1
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Rostampour S, Cook R, Jhang SS, Li Y, Fan C, Sung LP. Changes in the Chemical Composition of Polyethylene Terephthalate under UV Radiation in Various Environmental Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2249. [PMID: 39204469 PMCID: PMC11358994 DOI: 10.3390/polym16162249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate has been widely used in the packaging industry. Degraded PET micro(nano)plastics could pose public health concerns following release into various environments. This study focuses on PET degradation under ultraviolet radiation using the NIST SPHERE facility at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in saturated humidity (i.e., ≥95% relative humidity) and dry conditions (i.e., ≤5% relative humidity) with varying temperatures (30 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C) for up 20 days. ATR-FTIR was used to characterize the chemical composition change of degraded PET as a function of UV exposure time. The results showed that the cleavage of the ester bond at peak 1713 cm-1 and the formation of the carboxylic acid at peak 1685 cm-1 were significantly influenced by UV radiation. Furthermore, the formation of carboxylic acid was considerably higher at saturated humidity and 50 °C conditions compared with dry conditions. The ester bond cleavage was also more pronounced in saturated humidity conditions. The novelty of this study is to provide insights into the chemical degradation of PET under environmental conditions, including UV radiation, humidity, and temperature. The results can be used to develop strategies to reduce the environmental impact of plastic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rostampour
- PREP Associate, Infrastructure Materials Group, Materials and Structural Systems Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Bio Environmental Science Program, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA; (Y.L.); (C.F.)
| | - Rachel Cook
- Infrastructure Materials Group, Materials and Structural Systems Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA;
| | - Song-Syun Jhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Rd., Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Yuejin Li
- Bio Environmental Science Program, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA; (Y.L.); (C.F.)
| | - Chunlei Fan
- Bio Environmental Science Program, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA; (Y.L.); (C.F.)
| | - Li-Piin Sung
- Infrastructure Materials Group, Materials and Structural Systems Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA;
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2
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Connors E, Lebreton L, Bowman JS, Royer S. Changes in microbial community structure of bio-fouled polyolefins over a year-long seawater incubation in Hawai'i. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2024; 16:e13283. [PMID: 39075734 PMCID: PMC11286543 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Plastic waste, especially positively buoyant polymers known as polyolefins, are a major component of floating debris in the marine environment. While plastic colonisation by marine microbes is well documented from environmental samples, the succession of marine microbial community structure over longer time scales (> > 1 month) and across different types and shapes of plastic debris is less certain. We analysed 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA amplicon gene sequences from biofilms on polyolefin debris floating in a flow-through seawater tank in Hawai'i to assess differences in microbial succession across the plastic types of polypropylene (PP) and both high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) made of different plastic shapes (rod, film and cube) under the same environmental conditions for 1 year. Regardless of type or shape, all plastic debris were dominated by the eukaryotic diatom Nitzschia, and only plastic type was significantly important for bacterial community structure over time (p = 0.005). PE plastics had higher differential abundance when compared to PP for 20 bacterial and eight eukaryotic taxa, including the known plastic degrading bacterial taxon Hyphomonas (p = 0.01). Results from our study provide empirical evidence that plastic type may be more important for bacterial than eukaryotic microbial community succession on polyolefin pollution under similar conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurent Lebreton
- Center for Marine Debris ResearchHawaii Pacific UniversityWaimānaloHawaiiUSA
| | - Jeff S. Bowman
- Scripps Institution of OceanographyLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sarah‐Jeanne Royer
- Center for Marine Debris ResearchHawaii Pacific UniversityWaimānaloHawaiiUSA
- The Ocean Cleanup FoundationRotterdamThe Netherlands
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3
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Głowacki M, Skórczewska K, Lewandowski K, Mazurkiewicz A, Szewczykowski P. Evaluation of the Effect of Mineral Oil Exposure on Changes in the Structure and Mechanical Properties of Polymer Parts Produced by Additive Manufacturing Techniques. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3680. [PMID: 39124350 PMCID: PMC11313062 DOI: 10.3390/ma17153680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
The paper describes the type of changes in the structure and mechanical properties of 3D printed shapes under the influence of mineral oil. The effects of a room (23 °C) and elevated temperature (70 °C) on 3D prints manufactured by the FDM method and stored in oil for 15, 30, and 60 days on the change of properties and structure were investigated. The samples were produced from ABS (poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene)), ASA (poly(acrylonitrile-co-styrene-co-acrylate), PLA (poly(lactic acid)), and HIPS (high-impact polystyrene). Tests related to the strength of the materials, such as the static tensile test and Charpy impact test, were carried out. The structure was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope, and changes in chemical structure were determined by conducting FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) tests. The analysis of the results provided important information about the impact of mineral oil on specific materials. This is critical for designing and manufacturing components that can withstand mineral oil exposure in real-world environments. The materials underwent varying changes. Strength increased for PLA by about 28%, remained unchanged for ABS and HIPS during exposure for 30 days, and decreased for ASA with extended exposure up to 14%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Głowacki
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Kaliskiego 7 Street, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Skórczewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3 Street, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Lewandowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3 Street, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Adam Mazurkiewicz
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Kaliskiego 7 Street, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Piotr Szewczykowski
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Kaliskiego 7 Street, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.M.); (P.S.)
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4
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Mubayi V, Ahern CB, Calusinska M, O’Malley MA. Toward a Circular Bioeconomy: Designing Microbes and Polymers for Biodegradation. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:1978-1993. [PMID: 38918080 PMCID: PMC11264326 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Polymer production is rapidly increasing, but there are no large-scale technologies available to effectively mitigate the massive accumulation of these recalcitrant materials. One potential solution is the development of a carbon-neutral polymer life cycle, where microorganisms convert plant biomass to chemicals, which are used to synthesize biodegradable materials that ultimately contribute to the growth of new plants. Realizing a circular carbon life cycle requires the integration of knowledge across microbiology, bioengineering, materials science, and organic chemistry, which itself has hindered large-scale industrial advances. This review addresses the biodegradation status of common synthetic polymers, identifying novel microbes and enzymes capable of metabolizing these recalcitrant materials and engineering approaches to enhance their biodegradation pathways. Design considerations for the next generation of biodegradable polymers are also reviewed, and finally, opportunities to apply findings from lignocellulosic biodegradation to the design and biodegradation of similarly recalcitrant synthetic polymers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Mubayi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Colleen B. Ahern
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Magdalena Calusinska
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Environmental
Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg
Institute of Science and Technology, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Michelle A. O’Malley
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Joint
BioEnergy Institute (JBEI), Emeryville, California 94608, United States
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5
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Lu B, Takahashi K, Zhou J, Nakagawa S, Yamamoto Y, Katashima T, Yoshie N, Nozaki K. Mild Catalytic Degradation of Crystalline Polyethylene Units in a Solid State Assisted by Carboxylic Acid Groups. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19599-19608. [PMID: 38952064 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Crystalline polyethylenes bearing carboxylic acid groups in the main chain were successfully degraded with a Ce catalyst and visible light. The reaction proceeds in a crystalline solid state without swelling in acetonitrile or water at a reaction temperature as low as 60 or 80 °C, employing dioxygen in air as the only stoichiometric reactant with nearly quantitative recovery of carbon atoms. Heterogeneous features of the reaction allowed us to reveal a dynamic morphological change of polymer crystals during the degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kohei Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Jian Zhou
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Shintaro Nakagawa
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Yuta Yamamoto
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takuya Katashima
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Naoko Yoshie
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Kyoko Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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6
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Mukhopadhyay P, Valsalan SA. Seasonal variation, spatial distribution and risk assessment of microplastics in surface waters of Periyar River, Kerala, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:679. [PMID: 38951273 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12820-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics, an emerging contaminant, are widespread in oceans around the world, and rivers are the key conveyors of these pollutants into the oceans. There exists a dearth of available data pertaining to seasonal fluctuation, spatial distribution and risk assessment of microplastics in rivers extending from upper reaches to the lower reaches. The collection of such data is of utmost importance for the purpose of formulating beneficial management strategies for riverine microplastics. In order to bridge this research gap, an investigation was made in the Periyar River in Kerala, India, which is exposed to anthropogenic stress and is at risk of microplastic pollution. A total of eighteen sites (six sites each from downstream, midstream and upstream) along the 244 km of the river were investigated across three seasons in a year. The study revealed a discernible pattern in the spatial distribution of microplastic concentrations, wherein there was a rise in abundance from the upstream to midstream and then a sudden increase of abundance along the downstream regions towards the lower reaches. The highest mean microplastic abundance of 124.95 items/L was obtained during the monsoon season followed by post-monsoon season i.e. 123.21 items/L and pre-monsoon i.e. 120.50 items/L. The predominant forms of microplastics were found to be fibres, fragments and filaments. Most prevalent polymer types acquired were polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP). Pollution hazard index (PHI) and pollution load index (PLI) were also evaluated to assess the water quality of this river. The findings of this study conclude that the Periyar River is polluted with microplastics throughout its course and offer significant insights into the detection of microplastic origins in river systems and lend support to the implementation of potential measures aimed at mitigating their impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patralika Mukhopadhyay
- School of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Lakeside Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India.
