levels and high levels of specific cytokines can have side effects. In this literature review article, we want to compare the Th1 and Th2 cells responses in SARS-CoV-2 and H1N1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Aleebrahim-Dehkordi
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Bahareh Molavi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Paramedical, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Melika Mokhtari
- Dental Faculty, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Deravi
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mobina Fathi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tara Fazel
- school of international campus, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebalizadeh
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Pooneh Koochaki
- Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Science Branch, faculty of medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parnian Shobeiri
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hasanpour-Dehkordi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran..
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4
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Krishnan R, Jang YS, Kim JO, Oh MJ. Altered expression of immune factors in sevenband grouper, Hyporthodus septemfasciatus following nervous necrosis virus challenge at optimal and suboptimal temperatures. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:442-451. [PMID: 34699974 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The nervous necrosis virus (NNV) infection is generally observed in aquafarms when the seawater temperature is higher than 24 °C and the fishes seem to be refractory to disease at suboptimal temperatures below 20 °C suggesting a role of thermoregulation in NNV pathogenesis. The present study profiled the temperature-dependent regulation of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ), innate antiviral factors (IFN-1, Mx, ISG-15), adaptive immune factors (CD-4, CD-8, IgM), signaling regulators (SOCS-1, SOCS-3), transcription factors (STAT-1, STAT-3) and microglial and NCC/NK specific cell markers (TMEM-119 and NCCRP-1) during NNV challenge in seven-band grouper, Hyporthodus septemfasciatus. The co-habitation challenge at 17 °C with showed a sustained expression of proinflammatory cytokines and following rechallenge with a dose of 104 TCID50/100μL/fish at optimal temperature, the survivors also exhibited a stable expression of immune factors. The 100% survival following the challenge at sub-optimal (17 °C) and rechallenge at optimal (25 °C) was due to the stable and sustained activation of the immune response. However, at 25 °C, the rechallenge displayed a priming effect with hyperactivation of the immune system evident from the immune gene expression profile. The mortality pattern observed is co-related with the cytokine storm as is evident from the gene expression profile. Whereas, neither of the adaptive immune markers was suggestive of humoral immune response in the 17 °C groups. Also, the data suggest a possible role of NK cell and microglia in mediating antiviral immune response following infection in the brain at different temperatures, where, former is beneficial in restricting viral infection with higher host tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Krishnan
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo-Seb Jang
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Oh Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Joo Oh
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Metabolomics Signatures of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1376:45-59. [PMID: 34735713 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2021_674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
For a very long time, viral infections have been considered as one of the most important causes of death and disability around the world. Through the viral infection, viruses as small pathogens enter the host cells and use hosts' biosynthesis machinery to replicate and collect infectious lineages. Moreover, they can modify hosts' metabolic pathways in order to their own purposes. Nowadays (in 2019-2020), the most famous type of viral infection which was caused by a novel type of coronavirus is called COVID-19 disease. It has claimed the lives of many people around the world and is a very serious threat to health. Since investigations of the effects of viruses on host metabolism using metabolomics tools may have given focuses on novel appropriate treatments, in the current review the authors highlighted the virus-host metabolic interactions and metabolomics perspective in COVID-19.
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6
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Steiner S, Schwarz T, Corman VM, Sotzny F, Bauer S, Drosten C, Volk HD, Scheibenbogen C, Hanitsch LG. Reactive T Cells in Convalescent COVID-19 Patients With Negative SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Serology. Front Immunol 2021; 12:687449. [PMID: 34322120 PMCID: PMC8312095 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.687449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19, specific antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike are undetectable in serum in approximately 10% of convalescent patients after mild disease course. This raises the question of induction and persistence of SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in these convalescent individuals. Using flow cytometry, we assessed specific SARS-CoV-2 and human endemic coronaviruses (HCoV-229E, -OC43) reactive T cells after stimulation with spike and nucleocapsid peptide pools and analyzed cytokine polyfunctionality (IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-2) in seropositive and seronegative convalescent COVID-19 patients as well as in unexposed healthy controls. Stimulation with SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid (NCAP) as well as HCoV spike peptide pools elicited a similar T cell response in seropositive and seronegative post COVID-19 patients. Significantly higher frequencies of polyfunctional cytokine nucleocapsid reactive CD4+ T cells (triple positive for IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-2) were observed in both, seropositive (p = 0.008) and seronegative (p = 0.04), COVID-19 convalescent compared to healthy controls and were detectable up to day 162 post RT-PCR positivity in seronegative convalescents. Our data indicate an important role of NCAP-specific T cells for viral control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Steiner
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tatjana Schwarz
- Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), associated partner, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor M Corman
- Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), associated partner, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Sotzny
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Bauer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), associated partner, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Scheibenbogen
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif G Hanitsch
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Switzer B, Haanen J, Lorigan PC, Puzanov I, Turajlic S. Clinical and immunologic implications of COVID-19 in patients with melanoma and renal cell carcinoma receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e002835. [PMID: 34272309 PMCID: PMC8288220 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical and immunologic implications of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic for patients with cancer receiving systemic anticancer therapy have introduced a multitude of clinical challenges and academic controversies. This review summarizes the current evidence, discussion points, and recommendations regarding the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in patients with cancer during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, with a focus on patients with melanoma and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). More specifically, we summarize the theoretical concepts and available objective data regarding the relationships between ICIs and the antiviral immune response, along with recommended clinical approaches to the management of melanoma and RCC patient cohorts receiving ICIs throughout the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. Additional insights regarding the use of ICIs in the setting of current and upcoming COVID-19 vaccines and broader implications toward future pandemics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Switzer
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - John Haanen
- Division of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul C Lorigan
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Igor Puzanov
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Samra Turajlic
- Renal and Skin Units, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Cancer Dynamics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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8
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Yang B, Fan J, Huang J, Guo E, Fu Y, Liu S, Xiao R, Liu C, Lu F, Qin T, He C, Wang Z, Qin X, Hu D, You L, Li X, Wang T, Wu P, Chen G, Zhou J, Li K, Sun C. Clinical and molecular characteristics of COVID-19 patients with persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3501. [PMID: 34108465 PMCID: PMC8190301 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23621-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The characteristics of COVID-19 patients with persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection are not yet well described. Here, we compare the clinical and molecular features of patients with long duration of viral shedding (LDs) with those from patients with short duration patients (SDs), and healthy donors (HDs). We find that several cytokines and chemokines, such as interleukin (IL)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and lymphotoxin α (LT-α) are present at lower levels in LDs than SDs. Single-cell RNA sequencing shows that natural killer (NK) cells and CD14+ monocytes are reduced, while regulatory T cells are increased in LDs; moreover, T and NK cells in LDs are less activated than in SDs. Importantly, most cells in LDs show reduced expression of ribosomal protein (RP) genes and related pathways, with this inversed correlation between RP levels and infection duration further validated in 103 independent patients. Our results thus indicate that immunosuppression and low RP expression may be related to the persistence of the viral infection in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junpeng Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ensong Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Si Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rourou Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Funian Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianyu Qin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zizhuo Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Qin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dianxing Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lixin You
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kezhen Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Chaoyang Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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9
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Host immune response to infectious bronchitis virus Q1 in two commercial broiler chicken lines. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:587-594. [PMID: 33892367 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the pathogenesis of infectious bronchitis virus (Gammacoronavirus) strain Q1 in two commercial broiler chicken lines, and the host immune response to infection. Chicks from each line were grouped into either infected or control. Following Q1 infection at day-old, fast (Line-A) and slow (Line-B) growing chicks were monitored for clinical signs and body weights. At 3, 7, 9, 14, 21 and 28 days post infection (dpi), five birds were humanely euthanised, and trachea, kidney and proventriculus tissues were collected for quantitative RT-PCR and histopathology. Blood was collected weekly to determine IBV-specific ELISA antibody titres. Q1 infection significantly reduced the body weights of Line-A chicks at 14 and 21 dpi, but there were no significant differences in Line-B. Through qRT-PCR, significantly higher viral loads were found in the trachea, proventriculus and kidney tissues of Line-A chicks at 7-9 dpi. At day-old and at 28 dpi, the mean antibody titre in Line-B was notably higher than Line-A. Significant IFN-α mRNA expression was noted in the trachea and kidneys of Line-A, whereas no change occurred in Line-B. Chicks in Line-B, compared to those in Line-A, demonstrated a tissue-dependent increase of IFN-β, TLR3, IL-1β and IL-6 and LITAF gene transcription responses to IBV Q1. It appears that the level of maternal antibodies, growth rates, and other inherent host genetic factors could have influenced the differences in viral loads and immune responses.
