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Chulanetra M, Chaicumpa W. Revisiting the Mechanisms of Immune Evasion Employed by Human Parasites. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:702125. [PMID: 34395313 PMCID: PMC8358743 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.702125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For the establishment of a successful infection, i.e., long-term parasitism and a complete life cycle, parasites use various diverse mechanisms and factors, which they may be inherently bestowed with, or may acquire from the natural vector biting the host at the infection prelude, or may take over from the infecting host, to outmaneuver, evade, overcome, and/or suppress the host immunity, both innately and adaptively. This narrative review summarizes the up-to-date strategies exploited by a number of representative human parasites (protozoa and helminths) to counteract the target host immune defense. The revisited information should be useful for designing diagnostics and therapeutics as well as vaccines against the respective parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monrat Chulanetra
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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2
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Su M, Hu H, Zhao X, Huang C, Yang B, Yin Z. Construction of mannose-modified polyethyleneimine-block-polycaprolactone cationic polymer micelles and its application in acute lung injury. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 12:1080-1095. [PMID: 33893615 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00976-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the D-mannose modified polyethyleneimine-block-polycaprolactone biomacromolecule copolymer micelles (PCL-PEI-mannose) as a targeted delivery of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DXM) to lung inflammation tissues and enhances the vehicle for its anti-inflammatory effects. Dexamethasone was encapsulated in the hydrophobic core of cationic polymer micelles by solvent evaporation. The polymeric micelles exhibited sustained-release within 48 h, good blood compatibility, and colloidal stability in vitro. The cellular uptake of mannose-modified micelles was higher compared with the non-modified micelles. And drug-loaded targeted micelles could inhibit the production of inflammatory factors in activated RAW264.7 cells. The distribution results indicated that drug-loaded targeted micelles highly improved the lung targeting ability, reduced the wet/dry ratio of injured lung tissue, and relieved the lung inflammation, accompanied by the decrease of inflammatory cell infiltration, myeloperoxidase activity, and inflammatory mediator levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. These findings suggested that PCL-PEI-mannose delivery system could facilitate the lung-specific delivery and inhibit the inflammatory response. Collectively, PCL-PEI-mannose polymer micelles could be used as a potential delivery system for the treatment of acute lung injury (ALI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Su
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Heping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chengyuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bowen Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongning Yin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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3
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Piscatelli JA, Ban J, Lucas AT, Zamboni WC. Complex Factors and Challenges that Affect the Pharmacology, Safety and Efficacy of Nanocarrier Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:114. [PMID: 33477395 PMCID: PMC7830329 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Major developments in nanomedicines, such as nanoparticles (NPs), nanosomes, and conjugates, have revolutionized drug delivery capabilities over the past four decades. Although nanocarrier agents provide numerous advantages (e.g., greater solubility and duration of systemic exposure) compared to their small-molecule counterparts, there is considerable inter-patient variability seen in the systemic disposition, tumor delivery and overall pharmacological effects (i.e., anti-tumor efficacy and unwanted toxicity) of NP agents. This review aims to provide a summary of fundamental factors that affect the disposition of NPs in the treatment of cancer and why they should be evaluated during preclinical and clinical development. Furthermore, this chapter will highlight some of the translational challenges associated with elements of NPs and how these issues can only be addressed by detailed and novel pharmacology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Piscatelli
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (J.A.P.); (J.B.); (W.C.Z.)
| | - Jisun Ban
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (J.A.P.); (J.B.); (W.C.Z.)
| | - Andrew T. Lucas
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (J.A.P.); (J.B.); (W.C.Z.)
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - William C. Zamboni
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (J.A.P.); (J.B.); (W.C.Z.)
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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4
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Swanson MEV, Scotter EL, Smyth LCD, Murray HC, Ryan B, Turner C, Faull RLM, Dragunow M, Curtis MA. Identification of a dysfunctional microglial population in human Alzheimer's disease cortex using novel single-cell histology image analysis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:170. [PMID: 33081847 PMCID: PMC7576851 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), microglia are affected by disease processes, but may also drive pathogenesis. AD pathology-associated microglial populations have been identified with single-cell RNA-Seq, but have not been validated in human brain tissue with anatomical context. Here, we quantified myeloid cell markers to identify changes in AD pathology-associated microglial populations. We performed fluorescent immunohistochemistry on normal (n = 8) and AD (n = 8) middle temporal gyri, co-labelling the pan-myeloid cell marker, Iba1, with one of 11 markers of interest (MOIs): CD45, HLA-DR, CD14, CD74, CD33, CD206, CD32, CD163, P2RY12, TMEM119, L-Ferritin. Novel image analyses quantified the single-cell abundance of Iba1 and each MOI. Each cell was gated into one Iba1-MOI population (Iba1low MOIhigh, Iba1high MOIhigh, or Iba1high MOIlow) and the abundance of each population was compared between AD and control. Triple-labelling of L-Ferritin and Iba1 with a subset of MOIs was performed to investigate L-Ferritin-MOI co-expression on Iba1low cells. Iba1low MOIhigh myeloid cell populations delineated by MOIs CD45, HLA-DR, CD14, CD74, CD33, CD32, and L-Ferritin were increased in AD. Further investigation of the Iba1low MOIhigh populations revealed that their abundances correlated with tau, but not amyloid beta, load in AD. The Iba1low microglial population highly expressed L-Ferritin, reflecting microglial dysfunction. The L-Ferritinhigh CD74high HLA-DRhigh phenotype of the Iba1low population mirrors that of a human AD pathology-associated microglial subpopulation previously identified using single-cell RNA-Seq. Our high-throughput immunohistochemical data with anatomical context support the microglial dysfunction hypothesis of AD.
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Gareb B, Otten AT, Frijlink HW, Dijkstra G, Kosterink JGW. Review: Local Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Inhibition in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E539. [PMID: 32545207 PMCID: PMC7356880 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) characterized by intestinal inflammation. Increased intestinal levels of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are associated with disease activity and severity. Anti-TNF-α therapy is administered systemically and efficacious in the treatment of IBD. However, systemic exposure is associated with adverse events that may impede therapeutic treatment. Clinical studies show that the efficacy correlates with immunological effects localized in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) as opposed to systemic effects. These data suggest that site-specific TNF-α inhibition in IBD may be efficacious with fewer expected side effects related to systemic exposure. We therefore reviewed the available literature that investigated the efficacy or feasibility of local TNF-α inhibition in IBD. A literature search was performed on PubMed with given search terms and strategy. Of 8739 hits, 48 citations were included in this review. These studies ranged from animal studies to randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials. In these studies, local anti-TNF-α therapy was achieved with antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides (ASO), small interfering RNA (siRNA), microRNA (miRNA) and genetically modified organisms. This narrative review summarizes and discusses these approaches in view of the clinical relevance of local TNF-α inhibition in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahez Gareb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands;
- Martini Hospital Groningen, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Van Swietenplein 1, 9728 NT Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonius T. Otten
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (A.T.O.); (G.D.)
| | - Henderik W. Frijlink
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Gerard Dijkstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (A.T.O.); (G.D.)
