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Ganesh K, Sambasivam G, S K. A facile, one-pot reductive alkylation of aromatic and heteroaromatic amines in aqueous micellar media: a chemoenzymatic approach. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:4264-4268. [PMID: 37139595 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00386h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A facile, green, selective and practical method for the catalytic N-alkylation of amines using molecular hydrogen as the reductant was developed. This procedure involves a lipase-mediated one-pot chemoenzymatic cascade wherein an amine undergoes a reductive amination with an aldehyde generated in situ. The imine formed thereby is reduced to give the corresponding amine. This process represents a convenient, environmentally benign and scalable one-pot process for the synthesis of N-alkyl amines. We report for the first time chemoenzymatic reductive alkylation in aqueous micellar media with an E-factor of 0.68.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krithika Ganesh
- Anthem Biosciences Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore 560099, India
- Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
| | | | - Karthikeyan S
- Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
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2
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Rajendra G, Ganesh K, Rajulu G G, Sambasivam G, Selvaraj R, Kumar G C, Ravikumar SC, Acharya PC, Shivashankarappa N. Green One‐Pot Chemo‐Enzymatic Synthesis of a Key Chiral Amine Intermediate: Useful to Pralsetinib Synthesis. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaikwad Rajendra
- Anthem Biosciences Pvt. Ltd. Bangalore 560099 India
- JSS science and technology university JSS technical institutions campus Mysuru 570 006
| | | | | | | | - Ramaraj Selvaraj
- Anthem Biosciences Pvt. Ltd. Bangalore 560099 India
- JSS science and technology university JSS technical institutions campus Mysuru 570 006
| | - Charan Kumar G
- Anthem Biosciences Pvt. Ltd. Bangalore 560099 India
- JSS science and technology university JSS technical institutions campus Mysuru 570 006
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3
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Sánchez R, Fernández A, Martín-Tornero E, Meléndez F, Lozano J, Martín-Vertedor D. Application of Digital Olfaction for Table Olive Industry. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5702. [PMID: 35957258 PMCID: PMC9370875 DOI: 10.3390/s22155702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The International Olive Council (IOC) established that olives must be free of odors, off-flavors, and absent of abnormal ongoing alterations or fermentations. The use of electronic devices could help when classifying defects in a fast, non-destructive, cheap, and environmentally friendly way. For all of that, table olives were evaluated according to IOC regulation in order to classify the defect predominant perceiving (DPP) of the table olives and their intensity. Abnormal fermentation defects of Spanish-style table olives were assessed previously by an IOC-validated tasting panel. 'Zapateria', 'Putrid', and 'Butyric' were the defects found at different concentrations. Different volatile compounds were identified by gas chromatography in altered table olives. The same samples were measured with an electronic nose device (E-nose). E-nose data combined with chemometrics algorithms, such as PCA and PLS-DA, were able to successfully discriminate between healthy and non-healthy table olives, being this last one also separated between the first and second categories. Volatile compounds obtained with gas chromatography could be related to the E-nose measuring and sensory analysis, being capable of matching the different defects with their correspondents' volatile compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Sánchez
- Technological Institute of Food and Agriculture CICYTEX-INTAEX, Junta of Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Technological Institute of Food and Agriculture CICYTEX-INTAEX, Junta of Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain;
| | | | - Félix Meléndez
- Industrial Engineering School, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (F.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Jesús Lozano
- Industrial Engineering School, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (F.M.); (J.L.)