| | - Shibu Arkkakadavil Valsalan
- School of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Lakeside Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
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7
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Głowacki M, Mazurkiewicz A, Skórczewska K, Lewandowski K, Smyk E, Branco R. Effect of Thermal Shock Conditions on the Low-Cycle Fatigue Performance of 3D-Printed Materials: Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene, Acrylonitrile-Styrene-Acrylate, High-Impact Polystyrene, and Poly(lactic acid). Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1823. [PMID: 39000677 PMCID: PMC11243920 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
3D printing technology is becoming a widely adopted alternative to traditional polymer manufacturing methods. The most important advantage of 3D printing over traditional manufacturing methods, such as injection molding or extrusion, is the short time from the creation of a new design to the finished product. Nevertheless, 3D-printed parts generally have lower strength and lower durability compared to the same parts manufactured using traditional methods. Resistance to the environmental conditions in which a 3D-printed part operates is important to its durability. One of the most important factors that reduces durability and degrades the mechanical properties of 3D-printed parts is temperature, especially rapid temperature changes. In the case of inhomogeneous internal geometry and heterogeneous material properties, rapid temperature changes can have a significant impact on the degradation of 3D-printed parts. This degradation is more severe in high-humidity environments. Under these complex service conditions, information on the strength and fatigue behavior of 3D-printed polymers is limited. In this study, we evaluated the effects of high humidity and temperature changes on the durability and strength properties of 3D-printed parts. Samples made of commonly available materials such as ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene), ASA (Acrylonitrile-Styrene-Acrylate), HIPS (High-Impact Polystyrene), and PLA (Poly(lactic acid)) were subjected to temperature cycling, from an ambient temperature to -20 °C, and then were heated to 70 °C. After thermal treatment, the samples were subjected to cyclic loading to determine changes in their fatigue life relative to non-thermally treated reference samples. The results of cyclic testing showed a decrease in durability for samples made of ASA and HIPS. The ABS material proved to be resistant to the environmental effects of shocks, while the PLA material exhibited an increase in durability. Changes in the internal structure and porosity of the specimens under temperature changes were also evaluated using microcomputed tomography (microCT). Temperature changes also affected the porosity of the samples, which varied depending on the material used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Głowacki
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Kaliskiego 7 Street, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Adam Mazurkiewicz
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Kaliskiego 7 Street, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Skórczewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3 Street, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Lewandowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3 Street, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Emil Smyk
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Kaliskiego 7 Street, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ricardo Branco
- ARISE, CEMMPRE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
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8
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Maria VL, Santos J, Prodana M, Cardoso DN, Morgado RG, Amorim MJB, Barreto A. Toxicity mechanisms of plastic nanoparticles in three terrestrial species: antioxidant system imbalance and neurotoxicity. Nanotoxicology 2024; 18:299-313. [PMID: 38807536 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2024.2358781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The detrimental impacts of plastic nanoparticles (PNPs) are a worldwide concern, although knowledge is still limited, in particular for soil mesofauna. This study investigates the biochemical impact of 44 nm polystyrene PNPs on three soil models-Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta), Folsomia candida (Collembola) and Porcellionides pruinosus (Isopoda). Exposure durations of 3, 7 and 14 days (d) were implemented at two concentrations (1.5 and 300 mg kg-1 PNPs). Results revealed PNPs impact on the activities of the glutathione-dependent antioxidative enzyme, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and on the neurotransmitter acetylcholinesterase (AChE) for all three species. Catalase (CAT) played a minor role, primarily evident in F. candida at 300 mg kg-1 PNPs (CAT and GST response after 14 d), with no lipid peroxidation (LPO) increase. Even with the antioxidant defence, P. pruinosus was the most sensitive species for lipid oxidative damage (LPO levels increased after 7 d exposure to 300 mg kg-1 PNPs). Significant AChE inhibitions were measured already after 3 d to both PNP concentrations in F. candida and E. crypticus, respectively. Significant AChE inhibitions were also found in P. pruinosus but later (7 d). Overall, the toxicity mechanisms of PNPs involved antioxidant imbalance, being (mostly) the glutathione-associated metabolism part of that defence system. Neurotoxicity, linked to AChE activities, was evident across all species. Sensitivity to PNPs varied: P. pruinosus > F. candida ≅ E. crypticus. This pioneering study on PNPs toxicity in soil invertebrates underscores its environmental relevance, shedding light on altered biochemical responses, that may compromise ecological roles and soil ecosystem fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera L Maria
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Santos
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marija Prodana
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diogo N Cardoso
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui G Morgado
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mónica J B Amorim
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Angela Barreto
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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9
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Cai Z, Liu J, Zhao G, Jia B, Shang Y, Cheng P. Analysis and identification of degradation products in gas, particle, and liquid phases of polypropylene and polyethyleneterephthalate microplastics aging through non-thermal plasma simulation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:22847-22857. [PMID: 38411908 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32586-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Plastic aging can cause alterations in the physical and chemical characteristics of plastics, as well as their behavior in the environment. Due to the extremely slow natural aging process, laboratory simulated aging methods have to be used. In this study, non-thermal plasma (NTP) was adopted to investigate the aging process of polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics. Various analytical instruments, including proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry and single-particle aerosol mass spectrometry, were employed to examine and identify the organic constituents of the gas, liquid, and particle phase degradation products, as well as to monitor the degradation process. The results showed that after 90 min of aging, both PP and PET surfaces showed yellowing, and the carbonyl index of PP increased while that of PET decreased, with an increase in crystallinity. The organic components of reaction products, such as ketones, esters, acids, and alcohols, increased with longer aging times. Gas products mainly contain aromatic hydrocarbons, while particles from aged PET contain compounds with benzene rings and metal elements. Liquid products from aged PP show a significant presence of branched alkanes. Based on this analysis, degradation mechanisms of PP and PET by NTP were proposed. This investigation represents the initial systematically exploration of the release of organic substances during the degradation of microplastics mediated by NTP. It provides significant insights into the detrimental organic compounds emitted during this process, thereby offering valuable information for understanding the environmental and human health implications of natural microplastic degradation. Furthermore, it addressed the requirements for increased attention to the potential environmental risks associated with these harmful components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofeng Cai
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jixing Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Gaosheng Zhao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Bin Jia
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yu Shang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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10
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Głowacki M, Skórczewska K, Lewandowski K, Szewczykowski P, Mazurkiewicz A. Effect of Shock-Variable Environmental Temperature and Humidity Conditions on 3D-Printed Polymers for Tensile Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:1. [PMID: 38201666 PMCID: PMC10780602 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The article presents the research results on the influence of variable shock conditions, such as temperature and water, thus reflecting shock atmospheric conditions during freezing and thawing, on the properties of samples produced using 3D printing technology from commonly used materials such as ABS, HIPS, PLA, and ASA. Understanding how different environmental conditions affect the quality, reliability, and durability of 3D prints can help to optimize the printing process and provide valuable information about their application possibilities. Tests related to the strength of the materials, such as static tensile testing, Charpy impact testing, and evaluation of structures, were carried out using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Changes in chemical properties were measured by performing tests such as FTIR and TGA. Variations in chemical properties were measured by performing tests such as FTIR and TGA. One shock cycle lasting 7 days was sufficient to alter the properties of 3D prints, with the extent of changes depending on the material, as summarized in the test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Głowacki
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Kaliskiego 7 Street, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (P.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Katarzyna Skórczewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3 Street, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Lewandowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3 Street, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Piotr Szewczykowski
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Kaliskiego 7 Street, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (P.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Adam Mazurkiewicz
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Kaliskiego 7 Street, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (P.S.); (A.M.)