| | - Jos G. W. Kosterink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
- Department of PharmacoTherapy, -Epidemiology and -Economics, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Srijampa S, Buddhisa S, Ngernpimai S, Leelayuwat C, Proungvitaya S, Chompoosor A, Tippayawat P. Influence of Gold Nanoparticles with Different Surface Charges on Localization and Monocyte Behavior. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1133-1143. [PMID: 32208651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of gold nanoparticles (AuNP) has been established in nanocarriers, diagnostics, and biosensors. Access to the targeted sites of these nanomaterials could directly involve the first line of defense, the innate immune system. Charges of nanomaterials play a critical role in a number of aspects such as stabilization, cellular uptake, modulation, and function of cells. Interactions and modulations of the charged nanomaterials against the innate immune system may occur even at very low concentration. To understand the effects of charges on monocyte behavior, in this study, the positively and negatively charged AuNP (AuNP+ve and AuNP-ve) of the similar size and shape on cytotoxicity, recognition, cellular behavior, and function were evaluated in vitro using U937 human monocyte cells as an innate immunity model. Both types of AuNP at various concentrations (0-5 nM) exhibited low toxicity. In addition, the cellular internalization of the AuNP+ve and AuNP-ve, as determined by TEM, occurred by different mechanisms, and the internalization had no effect on cellular destruction, as implied by the low levels of %LDH. Interestingly, the AuNP+ve recognition and internalization seemingly entered cells through receptor dependence and strongly affected cellular response to express both pro-inflammatory (IL-1β) and anti-inflammatory (TGF-β) cytokines, while the AuNP-ve stimulated TNF-α expression. Nevertheless, the AuNP-treated cells maintained normal function when exposed to planktonic bacteria. Thus, these results indicated that one part of the immune system interacted with different surface-charged AuNP, suggesting appropiate immunomodulation in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Srijampa
- Biosensor Research Group for Non-Communicable Disease and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Surachat Buddhisa
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Sawinee Ngernpimai
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Program, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chanvit Leelayuwat
- Center for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Proungvitaya
- Center for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Apiwat Chompoosor
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Ramkhamhaeng Road, Hua mak, Bangkapi, Bangkok 10240, Thailand
| | - Patcharaporn Tippayawat
- Biosensor Research Group for Non-Communicable Disease and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Center for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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7
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Ting SM, Zhao X, Sun G, Obertas L, Ricote M, Aronowski J. Brain Cleanup as a Potential Target for Poststroke Recovery: The Role of RXR (Retinoic X Receptor) in Phagocytes. Stroke 2020; 51:958-966. [PMID: 31914884 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.027315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- Phagocytic cells, such as microglia and blood-derived macrophages, are a key biological modality responsible for phagocytosis-mediated clearance of damaged, dead, or displaced cells that are compromised during senescence or pathological processes, including after stroke. This process of clearance is essential to eliminate the source of inflammation and to allow for optimal brain repair and functional recovery. Transcription factor, RXR (retinoic-X-receptor) is strongly implicated in phagocytic functions regulation, and as such could represent a novel target for brain recovery after stroke. Methods- Primary cultured microglia and bone marrow macrophages were used for phagocytic study. Mice with deleted RXR-α in myeloid phagocytes (Mac-RXR-α-/-) were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion to mimic ischemic stroke and then treated with RXR agonist bexarotene. RNA-sequencing and long-term recovery were evaluated. Results- Using cultured microglia, we demonstrated that the RXR-α promotes the phagocytic functions of microglia toward apoptotic neurons. Using mice with deleted RXR-α in myeloid phagocytes (Mac-RXR-α-/-), we have shown that despite behaving similarly to the control at early time points (up to 3 days, damage established histologically and behaviorally), these Mac-RXR-α-/- mice demonstrated worsened late functional recovery and developed brain atrophy that was larger in size than that seen in control mice. The RXR-α deficiency was associated with reduced expression of genes known to be under control of the prominent transcriptional RXR partner, PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor)-γ, as well as genes encoding for scavenger receptors and genes that signify microglia/macrophages polarization to a reparative phenotype. Finally, we demonstrated that the RXR agonist, bexarotene, administered as late as 1 day after middle cerebral artery occlusion, improved neurological recovery, and reduced the atrophy volume as assessed 28 days after stroke. Bexarotene did not improve outcome in Mac-RXR-α-/- mice. Conclusions- Altogether, these data suggest that phagocytic cells control poststroke recovery and that RXR in these cells represents an attractive target with exceptionally long therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Ming Ting
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Texas HSC, McGovern Medical School, Houston (S.-M.T., X.Z., G.S., L.O., J.A.)
| | - Xiurong Zhao
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Texas HSC, McGovern Medical School, Houston (S.-M.T., X.Z., G.S., L.O., J.A.)
| | - Guanghua Sun
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Texas HSC, McGovern Medical School, Houston (S.-M.T., X.Z., G.S., L.O., J.A.)
| | - Lidiya Obertas
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Texas HSC, McGovern Medical School, Houston (S.-M.T., X.Z., G.S., L.O., J.A.)
| | - Mercedes Ricote
- Area of Myocardial Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (M.R.)
| | - Jaroslaw Aronowski
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Texas HSC, McGovern Medical School, Houston (S.-M.T., X.Z., G.S., L.O., J.A.)
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Corsini E, Marinovich M, Vecchi R. Ultrafine Particles from Residential Biomass Combustion: A Review on Experimental Data and Toxicological Response. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4992. [PMID: 31601002 PMCID: PMC6834185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20204992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomass burning is considered an important source of indoor and outdoor air pollutants worldwide. Due to competitive costs and climate change sustainability compared to fossil fuels, biomass combustion for residential heating is increasing and expected to become the major source of primary particulate matter emission over the next 5-15 years. The understanding of health effects and measures necessary to reduce biomass emissions of harmful compounds is mandatory to protect public health. The intent of this review is to report available data on ultrafine particles (UFPs, i.e., particles with diameter smaller than 100 nm) emitted by residential biomass combustion and their effects on human health (in vitro and in vivo studies). Indeed, as far as we know, papers focusing specifically on UFPs originating from residential biomass combustion and their impact on human health are still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, ESP, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Marina Marinovich
- Laboratory of Toxicology, DISFEB, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Roberta Vecchi
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, and INFN-Milan, Milan 20133, Italy.
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de Sousa JR, Da Costa Vasconcelos PF, Quaresma JAS. Functional aspects, phenotypic heterogeneity, and tissue immune response of macrophages in infectious diseases. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:2589-2611. [PMID: 31686866 PMCID: PMC6709804 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s208576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are a functionally heterogeneous group of cells with specialized functions depending not only on their subgroup but also on the function of the organ or tissue in which the cells are located. The concept of macrophage phenotypic heterogeneity has been investigated since the 1980s, and more recent studies have identified a diverse spectrum of phenotypic subpopulations. Several types of macrophages play a central role in the response to infectious agents and, along with other components of the immune system, determine the clinical outcome of major infectious diseases. Here, we review the functions of various macrophage phenotypic subpopulations, the concept of macrophage polarization, and the influence of these cells on the evolution of infections. In addition, we emphasize their role in the immune response in vivo and in situ, as well as the molecular effectors and signaling mechanisms used by these cells. Furthermore, we highlight the mechanisms of immune evasion triggered by infectious agents to counter the actions of macrophages and their consequences. Our aim here is to provide an overview of the role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of critical transmissible diseases and discuss how elucidation of this relationship could enhance our understanding of the host-pathogen association in organ-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rodrigues de Sousa
- Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
| | - Pedro Fernando Da Costa Vasconcelos
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
- Center of Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Juarez Antonio Simões Quaresma
- Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
- Center of Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- School of Medicine, São Paulo University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Pereira MA, Alexandre-Pires G, Câmara M, Santos M, Martins C, Rodrigues A, Adriana J, Passero LFD, Pereira da Fonseca I, Santos-Gomes G. Canine neutrophils cooperate with macrophages in the early stages of Leishmania infantum in vitro infection. Parasite Immunol 2019; 41:e12617. [PMID: 30735568 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania infantum is the aetiological agent of human visceral leishmaniasis and canine leishmaniasis, both systemic and potentially fatal diseases. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are the first cells to phagocyte this parasite at the inoculation site, but macrophages (MØ) are the definitive host cells, ensuring parasite replication. The interaction between dog MØ, PMN and L infantum promastigotes was in vitro investigated. It was observed that promastigotes establish contact with blood monocyte-derived MØ mainly by the tip of the flagellum. These cells, that efficiently bind and internalize parasites, underwent major morphological changes, produced nitric oxide (NO) and released histone H1 in order to inactivate the parasite. Transfer of intracellular parasites from PMN to MØ was confirmed by flow cytometry, using L infantum expressing a green fluorescent protein. The interaction of MØ with L infantum-infected PMN lead to NO production and release of extracellular traps, which may contribute to parasite containment and inactivation. This study highlights for the first time the diversity of cellular and molecular events triggered by the interaction between canine PMN and MØ, which can promote a reduction of parasite burden in the early phase of L infantum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Pereira
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto Politécnico de Portalegre (IPP), Portalegre, Portugal
| | - Graça Alexandre-Pires
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária (FMV), Universidade de Lisboa (UL), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Margarida Câmara
- Câmara Municipal de Évora, Serviço Veterinário Municipal, Évora, Portugal
| | - Marcos Santos
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária (FMV), Universidade de Lisboa (UL), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Martins
- CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Center, Immunology, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Armanda Rodrigues
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jéssica Adriana
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases (LIM50), Department of Pathology, Medical School of São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe D Passero
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo, Brazil.,São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute for Advanced Studies of Ocean, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabel Pereira da Fonseca
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária (FMV), Universidade de Lisboa (UL), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Santos-Gomes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Lisboa, Portugal
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11
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Faraco G, Park L, Anrather J, Iadecola C. Brain perivascular macrophages: characterization and functional roles in health and disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:1143-1152. [PMID: 28782084 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Perivascular macrophages (PVM) are a distinct population of resident brain macrophages characterized by a close association with the cerebral vasculature. PVM migrate from the yolk sac into the brain early in development and, like microglia, are likely to be a self-renewing cell population that, in the normal state, is not replenished by circulating monocytes. Increasing evidence implicates PVM in several disease processes, ranging from brain infections and immune activation to regulation of the hypothalamic-adrenal axis and neurovascular-neurocognitive dysfunction in the setting of hypertension, Alzheimer disease pathology, or obesity. These effects involve crosstalk between PVM and cerebral endothelial cells, interaction with circulating immune cells, and/or production of reactive oxygen species. Overall, the available evidence supports the idea that PVM are a key component of the brain-resident immune system with broad implications for the pathogenesis of major brain diseases. A better understanding of the biology and pathobiology of PVM may lead to new insights and therapeutic strategies for a wide variety of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Faraco
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 E61st Street, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Laibaik Park
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 E61st Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Josef Anrather
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 E61st Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 E61st Street, New York, NY, USA.