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Haji Abdolvahab M, Moradi-Kalbolandi S, Zarei M, Bose D, Majidzadeh-A K, Farahmand L. Potential role of interferons in treating COVID-19 patients. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 90:107171. [PMID: 33221168 PMCID: PMC7608019 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The recently public health crises in the world is emerged by spreading the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) also named COVID-19. The virus is originated in bats and transported to humans via undefined intermediate animals. This virus can produce from weak to severe respiratory diseases including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), pneumonia and even death in patients. The COVID-19 disease is distributed by inhalation via contaminated droplets or contact with infected environment. The incubation time is from 2 to 14 day and the symptoms are typically fever, sore throat, cough, malaise, fatigue, breathlessness among others. It needs to be considered that many infected people are asymptomatic. Developing various immunological and virological methods to diagnose this disease is supported by several laboratories. Treatment is principally supportive; however, there are several agents that are using in treating of COVID-19 patients. Interferons (IFNs) have shown to be crucial in fighting with COVID-19 disease and can be a suitable candidate in treatment of these patients. Combination therapy can be more effective than monotherapy to cure this disease. Prevention necessitates to be performed by isolation of suspected people and home quarantine as well as taking care to infected people with mild or strict disease at hospitals. As the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has accelerated, developing effective therapy is an urgent requirement to battle the virus and prevent further pandemic. In this manuscript we reviewed available information about SARS-CoV-2 and probable therapies for COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Haji Abdolvahab
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1517964311, Iran
| | - Shima Moradi-Kalbolandi
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1517964311, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Center for Mitochondrial & Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Deepanwita Bose
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keivan Majidzadeh-A
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1517964311, Iran
| | - Leila Farahmand
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1517964311, Iran.
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Distinct Cytokine Profiles Correlate with Disease Severity and Outcome in Longitudinal Studies of Acute Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis D Virus Infection in Chimpanzees. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.02580-20. [PMID: 33203756 PMCID: PMC7683399 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02580-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Historical studies conducted in chimpanzees gave us the opportunity to investigate the basis for the different severities of liver damage and disease outcome associated with infection with wild-type hepatitis B virus (HBV) versus a precore HBV mutant, HBV/hepatitis D virus (HDV) coinfection, and HDV superinfection. Weekly samples from 9 chimpanzees were studied for immune responses by measuring plasma levels of 29 cytokines in parallel with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and viral kinetics. Comparison of classic acute hepatitis B (AHB) with severe or progressive AHB and HBV/HDV coinfection or superinfection identified distinct cytokine profiles. Classic AHB (mean ALT peak, 362 IU/liter) correlated with an early and significant induction of interferon alpha-2 (IFN-α2), IFN-γ, interleukin-12 p70 (IL-12 p70), and IL-17A. In contrast, these cytokines were virtually undetectable in severe AHB (mean ALT peak, 1,335 IU/liter), characterized by significant elevations of IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and MIP-1β. In progressive AHB (mean ALT peak, 166 IU/liter), there was a delayed and lower-magnitude induction of cytokines. The ALT peak was also delayed (mean, 23.5 weeks) compared to those of classic (13.5 weeks) and severe AHB (7.5 weeks). HBV/HDV coinfection correlated with significantly lower levels of IFN-α2, IFN-γ, and IL-17A, associated with the presence of multiple proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-15. Conversely, HDV superinfection induced the highest ALT peak (1,910 IU/liter) and was associated with a general suppression of cytokines. Our data demonstrate that the most severe liver damage, caused by an HBV precore mutant and HDV, correlated with restricted cytokine expression and lack of Th1 response, raising the question of whether these viruses are directly cytopathic.IMPORTANCE Studies performed in chimpanzees at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) demonstrated a significant difference in ALT levels during acute hepatitis of different viral etiologies, with a hierarchy in the extent of liver damage according to the infecting virus: the highest level was in HDV superinfection, followed by infection with a precore HBV mutant, HBV/HDV coinfection, and, lastly, wild-type HBV infection. Our study demonstrates that both the virus and host are important in disease pathogenesis and offers new insights into their roles. We found that distinct cytokine profiles were associated with disease severity and clinical outcome. In particular, resolution of classic acute hepatitis B (AHB) correlated with a predominant Th1 response, whereas HBV/HDV coinfection showed a predominant proinflammatory response. Severe AHB and HDV superinfection showed a restricted cytokine profile and no evidence of Th1 response. The lack of cytokines associated with adaptive T-cell responses toward the precore HBV mutant and HDV superinfection argues in favor of a direct cytopathic effect of these viruses.
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Al-Ani M, Elemam NM, Hundt JE, Maghazachi AA. Drugs for Multiple Sclerosis Activate Natural Killer Cells: Do They Protect Against COVID-19 Infection? Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:3243-3254. [PMID: 33061471 PMCID: PMC7519863 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s269797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 infection caused by the newly discovered coronavirus severe acute respiratory distress syndrome virus-19 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a pandemic issue across the globe. There are currently many investigations taking place to look for specific, safe and potent anti-viral agents. Upon transmission and entry into the human body, SARS-CoV-2 triggers multiple immune players to be involved in the fight against the viral infection. Amongst these immune cells are NK cells that possess robust antiviral activity, and which do not require prior sensitization. However, NK cell count and activity were found to be impaired in COVID-19 patients and hence, could become a potential therapeutic target for COVID-19. Several drugs, including glatiramer acetate (GA), vitamin D3, dimethyl fumarate (DMF), monomethyl fumarate (MMF), natalizumab, ocrelizumab, and IFN-β, among others have been previously described to increase the biological activities of NK cells especially their cytolytic potential as reported by upregulation of CD107a, and the release of perforin and granzymes. In this review, we propose that such drugs could potentially restore NK cell activity allowing individuals to be more protective against COVID-19 infection and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mena Al-Ani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine and the Immuno-Oncology Group, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Noha Mousaad Elemam
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine and the Immuno-Oncology Group, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Azzam A Maghazachi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine and the Immuno-Oncology Group, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
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13
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Interleukin-7 promotes CD8+ T cell activity in patients with enterovirus 71 associated encephalitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 75:105773. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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14
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Authentic Patient-Derived Hepatitis C Virus Infects and Productively Replicates in Primary CD4 + and CD8 + T Lymphocytes In Vitro. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01790-17. [PMID: 29167333 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01790-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence indicates that immune cells can support the replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in infected patients and in culture. However, there is a scarcity of data on the degree to which individual immune cell types support HCV propagation and on characteristics of virus assembly. We investigated the ability of authentic, patient-derived HCV to infect in vitro two closely related but functionally distinct immune cell types, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, and assessed the properties of the virus produced by these cells. The HCV replication system in intermittently mitogen-stimulated T cells was adapted to infect primary human CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocytes. HCV replicated in both cell types although at significantly higher levels in CD4+ than in CD8+ T cells. Thus, the HCV RNA replicative (negative) strand was detected in CD4+ and CD8+ cells at estimated mean levels ± standard errors of the means of 6.7 × 102 ± 3.8 × 102 and 1.2 × 102 ± 0.8 × 102 copies/μg RNA, respectively (P < 0.0001). Intracellular HCV NS5a and/or core proteins were identified in 0.9% of CD4+ and in 1.2% of CD8+ T cells. Double staining for NS5a and T cell type-specific markers confirmed that transcriptionally competent virus replicated in both cell types. Furthermore, an HCV-specific protease inhibitor, telaprevir, inhibited infection in both CD4+ and CD8+ cells. The emergence of unique HCV variants and the release of HCV RNA-reactive particles with biophysical properties different from those of virions in plasma inocula suggested that distinct viral particles were assembled, and therefore, they may contribute to the pool of circulating virus in infected patients.IMPORTANCE Although the liver is the main site of HCV replication, infection of the immune system is an intrinsic characteristic of this virus independent of whether infection is symptomatic or clinically silent. Many fundamental aspects of HCV lymphotropism remain uncertain, including the degree to which different immune cells support infection and contribute to virus diversity. We show that authentic, patient-derived HCV productively replicates in vitro in two closely related but functionally distinct types of T lymphocytes, CD4+ and CD8+ cells. The display of viral proteins and unique variants, the production of virions with biophysical properties distinct from those in plasma serving as inocula, and inhibition of replication by an antiviral agent led us to ascertain that both T cell subtypes supported virus propagation. Infection of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which are central to adaptive antiviral immune responses, can directly affect HCV clearance, favor virus persistence, and decisively influence the development and progression of hepatitis C.