- Research Institute of Agricultural Resources (INURA), Avda. de la Investigación s/n, Campus Universitario, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Daniel Martín-Vertedor
- Technological Institute of Food and Agriculture CICYTEX-INTAEX, Junta of Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain;
- Research Institute of Agricultural Resources (INURA), Avda. de la Investigación s/n, Campus Universitario, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
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4
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Benítez-Mateos AI, Roura Padrosa D, Paradisi F. Multistep enzyme cascades as a route towards green and sustainable pharmaceutical syntheses. Nat Chem 2022; 14:489-499. [PMID: 35513571 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00931-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme cascades are a powerful technology to develop environmentally friendly and cost-effective synthetic processes to manufacture drugs, as they couple different biotransformations in sequential reactions to synthesize the product. These biocatalytic tools can address two key parameters for the pharmaceutical industry: an improved selectivity of synthetic reactions and a reduction of potential hazards by using biocompatible catalysts, which can be produced from sustainable sources, which are biodegradable and, generally, non-toxic. Here we outline a broad variety of enzyme cascades used either in vivo (whole cells) or in vitro (purified enzymes) to specifically target pharmaceutically relevant molecules, from simple building blocks to complex drugs. We also discuss the advantages and requirements of multistep enzyme cascades and their combination with chemical catalysts through a series of reported examples. Finally, we examine the efficiency of enzyme cascades and how they can be further improved by enzyme engineering, process intensification in flow reactors and/or enzyme immobilization to meet all the industrial requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Benítez-Mateos
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David Roura Padrosa
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Paradisi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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5
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Jiang HW, Chen Q, Pan J, Zheng GW, Xu JH. Rational Engineering of Formate Dehydrogenase Substrate/Cofactor Affinity for Better Performance in NADPH Regeneration. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 192:530-543. [PMID: 32405732 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03317-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Formate dehydrogenases are critical tools for nicotinamide cofactor regeneration, but their limited catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) is a major drawback. A formate dehydrogenase from Burkholderia stabilis 15516 (BstFDH) was the first native NADP+-dependent formate dehydrogenase reported and has the highest kcat/Km toward NADP+ (kcat/KmNADP+) compared with other FDHs that can utilize NADP+ as a hydrogen acceptor. However, the substrate and cofactor affinities of BstFDH are inferior to those of other FDHs, making its practical application difficult. Herein, we engineered recombinant BstFDH to enhance its HCOO- and NADP+ affinities. Based on sequence information analysis and homologous modeling results, I124, G146, S262, and A287 were found to affect the binding affinity for HCOO- and NADP+. By combining these mutations, we identified a BstFDH variant (G146M/A287G) that reduced KmNADP+ to 0.09 mM, with a concomitant decrease in KmHCOO-, and gave 1.6-fold higher kcat/KmNADP+ than the wild type (WT). Furthermore, BstFDH I124V/G146H/A287G, with the lowest KmHCOO- of 8.51 mM, showed a catalytic efficiency that was 2.3-fold higher than that of the wild type and a decreased KmNADP+ of 0.11 mM. These results are beneficial for improving the performance of NADP+-dependent formate dehydrogenase in the NADPH regeneration of various bioreductive reactions and provide a useful guide for engineering of the substrate and cofactor affinity of other enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Wen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Gao-Wei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Lu X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Chen W, Zhan R, Zhao JC, Huang H. Asymmetric Catalysis Using Modularly Designed Organocatalysts: Synthesis of Fused Tricyclic Pyrano‐Pyrano[2,3‐
c
]pyrrol Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Lu
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine)Ministry of Education Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Yili Zhang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine)Ministry of Education Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine)Ministry of Education Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhen Chen
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine)Ministry of Education Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwen Chen
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine)Ministry of Education Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoting Zhan
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine)Ministry of Education Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - John C.‐G. Zhao
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio, Texas 78249-0698 USA
| | - Huicai Huang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine)Ministry of Education Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
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7