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Greven J, Pfeifer R, Zhi Q, Pape HC. Update on the role of endothelial cells in trauma. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2017; 44:667-677. [PMID: 28674817 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-017-0812-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review gives an overview of physiological processes, mainly regarding vascular endothelial cells and their important role in hemostasis, information processing, and communication during trauma. An insight is given into molecules and cells involved in the first innate immune response through to the behavior of endothelial cells in developing trauma. The goal of this review is to show the overlap of crucial factors related to the endothelium and the development of trauma. METHODS A systemic literature search was performed using Google scholar and PubMed. RESULTS The results of the literature search showed that the endothelium, especially the vascular endothelium, is involved in various cellular and subcellular pathways of activation, suppression, and transfer of information. A variety of molecules and cells are orchestrated, subsequently the endothelium gets in contact with a traumatizing event. CONCLUSION The endothelium is one of the first barriers that comes into contact with exo- and endogenous trauma-related signals and is a pivotal point in activating subsequent pathways and cascades by transfer of information.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Greven
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Aachen Medical Center, Pauwelsstr 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - R Pfeifer
- Department for Traumatology, University of Zürich Medical Center, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Q Zhi
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Aachen Medical Center, Pauwelsstr 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - H C Pape
- Department for Traumatology, University of Zürich Medical Center, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
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Venero Galanternik M, Castranova D, Gore AV, Blewett NH, Jung HM, Stratman AN, Kirby MR, Iben J, Miller MF, Kawakami K, Maraia RJ, Weinstein BM. A novel perivascular cell population in the zebrafish brain. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28395729 PMCID: PMC5423774 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is essential for the proper homeostasis and function of the CNS, but its mechanism of function is poorly understood. Perivascular cells surrounding brain blood vessels are thought to be important for blood-brain barrier establishment, but their roles are not well defined. Here, we describe a novel perivascular cell population closely associated with blood vessels on the zebrafish brain. Based on similarities in their morphology, location, and scavenger behavior, these cells appear to be the zebrafish equivalent of cells variably characterized as Fluorescent Granular Perithelial cells (FGPs), perivascular macrophages, or 'Mato Cells' in mammals. Despite their macrophage-like morphology and perivascular location, zebrafish FGPs appear molecularly most similar to lymphatic endothelium, and our imaging studies suggest that these cells emerge by differentiation from endothelium of the optic choroidal vascular plexus. Our findings provide the first report of a perivascular cell population in the brain derived from vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Venero Galanternik
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Daniel Castranova
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Aniket V Gore
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Nathan H Blewett
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Hyun Min Jung
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Amber N Stratman
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Martha R Kirby
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - James Iben
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Mayumi F Miller
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan.,Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, Japan
| | - Richard J Maraia
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Brant M Weinstein
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
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Hayakawa M, Kushimoto S, Watanabe E, Goto K, Suzuki Y, Kotani T, Kiguchi T, Yatabe T, Tagawa J, Komatsu F, Gando S. Pharmacokinetics of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin in disseminated intravascular coagulation patients with acute renal dysfunction. Thromb Haemost 2017; 117:851-859. [PMID: 28229162 PMCID: PMC5442600 DOI: 10.1160/th16-07-0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin (ART-123) is a novel anticoagulant for patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). It is widely used in clinical settings throughout Japan. Furthermore, a global Phase 3 study is currently being conducted. In healthy subjects, ART-123 is excreted mainly via the kidneys. Therefore, ART-123 dose decrease was recommended in DIC patients with severe renal dysfunction. However, the pharmacokinetics of ART-123 in DIC patients with severe acute renal dysfunction has not been elucidated. In an open-label, multicentre, prospective, clinical pharmacological study, we investigated the pharmacokinetics and safety of ART-123 upon repeated administration to DIC patients. ART-123 was administered to patients at a dose of 130 or 380 U/kg/day for six consecutive days. Plasma concentrations of ART-123 were measured at 21 time points until eight days after the final administration. Urinary excretion rates during the first 24 hours (h) were calculated. Patient renal functions were evaluated by measuring 24-h creatinine clearance (Ccr). Forty-three patients were enrolled in the present study. The urinary excretion rates of ART-123 correlated closely with 24-h Ccr. Total body clearance of ART-123 was also weakly related with 24-h Ccr. However, the plasma concentrations of ART-123 were not considerably different among patients with different renal function. Two patients had subcutaneous haemorrhage as an adverse event related to ART-123. In conclusion, plasma concentrations of ART-123 may not be different among patients with different renal functions. ART-123 was well tolerated in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mineji Hayakawa
- Mineji Hayakawa, MD, PhD, Emergency and Critical Care Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, N14W5 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8648 Japan, Tel.: +81 11 706 7377, Fax: +81 11 706 7378, E-mail:
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15
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Thankam FG, Dilisio MF, Dougherty KA, Dietz NE, Agrawal DK. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells and 5'adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase in the inflammatory response: a potential therapeutic target. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 12:1239-1249. [PMID: 27266327 PMCID: PMC5158012 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2016.1196138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The events in the cellular and molecular signaling triggered during inflammation mitigate tissue healing. The metabolic check-point control mediated by 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is crucial for switching the cells into an activated state capable of mediating inflammatory events. The cell metabolism involved in the inflammatory response represents a potential therapeutic target for the pharmacologic management of inflammation. Areas covered: In this article, a critical review is presented on triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell (TREM) receptors and their role in the inflammatory responses, as well as homeostasis between different TREM molecules and their regulation. Additionally, we discussed the relationship between TREM and AMPK to identify novel targets to limit the inflammatory response. Literature search was carried out from the National Library of Medicine's Medline database (using PubMed as the search engine) and Google Scholar and identified relevant studies up to 30 March 2016 using inflammation, TREM, AMPK, as the key words. Expert commentary: The prevention of phenotype switching of immune cells during inflammation by targeting AMPK and TREM-1 could be beneficial for developing novel management strategies for inflammation and associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finosh G Thankam
- Department of Clinical & Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Matthew F. Dilisio
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Nicholas E. Dietz