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11
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Hoseini M, Stead J, Bond T. Ranking the accelerated weathering of plastic polymers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:2081-2091. [PMID: 37882078 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00295k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The timespans over which different plastics degrade in the environment are poorly understood. This study aimed to rank the degradation speed of five widespread plastic polymers-low density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-in terms of their physicochemical properties. Five of the six samples were plastic films with identical dimensions, which allowed the influence of morphology to be excluded, with a polyethylene carrier bag (PEB) tested for comparison. An accelerated weathering chamber was used to photochemically degrade samples over 41 days, with degradation monitored via mass loss and changes to carbonyl index, crystallinity and contact angle. The mass loss ranking was PP ≫ LDPE > PEB > PS > PLA > PET. Estimates of the time needed for complete degradation ranged from 0.27 years for PP to 1179 years for PET. Therefore, mass loss in PP proceeded more rapidly than the other polymers, which was unexpected based on previous literature and is plausibly explained by the presence of an unlisted additive which accelerated degradation. Increases in carbonyl index proceeded more rapidly in PP and LDPE than the other polymers tested. However, changes in contact angle and crystallinity did not correspond to the mass loss ranking. Therefore, monitoring the carbonyl index during accelerated weathering trials can indicate which polymers will fragment more quickly. However, alternative approaches are needed to simulate conditions where photooxidation reactions are negligible, such as the ocean floor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hoseini
- School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Stag Hill, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jess Stead
- School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Stag Hill, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Tom Bond
- School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Stag Hill, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK.
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12
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Chamanee G, Sewwandi M, Wijesekara H, Vithanage M. Global perspective on microplastics in landfill leachate; Occurrence, abundance, characteristics, and environmental impact. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 171:10-25. [PMID: 37634255 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Plastic wastes deposited in landfills eventually break down and degrade into microplastics by physical, chemical, and biological forces. Though microplastics in leachate pose significant threats to the environment, the leachate generated from landfills has not received much attention as a possible source of environmental microplastics. A descriptive and systematic investigationof the global distribution of microplastics in landfill leachate does not exist to date. Therefore, this attempt is to provide a concise scientometric review of the studies on the presence of microplastics in landfill leachate. The present review revealed that the global trend in research on microplastics in leachate has increased exponentially after 2018 and China is the leading country. Different geographical regions have reported different microplastic abundances with the highest of 291.0 ± 91.0 items/L from a landfill in Shanghai. The use of novel sampling techniques to detect small microplastics (20-100 µm) has led to the high abundance of microplastics in landfill leachate in Shanghai. Due to its widespread usage, polyethylene is the most typically encountered polymer type in landfill leachate around the world. However, it is quite challengingto compare the results among studies due to the use of different size categories and extraction techniques. The removal of microplastics by the current leachate treatment facilities is still mostly unexplored, thus it is crucial to develop novel technologies to treat the microplastics in landfill leachate. Further investigations on the transport of microplastics in landfill leachate are urgently required to have a better understanding of potential human exposure and health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Chamanee
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka; Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya 70140, Sri Lanka
| | - Madushika Sewwandi
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Hasintha Wijesekara
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya 70140, Sri Lanka
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India; Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
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Moraczewski K, Stepczyńska M, Malinowski R, Karasiewicz T, Jagodziński B, Rytlewski P. Modification of Polycaprolactone with Plant Extracts to Improve the Aging Resistance. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5154. [PMID: 37512427 PMCID: PMC10385144 DOI: 10.3390/ma16145154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Natural extracts of plant origin are used as anti-aging compounds of biodegradable polymers. Coffee, cocoa, or cinnamon extracts in amounts from 0.5 to 10 wt.% were added to the polycaprolactone matrix. The manufactured materials were aged at elevated temperatures with increased relative humidity and continuous exposure to UV radiation for 720, 1440, or 2160 h. The performance of the proposed extracts was compared with the retail anti-aging compound, butylated hydroxytoluene. Visual assessment, FTIR analysis, melt flow rate, tensile strength, impact tensile strength, thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry tests were conducted. Results showed that the use of lower contents of the tested extracts is particularly advantageous. When the content of the extract did not exceed 1 wt.%, no unfavorable influence on the properties of the materials was observed. The stabilizing performance during accelerated aging was mostly similar to or greater than that of the reference compound used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Moraczewski
- Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Stepczyńska
- Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Rafał Malinowski
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute for Engineering of Polymer Materials and Dyes, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 55, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Tomasz Karasiewicz
- Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Jagodziński
- Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Piotr Rytlewski
- Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Aslam S, Khurram A, Hussain R, Qadir A, Ahmad SR. Sources, distribution, and incipient threats of polymeric microplastic released from food storage plastic materials. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:638. [PMID: 37138178 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to find out the source, distribution, quantity, and incipient threats of the microplastics (MPs) released by food-packing plastic materials, plastic bags, bottles, and containers on human health, biodiversity, water bodies, and atmosphere. For this purpose, 152 articles about MPs (0.1 to 5000 µm) and nanoplastics (NP) 1 to 100 nm) were reviewed and interpreted their results in the present articles about microplastics. The highest plastic waste is generated by China (⁓ 59 Mt), the USA (⁓ 38 Mt), Brazil (⁓ 12 Mt), Germany (⁓ 15 Mt), and Pakistan (⁓ 6 Mt). The count of MPs (MPs/kg) in Chinese salt was 718, UK 136, Iran 48, and USA 32, while MPs in bivalves, i.e., in Chinese bivalves was 2.93, UK 2.9, Iran 2.2, and Italy 7.2 in MPs/kg, respectively. The MPs count in Chinese fish was 7.3, Italy's 23, the USA's 13, and UK's 1.25 in MPs/kg, respectively. The MP concentrations in the water bodies, i.e., USA, were 15.2, Italy 7, and UK 4.4 in mg/L, respectively. It was critically reviewed that MPs can enter the human body causing various disorders (neurotoxic, biotoxic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic disorders) because of the presence of various polymers. The present study concluded that MPs were released from processed and stored food containers, either through physical, biological, or chemical means, which harshly affect the surrounding environment and human health. The study recommended that alternatives to plastic containers are glass and bioplastic containers, papers, cotton bags, wooden boxes, and tree leaves need to use to avoid direct consumption of MPs from food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarfa Aslam
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Ayesha Khurram
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Rahib Hussain
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
- Institute of Geographic Sciences &, Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
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15
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Gowthami A, Syed Marjuk M, Raju P, Nanthini Devi K, Santhanam P, Dinesh Kumar S, Perumal P. Biodegradation efficacy of selected marine microalgae against Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE): An environment friendly green approach. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 190:114889. [PMID: 37004472 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The present study dealt with the five marine microalgae strains viz., Chloroidium saccharophilum, Picochlorum maculatum, Amphora sp., Hymenomonas globosa and Limnospira indica and their effective degradation ability of Low-Density Polyethylene for the period of 45 days. The incubation of LDPE in microalgae culture has resulted in the maximum weight loss (20.16 ± 0.14 %), higher reduction rate (0.005/day) and lower half-life (138.4 days) in the LDPE treated with P. maculatum. The SEM images of all treated LDPE revealed surface erosion and the ATR-FTIR spectra showed functional group peaks along with new peaks at 1369.35 cm-1, 2332.96 cm-1 and 500-726 cm-1. Carbonyl (Keto, Ester), Vinyl and Internal double bond indices increased significantly in all the treated groups. The crystallinity was decreased (64.13 %) in P. maculatum treated LDPE than the control (71.37 %). Thermogravimetric analysis showed the reduction in thermal stability after biodegradation. This efficient microalgal degradation as a bioremediation technique will reduce the plastic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayyasamy Gowthami
- Department of Marine Science, School of Marine Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohammed Syed Marjuk
- Department of Marine Science, School of Marine Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Piliyan Raju
- Department of Marine Science, School of Marine Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karuppaiya Nanthini Devi
- Department of Marine Science, School of Marine Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Perumal Santhanam
- Department of Marine Science, School of Marine Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sundarraj Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Marine Science, School of Marine Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pachiappan Perumal
- Department of Marine Science, School of Marine Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
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16