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Kanai Y, Kawagishi T, Okamoto M, Sakai Y, Matsuura Y, Kobayashi T. Lethal murine infection model for human respiratory disease-associated Pteropine orthoreovirus. Virology 2018; 514:57-65. [PMID: 29128757 PMCID: PMC7173163 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pteropine orthoreovirus (PRV) is an emerging bat-borne human pathogen causing severe respiratory illness. To date, however, the evaluation of PRV virulence has largely depended on the limited numbers of clinical cases owing to the lack of animal models. To develop an in vivo model of PRV infection, an inbred C3H mouse strain was infected intranasally with pathogenic PRV strain Miyazaki-Bali/2007. C3H mice suffered severe lung infection with significant body weight reduction and died within 7 days after intranasal infection. Infectious viruses were isolated mainly from the lungs and trachea. Histopathological examination revealed interstitial pneumonia with monocytes infiltration. Following repeated intranasal infection, mice developed antibodies to particular structural and non-structural proteins of PRV. The results of these immunological assays will help to develop laboratory protocols for sero-epidemiological studies. Our small rodent model of lethal respiratory infection will further allow investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the high pathogenicity of PRV. A lethal PRV strain Miyazaki-Bali/2007 murine infection model was established. Susceptibility of different mouse strains to PRV infection was investigated. Antibody responses to PRV proteins in C3H mice post intranasal infection were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kanai
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kawagishi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Minoru Okamoto
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sakai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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Castro Eiro MD, Alvarez MG, Cooley G, Viotti RJ, Bertocchi GL, Lococo B, Albareda MC, De Rissio AM, Natale MA, Parodi C, Tarleton RL, Laucella SA. The Significance of Discordant Serology in Chagas Disease: Enhanced T-Cell Immunity to Trypanosoma cruzi in Serodiscordant Subjects. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1141. [PMID: 28966620 PMCID: PMC5605634 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Subjects are considered infected with Trypanosoma cruzi when tested positive by at least two out of three serological tests, whereas a positive result in only one of up to three tests is termed “serodiscordant” (SD). Assessment of parasite-specific T-cell responses may help discriminate the uninfected from infected individuals among SD subjects. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from SD and seropositive (SP) subjects, who were born in areas endemic for T. cruzi infection but living in Buenos Aires city, Argentina, at the time of the study, and seronegative unexposed subjects were included for analysis. The function and phenotype of T cells were assessed by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin (IL)-2 enzyme-linked immunospot assay and multiparameter flow cytometry. T. cruzi-specific antibodies were quantified by conventional serology and a multiplex assay format. Results SD subjects exhibited immunity cell responses to T. cruzi but in contrast to SP subjects, T cells in SD subjects more often display the simultaneous production of IFN-γ and IL-2 in response to T. cruzi antigens and have a resting phenotype. SD individuals also have higher IFN-γ spot counts, polyfunctional CD4+ T-cells enriched in IL-2 secreting cells and low levels of antibodies specific for a set of T. cruzi-derived recombinant proteins compared with the SP group. Long-term follow-up of SD individuals confirmed that humoral and T-cell responses fluctuate but are sustained over time in these subjects. T cells in SD subjects for T. cruzi infection did not recognize Leishmania antigens. Conclusion Both T-cell and humoral responses in most subjects assessed by conventional tests as SD for T. cruzi infection indicate prior exposure to infection and the establishment of immunological memory suggestive of a resolved infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa D Castro Eiro
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología 'Dr. Mario Fatala Chabén', Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María G Alvarez
- Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Eva Perón, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gretchen Cooley
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Rodolfo J Viotti
- Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Eva Perón, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Bruno Lococo
- Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Eva Perón, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María C Albareda
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología 'Dr. Mario Fatala Chabén', Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana M De Rissio
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología 'Dr. Mario Fatala Chabén', Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María A Natale
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología 'Dr. Mario Fatala Chabén', Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Parodi
- Instituto de Patología Experimental (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Rick L Tarleton
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Susana A Laucella
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología 'Dr. Mario Fatala Chabén', Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Eva Perón, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Sorci G, Lippens C, Léchenault C, Faivre B. Benefits of immune protection versus immunopathology costs: A synthesis from cytokine KO models. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 54:491-495. [PMID: 28818622 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory response can produce damage to host tissues and in several infectious diseases the most severe symptoms are due to immunopathology rather than a direct effect of pathogen multiplication. One hypothesis for the persistence of inflammatory damage posits that the benefits of protection towards infection outweigh the costs. We used data on knocked-out (KO) cytokine models [and the corresponding wild-type (WT) controls] to test this hypothesis. We computed differences in pathogen load and host survival between WT and KO and divided them by the WT values. Using this ratio provides an internal control for variation in pathogen species, host strain, pathogen dose, and inoculation route. We predicted that i) if mortality is essentially due to immunopathology, there should be a loose association between pathogen load and host survival; ii) if mortality is essentially due to pathogen proliferation, we expect a tight association between pathogen load and host survival. The results provide strong support to this latter hypothesis. In 85% of WT - KO comparisons (n=126), an increase in pathogen load was associated with an increase in host mortality, and a decrease in pathogen load was associated with a decrease in host mortality. Overall, these findings are in agreement with the idea that immunopathology persists because immune protection confers immediate benefits in terms of infection clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sorci
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Cédric Lippens
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Clothilde Léchenault
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Bruno Faivre
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
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18
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Cibulski SP, Silveira F, Mourglia-Ettlin G, Teixeira TF, dos Santos HF, Yendo AC, de Costa F, Fett-Neto AG, Gosmann G, Roehe PM. Quillaja brasiliensis saponins induce robust humoral and cellular responses in a bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccine in mice. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 45:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mohn KGI, Cox RJ, Tunheim G, Berdal JE, Hauge AG, Jul-Larsen Å, Peters B, Oftung F, Jonassen CM, Mjaaland S. Immune Responses in Acute and Convalescent Patients with Mild, Moderate and Severe Disease during the 2009 Influenza Pandemic in Norway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143281. [PMID: 26606759 PMCID: PMC4659565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased understanding of immune responses influencing clinical severity during pandemic influenza infection is important for improved treatment and vaccine development. In this study we recruited 46 adult patients during the 2009 influenza pandemic and characterized humoral and cellular immune responses. Those included were either acute hospitalized or convalescent patients with different disease severities (mild, moderate or severe). In general, protective antibody responses increased with enhanced disease severity. In the acute patients, we found higher levels of TNF-α single-producing CD4+T-cells in the severely ill as compared to patients with moderate disease. Stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from a subset of acute patients with peptide T-cell epitopes showed significantly lower frequencies of influenza specific CD8+ compared with CD4+ IFN-γ T-cells in acute patients. Both T-cell subsets were predominantly directed against the envelope antigens (HA and NA). However, in the convalescent patients we found high levels of both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells directed against conserved core antigens (NP, PA, PB, and M). The results indicate that the antigen targets recognized by the T-cell subsets may vary according to the phase of infection. The apparent low levels of cross-reactive CD8+ T-cells recognizing internal antigens in acute hospitalized patients suggest an important role for this T-cell subset in protective immunity against influenza.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza, Human/diagnosis