- Department of Pathology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Devendra K. Agrawal
- Department of Clinical & Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
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16
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Shvedova AA, Kisin ER, Yanamala N, Farcas MT, Menas AL, Williams A, Fournier PM, Reynolds JS, Gutkin DW, Star A, Reiner RS, Halappanavar S, Kagan VE. Gender differences in murine pulmonary responses elicited by cellulose nanocrystals. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:28. [PMID: 27278671 PMCID: PMC4898310 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cellulose-based materials have been used for centuries to manufacture different goods derived from forestry and agricultural sources. In the growing field of nanocellulose applications, its uniquely engineered properties are instrumental for inventive products coming to competitive markets. Due to their high aspect ratio and stiffness, it is speculated that cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) may cause similar pulmonary toxicity as carbon nanotubes and asbestos, thus posing a potential negative impact on public health and the environment. Methods The present study was undertaken to investigate the pulmonary outcomes induced by repeated exposure to respirable CNC. C57BL/6 female and male mice were exposed by pharyngeal aspiration to CNC (40 μg/mouse) 2 times a week for 3 weeks. Several biochemical endpoints and pathophysiological outcomes along with gene expression changes were evaluated and compared in the lungs of male and female mice. Results Exposure to respirable CNC caused pulmonary inflammation and damage, induced oxidative stress, elevated TGF-β and collagen levels in lung, and impaired pulmonary functions. Notably, these effects were markedly more pronounced in females compared to male mice. Moreover, sex differences in responses to pulmonary exposure to CNC were also detected at the level of global mRNA expression as well as in inflammatory cytokine/chemokine activity. Conclusions Overall, our results indicate that there are considerable differences in responses to respirable CNC based on gender with a higher pulmonary toxicity observed in female mice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-016-0140-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Shvedova
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, NIOSH, Exposure Assessment Branch, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA. .,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, School of Medicine/WVU, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | - Elena R Kisin
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, NIOSH, Exposure Assessment Branch, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Naveena Yanamala
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, NIOSH, Exposure Assessment Branch, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Mariana T Farcas
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, NIOSH, Exposure Assessment Branch, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Autumn L Menas
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, NIOSH, Exposure Assessment Branch, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0 K9, Canada
| | - Philip M Fournier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Reynolds
- Engineering and Controls Technology Branch, NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Dmitriy W Gutkin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alexander Star
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Richard S Reiner
- Forest Products Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0 K9, Canada
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Free Radical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Zhao H, Li C, Beck BH, Zhang R, Thongda W, Davis DA, Peatman E. Impact of feed additives on surface mucosal health and columnaris susceptibility in channel catfish fingerlings, Ictalurus punctatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:624-637. [PMID: 26164837 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the highest priority areas for improvement in aquaculture is the development of dietary additives and formulations which provide for complete mucosal health and protection of fish raised in intensive systems. Far greater attention has been paid to dietary impact on gut health than to protective effects at other mucosal surfaces such as skin and gill. These exterior surfaces, however, are important primary targets for pathogen attachment and invasion. Flavobacterium columnare, the causative agent of columnaris disease, is among the most prevalent of all freshwater disease-causing bacteria, impacting global aquaculture of catfish, salmonids, baitfish and aquaria-trade species among others. This study evaluated whether the feeding of a standard catfish diet supplemented with Alltech dietary additives Actigen(®), a concentrated source of yeast cell wall-derived material and/or Allzyme(®) SSF, a fermented strain of Aspergillus niger, could offer protection against F. columnare mortality. A nine-week feeding trial of channel catfish fingerlings with basal diet (B), B + Allzyme(®) SSF, B + Actigen(®) and B + Actigen(®)+Allzyme(®) SSF revealed good growth in all conditions (FCR < 1.0), but no statistical differences in growth between the treatments were found. At nine weeks, based on pre-challenge trial results, basal, B + Actigen(®), and B + Allzyme(®) SSF groups of fish were selected for further challenges with F. columnare. Replicated challenge with a virulent F. columnare strain, revealed significantly longer median days to death in B + Allzyme(®) SSF and B + Actigen(®) when compared with the basal diet (P < 0.05) and significantly higher survival following the eight day challenge period in B + Actigen(®) when compared with the other two diets (P < 0.05). Given the superior protection provided by the B + Actigen(®) diet, we carried out transcriptomic comparison of gene expression of fish fed that diet and the basal diet before and after columnaris challenge using high-throughput RNA-seq. Pathway and enrichment analyses revealed changes in mannose receptor DEC205 and IL4 signaling at 0 h (prior to challenge) which likely explain a dramatic divergence in expression profiles between the two diets soon after pathogen challenge (8 h). Dietary mannose priming resulted in reduced expression of inflammatory cytokines, shifting response patterns instead to favor resolution and repair. Our results indicate that prebiotic dietary additives may provide protection extending beyond the gut to surface mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggang Zhao
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Chao Li
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Benjamin H Beck
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR 72160, USA
| | - Ran Zhang
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Wilawan Thongda
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - D Allen Davis
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Eric Peatman
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Qin T, Zhao X, Luan H, Ba H, Yang L, Li Z, Hou L, Zou X. Identification, expression pattern and functional characterization of As-MyD88 in bacteria challenge and during different developmental stages of Artemia sinica. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 50:9-18. [PMID: 25556009 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MYD88), a key adapter protein in Toll-like receptor signaling, affects the immune response and the formation of the dorsal-ventral axis. Here, the 1555bp full-length cDNA of MyD88 from Artemia sinica (As-MyD88) was obtained. Molecular characterization revealed that the sequence includes an 1182bp open reading frame encoding a predicted protein of 393 amino acids. The predicted protein contains a death domain in the N-terminus, and box1 and 2 motifs of the TIR domain in the C-terminus. Real-time quantitative PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to determine the expression level, protein production and location of As-MYD88 during embryonic development and bacterial challenge. The highest expression level during embryonic development was at the 0h and 5h stages of A. sinica. As-MYD88 was remarkably upregulated after bacterial challenge. Our results suggested that As-MYD88 plays a vital role in response to bacterial challenge, and during post-diapause embryonic development of A. sinica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Hong Luan
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Huazhong Ba
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Lei Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Zhenegmin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Lin Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China.
