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Lamin V, Mani AM, Singh MV, Dokun AO. Endothelial Progenitor Cells and Macrophage Subsets Recruitment in Postischemic Mouse Hind Limbs. J Vasc Res 2023; 60:148-159. [PMID: 37336198 DOI: 10.1159/000530732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) occurs from atherosclerotic obstruction of arteries in the lower extremities. Restoration of perfusion requires angiogenesis and arteriogenesis through migration and differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and macrophages at the site of injury. The time of recruitment has not been fully investigated. In this study, we investigated the infiltration of these cells in murine hind limb ischemia (HLI) model of PAD. METHODS EPCs and M1-like and M2-like macrophages from ischemic skeletal muscles were quantified by flow cytometry at day-0, 1, 3, 7, and 14 post-HLI. RESULTS The abundance of EPCs increased from day 1 and was highest on day 7 until day 14. M1-like population similarly increased and was highest on day 14 during the experiment. M2-like population was significantly greater than M1-like at baseline but surpassed the highest value of M1-like by day 7 during the experiment. Muscle regeneration and capillary density also increased and were highest at days 3 and 7, respectively, during the experiment. All mice achieved near full perfusion recovery by day 14. CONCLUSION Thus, we observed a gradual increase in the percentage of EPC's and this was temporally paralleled with initial increase in M1-like followed by sustained increased in M2-like macrophages and perfusion recovered post-HLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Lamin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Arul M Mani
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Madhu V Singh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Ayotunde O Dokun
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Brain Immune Interactions-Novel Emerging Options to Treat Acute Ischemic Brain Injury. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092429. [PMID: 34572077 PMCID: PMC8472028 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is still among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Despite intensive advancements in medical sciences, the clinical options to treat ischemic stroke are limited to thrombectomy and thrombolysis using tissue plasminogen activator within a narrow time window after stroke. Current state of the art knowledge reveals the critical role of local and systemic inflammation after stroke that can be triggered by interactions taking place at the brain and immune system interface. Here, we discuss different cellular and molecular mechanisms through which brain–immune interactions can take place. Moreover, we discuss the evidence how the brain influence immune system through the release of brain derived antigens, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), cytokines, chemokines, upregulated adhesion molecules, through infiltration, activation and polarization of immune cells in the CNS. Furthermore, the emerging concept of stemness-induced cellular immunity in the context of neurodevelopment and brain disease, focusing on ischemic implications, is discussed. Finally, we discuss current evidence on brain–immune system interaction through the autonomic nervous system after ischemic stroke. All of these mechanisms represent potential pharmacological targets and promising future research directions for clinically relevant discoveries.
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Lvova TY, Stepanova OI, Viazmina LP, Okorokova LS, Belyakova KL, Belikova ME, Selkov SA, Sokolov DI. Effect of Factors Secreted by the Placenta on Phenotype of THP-1 Cells Cultured on a 3D Scaffold. Bull Exp Biol Med 2016; 161:162-7. [PMID: 27259498 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-016-3368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effects of secretory products of the placenta obtained from women with normal pregnancy and preeclampsia on the expression of surface markers by THP-1 cells cultured on a 3D Matrigel scaffold. Secretory products of third trimester placentas obtained from women with normal pregnancy reduced the relative number of THP-1 cells expressing CD54 and CD14 molecules and expression of CD14 and CD95 molecules by THP-1 cells in comparison with the effect of secretory products first trimester placentas. In parallel, the intensity of CD49d expression by THP-1 cells increased in the presence of secretory products of third trimester placentas in comparison with the first trimester. No differences in the expression of the studied molecules by THP-1 cells under the effect of placentas from women with physiological pregnancy and patients with preeclampsia were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yu Lvova
- D. O. Ott Reseach Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - O I Stepanova
- D. O. Ott Reseach Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - L P Viazmina
- D. O. Ott Reseach Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - L S Okorokova
- D. O. Ott Reseach Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - K L Belyakova
- D. O. Ott Reseach Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - M E Belikova
- D. O. Ott Reseach Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - S A Selkov
- D. O. Ott Reseach Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - D I Sokolov