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Kerfahi D, Harvey BP, Kim H, Yang Y, Adams JM, Hall-Spencer JM. Whole community and functional gene changes of biofilms on marine plastic debris in response to ocean acidification. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 85:1202-1214. [PMID: 35378620 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-01987-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plastics are accumulating in the world's oceans, while ocean waters are becoming acidified by increased CO2. We compared metagenome of biofilms on tethered plastic bottles in subtidal waters off Japan naturally enriched in CO2, compared to normal ambient CO2 levels. Extending from an earlier amplicon study of bacteria, we used metagenomics to provide direct insights into changes in the full range of functional genes and the entire taxonomic tree of life in the context of the changing plastisphere. We found changes in the taxonomic community composition of all branches of life. This included a large increase in diatom relative abundance across the treatments but a decrease in diatom diversity. Network complexity among families decreased with acidification, showing overall simplification of biofilm integration. With acidification, there was decreased prevalence of genes associated with cell-cell interactions and antibiotic resistance, decreased detoxification genes, and increased stress tolerance genes. There were few nutrient cycling gene changes, suggesting that the role of plastisphere biofilms in nutrient processes within an acidified ocean may not change greatly. Our results suggest that as ocean CO2 increases, the plastisphere will undergo broad-ranging changes in both functional and taxonomic composition, especially the ecologically important diatom group, with possible wider implications for ocean ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsaf Kerfahi
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Ben P Harvey
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hyoki Kim
- Yonsei Medical Center, Celemics Inc. 612 Avison Biomedical Research Center, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jonathan M Adams
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Jason M Hall-Spencer
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka, Japan
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
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17
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Sharma H, Neelam DK. Understanding challenges associated with plastic and bacterial approach toward plastic degradation. J Basic Microbiol 2023; 63:292-307. [PMID: 36470670 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plastic is widely used in every sector due to its stability, durability, and low cost. The widespread use of plastic results in the compilation of plastic waste in the environment. The buildup of such a vast volume of plastic garbage has emerged as the primary cause of environmental pollution, including air, land, and water pollution. Plastics contain various harmful chemicals and toxic substances that can leak and adversely affect humans and other organisms. Managing this much plastic waste is a very challenging task; therefore, an appropriate technique is needed to address this problem. Various methods are used, such as chemical, physical, and biological, to degrade plastic waste. Bacterial degradation is known to be the most effective technique for the biodegradation approach to overcome this issue. Biodegradation has played a crucial role in removing these polluting wastes more efficiently and eco-friendly. The process of biodegradation involves a variety of bacteria, such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Bacillus weihenstephanensis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Rhodococcus ruber, and so on. Biodegradation of plastic takes place through various biochemical pathways, including biodeterioration, biofragmentation, assimilation, and mineralization. During biodegradation, bacteria produce enzymes like esterase, cutinase, laccase, lipase, and others that break down and transform plastic polymers into microbial biomass and gases. This review aims to explain how bacteria contribute to the breakdown of plastic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemlata Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, JECRC University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepesh K Neelam
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, JECRC University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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18
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Al-Tohamy R, Ali SS, Zhang M, Sameh M, Mahmoud YAG, Waleed N, Okasha KM, Sun S, Sun J. Can wood-feeding termites solve the environmental bottleneck caused by plastics? A critical state-of-the-art review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 326:116606. [PMID: 36403319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The abundance of synthetic polymers has become an ever-increasing environmental threat in the world. The excessive utilization of plastics leads to the accumulation of such recalcitrant pollutants in the environment. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, unprecedented demand for personal protective equipment (PPE) kits, face masks, and gloves made up of single-use items has resulted in the massive generation of plastic biomedical waste. As secondary pollutants, microplastic particles (<5 mm) are derived from pellet loss and degradation of macroplastics. Therefore, urgent intervention is required for the management of these hazardous materials. Physicochemical approaches have been employed to degrade synthetic polymers, but these approaches have limited efficiency and cause the release of hazardous metabolites or by-products into the environment. Therefore, bioremediation is a proper option as it is both cost-efficient and environmentally friendly. On the other hand, plants evolved lignocellulose to be resistant to destruction, whereas insects, such as wood-feeding termites, possess diverse microorganisms in their guts, which confer physiological and ecological benefits to their host. Plastic and lignocellulose polymers share a number of physical and chemical properties, despite their structural and recalcitrance differences. Among these similarities are a hydrophobic nature, a carbon skeleton, and amorphous/crystalline regions. Compared with herbivorous mammals, lignocellulose digestion in termites is accomplished at ordinary temperatures. This unique characteristic has been of great interest for the development of a plastic biodegradation approach by termites and their gut symbionts. Therefore, transferring knowledge from research on lignocellulosic degradation by termites and their gut symbionts to that on synthetic polymers has become a new research hotspot and technological development direction to solve the environmental bottleneck caused by synthetic plastic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Al-Tohamy
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environmnt and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Sameh S Ali
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environmnt and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China; Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Meng Zhang
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environmnt and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Mariam Sameh
- Clinical Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yehia A-G Mahmoud
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Nadeen Waleed
- Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Kamal M Okasha
- Internal Medicine and Nephrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Sarina Sun
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jianzhong Sun
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environmnt and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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Miranda MN, Lado Ribeiro AR, Silva AMT, Pereira MFR. Can aged microplastics be transport vectors for organic micropollutants? - Sorption and phytotoxicity tests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 850:158073. [PMID: 35981591 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics have been investigated over the last decade as potential transport vectors for other pollutants. However, the specific role of plastic aging, in which plastics change their characteristics over time when exposed to environmental agents, has been overlooked. Therefore, sorption experiments were herein conducted using virgin and aged (by ozone treatment or rooftop weathering) microplastic particles of LDPE - low-density polyethylene, PET - poly(ethylene terephthalate), or uPVC - unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride). The organic micropollutants (OMPs) selected as sorbates comprise a diversified group of priority substances and contaminants of emerging concern, including pharmaceutical substances (florfenicol, trimethoprim, diclofenac, tramadol, citalopram, venlafaxine) and pesticides (alachlor, clofibric acid, diuron, pentachlorophenol), analyzed at trace concentrations (each ≤100 μg L-1). Sorption kinetics and equilibrium isotherms were obtained, as well as the confirmation that the aging degree of microplastics plays a major role in their sorption capacities. The results show an increased sorption of several OMPs on aged microplastics when compared to pristine samples, i.e. the sorption capacity increasing from one or two sorbed substances (maximum 3 μg g-1 per sorbate) up to nine after aging (maximum 10 μg g-1 per sorbate). The extent of sorption depends on the OMP, polymer and the effectiveness of the aging treatment. The modifications (e.g. in the chemical structure) between virgin and aged microplastics were linked to the increased sorption capacity of certain OMPs, allowing to better understand the different affinities observed. Additionally, phytotoxicity tests were performed to evaluate the mobility of the OMPs sorbed on the microplastics and the potential effects (on germination and early growth) of the combo on two species of plants (Lepidium sativum and Sinapis alba). These tests suggest low or no phytotoxicity effect under the conditions tested but indicate a need for further research on the behavior of microplastics on soil-plant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana N Miranda
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R Lado Ribeiro
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Adrián M T Silva
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Fernando R Pereira
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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20
