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Tang T, Liang H, Wei W, Han Y, Cao L, Cong Z, Luo S, Wang H, Zhou ML. Aloperine targets lysosomes to inhibit late autophagy and induces cell death through apoptosis and paraptosis in glioblastoma. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:42. [PMID: 37975957 PMCID: PMC10656413 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00155-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive intracranial tumour, and current chemotherapy regimens have limited efficacy. Aloperine (ALO), a natural alkaline compound, has shown potential as an antitumor agent. However, the effect of ALO against GBM remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the function of ALO in treating GBM. U87, A172, and GL261 cell lines were used for in vitro experiments, and GL261 was also used to establish in vivo models. The results showed that ALO inhibited the proliferation of GBM cells by cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Furthermore, autophagy was found to play a critical role, suggested by observation of autophagosomes under the transmission electron microscopy. It was discovered for the first time that ALO targeted lysosomes directly in glioma cells, tested by fluo-rescence-labelled ALO and organelle-localizing probes. In addition, ALO inhibited late autophagy and induced paraptosis in GBM, verified by classical gene expression changes in qPCR and western blotting. Also, ALO inhibited tumour growth and acted synergistically with temozolomide in intracranial glioma mice models in vivo. Our findings suggest that ALO targets lysosomes to inhibit late autophagy in GBM, inducing cell cycle arrest, paraptosis, and apoptosis. ALO may therefore be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Hui Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Wuting Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yanling Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Liang Cao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Chuzhou Hospital of Anhui Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Chuzhou, Chuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zixiang Cong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Shiqiao Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Handong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R. China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Benq Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Meng-Liang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R. China.
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Maeoka R, Ouji Y, Nakazawa T, Matsuda R, Morimoto T, Yokoyama S, Yamada S, Nishimura F, Nakagawa I, Park YS, Yoshikawa M, Nakase H. Local administration of shikonin improved the overall survival in orthotopic murine glioblastoma models with temozolomide resistance. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115296. [PMID: 37557011 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma is a type of intracranial malignancy. Shikonin, a Chinese traditional medicine, has been shown to have anti-tumor efficacy toward human glioblastoma cells in vitro. However, shikonin cannot easily cross the blood-brain barrier. To address this issue, we evaluated the anti-tumor effects of direct intracranial infusion of shikonin in in vivo orthotopic syngeneic murine glioblastoma models using C57BL/6 mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cytotoxic effects of shikonin against murine glioblastoma cells, SB28 and CT-2A, were reported resistance to temozolomide, were evaluated using an allophycocyanin-conjugated annexin V and propidium iodide assay with flow cytometry. Impedance-based real-time cell analysis (RTCA) was used to analyze the inhibitory effects of shikonin on growth and proliferation. To evaluate the anti-tumor activity of shikonin in vivo, we used orthotopic syngeneic murine glioblastoma models with SB28 and CT-2A cells. RESULTS In flow cytometry-based cytotoxic assays, shikonin induced apoptosis. RTCA indicated that shikonin decreased the cell index of murine glioblastoma cells, SB28 and CT-2A, in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.0001 for both cell lines), while temozolomide did not (p = 0.91 and 0.82, respectively). In murine glioblastoma models, SB28 and CT-2A, direct intracranial infusion of shikonin, as a local chemotherapy, improved the overall survival of mice in a dose-dependent manner compared with control groups (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.02, respectively). While temozolomide did not (p = 0.48 and 0.52, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The direct intracranial infusion of shikonin has potential as a local therapy for patients with glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Maeoka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
| | - Yukiteru Ouji
- Department of Pathogen, Infection and Immunity, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nakazawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan; Grandsoul Research Institute for Immunology, Inc., Uda, Nara, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Matsuda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Takayuki Morimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Shohei Yokoyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Shuichi Yamada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Nishimura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakagawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Young-Soo Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Masahide Yoshikawa
- Department of Pathogen, Infection and Immunity, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakase
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
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Lim J, Baig AA, Donnelly BM, Chaves LD, Pol SU, Koenigsknecht C, Pionessa D, Levy BR, Gutierrez L, Tutino VM, Levy EI, Siddiqui AH. The first endovascular rat glioma model for pre-clinical evaluation of intra-arterial therapeutics. Interv Neuroradiol 2023:15910199231169597. [PMID: 37157800 DOI: 10.1177/15910199231169597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several translational animal models have been described assessing intra-arterial (IA) treatments for malignant gliomas. We describe the first endovascular animal model that allows testing of IA drug delivery as a first-line treatment, which is difficult to do in actual patients. We report a unique protocol for vascular access and IA delivery in the rat model that, unlike prior reports, does not require direct puncture and opening of proximal cerebrovasculature which carries risk of ischemia in the animal brain post-delivery. METHODS Wistar rats underwent left femoral artery catherization with a Balt Magic 1.2F catheter or Marathon Flow directed 1.5F Microcatheter with an Asahi Chikai 0.008 micro-guidewire which was navigated to the left internal carotid artery under x-ray. 25% mannitol was administered to test blood brain barrier breakdown (BBBB). Additional rats were implanted with C6 glioma cells in the left frontal lobe. C6 Glioma-Implanted Rats (C6GRs) were monitored for overall survival and tumor growth. Tumor volumes from MRI images were calculated utilizing 3D slicer. Additional rats underwent femoral artery catheterization with Bevacizumab, carboplatin, or irinotecan injected into the left internal carotid artery to test feasibility and safety. RESULTS A successful endovascular access and BBBB protocol was established. BBBB was confirmed with positive Evans blue staining. 