- D. O. Ott Reseach Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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Liu F, Gao X, Wang J, Gao C, Li X, Li X, Gong X, Zeng X. Transcriptome Sequencing to Identify Transcription Factor Regulatory Network and Alternative Splicing in Endothelial Cells Under VEGF Stimulation. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 58:170-7. [PMID: 26395122 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0653-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the mechanisms underlying the response of human umbilical vein vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulation. HUVECs were treated with or without 16 ng/mL VEGF for 4 days, and RNA was extracted from HUVECs. After sequencing and data filtering (tool: NGS QC Toolkit), clean data were mapped to genome hg19 (tool: TopHat2). Thereafter, 154 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between VEGF group and control group (tool: Cuffdiff), and DEGs were enriched in 11 pathways associated with cytokine receptor interaction and chemokine signaling. Protein-protein interaction network of DEGs was constructed (tool: STRING), and ISG15 and MX1 were hub DEGs. The regulatory network of DEGs and transcription factors (TFs) (tool: TRED database) was also constructed, and CCL2 and FN1 (hub DEGs) were co-regulated by NFKB1 and RELA (hub TFs). Moreover, exon usage and alternative splicing were analyzed (tool: DEXSeq), and the splicing of ADORA2A was altered under VEGF stimulation. VEGF might influence HUVECs proliferation and migration, as well as angiogenesis process by regulating the expression of ISG15, MX1, CCL2, FN1, and ADORA2A. However, more research studies are still required to verify these predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of Neurology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Department of Neurology, Center Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110024, China
| | - Xianxin Gao
- Department of Neurology, Center Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110024, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Center Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110024, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Neurology, Center Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110024, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Department of Neurology, Center Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110024, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Department of Neurology, Center Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110024, China
| | - Xiao Gong
- Department of Neurology, Center Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110024, China
| | - Xiandong Zeng
- The Dean's Office, Center Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110024, China. .,China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
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Zingg JM, Libinaki R, Meydani M, Azzi A. Modulation of phosphorylation of tocopherol and phosphatidylinositol by hTAP1/SEC14L2-mediated lipid exchange. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101550. [PMID: 24983950 PMCID: PMC4077815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The vitamin E derivative, alpha-tocopheryl phosphate (αTP), is detectable in cultured cells, plasma and tissues in small amounts, suggesting the existence of enzyme(s) with α-tocopherol (αT) kinase activity. Here, we characterize the production of αTP from αT and [γ-32P]-ATP in primary human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCA-SMC) using separation by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and subsequent analysis by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC). In addition to αT, although to a lower amount, also γT is phosphorylated. In THP-1 monocytes, γTP inhibits cell proliferation and reduces CD36 scavenger receptor expression more potently than αTP. Both αTP and γTP activate the promoter of the human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene with similar potency, whereas αT and γT had no significant effect. The recombinant human tocopherol associated protein 1 (hTAP1, hSEC14L2) binds both αT and αTP and stimulates phosphorylation of αT possibly by facilitating its transport and presentation to a putative αT kinase. Recombinant hTAP1 reduces the in vitro activity of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase gamma (PI3Kγ) indicating the formation of a stalled/inactive hTAP1/PI3Kγ heterodimer. The addition of αT, βT, γT, δT or αTP differentially stimulates PI3Kγ, suggesting facilitated egress of sequestered PI from hTAP1 to the enzyme. It is suggested that the continuous competitive exchange of different lipophilic ligands in hTAPs with cell enzymes and membranes may be a way to make these lipophiles more accessible as substrates for enzymes and as components of specific membrane domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Zingg
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, JM USDA-Human Nutr. Res. Ctr. On Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Roksan Libinaki
- Dept. Biochem. and Mol. Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohsen Meydani
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, JM USDA-Human Nutr. Res. Ctr. On Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Angelo Azzi