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Presečki AV, Pintarić L, Švarc A, Vasić-Rački Đ. Different strategies for multi-enzyme cascade reaction for chiral vic-1,2-diol production. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2018; 41:793-802. [PMID: 29464310 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-018-1912-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The stereoselective three-enzyme cascade for the one-pot synthesis of (1S,2S)-1-phenylpropane-1,2-diol ((1S,2S)-1-PPD) from inexpensive starting substrates, benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde, was explored. By coupling stereoselective carboligation catalyzed by benzoylformate decarboxylase (BFD), L-selective reduction of a carbonyl group with alcohol dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus brevis (ADHLb) as well as the coenzyme regeneration by formate dehydrogenase (FDH), enantiomerically pure diastereoselective 1,2-diol was produced. Two different multi-enzyme system approaches were applied: the sequential two-step one-pot and the simultaneous one-pot cascade. All enzymes were kinetically characterized. The impact of acetaldehyde on the BFD and ADHLb stability was investigated. To overcome the kinetic limitation of acetaldehyde in the carboligation reaction and to reduce its influence on the enzyme stability, experiments were performed in two different excesses of acetaldehyde (100 and 300%). Due to the ADHLb deactivation by acetaldehyde, the simultaneous one-pot cascade proved not to be the first choice for the investigated three-enzyme system. In the sequential cascade with 300% acetaldehyde excess a 100% yield of vic 1,2-diol was reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vrsalović Presečki
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Savska cesta 16, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Lela Pintarić
- Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb, Prilaz baruna Filipovića 28, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anera Švarc
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Savska cesta 16, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Đurđa Vasić-Rački
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Savska cesta 16, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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8
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Bisterfeld C, Holec C, Böse D, Marx P, Pietruszka J. Chemoenzymatic Total Synthesis of the Proposed Structures of Putaminoxins B and D. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:1563-1574. [PMID: 28445040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Different enzymatic and nonenzymatic approaches were tested and compared to afford enantiopure homoallylic and allylic alcohols as building blocks in a total synthesis showcase. Thereby, highly enantioselective alcohol dehydrogenases and the P450 BM3 monooxygenase variant A74G L188Q were compared to classical asymmetric reagent-controlled allyl additions. Thus, the first total syntheses of the proposed structures for putaminoxins B/D and their respective enantiomers were accomplished. Detailed spectroscopic analysis of the newly synthesized compounds unraveled a discrepancy with respect to the reported structures of putaminoxins B/D. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that total synthesis is generally required for unequivocal assignment of configuration, because purely comparative NMR studies and judgment by analogy can lead to false predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Bisterfeld
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich , Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.8, 52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Claudia Holec
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich , Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.8, 52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Dietrich Böse
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich , Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.8, 52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Patrick Marx
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften (IBG-1: Biotechnologie), Forschungszentrum Jülich , 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich , Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.8, 52426 Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften (IBG-1: Biotechnologie), Forschungszentrum Jülich , 52425 Jülich, Germany
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9
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Enhancing the productivity of the bi-enzymatic convergent cascade for ɛ-caprolactone synthesis through design of experiments and a biphasic system. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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10
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Drożdż A, Chrobok A. Chemo-enzymatic Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of 4-methylcyclohexanone via kinetic resolution of racemic carboxylic acids: direct access to enantioenriched lactone. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:1230-3. [PMID: 26612109 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc08519e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the asymmetric chemo-enzymatic Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of prochiral 4-methylcyclohexanone to (R)-4-methylcaprolactone in the presence of (±)-4-methyloctanoic acid, Candida Antarctica lipase B and 30% aq. H2O2 has been developed. A mechanism for the asymmetric induction based on kinetic resolution of racemic carboxylic acids is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Drożdż
- Silesian University of Technology, Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Petrochemistry, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Anna Chrobok
- Silesian University of Technology, Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Petrochemistry, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
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11
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A robust chemo-enzymatic lactone synthesis using acyltransferase from Mycobacterium smegmatis. CATAL COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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12