| | - Xiangyang Zou
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
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Huang Z, Gan J, Jia L, Guo G, Wang C, Zang Y, Ding Z, Chen J, Zhang J, Dong L. An orally administrated nucleotide-delivery vehicle targeting colonic macrophages for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Biomaterials 2015; 48:26-36. [PMID: 25701029 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Anti-TNF-α therapies have shown protective effects against colitis, but an efficient tool for target suppression of its secretion - ideally via oral administration - remains in urgent demand. In the colon tissue, TNF-α is mainly secreted by the colonic macrophages. Here, we report an orally-administrated microspheric vehicle that can target the colonic macrophages and suppress the local expression of TNF-α for IBD treatment. This vehicle is formed by cationic konjac glucomannan (cKGM), phytagel and an antisense oligonucleotide against TNF-α. It was given to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitic mice via gastric perfusion. The unique swelling properties of cKGM enabled the spontaneous release of cKGM& antisense nucleotide (ASO) nano-complex from the phytagel scaffold into the colon lumen, where the ASO was transferred into colonic macrophages via receptor-mediated phagocytosis. The treatment significantly decreased the local level of TNF-α and alleviated the symptoms of colitis in the mice. In summary, our study demonstrates a convenient, orally-administrated drug delivery system that effectively targets colonic macrophages for suppression of TNF-α expression. It may represent a promising therapeutic approach in the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jingjing Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lixin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Guangxing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, Macau 999078, China
| | - Yuhui Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jiangning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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Dengler EC, Alberti LA, Bowman BN, Kerwin AA, Wilkerson JL, Moezzi DR, Limanovich E, Wallace JA, Milligan ED. Improvement of spinal non-viral IL-10 gene delivery by D-mannose as a transgene adjuvant to control chronic neuropathic pain. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:92. [PMID: 24884664 PMCID: PMC4046049 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peri-spinal subarachnoid (intrathecal; i.t.) injection of non-viral naked plasmid DNA encoding the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10 (pDNA-IL-10) suppresses chronic neuropathic pain in animal models. However, two sequential i.t. pDNA injections are required within a discrete 5 to 72-hour period for prolonged efficacy. Previous reports identified phagocytic immune cells present in the peri-spinal milieu surrounding the i.t injection site that may play a role in transgene uptake resulting in subsequent IL-10 transgene expression. METHODS In the present study, we aimed to examine whether factors known to induce pro-phagocytic anti-inflammatory properties of immune cells improve i.t. IL-10 transgene uptake using reduced naked pDNA-IL-10 doses previously determined ineffective. Both the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, and the hexose sugar, D-mannose, were factors examined that could optimize i.t. pDNA-IL-10 uptake leading to enduring suppression of neuropathic pain as assessed by light touch sensitivity of the rat hindpaw (allodynia). RESULTS Compared to dexamethasone, i.t. mannose pretreatment significantly and dose-dependently prolonged pDNA-IL-10 pain suppressive effects, reduced spinal IL-1β and enhanced spinal and dorsal root ganglia IL-10 immunoreactivity. Macrophages exposed to D-mannose revealed reduced proinflammatory TNF-α, IL-1β, and nitric oxide, and increased IL-10 protein release, while IL-4 revealed no improvement in transgene uptake. Separately, D-mannose dramatically increased pDNA-derived IL-10 protein release in culture supernatants. Lastly, a single i.t. co-injection of mannose with a 25-fold lower pDNA-IL-10 dose produced prolonged pain suppression in neuropathic rats. CONCLUSIONS Peri-spinal treatment with D-mannose may optimize naked pDNA-IL-10 transgene uptake for suppression of allodynia, and is a novel approach to tune spinal immune cells toward pro-phagocytic phenotype for improved non-viral gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Erin D Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, UNM School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA.
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Molecular cloning and expression analysis of mannose receptor in blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:4601-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Nguyen T, Robinson N, Allison SE, Coombes BK, Sad S, Krishnan L. IL-10 produced by trophoblast cells inhibits phagosome maturation leading to profound intracellular proliferation of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium. Placenta 2013; 34:765-74. [PMID: 23834952 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (ST) is a phagosomal pathogen that can infect placental trophoblast cells leading to abortion and severe maternal illness. It is unclear how the trophoblast cells promote profound bacterial proliferation. METHODS The mechanism of internalization, intracellular growth and phagosomal biogenesis in ST-infected human epithelial (HeLa), macrophage (THP-1) and trophoblast-derived cell lines (JEG-3, BeWo and HTR-8) was studied. Specific inhibitors were used to block bacterial internalization. Phagosomal maturation was determined by confocal microscopy, Western-blotting and release of lysosomal β-galactosidase by infected cells. Bacterial colony forming units were determined by plating infected cell lysates on agar plates. RESULTS ST proliferated minimally in macrophages but replicated profoundly within trophoblast cells. The ST-ΔinvA (a mutant of Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 gene effector proteins) was unable to infect epithelial cells, but was internalized by scavenger receptors on trophoblasts and macrophages. However, ST was contrastingly localized in early (Rab5⁺) or late (LAMP1⁺) phagosomes within trophoblast cells and macrophages respectively. Furthermore trophoblast cells (unlike macrophages) did not exhibit phagoso-lysosomal fusion. ST-infected macrophages produced IL-6 whereas trophoblast cells produced IL-10. Neutralizing IL-10 in JEG-3 cells accelerated phagolysomal fusion and reduced proliferation of ST. Placental bacterial burden was curtailed in vivo in anti-IL-10 antibody treated and IL-10-deficient mice. DISCUSSION Macrophages phagocytose but curtail intracellular replication of ST in late phagosomes. In contrast, phagocytosis by trophoblast cells results in an inappropriate cytokine response and proliferation of ST in early phagosomes. CONCLUSION IL-10 production by trophoblast cells that delays phagosomal maturation may facilitate proliferation of pathogens in placental cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Yu SS, Lau CM, Barham WJ, Onishko HM, Nelson CE, Li H, Smith CA, Yull FE, Duvall CL, Giorgio TD. Macrophage-specific RNA interference targeting via "click", mannosylated polymeric micelles. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:975-87. [PMID: 23331322 DOI: 10.1021/mp300434e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages represent an important therapeutic target, because their activity has been implicated in the progression of debilitating diseases such as cancer and atherosclerosis. In this work, we designed and characterized pH-responsive polymeric micelles that were mannosylated using "click" chemistry to achieve CD206 (mannose receptor)-targeted siRNA delivery. CD206 is primarily expressed on macrophages and dendritic cells and upregulated in tumor-associated macrophages, a potentially useful target for cancer therapy. The mannosylated nanoparticles improved the delivery of siRNA into primary macrophages by 4-fold relative to the delivery of a nontargeted version of the same carrier (p < 0.01). Further, treatment for 24 h with the mannose-targeted siRNA carriers achieved 87 ± 10% knockdown of a model gene in primary macrophages, a cell type that is typically difficult to transfect. Finally, these nanoparticles were also avidly recognized and internalized by human macrophages and facilitated the delivery of 13-fold more siRNA into these cells than into model breast cancer cell lines. We anticipate that these mannose receptor-targeted, endosomolytic siRNA delivery nanoparticles will become an enabling technology for targeting macrophage activity in various diseases, especially those in which CD206 is upregulated in macrophages present within the pathologic site. This work also establishes a generalizable platform that could be applied for "click" functionalization with other targeting ligands to direct siRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shann S Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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Liu D, Uzonna JE. The early interaction of Leishmania with macrophages and dendritic cells and its influence on the host immune response. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:83. [PMID: 22919674 PMCID: PMC3417671 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The complicated interactions between Leishmania and the host antigen-presenting cells (APCs) have fundamental effects on the final outcome of the disease. Two major APCs, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), play critical roles in mediating resistance and susceptibility during Leishmania infection. Macrophages are the primary resident cell for Leishmania: they phagocytose and permit parasite proliferation. However, these cells are also the major effector cells to eliminate infection. The effective clearance of parasites by macrophages depends on activation of appropriate immune response, which is usually initiated by DCs. Here, we review the early interaction of APCs with Leishmania parasites and how these interactions profoundly impact on the ensuing adaptive immune response. We also discuss how the current knowledge will allow further refinement of our understanding of the interplay between Leishmania and its hosts that leads to resistance or susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada
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Yu SS, Lau CM, Thomas SN, Jerome WG, Maron DJ, Dickerson JH, Hubbell JA, Giorgio TD. Size- and charge-dependent non-specific uptake of PEGylated nanoparticles by macrophages. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:799-813. [PMID: 22359457 PMCID: PMC3284223 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s28531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The assessment of macrophage response to nanoparticles is a central component in the evaluation of new nanoparticle designs for future in vivo application. This work investigates which feature, nanoparticle size or charge, is more predictive of non-specific uptake of nanoparticles by macrophages. This was investigated by synthesizing a library of polymer-coated iron oxide micelles, spanning a range of 30-100 nm in diameter and -23 mV to +9 mV, and measuring internalization into macrophages in vitro. Nanoparticle size and charge both contributed towards non-specific uptake, but within the ranges investigated, size appears to be a more dominant predictor of uptake. Based on these results, a protease-responsive nanoparticle was synthesized, displaying a matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)-cleavable polymeric corona. These nanoparticles are able to respond to MMP-9 activity through the shedding of 10-20 nm of hydrodynamic diameter. This MMP-9-triggered decrease in nanoparticle size also led to up to a six-fold decrease in nanoparticle internalization by macrophages and is observable by T(2)-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. These findings guide the design of imaging or therapeutic nanoparticles for in vivo targeting of macrophage activity in pathologic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shann S Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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Garrido VV, Dulgerian LR, Stempin CC, Cerbán FM. The increase in mannose receptor recycling favors arginase induction and Trypanosoma cruzi survival in macrophages. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7:1257-72. [PMID: 22110379 PMCID: PMC3221363 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7.1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The macrophage mannose receptor (MR) is a pattern recognition receptor of the innate immune system that binds to microbial structures bearing mannose, fucose and N-acetylglucosamine on their surface. Trypanosoma cruzi antigen cruzipain (Cz) is found in the different developmental forms of the parasite. This glycoprotein has a highly mannosylated C-terminal domain that participates in the host-antigen contact. Our group previously demonstrated that Cz-macrophage (Mo) interaction could modulate the immune response against T. cruzi through the induction of a preferential metabolic pathway. In this work, we have studied in Mo the role of MR in arginase induction and in T. cruzi survival using different MR ligands. We have showed that pre-incubation of T. cruzi infected cells with mannose-Bovine Serum Albumin (Man-BSA, MR specific ligand) biased nitric oxide (NO)/urea balance towards urea production and increased intracellular amastigotes growth. The study of intracellular signals showed that pre-incubation with Man-BSA in T. cruzi J774 infected cells induced down-regulation of JNK and p44/p42 phosphorylation and increased of p38 MAPK phosphorylation. These results are coincident with previous data showing that Cz also modifies the MAPK phosphorylation profile induced by the parasite. In addition, we have showed by confocal microscopy that Cz and Man-BSA enhance MR recycling. Furthermore, we studied MR behavior during T. cruzi infection in vivo. MR was up-regulated in F4/80+ cells from T. cruzi infected mice at 13 and 15 days post infection. Besides, we investigated the effect of MR blocking antibody in T. cruzi infected peritoneal Mo. Arginase activity and parasite growth were decreased in infected cells pre-incubated with anti-MR antibody as compared with infected cells treated with control antibody. Therefore, we postulate that during T. cruzi infection, Cz may contact with MR, increasing MR recycling which leads to arginase activity up-regulation and intracellular parasite growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanina V Garrido
- CIBICI-CONICET, Dpto Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
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Yue H, Wei W, Yue Z, Lv P, Wang L, Ma G, Su Z. Particle size affects the cellular response in macrophages. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 41:650-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Involvement of mannose receptor in the preventive effects of mannose in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 641:229-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Pandey VN, Upadhyay A, Chaubey B. Prospects for antisense peptide nucleic acid (PNA) therapies for HIV. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009; 9:975-89. [PMID: 19534584 DOI: 10.1517/14712590903052877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery and synthesis of a novel DNA mimic, peptide nucleic acid (PNA) in 1991, PNAs have attracted tremendous interest and have shown great promise as potential antisense drugs. They have been used extensively as tools for specific modulation of gene expression by targeting translation or transcription processes. This review discusses the present and future therapeutic potential of this class of compound as anti-HIV-1 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virendra N Pandey
- University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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Ueno N, Bratt CL, Rodriguez NE, Wilson ME. Differences in human macrophage receptor usage, lysosomal fusion kinetics and survival between logarithmic and metacyclic Leishmania infantum chagasi promastigotes. Cell Microbiol 2009; 11:1827-41. [PMID: 19702651 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The obligate intracellular protozoan, Leishmania infantum chagasi (Lic) undergoes receptor-mediated phagocytosis by macrophages followed by a transient delay in phagolysosome maturation. We found differences in the pathway through which virulent Lic metacyclic promastigotes or avirulent logarithmic promastigotes are phagocytosed by human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Both logarithmic and metacyclic promastigotes entered MDMs through a compartment lined by the third complement receptor (CR3). In contrast, many logarithmic promastigotes entered through vacuoles lined by mannose receptors (MR) whereas most metacyclic promastigotes did not (P < 0.005). CR3-positive vacuoles containing metacyclic promastigotes stained for caveolin-1 protein, suggesting CR3 localizes in caveolae during phagocytosis. Following entry, the kinetics of phagolysosomal maturation and intracellular survival also differed. Vacuoles containing metacyclic parasites did not accumulate lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1) at early times after phagocytosis, whereas vacuoles with logarithmic promastigotes did. MDMs phagocytosed greater numbers of logarithmic than metacyclic promastigotes, yet metacyclics ultimately replicated intracellularly with greater efficiency. These data suggest that virulent metacyclic Leishmania promastigotes fail to ligate macrophage MR, and enter through a path that ultimately enhances intracellular survival. The relatively quiescent entry of virulent Leishmania spp. into macrophages may be accounted for by the ability of metacyclic promastigotes to selectively bypass deleterious entry pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikiyo Ueno
- Department of Microbiology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Liang S, Domon H, Hosur KB, Wang M, Hajishengallis G. Age-related alterations in innate immune receptor expression and ability of macrophages to respond to pathogen challenge in vitro. Mech Ageing Dev 2009; 130:538-46. [PMID: 19559723 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The impact of ageing in innate immunity is poorly understood. Studies in the mouse model have described altered innate immune functions in aged macrophages, although these were not generally linked to altered expression of receptors or regulatory molecules. Moreover, the influence of ageing in the expression of these molecules has not been systematically examined. We investigated age-dependent expression differences in selected Toll-like and other pattern-recognition receptors, receptors involved in inflammatory amplification, and in transmembrane and intracellular regulators of inflammatory signaling. Young and aged macrophages were examined under resting conditions or upon activation with Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major pathogen in periodontal disease, the prevalence and severity of which increase in old age. We detected a limited number of age-dependent alterations, involving both reduction and increase of immune activity. Interestingly, surface expression of receptors that amplify inflammation (C5a anaphylatoxin receptor and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells [TREM]-1) was elevated in aged macrophages. No significant age-dependent differences were observed regarding the phagocytosis and intracellular killing of P. gingivalis, consistent with lack of significant changes in phagocytic receptor expression and induction of antimicrobial molecules. Therefore, at least at the cellular level, certain aspects of innate immune function may not necessarily decline with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liang
- Department of Periodontics/Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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Tsuruta K, Kodama T, Serada M, Hori K, Inaba A, Miyake T, Kohira T. Pharmacokinetics of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin, thrombomodulin alfa in the rat. Xenobiotica 2009; 39:125-34. [DOI: 10.1080/00498250802604074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Petrushina I, Ghochikyan A, Mkrtichyan M, Mamikonyan G, Movsesyan N, Ajdari R, Vasilevko V, Karapetyan A, Lees A, Agadjanyan MG, Cribbs DH. Mannan-Abeta28 conjugate prevents Abeta-plaque deposition, but increases microhemorrhages in the brains of vaccinated Tg2576 (APPsw) mice. J Neuroinflammation 2008; 5:42. [PMID: 18823564 PMCID: PMC2567310 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-5-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New pre-clinical trials in AD mouse models may help to develop novel immunogen-adjuvant configurations with the potential to avoid the adverse responses that occurred during the clinical trials with AN-1792 vaccine formulation. Recently, we have pursued an alternative immunization strategy that replaces QS21 the Th1 type adjuvant used in the AN-1792 clinical trial with a molecular adjuvant, mannan that can promote a Th2-polarized immune response through interactions with mannose-binding and CD35/CD21 receptors of the innate immune system. Previously we established that immunization of wild-type mice with mannan-Aβ28 conjugate promoted Th2-mediated humoral and cellular immune responses. In the current study, we tested the efficacy of this vaccine configuration in amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice (Tg2576). Methods Mannan was purified, activated and chemically conjugated to Aβ28 peptide. Humoral immune responses induced by the immunization of mice with mannan-Aβ28 conjugate were analyzed using a standard ELISA. Aβ42 and Aβ40 amyloid burden, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), astrocytosis, and microgliosis in the brain of immunized and control mice were detected using immunohistochemistry. Additionally, cored plaques and cerebral vascular microhemorrhages in the brains of vaccinated mice were detected by standard histochemistry. Results Immunizations with low doses of mannan-Aβ28 induced potent and long-lasting anti-Aβ humoral responses in Tg2576 mice. Even 11 months after the last injection, the immunized mice were still producing low levels of anti-Aβ antibodies, predominantly of the IgG1 isotype, indicative of a Th2 immune response. Vaccination with mannan-Aβ28 prevented Aβ plaque deposition, but unexpectedly increased the level of microhemorrhages in the brains of aged immunized mice compared to two groups of control animals of the same age either injected with molecular adjuvant fused with an irrelevant antigen, BSA (mannan-BSA) or non-immunized mice. Of note, mice immunized with mannan-Aβ28 showed a trend toward elevated levels of CAA in the neocortex and in the leptomeninges compared to that in mice of both control groups. Conclusion Mannan conjugated to Aβ28 provided sufficient adjuvant activity to induce potent anti-Aβ antibodies in APP transgenic mice, which have been shown to be hyporesponsive to immunization with Aβ self-antigen. However, in old Tg2576 mice there were increased levels of cerebral microhemorrhages in mannan-Aβ28 immunized mice. This effect was likely unrelated to the anti-mannan antibodies induced by the immunoconjugate, because control mice immunized with mannan-BSA also induced antibodies specific to mannan, but did not have increased levels of cerebral microhemorrhages compared with non-immunized mice. Whether these anti-mannan antibodies increased the permeability of the blood brain barrier thus allowing elevated levels of anti-Aβ antibodies entry into cerebral perivascular or brain parenchymal spaces and contributed to the increased incidence of microhemorrhages remains to be investigated in the future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Petrushina
- The Institute for Brain Aging and Dementia, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4540, USA.