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Głowacki M, Mazurkiewicz A, Słomion M, Skórczewska K. Resistance of 3D-Printed Components, Test Specimens and Products to Work under Environmental Conditions-Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6162. [PMID: 36079539 PMCID: PMC9458170 DOI: 10.3390/ma15176162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The development of additive manufacturing methods known as "3D printing" started in the 1980s. In these methods, spatial models are created from a semi-finished product such as a powder, filament or liquid. The model is most often created in layers, which are created from the semi-finished product, which is most often subjected to thermal treatment or using light or ultraviolet rays. The technology of additive manufacturing has both advantages and disadvantages when compared to the traditionally used methods of processing thermoplastic materials, such as, for example, injection or extrusion. The most important advantages are low cost, flexibility and speed of manufacturing of elements with different spatial shapes. From the point of view of the user of the product, the most important disadvantages are the lower mechanical properties and lower resistance to environmental factors that occur during the use of the manufactured products. The purpose of this review is to present current information and a compilation of features in the field of research on the effects of the interactions of different types of environments on the mechanical properties of 3D-manufactured thermoplastic products. Changes in the structure and mechanical properties of the material under the influence of factors such as humidity, salt, temperature, UV rays, gasoline and the environment of the human body are presented. The presented article enables the effects of environmental conditions on common materials used in 3D printing technology to be collated in one place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Głowacki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Sciences and Technology, Kaliskiego 7 Street, 85-789 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Adam Mazurkiewicz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Sciences and Technology, Kaliskiego 7 Street, 85-789 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Słomion
- Department of Management, Bydgoszcz University of Sciences and Technology, Kaliskiego 7 Street, 85-789 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Skórczewska
- Faculty of Technology and Chemical Engineering, University of Sciences and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, Street, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Grafting of Poly(ethylene imine) to Silica Nanoparticles for Odor Removal from Recycled Materials. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132237. [PMID: 35808072 PMCID: PMC9268616 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
One of the major obstacles to the reuse of recycled plastic materials is the emanation of after-process odors from recycled polymers and composites. Typically, recycled polymers are blended with an off-odor adsorbent additive in the recycling chain to eliminate these smells. This article describes an innovative ultrasonically assisted method of grafting poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) to silica nanoparticles (SiO2) initiated by benzoyl peroxide (BP) which acts as an odor remover. To prepare the PEI/Si, the branched PEI was grafted onto the silica surface without a coupling agent. This made the grafting process straightforward, easy and low in cost. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed the successful grafting of PEI to silica. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated the formation of two different fractions: a polymeric fraction covalently attached to the nanoparticle surface and a non-grafted PEI fraction that was removed during extraction. Up to 30% of the grafted-PEI fractions were produced at the lowest BP concentration with the highest PEI molecular weight at silica-to-PEI weight ratios of (1:1) to (3:1). The sensory assessment showed a substantial reduction in overall odor intensity for 30% of the recycled plastic-containing materials and a ~75% reduction in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for 100% of the recycled plastics. These results strongly suggest that this innovative PEI/Si nanocomposite can be successfully commercialized for odor removal. To the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first reported work describing a one-pot reaction for grafting PEI to different nanoparticle surfaces.
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Abstract
Biopolymer composites have received increasing attention for their beneficial properties such as being biodegradable and having less influence to the environment. Biodegradability of materials has become a desired feature due to the growing problems connected with waste management. The aim of the paper is to emphasize the importance of biodegradable textile materials, especially nonwoven materials with an anti-pathogenic layer. The article refers to the definitions of biodegradation, degradation and composting processes, as well as presenting methods of testing biodegradability depending on the type of material. The study gives examples of biodegradation of textiles and presents examples of qualitative and quantitative methods used for testing antimicrobial activity of biodegradable nonwovens with an anti-pathogenic layer.
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Pozo-Antonio JS, Rivas T, González N, Alonso-Villar EM. Deterioration of graffiti spray paints applied on granite after a decade of natural environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 826:154169. [PMID: 35231519 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Graffiti spray paints are commonly used in contemporaneous mural paintings in public spaces, contributing to the transformation of sites and urban life. These outdoor artworks are now beginning to show different deterioration forms, such as physical-mechanical alteration (loss of material and cohesion, etc.) and chromatic changes. However, the deterioration has not been formally characterized, and the influence of the paint composition and underlying substrate are not known. In this study, three non-metallic (red, blue and black) alkyd graffiti spray paints and one metallic (silver) polyethylene graffiti spray paint were applied to two granite stones with different mineralogy and texture and exposed to a natural urban-marine environment near Vigo (NW Spain) for one decade (2010-2020). Physical changes were evaluated by stereomicroscopy, colour spectrophotometry, measurements of gloss, surface roughness and static contact angle, and peeling test. Mineralogical changes were determined by x-ray diffraction and molecular changes by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Moreover, micromorphological and chemical characterization of the surfaces was conducted by scanning electron microscopy. Physical-mechanical changes, such as craquelure and paint loss, depended on the texture of the granite. More specifically, paint on the granite with the finest grain size showed most intense cracking and loss of material. Chemical changes, which were not related to the granite substrate, were most intense in the red and silver paint coatings. In the red paint, loss of binder was accompanied by an intense fading of the colour (due to titanium dioxide relative enrichment), while in the silver paint coating, chemical changes occurred in both the organic binder and aluminium particles, thus darkening the colour. Fewer chemical changes were observed in the blue and black paints. Physical and chemical changes detected in these paints were not correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Pozo-Antonio
- CINTECX, GESSMin group, Dpto. de Enxeñaría de Recursos Naturais e Medio Ambiente, Escola de Enxeñaría de Minas e Enerxía, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - T Rivas
- CINTECX, GESSMin group, Dpto. de Enxeñaría de Recursos Naturais e Medio Ambiente, Escola de Enxeñaría de Minas e Enerxía, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - N González
- CINTECX, GESSMin group, Dpto. de Enxeñaría de Recursos Naturais e Medio Ambiente, Escola de Enxeñaría de Minas e Enerxía, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - E M Alonso-Villar
- CINTECX, GESSMin group, Dpto. de Enxeñaría de Recursos Naturais e Medio Ambiente, Escola de Enxeñaría de Minas e Enerxía, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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Drobota M, Ursache S, Aflori M. Surface Functionalities of Polymers for Biomaterial Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122307. [PMID: 35745883 PMCID: PMC9229900 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes of a material biointerface allow for specialized cell signaling and diverse biological responses. Biomaterials incorporating immobilized bioactive ligands have been widely introduced and used for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications in order to develop biomaterials with improved functionality. Furthermore, a variety of physical and chemical techniques have been utilized to improve biomaterial functionality, particularly at the material interface. At the interface level, the interactions between materials and cells are described. The importance of surface features in cell function is then examined, with new strategies for surface modification being highlighted in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mioara Drobota
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Stefan Ursache
- Innovative Green Power, No. 5 Iancu Bacalu Street, 700029 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Magdalena Aflori
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
- Correspondence:
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25
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Savino I, Campanale C, Trotti P, Massarelli C, Corriero G, Uricchio VF. Effects and Impacts of Different Oxidative Digestion Treatments on Virgin and Aged Microplastic Particles. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14101958. [PMID: 35631840 PMCID: PMC9146394 DOI: 10.3390/polym14101958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although several sample preparation methods for analyzing microplastics (MPs) in environmental matrices have been implemented in recent years, important uncertainties and criticalities in the approaches adopted still persist. Preliminary purification of samples, based on oxidative digestion, is an important phase to isolate microplastics from the environmental matrix; it should guarantee both efficacy and minimal damage to the particles. In this context, our study aims to evaluate Fenton’s reaction digestion pre-treatment used to isolate and extract microplastics from environmental matrices. We evaluated the particle recovery efficiency and the impact of the oxidation method on the integrity of the MPs subjected to digestion considering different particles’ polymeric composition, size, and morphology. For this purpose, two laboratory experiments were set up: the first one to evaluate the efficacy of various digestion protocols in the MPs extraction from a complex matrix, and the second one to assess the possible harm of different treatments, differing in temperatures and volume reagents used, on virgin and aged MPs. Morphological, physicochemical, and dimensional changes were verified by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The findings of the first experiment showed the greatest difference in recovery rates especially for polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene terephthalate particles, indicating the role of temperature and the kind of polymer as the major factors influencing MPs extraction. In the second experiment, the SEM analysis revealed morphological and particle size alterations of various entities, in particular for the particles treated at 75 °C and with major evident alterations of aged MPs to virgin ones. In conclusion, this study highlights how several factors, including temperature and polymer, influence the integrity of the particles altering the quality of the final data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Savino
- Italian National Council of Research, Water Research Institute, 70132 Bari, Italy; (I.S.); (C.M.); (V.F.U.)