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neutralization Tests
- Norway/epidemiology
- Pandemics
- Prospective Studies
- Severity of Illness Index
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin G.-I. Mohn
- The Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, and The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail: (KGIM); (SM)
| | - Rebecca Jane Cox
- The Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Research & Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, and The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gro Tunheim
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, and The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Erik Berdal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Akershus University Hospital, Nordbyhagen, Norway
| | - Anna Germundsson Hauge
- Section for Virology, Department of Laboratory Services, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Åsne Jul-Larsen
- The Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Bjoern Peters
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Fredrik Oftung
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, and The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christine Monceyron Jonassen
- Genetic Unit, Department of Multidisciplinary Laboratory Medicine and Medical Biochemistry, Akershus University Hospital, Nordbyhagen, Norway
- Genetic Unit, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Østfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Siri Mjaaland
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, and The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail: (KGIM); (SM)
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Up-regulation of IL-12 expression in patients with chronic hepatitis B is mediated by the PI3K/Akt pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 407:135-42. [PMID: 26062743 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) replicates noncytopathically in hepatocytes, but HBV or proteins encoded by HBV genome could induce cytokines, chemokines expression by hepatocytes.IL-12 is a typical proinflammatory cytokine that plays a critical role in host defense against pathogens, including the HBV. However, the role of IL-12 in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) remains unclear. The aims of this study were to detect the expression of IL-12 in CHB patients and explore the molecular mechanism of HBV-induced IL-12 expression. The results showed that serum levels and hepatic expression of IL-12 were significantly upregulated in CHB patients. HBx protein increased IL-12 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, inhibition of PI3K/Akt significantly decreased the HBx-induced IL-12 expression and Akt activation. Taken together, these results indicate that the molecular mechanism of HBV-induced IL-12 expression involves activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway by HBx, leading to transactivation of the IL-12 p35 and p40 promoters.
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Heidarieh H, Hernáez B, Alcamí A. Immune modulation by virus-encoded secreted chemokine binding proteins. Virus Res 2015; 209:67-75. [PMID: 25791735 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are chemoattractant cytokines that mediate the migration of immune cells to sites of infection which play an important role in innate and adaptive immunity. As an immune evasion strategy, large DNA viruses (herpesviruses and poxviruses) encode soluble chemokine binding proteins that bind chemokines with high affinity, even though they do not show sequence similarity to cellular chemokine receptors. This review summarizes the different secreted viral chemokine binding proteins described to date, with special emphasis on the diverse mechanisms of action they exhibit to interfere with chemokine function and their specific contribution to virus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Heidarieh
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruno Hernáez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Alcamí
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
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Altomonte J, Ebert O. Sorting Out Pandora's Box: Discerning the Dynamic Roles of Liver Microenvironment in Oncolytic Virus Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2014; 4:85. [PMID: 24795862 PMCID: PMC4001031 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viral therapies have recently found their way into clinical application for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a disease with limited treatment options and poor prognosis. Adding to the many intrinsic challenges of in vivo oncolytic viral therapy, is the complex microenvironment of the liver, which imposes unique limitations to the successful delivery and propagation of the virus. The normal liver milieu is characterized by an intricate network of hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells including Kupffer cells, stellate cells, and sinusoidal endothelial cells, which can secrete anti-viral cytokines, provide a platform for non-specific uptake, and form a barrier to efficient viral spread. In addition, natural killer cells are greatly enriched in the liver, contributing to the innate defense against viruses. The situation is further complicated when HCC arises in the setting of underlying hepatitis virus infection and/or hepatic cirrhosis, which occurs in more than 90% of clinical cases. These conditions pose further inhibitory effects on oncolytic virus (OV) therapy due to the presence of chronic inflammation, constitutive cytokine expression, altered hepatic blood flow, and extracellular matrix deposition. In addition, OVs can modulate the hepatic microenvironment, resulting in a complex interplay between virus and host. The immune system undoubtedly plays a substantial role in the outcome of OV therapy, both as an inhibitor of viral replication, and as a potent mechanism of virus-mediated tumor cell killing. This review will discuss the particular challenges of oncolytic viral therapy for HCC, as well as some potential strategies for modulating the immune system and synergizing with the hepatic microenvironment to improve therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Altomonte
- II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München , München , Germany
| | - Oliver Ebert
- II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München , München , Germany
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Yamin R, Kaynan NS, Glasner A, Vitenshtein A, Tsukerman P, Bauman Y, Ophir Y, Elias S, Bar-On Y, Gur C, Mandelboim O. The viral KSHV chemokine vMIP-II inhibits the migration of Naive and activated human NK cells by antagonizing two distinct chemokine receptors. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003568. [PMID: 23966863 PMCID: PMC3744409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells able to rapidly kill virus-infected and tumor cells. Two NK cell populations are found in the blood; the majority (90%) expresses the CD16 receptor and also express the CD56 protein in intermediate levels (CD56Dim CD16Pos) while the remaining 10% are CD16 negative and express CD56 in high levels (CD56Bright CD16Neg). NK cells also reside in some tissues and traffic to various infected organs through the usage of different chemokines and chemokine receptors. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a human virus that has developed numerous sophisticated and versatile strategies to escape the attack of immune cells such as NK cells. Here, we investigate whether the KSHV derived cytokine (vIL-6) and chemokines (vMIP-I, vMIP-II, vMIP-III) affect NK cell activity. Using transwell migration assays, KSHV infected cells, as well as fusion and recombinant proteins, we show that out of the four cytokine/chemokines encoded by KSHV, vMIP-II is the only one that binds to the majority of NK cells, affecting their migration. We demonstrate that vMIP-II binds to two different receptors, CX3CR1 and CCR5, expressed by naïve CD56Dim CD16Pos NK cells and activated NK cells, respectively. Furthermore, we show that the binding of vMIP-II to CX3CR1 and CCR5 blocks the binding of the natural ligands of these receptors, Fractalkine (Fck) and RANTES, respectively. Finally, we show that vMIP-II inhibits the migration of naïve and activated NK cells towards Fck and RANTES. Thus, we present here a novel mechanism in which KSHV uses a unique protein that antagonizes the activity of two distinct chemokine receptors to inhibit the migration of naïve and activated NK cells. NK cells belong to the innate immune system, able to rapidly kill tumors and various pathogens. They reside in the blood and in various tissues and traffic to different infected organs through the usage of different chemokines and chemokine receptors. KSHV is a master of immune evasion, and around a quarter of the KSHV encoded genes are dedicated to interfere with immune cell recognition. Here, we investigate the role played by the KSHV derived cytokine and chemokines (vIL-6, vMIP-I, vMIP-II, vMIP-III) in modulating NK cell activity. We show that vMIP-II binds and inhibits the activity of two different receptors, CX3CR1 and CCR5, expressed by naïve NK cells and by activated NK cells, respectively. Thus, we demonstrate here a novel mechanism in which KSHV uses a unique protein that antagonizes the activity of two distinct chemokine receptors to inhibit the migration of naïve and activated NK cells.
