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Berta K, Pesthy ZV, Vékony T, Farkas BC, Németh D, Kun B. The neuropsychological profile of work addiction. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20090. [PMID: 37973989 PMCID: PMC10654659 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47515-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine, for the first time, the neuropsychological aspects of work addiction, with a specific emphasis on the cognitive factors identified by theoretical models. While previous research has highlighted self-reported obsessiveness and impulsiveness in work addiction, this study sought to go beyond self-report measures by employing also neuropsychological reaction time tasks to assess executive functions. A total of 101 participants were categorized into two groups based on their Work Addiction Risk Test scores: a high-risk group (HWA; n = 39) and a low-risk group (LWA; n = 62) for work addiction. Executive functions were assessed using Go/No-Go, Digit Span, Counting Span, N-back, and Card Sorting Tasks. The findings revealed that the HWA group had poorer inhibitory control and achieved lower scores on the more complex working memory task involving updating (2-back). However, they exhibited unaltered cognitive flexibility and outperformed the LWA group on the 1-back task associated with maintenance and storage of information and sustained attention. Higher levels of impulsiveness and compulsiveness were observed in the HWA group, consistent with previous studies. These findings highlight the role of inhibition and working memory in work addiction, potentially contributing to challenges such as inefficient working strategies and impaired social functioning. This study offers valuable insights into the neurocognitive aspects of work addiction, deepening our understanding of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Berta
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Teodóra Vékony
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, INSERM, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Bence C Farkas
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, CESP, Villejuif, France
- Institut du Psychotraumatisme de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Conseil Départemental Yvelines et Hauts-de-Seine et Centre Hospitalier des Versailles, Versailles, France
- Centre de Recherche en Épidémiologie et en Santé des Populations, INSERM U1018, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, Paris, France
| | - Dezső Németh
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, INSERM, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France
- BML-NAP Research Group, Institute of Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bernadette Kun
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
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2
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Lee RSC, Albertella L, Christensen E, Suo C, Segrave RA, Brydevall M, Kirkham R, Liu C, Fontenelle LF, Chamberlain SR, Rotaru K, Yücel M. A Novel, Expert-Endorsed, Neurocognitive Digital Assessment Tool for Addictive Disorders: Development and Validation Study. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e44414. [PMID: 37624635 PMCID: PMC7615064 DOI: 10.2196/44414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many people with harmful addictive behaviors may not meet formal diagnostic thresholds for a disorder. A dimensional approach, by contrast, including clinical and community samples, is potentially key to early detection, prevention, and intervention. Importantly, while neurocognitive dysfunction underpins addictive behaviors, established assessment tools for neurocognitive assessment are lengthy and unengaging, difficult to administer at scale, and not suited to clinical or community needs. The BrainPark Assessment of Cognition (BrainPAC) Project sought to develop and validate an engaging and user-friendly digital assessment tool purpose-built to comprehensively assess the main consensus-driven constructs underpinning addictive behaviors. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to psychometrically validate a gamified battery of consensus-based neurocognitive tasks against standard laboratory paradigms, ascertain test-retest reliability, and determine their sensitivity to addictive behaviors (eg, alcohol use) and other risk factors (eg, trait impulsivity). METHODS Gold standard laboratory paradigms were selected to measure key neurocognitive constructs (Balloon Analogue Risk Task [BART], Stop Signal Task [SST], Delay Discounting Task [DDT], Value-Modulated Attentional Capture [VMAC] Task, and Sequential Decision-Making Task [SDT]), as endorsed by an international panel of addiction experts; namely, response selection and inhibition, reward valuation, action selection, reward learning, expectancy and reward prediction error, habit, and compulsivity. Working with game developers, BrainPAC tasks were developed and validated in 3 successive cohorts (total N=600) and a separate test-retest cohort (N=50) via Mechanical Turk using a cross-sectional design. RESULTS BrainPAC tasks were significantly correlated with the original laboratory paradigms on most metrics (r=0.18-0.63, P<.05). With the exception of the DDT k function and VMAC total points, all other task metrics across the 5 tasks did not differ between the gamified and nongamified versions (P>.05). Out of 5 tasks, 4 demonstrated adequate to excellent test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.72-0.91, P<.001; except SDT). Gamified metrics were significantly associated with addictive behaviors on behavioral inventories, though largely independent of trait-based scales known to predict addiction risk. CONCLUSIONS A purpose-built battery of digitally gamified tasks is sufficiently valid for the scalable assessment of key neurocognitive processes underpinning addictive behaviors. This validation provides evidence that a novel approach, purported to enhance task engagement, in the assessment of addiction-related neurocognition is feasible and empirically defensible. These findings have significant implications for risk detection and the successful deployment of next-generation assessment tools for substance use or misuse and other mental disorders characterized by neurocognitive anomalies related to motivation and self-regulation. Future development and validation of the BrainPAC tool should consider further enhancing convergence with established measures as well as collecting population-representative data to use clinically as normative comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico S. C. Lee
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lucy Albertella