- Department of Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Claudia Campanale
- Italian National Council of Research, Water Research Institute, 70132 Bari, Italy; (I.S.); (C.M.); (V.F.U.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Pasquale Trotti
- Sezione di Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria, Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Carmine Massarelli
- Italian National Council of Research, Water Research Institute, 70132 Bari, Italy; (I.S.); (C.M.); (V.F.U.)
| | - Giuseppe Corriero
- Department of Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Vito Felice Uricchio
- Italian National Council of Research, Water Research Institute, 70132 Bari, Italy; (I.S.); (C.M.); (V.F.U.)
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26
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Patel D, Mamtora D, Kamath A, Shukla A. Rogue one: A plastic story. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 177:113509. [PMID: 35290835 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plastic comprises of variety of polymers and has many applications, but the waste generated by plastic pose threat to environment and marine life. Plastic can be classified into two types: thermoplastics and thermosetting and are divided into 7 different categories: (Polyethylene Terephthalate [PETE], High-Density Polyethylene [HDPE], Polyvinyl Chloride [PVC], Low-Density Polyethylene [LDPE], Polypropylene [PP], Polystyrene or Styrofoam [PS] & Polycarbonate or ABS [others]). To curb the deleterious effects of plastic waste various methods have been devised and utilized that include chemical, physical and biological treatments. One of the aspects primarily focused by the researchers is the phenomenon of biodegradation and there are many microorganisms (bacteria) that have the ability to carry out this particular process. These bacteria assist biodegradation by production of several enzymes like PETases and MHETases. There are few microorganisms that have been listed which cannot be applied for industrial use due to its low biodegradation capacity. To overcome this problem, PHA is one of the alternatives to replace the synthetic plastic due to its high degrading capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhara Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, University of Innovation, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar 382426, India.
| | - Dhruv Mamtora
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, University of Innovation, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar 382426, India
| | - Anushree Kamath
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, University of Innovation, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar 382426, India.
| | - Arpit Shukla
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, University of Innovation, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar 382426, India.
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27
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Akhir MAM, Mustapha M. Formulation of Biodegradable Plastic Mulch Film for Agriculture Crop Protection: A Review. POLYM REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2022.2041031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maisara Azad Mat Akhir
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, University Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Kimia, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Mariatti Mustapha
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, University Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
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28
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Alcaraz JP, Le Coq L, Pourchez J, Thomas D, Chazelet S, Boudry I, Barbado M, Silvent S, Dessale C, Antoine F, Guimier-Pingault C, Cortella L, Rouif S, Bardin-Monnier N, Charvet A, Dufaud O, Leclerc L, Montigaud Y, Laurent C, Verhoeven P, Joubert A, Bouhanguel A, Andres Y, Gaffé J, Martin DK, Huet C, Boisset S, Maurin M, Rumeau P, Charlot F, Richaud E, Moreau-Gaudry A, Bonneterre V, Cinquin P, Landelle C. Reuse of medical face masks in domestic and community settings without sacrificing safety: Ecological and economical lessons from the Covid-19 pandemic. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132364. [PMID: 34600007 PMCID: PMC8491628 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The need for personal protective equipment increased exponentially in response to the Covid-19 pandemic. To cope with the mask shortage during springtime 2020, a French consortium was created to find ways to reuse medical and respiratory masks in healthcare departments. The consortium addressed the complex context of the balance between cleaning medical masks in a way that maintains their safety and functionality for reuse, with the environmental advantage to manage medical disposable waste despite the current mask designation as single-use by the regulatory frameworks. We report a Workflow that provides a quantitative basis to determine the safety and efficacy of a medical mask that is decontaminated for reuse. The type IIR polypropylene medical masks can be washed up to 10 times, washed 5 times and autoclaved 5 times, or washed then sterilized with radiations or ethylene oxide, without any degradation of their filtration or breathability properties. There is loss of the anti-projection properties. The Workflow rendered the medical masks to comply to the AFNOR S76-001 standard as "type 1 non-sanitory usage masks". This qualification gives a legal status to the Workflow-treated masks and allows recommendation for the reuse of washed medical masks by the general population, with the significant public health advantage of providing better protection than cloth-tissue masks. Additionally, such a legal status provides a basis to perform a clinical trial to test the masks in real conditions, with full compliance with EN 14683 norm, for collective reuse. The rational reuse of medical mask and their end-of-life management is critical, particularly in pandemic periods when decisive turns can be taken. The reuse of masks in the general population, in industries, or in hospitals (but not for surgery) has significant advantages for the management of waste without degrading the safety of individuals wearing reused masks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Alcaraz
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Le Coq
- IMT Atlantique, GEPEA, CNRS UMR 6144, CS 20722, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Jérémie Pourchez
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, 42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS UMR 7274 LRGP, 54001, Nancy, France
| | - Sandrine Chazelet
- INRS Département Ingénierie des Procédés, 1 rue du Morvan, CS 60027, 54519 Vandoeuvre Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Boudry
- Clinical Investigation Center-Technological Innovation 1406 (CIC-IT), Department of Public Health, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, 38700, Grenoble, France
| | - Maud Barbado
- Clinical Investigation Center-Technological Innovation 1406 (CIC-IT), Department of Public Health, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, 38700, Grenoble, France
| | - Sophie Silvent
- Clinical Investigation Center-Technological Innovation 1406 (CIC-IT), Department of Public Health, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, 38700, Grenoble, France
| | - Claire Dessale
- CIC Inserm 1433 Innovation Technologiques, CHRU de Nancy, Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Fabienne Antoine
- CIC Inserm 1433 Innovation Technologiques, CHRU de Nancy, Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France
| | | | - Laurent Cortella
- ARC-Nucleart, CEA Grenoble, 17, rue des Martyrs, Cedex 9, 38054, Grenoble, France
| | - Sophie Rouif
- Ionisos SAS, 13 Chemin du Pontet, 69380, Civrieux-d'Azergues, France
| | | | - Augustin Charvet
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS UMR 7274 LRGP, 54001, Nancy, France
| | - Olivier Dufaud
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS UMR 7274 LRGP, 54001, Nancy, France
| | - Lara Leclerc
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, 42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Yoann Montigaud
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, 42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Coralie Laurent
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, 42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Paul Verhoeven
- CIRI (Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie), Equipe GIMAP (team 15), INSERM U1111, CNRS, ENS, UCBL1, Université Jean Monnet, Université de Lyon, 42000, Saint-Etienne, France; Service des Agents Infectieux et d'Hygiène, CHU de St-Etienne, 42000, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Aurélie Joubert
- IMT Atlantique, GEPEA, CNRS UMR 6144, CS 20722, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Ala Bouhanguel
- IMT Atlantique, GEPEA, CNRS UMR 6144, CS 20722, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Yves Andres
- IMT Atlantique, GEPEA, CNRS UMR 6144, CS 20722, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Joël Gaffé
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Donald K Martin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Huet
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, 38700, La Tronche, France
| | - Sandrine Boisset
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, 38000, Grenoble, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, 38700, La Tronche, France