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, JM USDA-Human Nutr. Res. Ctr. On Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Wang H, Melton DW, Porter L, Sarwar ZU, McManus LM, Shireman PK. Altered macrophage phenotype transition impairs skeletal muscle regeneration. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:1167-1184. [PMID: 24525152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte/macrophage polarization in skeletal muscle regeneration is ill defined. We used CD11b-diphtheria toxin receptor transgenic mice to transiently deplete monocytes/macrophages at multiple stages before and after muscle injury induced by cardiotoxin. Fat accumulation within regenerated muscle was maximal when ablation occurred at the same time as cardiotoxin-induced injury. Early ablation (day 1 after cardiotoxin) resulted in the smallest regenerated myofiber size together with increased residual necrotic myofibers and fat accumulation. However, muscle regeneration after late (day 4) ablation was similar to controls. Levels of inflammatory cells in injured muscle following early ablation and associated with impaired muscle regeneration were determined by flow cytometry. Delayed, but exaggerated, monocyte [CD11b(+)(CD90/B220/CD49b/NK1.1/Ly6G)(-)(F4/80/I-Ab/CD11c)(-)Ly6C(+/-)] accumulation occurred; interestingly, Ly6C(+) and Ly6C(-) monocytes were present concurrently in ablated animals and control mice. In addition to monocytes, proinflammatory, Ly6C(+) macrophage accumulation following early ablation was delayed compared to controls. In both groups, CD11b(+)F4/80(+) cells exhibited minimal expression of the M2 markers CD206 and CD301. Nevertheless, early ablation delayed and decreased the transient accumulation of CD11b(+)F4/80(+)Ly6C(-)CD301(-) macrophages; in control animals, the later tissue accumulation of these cells appeared to correspond to that of anti-inflammatory macrophages, determined by cytokine production and arginase activity. In summary, impairments in muscle regeneration were associated with exaggerated monocyte recruitment and reduced Ly6C(-) macrophages; the switch of macrophage/monocyte subsets is critical to muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhou Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - David W Melton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Laurel Porter
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Zaheer U Sarwar
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Linda M McManus
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Paula K Shireman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; The South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas.
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An C, Shi Y, Li P, Hu X, Gan Y, Stetler RA, Leak RK, Gao Y, Sun BL, Zheng P, Chen J. Molecular dialogs between the ischemic brain and the peripheral immune system: dualistic roles in injury and repair. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 115:6-24. [PMID: 24374228 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Immune and inflammatory responses actively modulate the pathophysiological processes of acute brain injuries such as stroke. Soon after the onset of stroke, signals such as brain-derived antigens, danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), cytokines, and chemokines are released from the injured brain into the systemic circulation. The injured brain also communicates with peripheral organs through the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system. Many of these diverse signals not only activate resident immune cells in the brain, but also trigger robust immune responses in the periphery. Peripheral immune cells then migrate toward the site of injury and release additional cytokines, chemokines, and other molecules, causing further disruptive or protective effects in the ischemic brain. Bidirectional communication between the injured brain and the peripheral immune system is now known to regulate the progression of stroke pathology as well as tissue repair. In the end, this exquisitely coordinated crosstalk helps determine the fate of animals after stroke. This article reviews the literature on ischemic brain-derived signals through which peripheral immune responses are triggered, and the potential impact of these peripheral responses on brain injury and repair. Pharmacological strategies and cell-based therapies that target the dialog between the brain and peripheral immune system show promise as potential novel treatments for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengrui An
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yejie Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Peiying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Yu Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ruth A Stetler
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bao-Liang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong (Taishan Medical University), Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong 271000, China.
| | - Ping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA.
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Li J, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Dai X, Li W, Cai X, Yin Y, Wang Q, Xue Y, Wang C, Li D, Hou D, Jiang X, Zhang J, Zen K, Chen X, Zhang CY. Microvesicle-mediated transfer of microRNA-150 from monocytes to endothelial cells promotes angiogenesis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:23586-96. [PMID: 23766514 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.489302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies by our group and others show that microRNAs can be actively secreted into the extracellular environment through microvesicles (MVs) and function as secretory signaling molecules that influence the recipient cell phenotypes. Here we investigate the role of monocyte-secreted miR-150 in promoting the capillary tube formation of endothelial cells