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MESH Headings
- Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology
- CCR5 Receptor Antagonists
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL5/metabolism
- Chemokine CX3CL1/metabolism
- Chemokines/pharmacology
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/chemistry
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Interleukin-6
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, CCR5/genetics
- Receptors, CCR5/metabolism
- Receptors, Chemokine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Yamin
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel Canada of the Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC), The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Noa S. Kaynan
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel Canada of the Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC), The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariella Glasner
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel Canada of the Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC), The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alon Vitenshtein
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel Canada of the Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC), The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Pinchas Tsukerman
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel Canada of the Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC), The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yoav Bauman
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel Canada of the Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC), The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Ophir
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel Canada of the Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC), The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shlomo Elias
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel Canada of the Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC), The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yotam Bar-On
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel Canada of the Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC), The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Chamutal Gur
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel Canada of the Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC), The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel Canada of the Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC), The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Pollicino T, Bellinghieri L, Restuccia A, Raffa G, Musolino C, Alibrandi A, Teti D, Raimondo G. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) induces the expression of interleukin-8 that in turn reduces HBV sensitivity to interferon-alpha. Virology 2013; 444:317-28. [PMID: 23890815 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High levels of serum interleukin-8 (IL-8) have been detected in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients during episodes of hepatitis flares. We investigated whether hepatitis B virus (HBV) may directly induce IL-8 production and whether IL-8 may antagonize interferon-alpha (IFN-α) antiviral activity against HBV. We showed that CHB patients had significantly higher IL-8 levels both in serum and in liver tissue than controls. In HBV-replicating HepG2 cells, IL-8 transcription was significantly activated. AP-1, C/EBP and NF-kB transcription factors were concurrently necessary for maximum IL-8 induction. Moreover, HBx viral protein was recruited onto the IL-8 promoter and this was paralleled by IL8-bound histone hyperacetylation and by active recruitment of transcriptional coactivators. Inhibition of IL-8 increases the antiviral activity of IFN-α against HBV. Our results indicate that HBV activates IL-8 gene expression by targeting the epigenetic regulation of the IL-8 promoter and that IL-8 may contribute to reduce HBV sensitivity to IFN-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Pollicino
- Department of Pediatric, Gynecologic, Microbiological, and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
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Association of major histocompatibility complex class I haplotypes with disease progression after simian immunodeficiency virus challenge in burmese rhesus macaques. J Virol 2012; 86:6481-90. [PMID: 22491464 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.07077-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primate AIDS models are essential for the analysis of AIDS pathogenesis and the evaluation of vaccine efficacy. Multiple studies on human immunodeficiency virus and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection have indicated the association of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) genotypes with rapid or slow AIDS progression. The accumulation of macaque groups that share not only a single MHC-I allele but also an MHC-I haplotype consisting of multiple polymorphic MHC-I loci would greatly contribute to the progress of AIDS research. Here, we investigated SIVmac239 infections in four groups of Burmese rhesus macaques sharing individual MHC-I haplotypes, referred to as A, E, B, and J. Out of 20 macaques belonging to A(+) (n = 6), E(+) (n = 6), B(+) (n = 4), and J(+) (n = 4) groups, 18 showed persistent viremia. Fifteen of them developed AIDS in 0.5 to 4 years, with the remaining three at 1 or 2 years under observation. A(+) animals, including two controllers, showed slower disease progression, whereas J(+) animals exhibited rapid progression. E(+) and B(+) animals showed intermediate plasma viral loads and survival periods. Gag-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses were efficiently induced in A(+) animals, while Nef-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses were in A(+), E(+), and B(+) animals. Multiple comparisons among these groups revealed significant differences in survival periods, peripheral CD4(+) T-cell decline, and SIV-specific CD4(+) T-cell polyfunctionality in the chronic phase. This study indicates the association of MHC-I haplotypes with AIDS progression and presents an AIDS model facilitating the analysis of virus-host immune interaction.
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Memory T cells persisting in the brain following MCMV infection induce long-term microglial activation via interferon-γ. J Neurovirol 2011; 17:424-37. [PMID: 21800103 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-011-0042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) brain infection stimulates microglial cell-driven proinflammatory chemokine production which precedes the presence of brain-infiltrating systemic immune cells. Here, we show that in response to MCMV brain infection, antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells migrated into the brain and persisted as long-lived memory cells. The role of these persistent T cells in the brain is unclear because most of our understanding of antimicrobial T cell responses comes from analyses of lymphoid tissue. Strikingly, memory T cells isolated from the brain exhibited an effector phenotype and produced IFN-γ upon restimulation with viral peptide. Furthermore, we observed time-dependent and long-term activation of resident microglia, indicated by chronic MHC class II up-regulation and TNF-α production. The immune response in this immunologically restricted site persisted in the absence of active viral replication. Lymphocyte infiltrates were detected until 30 days post-infection (p.i.), with CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells present at a 3:1 ratio, respectively. We then investigated the role of IFN-γ in chronic microglial activation by using IFN-γ-knockout (GKO) mice. At 30 days p.i., GKO mice demonstrated a similar phenotypic brain infiltrate when compared to wild-type mice (Wt), however, MHC class II expression on microglia isolated from these GKO mice was significantly lower compared to Wt animals. When IFN-γ producing CD8(+) T cells were reconstituted in GKO mice, MHC class II up-regulation on microglial cells was restored. Taken together, these results suggest that MCMV brain infection results in long-term persistence of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells which produce IFN-γ and drive chronic microglial cell activation. This response was found to be dependent on IFN-γ production by viral Ag-specific T cells during the chronic phase of disease.
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Abstract
HBV has evolved a unique life cycle that results in the production of enormous viral loads during active replication without actually killing the infected cells directly. Two of the key events in the viral life cycle of HBV involve firstly the generation of a covalently closed circular (ccc)DNA transcriptional template, either from input genomic DNA or newly replicated capsid-associated DNA, and secondly, reverse transcription of the viral pregenomic (pg)RNA to form progeny HBV DNA genomes. New data are emerging regarding the epigenetic control of cccDNA, which might represent another key factor involved in the pathogenesis and natural history of the disease. Because HBV uses reverse transcription to copy its genome, mutant viral genomes emerge frequently. Particular selection pressures, both endogenous (host immune clearance) and exogenous (vaccines and antiviral drugs), readily select out these escape mutants. The particular viral mutations or combination of mutations that directly affect the clinical outcome of infection are not known; however, four major 'pathways' of antiviral drug resistance-associated substitutions have now been identified. Further studies are clearly needed to identify the pathogenetic basis and clinical sequelae arising from the selection of these particular mutants. In the clinical context of antiviral drug resistance, treating physicians need to adopt therapeutic strategies that effectively control viral replication. Finally, the role of host genetics in influencing the outcome of HBV disease in the context of natural history and therapy is beginning to aid understanding in pathogenesis and, when this knowledge is linked to pathogen-specific databases, this should translate into more individualized patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Locarnini
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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28
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Jovanovic DV, Boumsell L, Bensussan A, Chevalier X, Mancini A, Di Battista JA. CD101 expression and function in normal and rheumatoid arthritis-affected human T cells and monocytes/macrophages. J Rheumatol 2010; 38:419-28. [PMID: 21159825 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.100676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It was recently reported that CD101 surface expression discriminates potency among CD4+CD25+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in the mouse. We investigated whether CD101 may also have a role in the suppressor function of regulatory T cells in humans given that the latter population may affect the autoimmune response in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Sorted T cells and monocyte/macrophage cell populations were analyzed by flow cyto metry using conjugated antibodies specific for cell-surface markers. T cell proliferation assays were conducted by [(3)H]thymidine incorporation and CD8(high) cytotoxicity measurements by Cyto-Scan-LDH cytotoxicity assays. ELISA were used to measure cytokines in cell culture supernatants and Western blotting was performed for profiling mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation using specific antiphospholipid antibodies. RESULTS CD101 expression coincided with PMA-induced monocyte/leukocyte lineage differentiation. CD8(high)CD101- T cells exhibited greater cytotoxic activity than CD8(high)CD101+ T cells, while no difference was observed between CD4CD25(high)CD101+ and CD4CD25(high)CD101- Treg inhibitory activity through responder T cells. LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine production and p38 MAP kinase activation were made possible by ligation of CD101 with an anti-CD101 antibody F(ab')(2) fragment. CONCLUSION These results suggested a modulatory/coregulatory function of CD101 in the human immune system, in contrast to murine models, in which CD101 surface expression discriminates potency among FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. Cytotoxic CD8(high)CD101+ T cells were markedly less cytotoxic than CD8(high) T cells negative for the CD101 antigen and were conspicuously downregulated in patients with RA, suggesting a possible role for CD101 expression and function in the control of certain manifestations of RA pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan V Jovanovic