| | - Max Maurin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, 38000, Grenoble, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, 38700, La Tronche, France
| | - Pascal Rumeau
- Institut Français Textile Et Habillement, 93 Chemin des Mouilles, 69130, Ecully, France
| | - Frédéric Charlot
- CMTC, Grenoble INP, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanuel Richaud
- Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Laboratoire de Procédés et Ingénierie en Mécanique et Matériaux (PIMM), CNRS, CNAM, UMR, 8006, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Moreau-Gaudry
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, 38000, Grenoble, France; Clinical Investigation Center-Technological Innovation 1406 (CIC-IT), Department of Public Health, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, 38700, Grenoble, France
| | - Vincent Bonneterre
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, 38000, Grenoble, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, 38700, La Tronche, France
| | - Philippe Cinquin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, 38000, Grenoble, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, 38700, La Tronche, France
| | - Caroline Landelle
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, 38000, Grenoble, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, 38700, La Tronche, France.
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29
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Tripathi SN, Shukla DK, Bonda S, Saha S, Patade AP, Srivastava VK, Rao GSS, Jasra R. Investigation of colored lump formation inside the silos during the production of polypropylene copolymer. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Bahadur A, Iqbal S, Alsaab HO, Awwad NS, Ibrahium HA. Thermal degradation study of polymethylmethacrylate with AlI 3 nanoadditive. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:1494-1501. [PMID: 34873782 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organic polymers in the process of thermal degradation produce a lot of toxic fragments. In this work, we designed a new method of degradation of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) materials with aluminum triiodide nanoadditives (AlI3 NAs). In the present research work, a thermal degradation study of PMMA blends with AlI3 NAs was carried out by using a specially designed pyrolytic assembly. Different blends of PMMA with AlI3 (P0, P3, P6, P9, P12, and P15) were prepared by changing the concentration of AlI3 NAs from 0% to 15%. FTIR and TGA studies show the stability of polymers with AlI3 NAs. Scanning electron microscopy analysis shows All3 spread uniformly at nanoscale throughout the polymer matrix. Horizontal burning test (HBT) test confirms that polymer burning is retarded with AlI3 NAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bahadur
- Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Shahid Iqbal
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Huizhou University, Huizhou, Guangdong, 516007, China
| | - Hashem O Alsaab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser S Awwad
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hala A Ibrahium
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Semi Pilot Plant, Nuclear Materials Authority, P.O. Box 530, El Maadi, Egypt
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31
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Bacha AUR, Nabi I, Zhang L. Mechanisms and the Engineering Approaches for the Degradation of Microplastics. ACS ES&T ENGINEERING 2021; 1:1481-1501. [DOI: 10.1021/acsestengg.1c00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aziz-Ur-Rahim Bacha
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Iqra Nabi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Liwu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, Peoples’ Republic of China
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32
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Ivleva NP. Chemical Analysis of Microplastics and Nanoplastics: Challenges, Advanced Methods, and Perspectives. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11886-11936. [PMID: 34436873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microplastics and nanoplastics have become emerging particulate anthropogenic pollutants and rapidly turned into a field of growing scientific and public interest. These tiny plastic particles are found in the environment all around the globe as well as in drinking water and food, raising concerns about their impacts on the environment and human health. To adequately address these issues, reliable information on the ambient concentrations of microplastics and nanoplastics is needed. However, micro- and nanoplastic particles are extremely complex and diverse in terms of their size, shape, density, polymer type, surface properties, etc. While the particle concentrations in different media can vary by up to 10 orders of magnitude, analysis of such complex samples may resemble searching for a needle in a haystack. This highlights the critical importance of appropriate methods for the chemical identification, quantification, and characterization of microplastics and nanoplastics. The present article reviews advanced methods for the representative mass-based and particle-based analysis of microplastics, with a focus on the sensitivity and lower-size limit for detection. The advantages and limitations of the methods, and their complementarity for the comprehensive characterization of microplastics are discussed. A special attention is paid to the approaches for reliable analysis of nanoplastics. Finally, an outlook for establishing harmonized and standardized methods to analyze these challenging contaminants is presented, and perspectives within and beyond this research field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia P Ivleva
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Elisabeth-Winterhalter-Weg 6, 81377 Munich, Germany
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33
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Rudolph J, Völkl M, Jérôme V, Scheibel T, Freitag R. Noxic effects of polystyrene microparticles on murine macrophages and epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15702. [PMID: 34344948 PMCID: PMC8333329 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) contamination has been identified as an ecological problem with an increasing impact on everyday life. Yet, possible effects of MP at the cellular level are still poorly understood. Here, the interaction of murine macrophages (J774A.1, ImKC) and epithelial cells (STC-1, BNL CL.2) with well-characterized poly(styrene) MP particles (MPP) of varying sizes (0.2-6.0 µm) was studied. Macrophages are expected to actively engulf particles which could be confirmed in this study, while epithelial cells are found in tissues with direct contact with ingested or inhaled MPP. Here, the epithelial cells from both investigated cell lines did not ingest MPP in significant numbers. Concomitantly, no cytotoxic effects nor any influence on cellular proliferation were observed. Cells from the two macrophage cell lines showed high ingestion of MPP of all sizes, but cytotoxic effects were observed only for one of them (ImKC) and only at MPP concentrations above 250 µg/mL. Indications of cellular stress as well as effects on cell proliferation were observed for cell populations with high particle cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rudolph
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Matthias Völkl
- Department of Process Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Valérie Jérôme
- Department of Process Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheibel
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
- Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces (BZKG), Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
- Bayreuth Center for Molecular Biosciences (BZMB), Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
- Bayreuth Center for Material Science (BayMAT), Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Department of Process Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
- Bayreuth Center for Molecular Biosciences (BZMB), Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
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Abstract
The physical-chemical characterization of plastic litter from the marine environment requires the prior removal of the biofouling attached to their surface without causing any degradation in the polymer. The absence of a standardized protocol for digesting biofouling and organic matter of both macro and microplastic samples extracted from seawater has been the main motivation for this research work, which aims to evaluate the effectiveness of different solvents (hydrogen peroxide, ethanol, a commercial enzymatic detergent, and potassium hydroxide) for the digestion of organic matter and biofouling in different samples recovered from the Spanish Atlantic and Mediterranean coast. Moreover, the potential effect of those solvents on the physical-chemical structure of polymers, four virgin plastic reference materials (low-density polyethylene, polyamide, poly(ethylene terephthalate) and polystyrene) without any type of prior degradation has been characterized in terms of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and optical microscopy. Results indicate that the hydrogen peroxide at 15% concentration applied for one week at 40 °C is the most effective solvent for organic matter and biofouling removal, without causing any apparent damage on the structure of plastic samples analyzed.