and in enhancing angiogenesis. In vitro capillary tube formation and in vivo angiogenesis assays showed that monocyte-derived MVs have strong pro-angiogenic activities. By depleting miR-150 from monocytic MVs and increasing miR-150 in MVs derived from cells that normally contain low levels of miR-150, we further demonstrated that the miR-150 content accounted for the pro-angiogenic activity of monocytic MVs in these assays. Using tumor-implanted mice and ob/ob mice as models, we revealed that miR-150 secretion, which is increased for diseases such as cancers and diabetes, significantly promotes angiogenesis. The delivery of anti-miR-150 antisense oligonucleotides into tumor-implanted mice and ob/ob mice via MVs, however, strongly reduced angiogenesis in both types of mice. Our results collectively demonstrate that secretion of miR-150 via MVs can promote angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo, and we also present a novel microRNA-based therapeutic approach for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
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Kaumaya PTP, Foy KC. Peptide vaccines and targeting HER and VEGF proteins may offer a potentially new paradigm in cancer immunotherapy. Future Oncol 2012; 8:961-87. [PMID: 22894670 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ErbB family (HER-1, HER-2, HER-3 and HER-4) of receptor tyrosine kinases has been the focus of cancer immunotherapeutic strategies while antiangiogenic therapies have focused on VEGF and its receptors VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2. Agents targeting receptor tyrosine kinases in oncology include therapeutic antibodies to receptor tyrosine kinase ligands or the receptors themselves, and small-molecule inhibitors. Many of the US FDA-approved therapies targeting HER-2 and VEGF exhibit unacceptable toxicities, and show problems of efficacy, development of resistance and unacceptable safety profiles that continue to hamper their clinical progress. The combination of different peptide vaccines and peptidomimetics targeting specific molecular pathways that are dysregulated in tumors may potentiate anticancer immune responses, bypass immune tolerance and circumvent resistance mechanisms. The focus of this review is to discuss efforts in our laboratory spanning two decades of rationally developing peptide vaccines and therapeutics for breast cancer. This review highlights the prospective benefit of a new, untapped category of therapies biologically targeted to EGF receptor (HER-1), HER-2 and VEGF with potential peptide 'blockbusters' that could lay the foundation of a new paradigm in cancer immunotherapy by creating clinical breakthroughs for safe and efficacious cancer cures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin T P Kaumaya
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, OSU Wexner Medical Center, James Cancer Hospital & Solove Research Institute & the Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Hatfield KJ, Evensen L, Reikvam H, Lorens JB, Bruserud Ø. Soluble mediators released by acute myeloid leukemia cells increase capillary-like networks. Eur J Haematol 2012; 89:478-90. [DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley J. Hatfield
- Section for Hematology; Department of Medicine; Haukeland University Hospital; Bergen; Norway
| | - Lasse Evensen
- Institute of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen; Norway
| | - Håkon Reikvam
- Department of Hematology; Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen; Bergen; Norway
| | - James B. Lorens
- Institute of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen; Norway
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Vicari D, Foy KC, Liotta EM, Kaumaya PTP. Engineered conformation-dependent VEGF peptide mimics are effective in inhibiting VEGF signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:13612-25. [PMID: 21321115 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.216812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, or formation of new blood vessels, is crucial to cancer tumor growth. Tumor growth, progression, and metastasis are critically influenced by the production of the pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Promising anti-angiogenic drugs are currently available; however, their susceptibilities to drug resistance and long term toxicity are serious impediments to their use, thus requiring the development of new therapeutic approaches for safe and effective angiogenic inhibitors. In this work, peptides were designed to mimic the VEGF-binding site to its receptor VEGFR-2. The VEGF conformational peptide mimic, VEGF-P3(CYC), included two artificial cysteine residues, which upon cyclization constrained the peptide in a loop native-like conformation to better mimic the anti-parallel structure of VEGF. The engineered cyclic VEGF mimic peptide demonstrated the highest affinity to VEGFR-2 by surface plasmon resonance assay. The VEGF peptide mimics were evaluated as inhibitors in several in vitro assays in which VEGF-dependent signaling pathways were observed. All VEGF mimics inhibited VEGFR-2 phosphorylation with VEGF-P3(CYC) showing the highest inhibitory effects when compared with unstructured peptides. Additionally, we show in several angiogenic in vitro assays that all the VEGF mimics inhibited endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and network formation with the conformational VEGF-P3 (CYC) being the best. The VEGF-P3(CYC) also caused a significant delay in tumor development in a transgenic model of VEGF(+/-)Neu2-5(+/-). These results indicate that the structure-based design is important for the development of this peptidomimetic and for its anti-angiogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Vicari