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Jiang W, Lin P, Yang R, Fang B. Identification of catalysis, substrate, and coenzyme binding sites and improvement catalytic efficiency of formate dehydrogenase from Candida boidinii. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:8425-37. [PMID: 27198726 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Formate dehydrogenases (FDHs) are continually used for the cofactor regeneration in biocatalysis and biotransformation with hiring NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductases. Major weaknesses of most native FDHs are their low activity and operational stability in the catalytic reaction. In this work, the FDH from Candida boidinii (CboFDH) was engineered in order to gain an enzyme with high activity and better operational stability. Through comparing and analyzing its spatial structure with other FDHs, the catalysis, substrate, and coenzyme binding sites of the CboFDH were identified. To improve its performance, amino acids, which concentrated on the enzyme active site or in the conserved NAD(+) and substrate binding motif, were mutated. The mutant V120S had the highest catalytic efficiency (k cat/K m ) with COONH4 as it enhanced the catalytic velocity (k cat) and k cat/K m 3.48-fold and 1.60-fold, respectively, than that of the wild type. And, the double-mutant V120S-N187D had the highest k cat/K m with NAD(+) as it displayed an approximately 1.50-fold increase in k cat/K m . The mutants showed higher catalytic efficiency than other reported FDHs, suggesting that the mutation has achieved good results. The single and double mutants exhibited higher thermostability than the wild type. The structure-function relationship of single and double mutants was analyzed by homology models and site parsing. Asymmetric synthesis of L-tert-leucine was executed to evaluate the ability of cofactor regeneration of the mutants with about 100 % conversion rates. This work provides a helpful theoretical reference for the evolution of an enzyme in vitro and promotion of the industrial production of chiral compounds, e.g., amino acid and chiral amine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.,The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.,The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Ruonan Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.,The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Baishan Fang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China. .,The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China. .,The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China.
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13
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Holec C, Neufeld K, Pietruszka J. P450 BM3 Monooxygenase as an Efficient NAD(P)H-Oxidase for Regeneration of Nicotinamide Cofactors in ADH-Catalysed Preparative Scale Biotransformations. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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14
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Song L, Gong L, Meggers E. Asymmetric dual catalysis via fragmentation of a single rhodium precursor complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:7699-702. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03157a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A strategy for dual transition metal catalysis and organocatalysis is reported via disintegration of a single rhodium complex. Conveniently, the chiral-at-metal rhodium precatalyst can be synthesized in just two steps starting from rhodium trichloride without the need for any chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Gong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- People's Republic of China
| | - Eric Meggers
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- People's Republic of China
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
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15
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Holec C, Sandkuhl D, Rother D, Kroutil W, Pietruszka J. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis towards the Active Agent Travoprost. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Holec
- Institute for Bioorganic Chemistry; Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf at the Forschungszentrum Jülich; Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.8 52426 Jülich Germany
| | - Diana Sandkuhl
- Institute for Bioorganic Chemistry; Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf at the Forschungszentrum Jülich; Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.8 52426 Jülich Germany
| | - Dörte Rother
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1: Biotechnology); Forschungszentrum Jülich; 52426 Jülich Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz; Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institute for Bioorganic Chemistry; Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf at the Forschungszentrum Jülich; Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.8 52426 Jülich Germany
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1: Biotechnology); Forschungszentrum Jülich; 52426 Jülich Germany
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16
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Agrawal S, Molleti N, Singh VK. Organocatalytic enantio- and diastereoselective synthesis of highly substituted δ-lactones via a Michael-cyclization cascade. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:9793-6. [PMID: 25990627 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc02776d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An organocatalyzed Michael-cyclization cascade approach of readily available α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and pyrazoleamides has been developed to get highly substituted δ-lactones in excellent enantioselectivities (up to 97%) and diastereoselectivities. The δ-lactones so obtained could easily be transformed into benzazepine derivatives with excellent enantio- and diastereoselectivities. Furthermore, the pyrazole moiety from the δ-lactones can be simply cleaved without disturbing the stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Agrawal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal-462 066, India
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17
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Rodriguez P, Magallanes-Noguera C, Menéndez P, Orden AA, Gonzalez D, Kurina-Sanz M, Rodríguez S. A study ofRaphanus sativusand its endophytes as carbonyl group bioreducing agents. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2015.1053471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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18