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada
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Protzer U, Abken H. Can engineered "designer" T cells outsmart chronic hepatitis B? HEPATITIS RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2010; 2010:901216. [PMID: 21188203 PMCID: PMC3004001 DOI: 10.1155/2010/901216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
More than 350 million people worldwide are persistently infected with human heptatitis B virus (HBV) and at risk to develop liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma making long-term treatment necessary. While a vaccine is available and new antiviral drugs are being developed, elimination of persistently infected cells is still a major issue. Recent efforts in adoptive cell therapy are experimentally exploring immunotherapeutic elimination of HBV-infected cells by means of a biological attack with genetically engineered "designer" T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. Protzer
- Institut für Virologie, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 München, Germany
| | - H. Abken
- Zentrum für Molekulare Medizin Köln und Klinik I für Innere Medizin Köln, Universität zu Köln, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Köln, Germany
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Phillips S, Chokshi S, Riva A, Evans A, Williams R, Naoumov NV. CD8+T Cell Control of Hepatitis B Virus Replication: Direct Comparison between Cytolytic and Noncytolytic Functions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:287-95. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Martin CM, Welge JA, Shire NJ, Shata MT, Sherman KE, Blackard JT. Cytokine expression during chronic versus occult hepatitis B virus infection in HIV co-infected individuals. Cytokine 2009; 47:194-8. [PMID: 19625194 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus infection is characterized by persistent detectable levels of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV DNA in the serum. In contrast, HBsAg is not detectable during occult HBV infection, despite the presence of HBV DNA. An altered host immune response could play a role in the development of occult HBV infection; however, potential differences in immune responses among chronic and occult HBV-infected patients have not been evaluated in vivo. In the current study, we evaluated serum levels of regulatory, apoptotic, and fibrotic/anti-fibrotic cytokines/markers as indicators of immune responses in 25 chronic and 12 occult HBV-infected patients. More than half of the patients in both chronic and occult HBV infection groups had IL-2, IL-4, IL-13, and IFN-gamma levels below detectable limits. In contrast, most patients had detectable levels of IL-8, IL-10, IP-10, sFas, sFasL, and TGF-beta1. Of these, only sFas was significantly different between the two groups, with lower levels observed during occult compared to chronic HBV infection (p=0.01). As a surrogate marker of apoptotic inhibition, decreased sFas during occult HBV infection suggests that apoptosis occurs at different rates in occult compared to chronic HBV infection and therefore, may contribute to persistence of occult HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Martin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH 45267, USA
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Pinkenburg O, Vogelmeier C, Bossow S, Neubert WJ, Lutz RB, Ungerechts G, Lauer UM, Bitzer M, Bals R. RECOMBINANT SENDAI VIRUS FOR EFFICIENT GENE TRANSFER TO HUMAN AIRWAY EPITHELIUM. Exp Lung Res 2009; 30:83-96. [PMID: 14972769 DOI: 10.1080/01902140490266501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant Sendai virus (rSeV) infects respiratory epithelial cells in animal models and cultures of undifferentiated human nasal cells. It was the aim of this study to investigate the capability of rSeV to express a transgene in human airway epithelium. Differentiated human airway epithelial cells were generated using air-liquid interface culture techniques. Application of rSeV coding for green fluorescence protein (GFP) onto the apical surface (using a multiplicity of infection of 3) resulted in expression of the transgene in more than 90% of the cells followed by decreasing numbers of positive cells during the observation time of 3 weeks. The infection of human respiratory epithelial cells is mediated by sialic acid residues at the apical surface. Despite the secretion of interleukin (IL)-8 and the replication of rSeV in the epithelial cells, the authors could not detect any cytopathic effect after the infection. In conclusion, rSeV infects differentiated human airway epithelial cells with high efficiency. Transgene expression is transient and accompanied by the secretion of an inflammatory cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Pinkenburg
- Hospital of the University of Marburg, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Philipps-UniverstätMarburg, Marburg, Germany
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Barboza L, Salmen S, Peterson DL, Montes H, Colmenares M, Hernández M, Berrueta-Carrillo LE, Berrueta L. Altered T cell costimulation during chronic hepatitis B infection. Cell Immunol 2009; 257:61-8. [PMID: 19345343 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
T-cell response to hepatitis B virus (HBV) is vigorous, polyclonal and multi-specific in patients with acute hepatitis who ultimately clear the virus, whereas it is narrow and inefficient in patients with chronic disease, where inappropriate early activation events could account for viral persistence. We investigated the induction of activation receptors and cytokine production in response to HBcAg and crosslinking of CD28 molecules, in CD4+ cells from a group of chronically infected patients (CIP) and naturally immune subjects (NIS). We demonstrated that CD4+ cells from CIP did not increase levels of CD40L and CD69 following stimulation with HBcAg alone or associated to CD28 crosslinking, in contrast to subjects that resolved the infection (p<0.01). Furthermore, CD4+ cells from CIP produced elevated levels of IL-10 in response to HBcAg. These results suggest that a predominant inhibitory environment may be responsible for altered T cell costimulation, representing a pathogenic mechanism for viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Barboza
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Los Andes, Mérida-Venezuela
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Im SJ, Yang SH, Yoon SK, Sung YC. Increase of Plasma IL-12/p40 Ratio Induced by the Combined Therapy of DNA Vaccine and Lamivudine Correlates with Sustained Viremia Control in CHB Carriers. Immune Netw 2009; 9:20-6. [PMID: 20107534 PMCID: PMC2803296 DOI: 10.4110/in.2009.9.1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We previously reported that IFN-γ producing T cell responses induced by the combined therapy of DNA vaccine and lamivudine for one year are important for the induction of sustained virological response (SVR). However, IFN-γ production is not sufficient to predict sustained viremia control in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) carriers treated. Methods Twelve CHB carriers were intramuscularly immunized 12 times at a 4-week interval with 8 mg of HBV DNA vaccine during the standard lamivudine treatment (100 mg/daily/1 year). The level of cytokines during and after the combined therapy in plasma of all 12 CHB carriers treated was determined by each ELISA kit. Six out of 12 CHB carriers revisited the clinic, and their HBV DNA levels were examined. Results The combined therapy increased plasma IL-12 and IL-12/p40 ratio during the treatment (baseline vs. peak level: 41.8±8.3 vs. 163.1±29.2 pg/ml; p<0.01 and 0.96±0.25 vs. 3.58±0.86; p<0.01, espectively), and the peak level of plasma IL-12 and IL-12/p40 ratio was evoked at 6 to 10 months during the combined therapy. In particular, CHB carriers with SVR had two and three-fold higher level of the peak plasma IL-12 and plasma IL-12/p40 ratio than non-virological responders (NVRs), respectively (218.0±41.4 vs. 108.1±28.6 pg/ml; p=0.09 and 5.35±1.38 vs. 1.80±0.29; p<0.05, respectively), while p40 level was consistent during the combined therapy. In addition, there was no significant temporal correlation between the peak IL-12/p40 ratio and the elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in this study, contrast to IFN-α therapy which induced peak IL-12 level following ALT flares. Conclusion Our results indicate that the combined therapy induces the increase of plasma IL-12 and IL-12/p40 ratio, which are associated with long-term SVR in CHB carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Jin Im
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science & Technology, Pohang, Korea
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Yazdi KA, Sabeti M, Jabalameli F, Eman eini M, Kolahdouzan SA, Slots J. Relationship between human cytomegalovirus transcription and symptomatic apical periodontitis in Iran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 23:510-4. [PMID: 18954359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2008.00471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Apical periodontitis of endodontic origin may develop as a result of cooperative interactions among herpesviruses, specific pathogenic bacteria and tissue-destructive inflammatory mediators. This study sought to identify the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) transcripts in symptomatic and asymptomatic periapical lesions of individuals living in Iran. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifty endodontic patients (28 with symptomatic periapical lesions and 22 with asymptomatic periapical lesions) were included in the study. In each study subject, a microbiological periapical sample was collected using a curette in conjunction with periapical surgery. A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay was used to identify transcripts of EBV and HCMV. RESULTS Human cytomegalovirus transcript was detected in 15 of the 28 (53.6%) symptomatic and in six of the 22 (27.3%) asymptomatic periapical study lesions (significant difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic lesions; P = 0.03, chi-square test). Epstein-Barr virus transcript was identified in one symptomatic and in two asymptomatic periapical lesions. CONCLUSION This study establishes that HCMV transcription is common in apical periodontitis and is most frequent in symptomatic lesions. The high frequency of active herpesvirus infections in severe apical periodontitis changes the pathogenic paradigm of the disease and may also have preventive and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Yazdi