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Martinez CO, McHale MJ, Wells JT, Ochoa O, Michalek JE, McManus LM, Shireman PK. Regulation of skeletal muscle regeneration by CCR2-activating chemokines is directly related to macrophage recruitment. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299:R832-42. [PMID: 20631294 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00797.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Muscle regeneration requires CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) expression on bone marrow-derived cells; macrophages are a prominent CCR2-expressing cell in this process. CCR2-/- mice have severe impairments in angiogenesis, macrophage recruitment, and skeletal muscle regeneration following cardiotoxin (CTX)-induced injury. However, multiple chemokines activate CCR2, including monocyte chemotactic proteins (MCP)-1, -3, and -5. We hypothesized that MCP-1 is the chemokine ligand that mediates the impairments present in CCR2-/- mice. We examined muscle regeneration, capillary density, and cellular recruitment in MCP-1-/- and CCR2-/- mice following injury. Muscle regeneration and adipocyte accumulation, but not capillary density, were significantly impaired in MCP-1-/- compared with wild-type (WT) mice; however, muscle regeneration and adipocyte accumulation impairments were not as severe as observed in CCR2-/- mice. Although tissue levels of MCP-5 were elevated in MCP-1-/- mice compared with WT, the administration of MCP-5 neutralizing antibody did not alter muscle regeneration in MCP-1-/- mice. While neutrophil accumulation after injury was similar in all three mouse strains, macrophage recruitment was highest in WT mice, intermediate in MCP-1-/- mice, and severely impaired in CCR2-/- mice. In conclusion, while the absence of MCP-1 resulted in impaired macrophage recruitment and muscle regeneration, MCP-1-/- mice exhibit an intermediate phenotype compared with CCR2-/- mice. Intermediate macrophage recruitment in MCP-1-/- mice was associated with similar capillary density to WT, suggesting that fewer macrophages may be needed to restore angiogenesis vs. muscle regeneration. Finally, other chemokines, in addition to MCP-1 and MCP-5, may activate CCR2-dependent regenerative processes resulting in an intermediate phenotype in MCP-1-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo O Martinez
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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Sanberg PR, Park DH, Kuzmin-Nichols N, Cruz E, Hossne NA, Buffolo E, Willing AE. Monocyte transplantation for neural and cardiovascular ischemia repair. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 14:553-63. [PMID: 19754667 PMCID: PMC3823455 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neovascularization is an integral process of inflammatory reactions and subsequent repair cascades in tissue injury. Monocytes/macrophages play a key role in the inflammatory process including angiogenesis as well as the defence mechanisms by exerting microbicidal and immunomodulatory activity. Current studies have demonstrated that recruited monocytes/macrophages aid in regulating angiogenesis in ischemic tissue, tumours and chronic inflammation. In terms of neovascularization followed by tissue regeneration, monocytes/macrophages should be highly attractive for cell-based therapy compared to any other stem cells due to their considerable advantages: non-oncogenic, non-teratogenic, multiple secretary functions including pro-angiogenic and growth factors, straightforward cell harvesting procedure and non-existent ethical controversy. In addition to adult origins such as bone marrow or peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood (UCB) can be a potential source for autologous or allogeneic monocytes/macrophages. Especially, UCB monocytes should be considered as the first candidate owing to their feasibility, low immune rejection and multiple characteristic advantages such as their anti-inflammatory properties by virtue of their unique immune and inflammatory immaturity, and their pro-angiogenic ability. In this review, we present general characteristics and potential of monocytes/macrophages for cell-based therapy, especially focusing on neovascularization and UCB-derived monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Sanberg
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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14
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Pulaski HL, Spahlinger G, Silva IA, McLean K, Kueck AS, Reynolds RK, Coukos G, Conejo-Garcia JR, Buckanovich RJ. Identifying alemtuzumab as an anti-myeloid cell antiangiogenic therapy for the treatment of ovarian cancer. J Transl Med 2009; 7:49. [PMID: 19545375 PMCID: PMC2704183 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Murine studies suggest that myeloid cells such as vascular leukocytes (VLC) and Tie2+ monocytes play a critical role in tumor angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. Myeloid cells are a primary cause of resistance to anti-VEGF therapy. The elimination of these cells from the tumor microenvironment significantly restricts tumor growth in both spontaneous and xenograft murine tumor models. Thus animal studies indicate that myeloid cells are potential therapeutic targets for solid tumor therapy. Abundant VLC and Tie2+ monocytes have been reported in human