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Yamasaki Y, Ikenaga T, Otsuki T, Nishikawa M, Takakura Y. Induction of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes by immunization with negatively charged soluble antigen through scavenger receptor-mediated delivery. Vaccine 2007; 25:85-91. [PMID: 16956699 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2005] [Revised: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are essential for the immunotherapy against cancer or infection diseases although, conventionally, immunization with antigens in soluble form cannot induce CTL. In the present study, we have demonstrated for the first time that ovalbumin (OVA)-specific CTL can be induced without any adjuvants by immunization with soluble OVA with negative charges through scavenger-mediated delivery of antigens to antigen presenting cells (APC). Succinylated, maleylated and aconitylated derivatives were synthesized to allow the introduction of negative charges. All these derivatives can induce OVA-specific CTL and, especially, the CTL activity of mice immunized with maleylated derivatives was comparable with that with OVA emulsified with CFA, known to be the strongest adjuvant. Efficient antigen-specific T cell proliferation and IFN-gamma production were also observed for the OVA derivatives. The OVA derivatives also showed significant protective effects on the growth of OVA-expressing E.G7 tumor cells. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that the introduction of negative charges to soluble antigens will be a useful strategy for the development of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuomi Yamasaki
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Ghochikyan A, Petrushina I, Lees A, Vasilevko V, Movsesyan N, Karapetyan A, Agadjanyan MG, Cribbs DH. Abeta-immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease using mannan-amyloid-Beta peptide immunoconjugates. DNA Cell Biol 2006; 25:571-80. [PMID: 17132088 PMCID: PMC2048489 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2006.25.571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD) the accumulation of pathological forms of the beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptide are believed to be causal factors in the neurodegeneration that results in the loss of cognitive function in patients. Anti-Abeta antibodies have been shown to reduce Abeta levels in transgenic mouse models of AD and in AN-1792 clinical trial on AD patients; however, the clinical trial was halted when some patients developed meningoencephalitis. Theories on the cause of the adverse events include proinflammatory "primed patients," a Th1-inducing adjuvant, and Abeta autoreactive T cells. New immunotherapy approaches are being developed to eliminate these putative risk factors. Mannan, which is recognized by pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system, can be utilized as a molecular adjuvant to promote a Th2-mediated immune response to conjugated B cell epitopes. The N-terminus of Abeta was conjugated to mannan, and used to immunize mice with low concentrations of immunoconjugate, without a conventional adjuvant. Mannan induced a significant and highly polarized toward Th2 phenotype anti-Abeta antibody response not only in BALB/c, but also in B6SJL F1 mice. New preclinical trials in AD mouse models may help to develop novel immunogen-adjuvant configurations with the potential to avoid the adverse immune response that occurred in the first clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahit Ghochikyan
- The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Department of Immunology, Huntington Beach, California, USA
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Abstract
Targeting antigens to endocytic receptors on professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) represents an attractive strategy to enhance the efficacy of vaccines. Such APC-targeted vaccines have an exceptional ability to guide exogenous protein antigens into vesicles that efficiently process the antigen for major histocompatibility complex class I and class II presentation. Efficient targeting not only requires high specificity for the receptor that is abundantly expressed on the surface of APCs, but also the ability to be rapidly internalised and loaded into compartments that contain elements of the antigen-processing machinery. The mannose receptor (MR) and related C-type lectin receptors are particularly designed to sample antigens (self and non-self), much like pattern recognition receptors, to integrate the innate with adaptive immune responses. In fact, a variety of approaches involving delivery of antigens to the MR have demonstrated effective induction of potent cellular and humoral immune responses. Yet, although several lines of evidence in diverse experimental systems attest to the efficacy of targeted vaccine strategies, it is becoming increasingly clear that additional signals, such as those afforded by adjuvants, may be critical to elicit sustained immunity. Therefore, MR-targeted vaccines are likely to be most efficacious in vivo when combined with agents that elicit complementary activation signals. Certainly, a better understanding of the mechanism associated with the induction of immune responses as a result of targeting antigens to the MR, will be important in exploiting MR-targeted vaccines not only for mounting immune defenses against cancer and infectious disease, but also for specific induction of tolerance in the treatment of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Keler
- Medarex, Inc., 519 Route 173 West, Bloomsbury, NJ 08804, USA.
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Cunningham C, Wilcockson DC, Boche D, Perry VH. Comparison of inflammatory and acute-phase responses in the brain and peripheral organs of the ME7 model of prion disease. J Virol 2005; 79:5174-84. [PMID: 15795301 PMCID: PMC1069550 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.8.5174-5184.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as prion disease and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are reported to be associated with microglial activation and increased brain and serum cytokines and acute-phase proteins (APPs). Unlike AD, prion disease is also associated with a peripheral component in that the presumed causative agent, PrPSc, also accumulates in the spleen and other lymphoreticular organs. It is unclear whether the reported systemic acute-phase response represents a systemic inflammatory response to prion disease or merely reflects central nervous system (CNS) inflammation. For this study, we investigated whether intracerebrally initiated prion disease (ME7 model) provokes splenic, hepatic, or brain inflammatory and acute-phase responses. We detected no significant elevation of proinflammatory cytokines or activation of macrophages in the spleens of these animals, despite clear PrPSc deposition. Similarly, at 19 weeks we detected no significant elevation of transcripts for the APPs serum amyloid A, complement C3, pentraxin 3, and alpha2-antiplasmin in the liver, despite CNS neurodegeneration and splenic PrPSc deposition at this time. However, despite the low CNS expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines, there was robust expression of these APPs in degenerating brains. These findings suggest that PrPSc is not a stimulus for splenic macrophages and that neither peripheral PrPSc deposition nor CNS neurodegeneration is sufficient to produce a systemic acute-phase response. We also propose that serum cytokine and APP measurements are not useful during preclinical disease. Possible consequences of the clear chronic elevation of APPs in the CNS are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm Cunningham
- CNS Inflammation Group, School of Biological Sciences, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 7PX, United Kingdom.