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry/Dental Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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DNA gag/adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) gag and Ad5 gag/Ad5 gag vaccines induce distinct T-cell response profiles. J Virol 2008; 82:8161-71. [PMID: 18524823 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00620-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Results from Merck's phase II adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) gag/pol/nef test-of-concept trial showed that the vaccine lacked efficacy against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in a high-risk population. Among the many questions to be explored following this outcome are whether (i) the Ad5 vaccine induced the quality of T-cell responses necessary for efficacy and (ii) the lack of efficacy in the Ad5 vaccine can be generalized to other vector approaches intended to induce HIV type 1 (HIV-1)-specific T-cell responses. Here we present a comprehensive evaluation of the T-cell response profiles from cohorts of clinical trial subjects who received the HIV CAM-1 gag insert delivered by either a regimen with DNA priming followed by Ad5 boosting (n = 50) or a homologous Ad5/Ad5 prime-boost regimen (n = 70). The samples were tested using a statistically qualified nine-color intracellular cytokine staining assay measuring interleukin-2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein 1beta, and gamma interferon production and expression of CD107a. Both vaccine regimens induced CD4(+) and CD8(+) HIV gag-specific T-cell responses which variably expressed several intracellular markers. Several trends were observed in which the frequencies of HIV-1-specific CD4(+) T cells and IL-2 production from antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in the DNA/Ad5 cohort were more pronounced than in the Ad5/Ad5 cohort. Implications of these results for future vaccine development will be discussed.
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Saygun I, Kubar A, Şahin S, Şener K, Slots J. Quantitative analysis of association between herpesviruses and bacterial pathogens in periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2008; 43:352-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01043.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Xiao H, Xu LH, Yamada Y, Liu DX. Coronavirus spike protein inhibits host cell translation by interaction with eIF3f. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1494. [PMID: 18231581 PMCID: PMC2204050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to viral infection, the expression of numerous host genes, including predominantly a number of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, is usually up-regulated at both transcriptional and translational levels. It was noted that in cells infected with coronavirus, transcription and translation of some of these genes were differentially induced. Drastic induction of their expression at the transcriptional level was observed in cells infected with coronavirus. However, induction of the same genes at the translational level was usually found to be minimal to moderate. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, yeast two-hybrid screen was carried out using SARS-CoV proteins as baits, revealing that a subunit of the eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3), eIF3f, may interact with the N-terminal region of the SARS-CoV spike (S) protein. This interaction was subsequently confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescent staining. Meanwhile, parallel experiments confirmed that eIF3f could also interact with the S protein of another coronavirus, the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). These interactions led to the inhibition of translation of a reporter gene in both in vitro expression system and intact cells. Interestingly, IBV-infected cells stably expressing a Flag-tagged eIF3f showed much higher translation of IL-6 and IL-8, suggesting that the interaction between coronavirus S protein and eIF3f plays a functional role in controlling the expression of host genes, especially genes that are induced during coronavirus infection cycles. This study reveals a novel mechanism exploited by coronavirus to regulate viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xiao
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore
| | - Ling Hui Xu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore
| | | | - Ding Xiang Liu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an enveloped, hepatotrophic, oncogenic hepadnavirus that is noncytopathic for hepatocytes. HBV infection results in a variety of outcomes that are determined by the quality, quantity, and kinetics of the host innate and adaptive immune responses. Whether HBV infection is cleared or persists as a progressive or nonprogressive liver disease is determined by both viral and host factors. Replicative intermediates can persist in the liver under immunologic control after resolution of acute or chronic hepatitis B, conferring a risk for reactivation following a course of immunosuppression or chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Vierling
- Baylor College of Medicine, 1709 Dryden, Suite 1500, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Kannanganat S, Kapogiannis BG, Ibegbu C, Chennareddi L, Goepfert P, Robinson HL, Lennox J, Amara RR. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 controllers but not noncontrollers maintain CD4 T cells coexpressing three cytokines. J Virol 2007; 81:12071-6. [PMID: 17728221 PMCID: PMC2168799 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01261-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we evaluate the cytokine coexpression profiles of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific CD4 T cells for the expression of the cytokines gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. In controllers, CD4 T cells producing three or two cytokines (triple producers and double producers, respectively) represented >50% of the total response. In contrast, in noncontrollers approximately 75% of responding cells produced only one cytokine (single producers), mostly IFN-gamma. Cells producing three cytokines were functionally superior to those producing single cytokines and showed an inverse correlation (P < 0.001) with viral load. These results demonstrate a strong association between the maintenance of highly functional CD4 T cells producing three cytokines and control of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kannanganat
- Vaccine research Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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Singh A, Suresh M. A role for TNF in limiting the duration of CTL effector phase and magnitude of CD8 T cell memory. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 82:1201-11. [PMID: 17704295 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0407240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that TNF-alpha (TNF) exerts distinct tissue-protective or -destructive effects in the pathogenesis of T cell-dependent immunopathology, depending on the context and amount of cytokine produced. To better understand the cellular mechanisms underlying the regulation of T cells by TNF, we have analyzed the role of TNF in regulating various facets of the antigen-specific CD8 T cell response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) in mice. We show that expansion and differentiation of virus-specific effector CD8 T cells and LCMV clearance are not dependent on TNF. Instead, we demonstrate that TNF limits the duration of the effector phase of the CD8 T cell response by regulating apoptosis and not proliferation of effector cells in vivo. We further show that attenuation of effector cell apoptosis induced by TNF deficiency led to a substantial increase in the number of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells without affecting their function. The enhancement in the number of memory CD8 T cells in TNF-deficient (TNF-/-) mice was not associated with up-regulation of IL-7Ralpha or Bcl-2 in effector cells, which indicated that TNF might limit differentiation of memory cells from IL-7R(lo) effector cells. Collectively, these data are strongly suggestive of a role for TNF in down-regulating CD8 T cell responses and the establishment of CD8 T cell memory during an acute viral infection. These findings further our understanding of the regulation of CD8 T cell homeostasis and have implications in vaccine development and clinical use of anti-TNF therapies to treat T cell-dependent, inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Singh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Kannanganat S, Ibegbu C, Chennareddi L, Robinson HL, Amara RR. Multiple-cytokine-producing antiviral CD4 T cells are functionally superior to single-cytokine-producing cells. J Virol 2007; 81:8468-76. [PMID: 17553885 PMCID: PMC1951378 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00228-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-specific CD4 T cells are endowed with multiple functions, such as cytokine production, CD40 ligand (CD40L) expression (associated with the costimulation of CD8 and B cells), and degranulation (associated with cytotoxic potential). Here, we used antiviral CD4 T cells present in human blood to evaluate the relationship between cytokine production and other functions of CD4 T cells. Antiviral CD4 T cells specific for a virus causing persistent infection, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and two viruses causing nonpersistent infections, influenza virus and the smallpox vaccine virus (vaccinia virus), were studied. CD4 T cells specific for each of the viruses produced all seven possible combinations of the cytokines gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Cells producing three or two cytokines (triple producers and double producers) represented nearly 50% of the total response to each of the viruses. Triple producers expressed the highest levels of cytokines per cell, and single producers expressed the lowest. Following stimulation, higher frequencies of triple producers than single producers expressed CD40L. Only CMV-specific CD4 T cells underwent degranulation. However, higher frequencies of CMV-specific triple producers than single producers showed this functional characteristic. In contrast to the functional phenotypes, the memory phenotypes of triple producers and IFN-gamma single producers did not differ. These results demonstrate a strong positive association between the cytokine coproduction capacity of a virus-specific CD4 T cell and its other functional characteristics and suggest that vaccines should aim to elicit T cells that coproduce more than one cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kannanganat
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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Presentation of HCV antigens to naive CD8+T cells: why the where, when, what and how are important for virus control and infection outcome. Clin Immunol 2007; 124:5-12. [PMID: 17540619 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
T cell-mediated protection against HCV depends on constantly activated effector CD8(+)T cells that control emergence, spread and expansion of the virus. Why these cells fail to contain HCV replication in 70-80% of the individuals who develop persistent viremia is not clear. Although many reviews have focused on HCV's ability to interfere with the process of antigen presentation by dendritic cells (DC), only few have discussed the mechanisms whereby HCV-derived antigens become available for presentation to naive CD8(+)T cells. The importance of these mechanisms has been recently brought to light by new insight into DC biology, antigen processing, HCV replication and the immune system's functional anatomy. This review explores the different immunological scenarios in which CD8(+)T cell responses against HCV may be initiated. It describes the critical factors limiting antigen sensing and capture by APC and antigen recognition by T cells, and discusses how these factors may favor chronicity of HCV infection. Despite the lack of critical detail and hard experimental proof, this review proposes a model whereby liver seclusion, unproductive infection of professional antigen presenting cells and lack of direct tissue damage hamper the launch of a virus-specific CD8(+)T cell response. The implications for vaccine development are also discussed.