cancer. Unfortunately, the importance of VLC in human cancer growth remains untested as there are no confirmed therapeutics to target human VLC. Methods We used FACS to analyze VLC in ovarian and non-ovarian tumors, and characterize the relationship of VLC and Tie2-monocytes. We performed qRT-PCR and FACS on human VLC to assess the expression of the CD52 antigen, the target of the immunotherapeutic Alemtuzumab. We assessed Alemtuzumab's ability to induce complement-mediated VLC killing in vitro and in human tumor ascites. Finally we assessed the impact of anti-CD52 immuno-toxin therapy on murine ovarian tumor growth. Results Human VLC are present in ovarian and non-ovarian tumors. The majority of VLC appear to be Tie2+ monocytes. VLC and Tie2+ monocytes express high levels of CD52, the target of the immunotherapeutic Alemtuzumab. Alemtuzumab potently induces complement-mediated lysis of VLC in vitro and ex-vivo in ovarian tumor ascites. Anti-CD52 immunotherapy targeting VLC restricts tumor angiogenesis and growth in murine ovarian cancer. Conclusion These studies confirm VLC/myeloid cells as therapeutic targets in ovarian cancer. Our data provide critical pre-clinical evidence supporting the use of Alemtuzumab in clinical trials to test its efficacy as an anti-myeloid cell antiangiogenic therapeutic in ovarian cancer. The identification of an FDA approved anti-VLC agent with a history of clinical use will allow immediate proof-of-principle clinical trials in patients with ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Pulaski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
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15
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Smith C, Kruger MJ, Smith RM, Myburgh KH. The inflammatory response to skeletal muscle injury: illuminating complexities. Sports Med 2009; 38:947-69. [PMID: 18937524 DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200838110-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Injury of skeletal muscle, and especially mechanically induced damage such as contusion injury, frequently occurs in contact sports, as well as in accidental contact sports, such as hockey and squash. The large variations with regard to injury severity and affected muscle group, as well as non-specificity of reported symptoms, complicate research aimed at finding suitable treatments. Therefore, in order to increase the chances of finding a successful treatment, it is important to understand the underlying mechanisms inherent to this type of skeletal muscle injury and the cellular processes involved in muscle healing following a contusion injury. Arguably the most important of these processes is inflammation since it is a consistent and lasting response. The inflammatory response is dependent on two factors, namely the extent of actual physical damage and the degree of muscle vascularization at the time of injury. However, long-term anti-inflammatory treatment is not necessarily effective in promoting healing, as indicated by various studies on NSAID treatment. Because of the factors named earlier, human studies on the inflammatory response to contusion injury are limited, but several experimental animal models have been designed to study muscle damage and regeneration. The early recovery phase is characterized by the overlapping processes of inflammation and occurrence of secondary damage. Although neutrophil infiltration has been named as a contributor to the latter, no clear evidence exists to support this claim. Macrophages, although forming part of the inflammatory response, have been shown to have a role in recovery, rather than in exacerbating secondary damage. Several probable roles for this cell type in the second phase of recovery, involving resolution processes, have been identified and include the following: (i) phagocytosis to remove cellular debris; (ii) switching from a pro- to anti-inflammatory phenotype in regenerating muscle; (iii) preventing muscle cells from undergoing apoptosis; (iv) releasing factors to promote muscle precursor cell activation and growth; and (v) secretion of cytokines and growth factors to facilitate vascular and muscle fibre repair. These many different roles suggest that a single treatment with one specific target cell population (e.g. neutrophils, macrophages or satellite cells) may not be equally effective in all phases of the post-injury response. To find the optimal targeted, but time-course-dependent, treatments requires substantial further investigations. However, the techniques currently used to induce mechanical injury vary considerably in terms of invasiveness, tools used to induce injury, muscle group selected for injury and contractile status of the muscle, all of which have an influence on the immune and/or cytokine responses. This makes interpretation of the complex responses more difficult. After our review of the literature, we propose that a standardized non-invasive contusion injury is the ideal model for investigations into the immune responses to mechanical skeletal muscle injury. Despite its suitability as a model, the currently available literature with respect to the inflammatory response to injury using contusion models is largely inadequate. Therefore, it may be premature to investigate highly targeted therapies, which may ultimately prove more effective in decreasing athlete recovery time than current therapies that are either not phase-specific, or not administered in a phase-specific fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Smith
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa.