10 rats were successfully implanted with C6 gliomas with confirmed growths on MRI. Overall survival was 19.75 ± 2.21 days. 5 rats were utilized for the development of our femoral catheterization protocol and BBBB testing. With regards to IA chemotherapy dosage testing, control rats tolerated targeted 10 mg/kg of bevascizumab, 2.4 mg/kg of carboplatin, and 15 mg/kg of irinotecan IA ICA injections without any complications. CONCLUSIONS We present the first endovascular IA rat glioma model that allows selective catheterization of the intracranial vasculature and assessment of IA therapies for gliomas without need for access and sacrifice of proximal cerebrovasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaims Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gates Vascular Institute at Kaleida Health, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ammad A Baig
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gates Vascular Institute at Kaleida Health, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Brianna M Donnelly
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gates Vascular Institute at Kaleida Health, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lee D Chaves
- Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, USA
| | - Suyog U Pol
- Canon Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Carmon Koenigsknecht
- Canon Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Donald Pionessa
- Canon Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Bennett R Levy
- George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Liza Gutierrez
- Canon Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Vincent M Tutino
- Canon Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Jacobs Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Elad I Levy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gates Vascular Institute at Kaleida Health, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Canon Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Jacobs Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Adnan H Siddiqui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gates Vascular Institute at Kaleida Health, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Canon Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Jacobs Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Song W, Wang YC, Chen H, Li X, Zhou L, Min C, Zhu S, Yuan X. Label-free identification of human glioma xenograft of mouse brain with quantitative ultraviolet photoacoustic histology imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2022; 15:e202100329. [PMID: 35000293 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ability to unveil molecular specificities of endogenous nonfluorescent chromophores of ultraviolet photoacoustic imaging technology enables label-free histology imaging of tissue specimens. In this work, we exploit ultraviolet photoacoustic microscopy for identifying human glioma xenograft of mouse brain ex vivo. Intrinsically excellent imaging contrast of cell nucleus at ultraviolet photoacoustic illumination along with good spatial resolution allows for discerning the brain glioma of freshly-harvested thick brain slices, which circumvents laborious time-consuming preparations of the tissue specimens including micrometer-thick slicing and H&E staining that are prerequisites in standard histology analysis. The identification of tumor margins and quantitative analysis of tumor areas is implemented, representing good agreement with the standard H&E-stained observations. Quantitative ultraviolet photoacoustic microscopy can access fast pathological assessment to the brain tissues, and thus potentially facilitates intraoperative brain tumor resection to precisely remove all cancerous cells and preserve healthy tissue for maintaining its essential function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ya-Chao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The Institute Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huang Chen
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangzhu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lingxiao Zhou
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Changjun Min
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Siwei Zhu
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaocong Yuan
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Changes in Spectral Fluorescence Properties of a Near-Infrared Photosensitizer in a Nanoform as a Coating of an Optical Fiber Neuroport. PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics8120556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we tested a new approach to assess the presence of inflammatory process in the implant area using spectral methods and the technique of fiber fluorescence analysis of photosensitizers in nanoform. First of all, the spectral characteristics of the photosensitizer when interacting with the porous surface of the implant, based on hydroxyapatite under in vitro and in vivo conditions, were determined. Thus, it was shown that spectral characteristics of photosensitizers can be used for judgement on the process of inflammation in the implant area and thus on the local presence of the immunocompetent cells. The analysis was performed at a sufficient depth in the biotissue by using the near-infrared spectral region, as well as two different methods: fiber-based laser spectroscopy and fiber-optic neuroscopy, which served to monitor the process and regular fluorescence diagnosis of the studied area. Fluorescence spectroscopic analysis was performed on experimental animals in vivo, i.e., under conditions of active immune system intervention, as well as on cell cultures in vitro in order to judge the role of the immune system in the interaction with the implant in comparison. Thus, the aim of the study was to determine the relationship between the fluorescence signal of nanophotosensitizers in the near infrared spectral region and its parameters with the level of inflammation and the type of surface with which the photosensitizer interacts in the implant area. Thus, fiber-optic control opens up new approaches for further diagnosis and therapy in the implant area, making immune cells a prime target for advanced therapies.