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Puro R, Schneider RJ. Tumor necrosis factor activates a conserved innate antiviral response to hepatitis B virus that destabilizes nucleocapsids and reduces nuclear viral DNA. J Virol 2007; 81:7351-62. [PMID: 17475655 PMCID: PMC1933346 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00554-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is critical for the control of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the clinical setting and in model systems. TNF induces noncytopathic suppression and clearance of HBV in animal models, possibly through reduction of viral nucleocapsids, but the mechanism is not well described. Here, we demonstrate the molecular mechanism and broad host range for TNF action against HBV. We show that TNF rapidly blocks HBV replication by promoting destabilization of preexisting cytoplasmic viral nucleocapsids containing viral RNA and DNA, as well as empty nucleocapsids. TNF destabilized human HBV nucleocapsids in a variety of human hepatocytic cell lines and in primary rat hepatocytes and also destabilized duck HBV (DHBV) nucleocapsids in chicken hepatocytic cells. Lysates from TNF-treated uninfected cells also destabilized HBV nucleocapsids in vitro. Moreover, inhibition of DHBV DNA replication by TNF blocks nuclear accumulation of the viral transcription template, maintenance of which is essential for the establishment and maintenance of chronic infection. We show that TNF destabilization of HBV nucleocapsids does not involve ubiquitination or methylation of the viral core protein and is not mediated by the nitric oxide free radical arm of the TNF pathway. These results define a novel antiviral mechanism mediated by TNF against multiple types of HBVs in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Puro
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Kremsdorf D, Soussan P, Paterlini-Brechot P, Brechot C. Hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: paradigms for viral-related human carcinogenesis. Oncogene 2006; 25:3823-33. [PMID: 16799624 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As discussed in detail in other chapters of this review, chronic hepatitis B (HBV) infection is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Most HCCs complicate the evolution of an active or inactive cirrhosis. However, some tumors occur on livers with minimal histological changes; the prevalence of such cases varies from one geographical region to the other, being much higher in the southern half of Africa (around 40% of HCCs) than in Asia, America and Europe, where at least 90% of HCCs are associated with the cirrhosis. This heterogeneity is probably a reflection of different environmental and genetic factors. This review will summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms involved in HBV-related liver carcinogenesis. It will show in particular how viruses can be viewed as tools to discover and dissect new cellular pathways involved in cancer development and emphasize the potential synergistic effects between HBV and hepatitis C virus, as well as between viral infections and other environmental factors, such as alcohol.
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48
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Konnai S, Usui T, Ikeda M, Kohara J, Hirata TI, Okada K, Ohashi K, Onuma M. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha genetic polymorphism may contribute to progression of bovine leukemia virus-infection. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:2163-71. [PMID: 16839795 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2006] [Revised: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In a previous report, we had indicated that in a sheep model, the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was closely associated with disease progression in sheep experimentally infected with bovine leukemia virus (BLV). However, individual variabilities are observed in these responses in BLV-infected animals. To attempt to identify genetic factors promoting the progression to BLV-induced lymphoma, we endeavored to determine whether there are any polymorphisms in the TNF-alpha gene among 291 individuals and whether this would affect the level of TNF-alpha expression and concomitant progression of BLV-induced disease or increase in the provirus load in the carriers. We found that the frequency of the TNF-alpha -824G allele, which has been associated with low transcription activity of the promoter/predicted enhancer region of the bovine TNF-alpha gene, was higher in individuals with BLV-induced lymphoma than in asymptomatic carrier individuals. In addition, we observed a tendency for increased BLV-provirus load in cattle with TNF-alpha -824G/G homozygote compared to TNF-alpha -824A/A homozygote or TNF-alpha -824A/G. These data suggest that the observed polymorphism in the promoter region of TNF-alpha gene could at least in part contribute to the progression of lymphoma in BLV-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.
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50
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Zook MB, Howard MT, Sinnathamby G, Atkins JF, Eisenlohr LC. Epitopes Derived by Incidental Translational Frameshifting Give Rise to a Protective CTL Response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:6928-34. [PMID: 16709853 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.11.6928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant gene expression can be caused by several different mechanisms at the transcriptional, RNA processing, and translational level. Although most of the resulting proteins may have no significant biological function, they can be meaningful for the immune system, which is sensitive to extremely low levels of Ag. We have tested this possibility by investigating the ability of CD8+ T cells (TCD8+) to respond to an epitope whose expression results from incidental ribosomal frameshifting at a sequence element within the HSV thymidine kinase gene. This element, with no apparent functional significance, has been identified due to its ability to facilitate escape from the antiviral compound acyclovir. Using a recombinant vaccinia virus expression system, we find that in vitro and in vivo TCD8+ responses to the frameshift-dependent epitope are easily discernible. Furthermore, the in vivo response is at a sufficient level to mediate protection from a tumor challenge. Thus, the targets of immune responses to infectious agents can extend beyond the products of conventional open reading frames. On a per-cell basis, responses to such minimally expressed epitopes may be exceedingly effective due to the selective expansion of high avidity TCD8+.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/physiology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Egg Proteins/genetics
- Egg Proteins/physiology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- Female
- Frameshifting, Ribosomal
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/enzymology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphoma/immunology
- Lymphoma/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasm Transplantation/immunology
- Nucleocapsid Proteins
- Nucleoproteins/genetics
- Nucleoproteins/physiology
- Ovalbumin/genetics
- Ovalbumin/physiology
- Peptide Fragments
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- Thymidine Kinase/genetics
- Thymidine Kinase/physiology
- Viral Core Proteins/genetics
- Viral Core Proteins/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Zook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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