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19
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Müller CR, Meiners I, Domínguez de María P. Highly enantioselective tandem enzyme–organocatalyst crossed aldol reactions with acetaldehyde in deep-eutectic-solvents. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09307k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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20
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Simon RC, Sattler JH, Farnberger JE, Fuchs CS, Richter N, Zepeck F, Kroutil W. Enzymatic asymmetric synthesis of the silodosin amine intermediate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Busto E, Simon RC, Grischek B, Gotor-Fernández V, Kroutil W. Cutting Short the Asymmetric Synthesis of the Ramatroban Precursor by Employing ω-Transaminases. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Simon RC, Richter N, Busto E, Kroutil W. Recent Developments of Cascade Reactions Involving ω-Transaminases. ACS Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/cs400930v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Simon
- Department
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nina Richter
- ACIB GmbH, c/o Heinrichstraße
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eduardo Busto
- Department
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Department
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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23
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Wiermans L, Hofzumahaus S, Schotten C, Weigand L, Schallmey M, Schallmey A, Domínguez de María P. Transesterifications and Peracid-Assisted Oxidations in Aqueous Media Catalyzed byMycobacterium smegmatisAcyl Transferase. ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Schrittwieser JH, Resch V. The role of biocatalysis in the asymmetric synthesis of alkaloids. RSC Adv 2013; 3:17602-17632. [PMID: 25580241 PMCID: PMC4285126 DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42123f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaloids are not only one of the most intensively studied classes of natural products, their wide spectrum of pharmacological activities also makes them indispensable drug ingredients in both traditional and modern medicine. Among the methods for their production, biotechnological approaches are gaining importance, and biocatalysis has emerged as an essential tool in this context. A number of chemo-enzymatic strategies for alkaloid synthesis have been developed over the years, in which the biotransformations nowadays take an increasingly 'central' role. This review summarises different applications of biocatalysis in the asymmetric synthesis of alkaloids and discusses how recent developments and novel enzymes render innovative and efficient chemo-enzymatic production routes possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg H Schrittwieser
- Department of Biotechnology , Delft University of Technology , Julianalaan 136 , 2628 BL Delft , The Netherlands . ; ; ; Tel: +31 152 782683
| | - Verena Resch
- Department of Biotechnology , Delft University of Technology , Julianalaan 136 , 2628 BL Delft , The Netherlands . ; ; ; Tel: +31 152 782683
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25
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Pérez-Sánchez M, Müller CR, Domínguez de María P. Multistep Oxidase-Lyase Reactions: Synthesis of Optically Active 2-Hydroxyketones by Using Biobased Aliphatic Alcohols. ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Huang Z, Chen Z, Lim LH, Quang GCP, Hirao H, Zhou JS. Weak Arene CH⋅⋅⋅O Hydrogen Bonding in Palladium-Catalyzed Arylation and Vinylation of Lactones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:5807-12. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201300481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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27
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Huang Z, Chen Z, Lim LH, Quang GCP, Hirao H, Zhou JS. Weak Arene CH⋅⋅⋅O Hydrogen Bonding in Palladium-Catalyzed Arylation and Vinylation of Lactones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201300481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Synthesis of piperidin-4-ones starting from 2-(2-bromo-1,1-dimethylethyl)azetidines and 2-(2-mesyloxyethyl)azetidines through a ring expansion–oxidation protocol. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Siirola E, Mutti FG, Grischek B, Hoefler SF, Fabian WMF, Grogan G, Kroutil W. Asymmetric Synthesis of 3-Substituted Cyclohexylamine Derivatives from Prochiral DiketonesviaThree Biocatalytic Steps. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201201057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Simon RC, Zepeck F, Kroutil W. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of All Four Diastereomers of 2,6-Disubstituted Piperidines through Stereoselective Monoamination of 1,5-Diketones. Chemistry 2013; 19:2859-65. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Simon RC, Mutti FG, Kroutil W. Biocatalytic synthesis of enantiopure building blocks for pharmaceuticals. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2013; 10:e37-e44. [PMID: 24050228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytic transformations have emerged as a viable alternative to other asymmetric chemical methods due to the intrinsic high stereoselectivity of the enzymes and the mild reaction conditions. Just a decade ago, the reaction scope of applicable biotransformations for organic synthesis was limited to a handful of reaction types. Tremendous progress has been made in the meantime so that this review presents only a small selection of the broad range of possible biotransfromations for organic synthesis available today. Lyases (hydroxynitrile lyase, aldolases) and redox enzymes like alcohol dehydrogenases, Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase, dioxygenases, ene reductases, berberine bridge enzyme and v-transaminases are discussed besides hydrolases.