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16
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Macrophage roles following myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2008; 130:147-58. [PMID: 18656272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Following myocardial infarction (MI), circulating blood monocytes respond to chemotactic factors, migrate into the infarcted myocardium, and differentiate into macrophages. At the injury site, macrophages remove necrotic cardiac myocytes and apoptotic neutrophils; secrete cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors; and modulate phases of the angiogenic response. As such, the macrophage is a primary responder cell type that is involved in the regulation of post-MI wound healing at multiple levels. This review summarizes what is currently known about macrophage functions post-MI and borrows literature from other injury and inflammatory models to speculate on additional roles. Basic science and clinical avenues that remain to be explored are also discussed.
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17
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Tigges U, Hyer EG, Scharf J, Stallcup WB. FGF2-dependent neovascularization of subcutaneous Matrigel plugs is initiated by bone marrow-derived pericytes and macrophages. Development 2008; 135:523-32. [PMID: 18171688 DOI: 10.1242/dev.002071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vessel-like networks are quickly formed in subcutaneous FGF2-supplemented Matrigel plugs by two cell types: NG2(+) pericytes and F4/80(+) macrophages. Although not detected in these networks until 7 days after plug implantation, the appearance of CD31(+) endothelial cells marks the onset of vessel perfusion and the establishment of mature vessel morphology, with endothelial cells invested tightly by pericytes and more loosely by macrophages. Evidence that mature vessels develop from pericyte/macrophage networks comes from experiments in which 5-day plugs are transplanted into EGFP(+) recipients and allowed to mature. Fewer than 5% of pericytes in mature vessels are EGFP(+) in this paradigm, demonstrating their presence in the networks prior to plug transplantation. Endothelial cells represent the major vascular cell type recruited during later stages of vessel maturation. Bone marrow transplantation using EGFP(+) donors establishes that almost all macrophages and more than half of the pericytes in Matrigel vessels are derived from the bone marrow. By contrast, only 10% of endothelial cells exhibit a bone marrow origin. The vasculogenic, rather than angiogenic, nature of this neovascularization process is unique in that it is initiated by pericyte and macrophage progenitors, with endothelial cell recruitment occurring as a later step in the maturation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Tigges
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, Cancer Research Center, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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18
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Shireman PK. The chemokine system in arteriogenesis and hind limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg 2007; 45 Suppl A:A48-56. [PMID: 17544024 PMCID: PMC2680944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2007.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are important in the recruitment of leukocytes to injured tissues and, as such, play a pivotal role in arteriogenesis and the tissue response to ischemia. Hind limb ischemia represents a complex model with arteriogenesis (collateral artery formation) occurring in tissues with normal perfusion while areas exhibiting ischemic necrosis undergo angiogenesis and skeletal muscle regeneration; monocytes and macrophages play an important role in all three of these processes. In addition to leukocyte trafficking, chemokines are produced by and chemokine receptors are present on diverse cell types, including myoblasts, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells. Thus, the chemokine system may have direct effects as well as inflammatory-mediated effects on arteriogenesis, angiogenesis, and skeletal muscle regeneration. This article reviews the complexity of the hind limb ischemia model and the role of the chemokine system in arteriogenesis and the tissue response to ischemia. Special emphasis will be placed on the roles of monocytes/macrophages and CCL2/monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula K Shireman
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Department of Surgery, Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, the University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Denny MF, Thacker S, Mehta H, Somers EC, Dodick T, Barrat FJ, McCune WJ, Kaplan MJ. Interferon-alpha promotes abnormal vasculogenesis in lupus: a potential pathway for premature atherosclerosis. Blood 2007; 110:2907-15. [PMID: 17638846 PMCID: PMC2018671 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-05-089086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have a striking increase in premature atherosclerosis of unclear etiology. Accelerated endothelial cell apoptosis occurs in SLE and correlates with endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and myelomonocytic circulating angiogenic cells (CACs) are crucial in blood vessel repair after vascular damage, and decreased levels or abnormal function of EPCs/CACs are established atherosclerosis risk factors. We investigated if vascular repair is impaired in SLE. We report that SLE patients display abnormal phenotype and function of EPCs/CACs. These abnormalities are characterized by significant decreases in the number of circulating EPCs (310 +/- 