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Haberstroh CJ, Arias ME, Yin Z, Wang MC. Effects of hydrodynamics on the cross-sectional distribution and transport of plastic in an urban coastal river. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:186-200. [PMID: 32609913 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of plastic transport in rivers remain an important knowledge gap in global plastic pollution research and management. We investigated how river flows and plastics' properties affect transport with a five-point cross-sectional field study in the Hillsborough River in Tampa (Florida, USA) using a 500-µm Neuston net and an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler. We conducted in-depth analysis of water velocity profiles as well as plastics' concentrations and properties, determining advective, vertical, and lateral transport fluxes. Under calm flow conditions, advective fluxes were two orders of magnitude higher than lateral and vertical fluxes. Under turbulent conditions, enhanced particle exchange in the cross-section resulted in a three to tenfold increase in lateral and vertical plastic fluxes. The impact of turbulence on plastic particles depended on properties such as size, shape, and composition. This study presents a unique assessment of flow conditions driving plastic pollution in an urban coastal river setting. PRACTITIONERS POINTS: Multipoint, cross-sectional sampling and onsite flow profile collection should be adopted as a common practice for plastic field data collection to reduce uncertainty. Varying flow conditions affect the drivers of plastic transport in rivers. Advective surface fluxes govern plastic transport under calm flow conditions, while turbulent flow conditions enhance cross-sectional mixing and particle exchange. Larger and more irregular-shaped plastics are more affected by turbulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte J Haberstroh
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Mauricio E Arias
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Zhewen Yin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Michael Cai Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Hassan MN, Kuzukami A, Nakai S, Nishijima W, Gotoh T. Effect of Plastics on the Photodegradation Behavior of Chlorophenols. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.20we018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Satoshi Nakai
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University
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Soil Pollution from Micro- and Nanoplastic Debris: A Hidden and Unknown Biohazard. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12187255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The fate, properties and determination of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) in soil are poorly known. In fact, most of the 300 million tons of plastics produced each year ends up in the environment and the soil acts as a log-term sink for these plastic debris. Therefore, the aim of this review is to discuss MP and NP pollution in soil as well as highlighting the knowledge gaps that are mainly related to the complexity of the soil ecosystem. The fate of MPs and NPs in soil is strongly determined by physical properties of plastics, whereas negligible effect is exerted by their chemical structures. The degradative processes of plastic, termed ageing, besides generating micro-and nano-size debris, can induce marked changes in their chemical and physical properties with relevant effects on their reactivity. Further, these processes could cause the release of toxic oligomeric and monomeric constituents from plastics, as well as toxic additives, which may enter in the food chain, representing a possible hazard to human health and potentially affecting the fauna and flora in the environment. In relation to their persistence in soil, the list of soil-inhabiting, plastic-eating bacteria, fungi and insect is increasing daily. One of the main ecological functions attributable to MPs is related to their function as vectors for microorganisms through the soil. However, the main ecological effect of NPs (limited to the fraction size < than 50 nm) is their capacity to pass through the membrane of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Soil biota, particularly earthworms and collembola, can be both MPs and NPs carriers through soil profile. The use of molecular techniques, especially omics approaches, can gain insights into the effects of MPs and NPs on composition and activity of microbial communities inhabiting the soil and into those living on MPs surface and in the gut of the soil plastic-ingesting fauna.
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First Insights into Photocatalytic Degradation of HDPE and LDPE Microplastics by a Mesoporous N–TiO2 Coating: Effect of Size and Shape of Microplastics. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10070658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs), which are small plastic debris of ≤5 mm size, are polluting the oceans with negative consequences for their biota. In this work, visible-light photocatalysis of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) MPs in aqueous medium using a mesoporous N–TiO2 coating is proposed as an alternative for fighting MP pollution. Spherical primary HDPE MPs were extracted from commercially available facial scrubs, while film-shaped secondary LDPE MPs were obtained from a plastic bag. For each plastic, two different sizes were tested. Degradation was measured by mass-loss and carbonyl-index (CI) calculation. The results obtained reveal that the photocatalytic degradation of HDPE and LDPE MPs using an N–TiO2 coating was affected by the size and shape of the MPs. Smaller MPs led to higher degradation, while film-shaped MPs led to lower degradation that was related to a poorly illuminated and oxygenated reaction medium. These results set the basis for further investigation on the on the design of more effective photocatalytic-reaction systems for decreasing MP inputs to the environment.
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39
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Miranda MN, Silva AMT, Pereira MFR. Microplastics in the environment: A DPSIR analysis with focus on the responses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 718:134968. [PMID: 31839303 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This review organizes key information about microplastic pollution through a DPSIR (driving forces, pressures, states, impacts and responses) analysis, namely the current knowledge on the sources of microplastics in the environment, the abundance, mobility and fate of microplastics distributed across the different environmental compartments, as well as their socio-economic and environmental impacts. The available or developing upstream and downstream responses to the microplastic pollution are also reviewed as part of the DPSIR analysis. These include the regulatory and policy instruments, environmental education campaigns, product design, the development of biodegradable plastics, environmental cleanups, waste management, drinking water and wastewater treatment plants, and other treatment technologies and processes. Whenever possible, the current trends and discerning gaps in the research conducted so far by the scientific community are identified, giving some clues to what is going to be the future research on this topic and into new lines of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana N Miranda
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Adrián M T Silva
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Fernando R Pereira
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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40
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Nabipour M, Akhoundi B, Bagheri Saed A. Manufacturing of polymer/metal composites by fused deposition modeling process with polyethylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Nabipour
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringTarbiat Modares University Tehran 14115‐143 Iran
| | - Behnam Akhoundi
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringTarbiat Modares University Tehran 14115‐143 Iran
| | - Arvin Bagheri Saed
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringTarbiat Modares University Tehran 14115‐143 Iran
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Boots B, Russell CW, Green DS. Effects of Microplastics in Soil Ecosystems: Above and Below Ground. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:11496-11506. [PMID: 31509704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contamination by microplastics is now considered an emerging threat to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Soil ecosystems, particularly agricultural land, have been recognized as a major sink of microplastics, but the impacts of microplastics on soil ecosystems (e.g., above and below ground) remain largely unknown. In this study, different types of microplastics [biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA)], conventional high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and microplastic clothing fibers were added to soil containing the endogeic Aporrectodea rosea (rosy-tipped earthworm) and planted with Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) to assess the biophysical soil response in a mesocosm experiment. When exposed to fibers or PLA microplastics, fewer seeds germinated. There was also a reduction in shoot height with PLA. The biomass of A. rosea exposed to HDPE was significantly reduced compared to control samples. Furthermore, with HDPE present there was a decrease in soil pH. The size distribution of water-stable soil aggregates was altered when microplastics were present, suggesting potential alterations of soil stability. This study provides evidence that microplastics manufactured of HDPE and PLA, and synthetic fibers can affect the development of L. perenne, health of A. rosea and basic, but crucial soil properties, with potential further impacts on soil ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Boots
- Applied Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences , Anglia Ruskin University , Cambridge CB1 1PT , U.K
| | - Connor William Russell
- Applied Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences , Anglia Ruskin University , Cambridge CB1 1PT , U.K
| | - Dannielle Senga Green
- Applied Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences , Anglia Ruskin University , Cambridge CB1 1PT , U.K
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Silva AB, Bastos AS, Justino CI, da Costa JP, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos TA. Microplastics in the environment: Challenges in analytical chemistry - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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