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Irwin RW, Escobedo AR, Shih JC. Near-Infrared Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor Biodistribution in a Glioma Mouse Model. Pharm Res 2021; 38:461-471. [PMID: 33709330 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The biodistribution imaging kinetics of near-infrared monoamine oxidase inhibitor (NMI) are reported here. METHODS NMI was administered intravenously or orally to mice and detected by NIR fluorescence optical imaging within minutes and the longitudinal signal distribution was measured for up to 1 week after a single dose. RESULTS NMI rapidly reached 3.7-fold higher ventral and 3.2-fold higher brain region fluorescent signal intensity compared to oral route at 24 h. Similar patterns of NMI biodistribution were found in mice with or without intracranial implanted GL26 brain tumors. NMI was highly associated with tumors in contrast to adjacent non-tumor brain, confirming diagnostic utility. NMI 5 mg/kg imaging signal in brain at 48 h was optimal (tumor/non-tumor ratio > 3.5) with minimum off-target distribution. Intravenous NMI imaging signal peaked between 24 h and 48 h for lung, liver, kidney, blood, brain, and most other tissues. Clearance (signal weaker, but still present) from most tissues occurred by day 7. Intravenous low dose (0.5 mg/kg) minimally labeled tumor and other tissues, 5 mg/kg showed optimal imaging signal in glioma at a dose we previously reported as efficacious, and 50 mg/kg was tolerable but saturated the tissue signals beyond tumor specificity. Gel electrophoresis showed two major bands present in brain tumor and tissue protein lysates. CONCLUSIONS Intravenous 5 mg/kg was optimal dose to target brain tumor and identified off-target organs of concern: lungs, liver, and kidneys. These results demonstrate the biodistribution and optimal dose range of NMI for treatment and diagnostic monitoring of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald W Irwin
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alesi R Escobedo
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jean C Shih
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA. .,USC-Taiwan Center for Translational Research, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Qiu W, Song S, Chen W, Zhang J, Yang H, Chen Y. Hypoxia-induced EPHB2 promotes invasive potential of glioblastoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2019; 12:539-548. [PMID: 31933858 PMCID: PMC6945092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
EphB2, a receptor tyrosine kinase for ephrin ligands, is overexpressed in various cancers and plays an important role in tumor progression. EPHB2 promotes endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and elicits associated pathologic characteristics of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) such as invasion and migration. However, the mechanisms of the EPHB2 regulatory network in glioma remain enigmatic. Here, we report that EPHB2 is epigenetically overexpressed in hypoxia, a condition highly prevalent in malignancy. Furthermore, HIF-2α is required for EPHB2 stabilization by hypoxia. Lastly, we discovered that the overexpression of EPHB2 promotes GBM invasion by the phosphorylation of paxillin in hypoxia. These findings establish the HIF-2α-EPHB2-paxillin axis as a regulatory mechanism of epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang, Guizhou Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shibin Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang, Guizhou Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang, Guizhou Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiale Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang, Guizhou Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yimin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang, Guizhou Province, People’s Republic of China
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Assi HH, Paran C, VanderVeen N, Savakus J, Doherty R, Petruzzella E, Hoeschele JD, Appelman H, Raptis L, Mikkelsen T, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Preclinical characterization of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 small molecule inhibitors for primary and metastatic brain cancer therapy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 349:458-69. [PMID: 24696041 PMCID: PMC4019317 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.214619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) has been implicated as a hub for multiple oncogenic pathways. The constitutive activation of STAT3 is present in several cancers, including gliomas (GBMs), and is associated with poor therapeutic responses. Phosphorylation of STAT3 triggers its dimerization and nuclear transport, where it promotes the transcription of genes that stimulate tumor growth. In light of this role, inhibitors of the STAT3 pathway are attractive therapeutic targets for cancer. To this end, we evaluated the STAT3-inhibitory activities of three compounds (CPA-7 [trichloronitritodiammineplatinum(IV)], WP1066 [(S,E)-3-(6-bromopyridin-2-yl)-2-cyano-N-(1-phenylethyl)acrylamide, C17H14BrN3O], and ML116 [4-benzyl-1-{thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl}piperidine, C18H19N3S]) in cultured rodent and human glioma cells, including GBM cancer stem cells. Our results demonstrate a potent induction of growth arrest in GBM cells after drug treatment with a concomitant induction of cell death. Although these compounds were effective at inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation, they also displayed variable dose-dependent inhibition of STAT1, STAT5, and nuclear factor κ light-chain enhancer of activated B cells. The therapeutic efficacy of these compounds was further evaluated in peripheral and intracranial mouse tumor models. Whereas CPA-7 elicited regression of peripheral tumors, both melanoma and GBM, its efficacy was not evident when the tumors were implanted within the brain. Our data suggest poor permeability of this compound to tumors located within the central nervous system. WP1066 and ML116 exhibited poor in vivo efficacy. In summary, CPA-7 constitutes a powerful anticancer agent in models of peripheral solid cancers. Our data strongly support further development of CPA-7-derived compounds with increased permeability to enhance their efficacy in primary and metastatic brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikmat H Assi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.H.A., C.P., N.V., J.S., R.D., P.R.L., M.G.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (H.H.A.); Department of Chemistry, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan (E.P., J.D.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, University Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.A.); Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (L.R.); and Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan (T.M.)
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