50 EPCs/mL of blood in SLE versus 639 +/- 102 in controls) and significant impairments in the capacity of EPCs/CACs to differentiate into mature ECs and synthesize adequate levels of the proangiogenic molecules vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hepatic growth factor (HGF). These abnormalities are triggered by interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), which induces EPC and CAC apoptosis and skews myeloid cells toward nonangiogenic phenotypes. Lupus EPCs/CACs have increased IFN-alpha expression and their supernatants promote higher induction of IFN-inducible genes. Importantly, neutralization of IFN pathways restores a normal EPC/CAC phenotype in lupus. SLE is characterized by an imbalance between endothelial cell damage and repair triggered by type I IFNs, which might promote accelerated atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Denny
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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20
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Ochoa O, Sun D, Reyes-Reyna SM, Waite LL, Michalek JE, McManus LM, Shireman PK. Delayed angiogenesis and VEGF production in CCR2-/- mice during impaired skeletal muscle regeneration. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 293:R651-61. [PMID: 17522124 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00069.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels and angiogenic events during skeletal muscle regeneration remains largely unknown. This study examined angiogenesis, VEGF levels, and muscle regeneration after cardiotoxin (CT)-induced injury in mice lacking the CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2). Muscle regeneration was significantly decreased in CCR2-/- mice as was the early accumulation of macrophages after injury. In both mouse strains, tissue VEGF was similar at baseline (no injections) and significantly decreased at day 3 post-CT. Tissue VEGF in wild-type (WT) mice was restored within 7 days postinjury but remained significantly reduced in CCR2-/- mice until day 21. Capillary density (capillaries/mm(2)) within regenerating muscle was maximal in WT mice at day 7 and double that of baseline muscle. In comparison, maximal capillary density in CCR2-/- mice occurred at 21 days postinjury. Maximal capillary density developed concurrent with the restoration of tissue VEGF in both strains. A highly significant, inverse relationship existed between the size of regenerated muscle fibers and capillaries per square millimeter. Although this relationship was comparable in WT and CCR2-/- animals, there was a significant decrease in the magnitude of this response in the absence of CCR2, reflecting the observation that regenerated muscle fiber size in CCR2-/- mice was only 50% of baseline at 42 days postinjury, whereas WT mice had attained baseline fiber size by day 21. Thus CCR2-dependent events in injured skeletal muscle, including impaired macrophage recruitment, contribute to restoration of tissue VEGF levels and the dynamic processes of capillary formation and muscle regeneration.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue
- Animals
- Capillaries/physiology
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins
- Female
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle Proteins/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/blood supply
- Muscle, Skeletal/injuries
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
- Myositis/chemically induced
- Myositis/pathology
- Myositis/physiopathology
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/physiology
- Organ Size
- Receptors, CCR2
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Regeneration/physiology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Ochoa
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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21
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Li X, Calvo E, Cool M, Chrobak P, Kay DG, Jolicoeur P. Overexpression of Notch1 ectodomain in myeloid cells induces vascular malformations through a paracrine pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 170:399-415. [PMID: 17200211 PMCID: PMC1762695 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that truncation of Notch1 (N1) by provirus insertion leads to overexpression of both the intracellular (N1(IC)) and the extracellular (N1(EC)) domains. We produced transgenic (Tg) mice expressing N1(EC) in T cells and in cells of the myeloid lineage under the regulation of the CD4 gene. These CD4C/N1(EC) Tg mice developed vascular disease, predominantly in the liver: superficial distorted vessels, cavernae, lower branching of parenchymal vessels, capillarized sinusoids, and aberrant smooth muscle/endothelial cell topography. The disease developed in lethally irradiated normal mice transplanted with Tg bone marrow or fetal liver cells as well as in Rag-/- Tg mice. In nude mice transplanted with fetal liver cells from (ROSA26 x CD4C/N1(EC)) F1 Tg mice, abnormal vessels were of recipient origin. Transplantation of Tg peritoneal macrophages into normal recipients also induced abnormal vessels. These Tg macrophages showed impaired functions, and their conditioned medium inhibited the proliferation of liver sinusoid endothelial cells in vitro. The Egr-1 gene and some of its targets (Jag1, FIII, FXIII-A, MCP-1, and MCP-5), previously implicated in hemangioma or vascular malformations, were overexpressed in Tg macrophages. These results show that myeloid cells can be reprogrammed by N1(EC) to induce vascular malformations through a paracrine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujie Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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