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Gyimesi E, Bankovich AJ, Schuman TA, Goldberg JB, Lindorfer MA, Taylor RP. Staphylococcus aureus bound to complement receptor 1 on human erythrocytes by bispecific monoclonal antibodies is phagocytosed by acceptor macrophages. Immunol Lett 2004; 95:185-92. [PMID: 15388259 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2004] [Revised: 07/05/2004] [Accepted: 07/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus pose a growing threat to public health, and immunotherapy offers potential modalities to combat antibiotic resistance. We prepared bispecific monoclonal antibody complexes (heteropolymers, HP), specific for the primate erythrocyte complement C3b receptor (CR1) and type 5 capsular polysaccharide of the T5 isolate of S. aureus. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry revealed that HP promote binding of S. aureus to human erythrocytes. Incubation of erythrocyte-bound, HP-opsonized S. aureus with human monocyte/macrophages or mouse macrophage cell lines led to transfer, internalization and killing of bacteria by macrophages with little erythrocyte loss. This reaction is similar to the process in which C3b-opsonized substrates, bound to erythrocyte CR1 by immune adherence, are transferred to acceptor phagocytes. Our results provide the basis for development of an in vivo paradigm focused on immunotherapeutic approaches for treatment of infections due to antibiotic resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edit Gyimesi
- Department of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Swain SD, Lee SJ, Nussenzweig MC, Harmsen AG. Absence of the macrophage mannose receptor in mice does not increase susceptibility to Pneumocystis carinii infection in vivo. Infect Immun 2003; 71:6213-21. [PMID: 14573639 PMCID: PMC219593 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.11.6213-6221.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense against the opportunistic pathogen Pneumocystis carinii requires functional interactions of many cell types. Alveolar macrophages are presumed to be a vital host cell in the clearance of P. carinii, and the mechanisms of this interaction have come under scrutiny. The macrophage mannose receptor is believed to play an important role as a receptor involved in the binding and phagocytosis of P. carinii. Although there is in vitro evidence for this interaction, the in vivo role of this receptor in P. carinii clearance in unclear. Using a mouse model in which the mannose receptor has been deleted, we found that the absence of this receptor is not sufficient to allow infection by P. carinii in otherwise immunocompetent mice. Furthermore, when mice were rendered susceptible to P. carinii by CD4(+) depletion, mannose receptor knockout mice (MR-KO) had pathogen loads equal to those of wild-type mice. However, the MR-KO mice exhibited a greater influx of phagocytes into the alveoli during infection. This was accompanied by increased pulmonary pathology in the MR-KO mice, as well as greater accumulation of glycoproteins in the alveoli (glycoproteins, including harmful hydrolytic enzymes, are normally cleared by the mannose receptor). We also found that the surface expression of the mannose receptor is not downregulated during P. carinii infection in wild-type mice. Our findings suggest that while the macrophage mannose receptor may be important in the recognition of P. carinii, in vivo, this mechanism may be redundant, and the absence of this receptor may be compensated for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve D Swain
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA.
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Yamasaki Y, Hisazumi J, Yamaoka K, Takakura Y. Efficient scavenger receptor-mediated hepatic targeting of proteins by introduction of negative charges on the proteins by aconitylation: the influence of charge density and size of the proteins molecules. Eur J Pharm Sci 2003; 18:305-12. [PMID: 12694882 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(03)00021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo disposition characteristics of some aconitylated proteins in mice were studied after intravenous injection in relation to their molecular properties such as overall negative charge and size of the molecules. Superoxide dismutase (SOD, M(w)=32000) and bovine serum albumin (BSA, M(w)=67000) were used to produce aconitylated derivatives with a different extent of modification. Aconitylated SOD (Aco-SOD) was only moderately taken up by the liver in spite of its negative charge density, whereas aconitylated BSA (Aco-BSA) with a smaller charge density was taken up by the liver very efficiently. Aco-BSA was more rapidly cleared by the liver than succinylated BSA due to the introduction of more anionic groups, especially when the degree of modification was low. Interestingly, highly aconitylated BSAs exhibited significant accumulation in the kidney at higher doses, especially when the hepatic uptake was saturated. Further analysis that was based on a physiological pharmacokinetic model including a saturable hepatic uptake process revealed that the higher the number of negative charges on the proteins, the higher was the apparent affinity of aconitylated proteins for the hepatic SRs. In general, the affinity of aconitylated proteins was higher than that of succinylated proteins when the degree of acylation was the same. Thus, the present study indicates that apart from charge density on the proteins the molecular size of the proteins is important for SR-mediated uptake in the liver. Aconitylation of proteins seems more suitable than succinylation for targeting of proteins to the liver nonparenchymal cells, in particular, at a low degree of acylation of the proteins at which the enzymatic activity is better retained for sufficient negative charges introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuomi Yamasaki
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Nielsen CH, Leslie RGQ. Complement’s participation in acquired immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.72.2.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claus Henrik Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital Copenhagen; and
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42
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Rice PJ, Kelley JL, Kogan G, Ensley HE, Kalbfleisch JH, Browder IW, Williams DL. Human monocyte scavenger receptors are pattern recognition receptors for (1→3)‐β‐D‐glucans. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.72.1.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Rice
- Departments of Pharmacology, East Tennessee State University, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City
| | - Jim L. Kelley
- Internal Medicine, and, East Tennessee State University, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City
| | - Grigorij Kogan
- Surgery, East Tennessee State University, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; and
| | - Harry E. Ensley
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - John H. Kalbfleisch
- Medical Education, East Tennessee State University, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City
| | - I. William Browder
- Surgery, East Tennessee State University, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City
- James H. Quillen Veterans Administration Medical Center, Mountain Home, Tennessee
| | - David L. Williams
- Surgery, East Tennessee State University, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City
- James H. Quillen Veterans Administration Medical Center, Mountain Home, Tennessee
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43
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Channe Gowda D. Structure and activity of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors of Plasmodium falciparum. Microbes Infect 2002; 4:983-90. [PMID: 12106792 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(02)01619-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors of Plasmodium falciparum are thought to be etiologic agents of malaria based on their ability to induce proinflammatory cytokine production by macrophages and cause symptoms that resemble severe malaria illness in animals. This review summarizes the published information on the structures of P. falciparum GPIs, structure-activity relationship, and anti-GPI antibodies in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Channe Gowda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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44
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Natarajan K, Dimasi N, Wang J, Mariuzza RA, Margulies DH. Structure and function of natural killer cell receptors: multiple molecular solutions to self, nonself discrimination. Annu Rev Immunol 2002; 20:853-85. [PMID: 11861620 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.20.100301.064812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to T cell receptors, signal transducing cell surface membrane molecules involved in the regulation of responses by cells of the innate immune system employ structures that are encoded in the genome rather than generated by somatic recombination and that recognize either classical MHC-I molecules or their structural relatives (such as MICA, RAE-1, or H-60). Considerable progress has recently been made in our understanding of molecular recognition by such molecules based on the determination of their three-dimensional structure, either in isolation or in complex with their MHC-I ligands. Those best studied are the receptors that are expressed on natural killer (NK) cells, but others are found on populations of T cells and other hematopoietic cells. These molecules fall into two major structural classes, those of the immunoglobulin superfamily (KIRs and LIRs) and of the C-type lectin-like family (Ly49, NKG2D, and CD94/NKG2). Here we summarize, in a functional context, the structures of the murine and human molecules that have recently been determined, with emphasis on how they bind different regions of their MHC-I ligands, and how this allows the discrimination of tumor or virus-infected cells from normal cells of the host.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Ly
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/chemistry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Leukocyte Immunoglobulin-like Receptor B1
- Macromolecular Substances
- Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Structure
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily D
- Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, KIR
- Receptors, KIR2DL1
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like
- Self Tolerance
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Natarajan
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1892, USA.
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Keisari Y, Robin G, Nissimov L, Wang H, Mesika A, Dimri R, Ofek I. Role of cytokines in the maturation and function of macrophages. Effect of GM-CSF and IL-4. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2000; 479:73-89. [PMID: 10897411 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-46831-x_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Keisari
- Department of Human Microbiology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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