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32
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Jose J, Maas RM, Teese MG. Autodisplay of enzymes—Molecular basis and perspectives. J Biotechnol 2012; 161:92-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Hoyos P, Pace V, Alcántara AR. Dynamic Kinetic ResolutionviaHydrolase-Metal Combo Catalysis in Stereoselective Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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34
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Lee SY, Murphy JM, Ukai A, Fu GC. Nonenzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols via enantioselective acylation: synthetic and mechanistic studies. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:15149-53. [PMID: 22934603 DOI: 10.1021/ja307425g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Because of the ubiquity of the secondary carbinol subunit, the development of new methods for its enantioselective synthesis remains an important ongoing challenge. In this report, we describe the first nonenzymatic method for the dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of secondary alcohols (specifically, aryl alkyl carbinols) through enantioselective acylation, and we substantially expand the scope of this approach, vis-à-vis enzymatic reactions. Simply combining an effective process for the kinetic resolution of alcohols with an active catalyst for the racemization of alcohols did not lead to DKR, due to the incompatibility of the ruthenium-based racemization catalyst with the acylating agent (Ac(2)O) used in the kinetic resolution. A mechanistic investigation revealed that the ruthenium catalyst is deactivated through the formation of a stable ruthenium-acetate complex; this deleterious pathway was circumvented through the appropriate choice of acylating agent (an acyl carbonate). Mechanistic studies of this new process point to reversible N-acylation of the nucleophilic catalyst, acyl transfer from the catalyst to the alcohol as the rate-determining step, and carbonate anion serving as the Brønsted base in that acyl-transfer step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Yunmi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Fischer T, Pietruszka J. Alcohol Dehydrogenase‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure
δ
‐Lactones as Versatile Intermediates for Natural Product Synthesis. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fischer
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie der Heinrich‐Heine‐Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich, Stetternicher Forst Geb. 15.8, 52426 Jülich, Germany, Fax: (+49)‐2461‐616196
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie der Heinrich‐Heine‐Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich, Stetternicher Forst Geb. 15.8, 52426 Jülich, Germany, Fax: (+49)‐2461‐616196
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36
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Bongen P, Pietruszka J, Simon RC. Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of 2,3-Dihydrobenzo[b]furans: Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Analgesic Agent BRL 37959. Chemistry 2012; 18:11063-70. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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37
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Simon RC, Grischek B, Zepeck F, Steinreiber A, Belaj F, Kroutil W. Regio- and Stereoselective Monoamination of Diketones without Protecting Groups. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201202375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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38
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Simon RC, Grischek B, Zepeck F, Steinreiber A, Belaj F, Kroutil W. Regio- and Stereoselective Monoamination of Diketones without Protecting Groups. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:6713-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201202375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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39
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Hoelsch K, Sührer I, Heusel M, Weuster-Botz D. Engineering of formate dehydrogenase: synergistic effect of mutations affecting cofactor specificity and chemical stability. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:2473-81. [PMID: 22588502 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4142-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Formate dehydrogenases (FDHs) are frequently used for the regeneration of cofactors in biotransformations employing NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductases. Major drawbacks of most native FDHs are their strong preference for NAD(+) and their low operational stability in the presence of reactive organic compounds such as α-haloketones. In this study, the FDH from Mycobacterium vaccae N10 (MycFDH) was engineered in order to obtain an enzyme that is not only capable of regenerating NADPH but also stable toward the α-haloketone ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate (ECAA). To change the cofactor specificity, amino acids in the conserved NAD(+) binding motif were mutated. Among these mutants, MycFDH A198G/D221Q had the highest catalytic efficiency (k cat/K m) with NADP(+). The additional replacement of two cysteines (C145S/C255V) not only conferred a high resistance to ECAA but also enhanced the catalytic efficiency 6-fold. The resulting quadruple mutant MycFDH C145S/A198G/D221Q/C255V had a specific activity of 4.00 ± 0.13 U mg(-1) and a K m, NADP(+) of 0.147 ± 0.020 mM at 30 °C, pH 7. The A198G replacement had a major impact on the kinetic constants of the enzyme. The corresponding triple mutant, MycFDH C145S/D221Q/C255V, showed the highest specific activity reported to date for a NADP(+)-accepting FDH (v max, 10.25 ± 1.63 U mg(-1)). However, the half-saturation constant for NADP(+) (K m, NADP(+) , 0.92 ± 0.10 mM) was about one order of magnitude higher than the one of the quadruple mutant. Depending on the reaction setup, both novel MycFDH variants could be useful for the production of the chiral synthon ethyl (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutyrate [(S)-ECHB] by asymmetric reduction of ECAA with NADPH-dependent ketoreductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Hoelsch
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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40
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41
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Hoffmann N, Pietruszka J, Söffing C. From Sophorose Lipids to Natural Product Synthesis. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201101005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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42
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Pérez-Sánchez M, Domínguez de María P. Lipase Catalyzed In Situ Production of Acetaldehyde: A Controllable and Mild Strategy for Multi-Step Reactions. ChemCatChem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201100493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Pietruszka J, Schölzel M. Ene Reductase-Catalysed Synthesis of (R)-Profen Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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44
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Hamzic M, Pietruszka J, Sandkuhl D. HPLC-CD selectivity assay for alcohol dehydrogenases. Chirality 2011; 23 Suppl 1:E110-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.21025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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45
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Stereocomplementary asymmetric bioreduction of boron-containing ketones mediated by alcohol dehydrogenases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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46
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Schrittwieser JH, Resch V, Wallner S, Lienhart WD, Sattler JH, Resch J, Macheroux P, Kroutil W. Biocatalytic organic synthesis of optically pure (S)-scoulerine and berbine and benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. J Org Chem 2011; 76:6703-14. [PMID: 21739961 PMCID: PMC3155283 DOI: 10.1021/jo201056f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A chemoenzymatic approach for the asymmetric total synthesis of the title compounds is described that employs an enantioselective oxidative C-C bond formation catalyzed by berberine bridge enzyme (BBE) in the asymmetric key step. This unique reaction yielded enantiomerically pure (R)-benzylisoquinoline derivatives and (S)-berbines such as the natural product (S)-scoulerine, a sedative and muscle relaxing agent. The racemic substrates rac-1 required for the biotransformation were prepared in 4-8 linear steps using either a Bischler-Napieralski cyclization or a C1-Cα alkylation approach. The chemoenzymatic synthesis was applied to the preparation of fourteen enantiomerically pure alkaloids, including the natural products (S)-scoulerine and (R)-reticuline, and gave overall yields of up to 20% over 5-9 linear steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg H. Schrittwieser
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Verena Resch
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia Wallner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolf-Dieter Lienhart
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Johann H. Sattler
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jasmin Resch
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Macheroux
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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