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Erynn Christensen
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chao Suo
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rebecca A. Segrave
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maja Brydevall
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rebecca Kirkham
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chang Liu
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Leonardo F. Fontenelle
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Obsessive, Compulsive, and Anxiety Spectrum Research Program, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Samuel R. Chamberlain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Kristian Rotaru
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash Business School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Murat Yücel
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Xu Y, Zeng K, Dong L, Zheng X, Si Y. Understanding older adults' smartphone addiction in the digital age: empirical evidence from China. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1136494. [PMID: 37483945 PMCID: PMC10360404 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1136494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the fact that an increasing number of older adults are addicted to smartphones, the existing addiction literature still focuses primarily on adolescents. To address this issue, this study draws from the perspectives of subjective cognitive decline and family relationship conflict to examine older adults' smartphone addiction based on their key characteristics. Methods This study investigates the effects of subjective cognitive decline and family relationship conflict on older adults' smartphone addiction through a survey of 371 subjects in China. Results The results show that subjective cognitive decline and family relationship conflict affect older adults' smartphone addiction through a sense of alienation. In addition, older adults' perceived power moderates the relationship between alienation and smartphone addiction. Discussion This study offers new perspectives on the study of smartphone addiction from the perspective of older adults, and sheds light on how to improve the older adults' quality of life in their later years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Xu
- School of Management, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kai Zeng
- School of Management, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lucong Dong
- School of Management, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofen Zheng
- School of Management, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxiu Si
- School of Economics, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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Brown AA, Upton S, Craig S, Froeliger B. Associations between right inferior frontal gyrus morphometry and inhibitory control in individuals with nicotine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 244:109766. [PMID: 36640686 PMCID: PMC9974751 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hyperdirect pathway - a circuit involved in executing inhibitory control (IC) - is dysregulated among individuals with nicotine dependence. The right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG), a cortical input to the hyperdirect circuit, has been shown to be functionally and structurally altered among nicotine-dependent people who smoke. The rIFG is composed of 3 cytoarchitecturally distinct subregions: The pars opercularis, pars triangularis, and pars orbitalis. The present study assessed the relationship between rIFG subregion morphometry and inhibitory control among individuals with nicotine dependence. METHODS Behavioral and magnetic resonance brain imaging (MRI) data from 127 nicotine-dependent adults who smoke (MFTND = 5.4, ± 1.9; MCPD = 18.3, ± 7.0; Myears = 25.04, ± 11.97) (Mage = 42.9, ± 11.1) were assessed. Brain morphometry was assessed from T1-weighted MRIs using Freesurfer. IC was assessed with a response-inhibition Go/Go/No-Go (GGNG) task and a smoking relapse analog task (SRT). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Vertex-wise analyses revealed that GGNG task scores were positively associated with cortical thickness and volume in the right pars triangularis (cluster-wise p = 0.006, 90% CI = 0.003 - 0.009; cluster-wise p = 0.040, 90% CI = 0.032 - 0.048), and the ability to inhibit ad lib smoking during the SRT was positively associated with cortical thickness in the right pars orbitalis (cluster-wise p = 0.011, 90% CI = 0.007 - 0.015). Our results indicate that cortical thickness of distinct rIFG subregions may serve as biomarkers for unique forms of IC deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Cognitive Neuroscience Systems Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Spencer Upton
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Stephen Craig
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Cognitive Neuroscience Systems Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Brett Froeliger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Cognitive Neuroscience Systems Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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5
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Cui J, Liu F, Liu X, Li R, Chen X, Zeng H. The Impact of Qigong and Tai Chi Exercise on Drug Addiction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:826187. [PMID: 35350423 PMCID: PMC8957847 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.826187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous preliminary studies have found that qigong exercises produced significant effects in healthy people and in various clinical populations. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the effects of qigong and tai chi exercise on individuals with drug addiction. METHODS A systematic search of seven English databases and three Chinese databases was conducted to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized comparative studies (NRS) assessing the effects of qigong and tai chi on drug addiction. Study quality was assessed using the Checklist for the Evaluation of Non-Pharmaceutical Trial Reports (CLEAR-NPT). RESULTS Two RCTs and nine NRS studies were included in this study, including a total of 1072 patients with drug addiction (age range, 27-43 years). The results showed that qigong and tai chi exercise had a significant overall effect on depression (SMD = -0.353, 95%CI [-0.548, -0.159]), anxiety (SMD = -0.541, 95%CI [-0.818, -0.264]), quality of life (SMD = 0.673, 95%CI [0.438, 0.907]), and sleep quality (SMD = -0.373, 95%CI [-0.631, -0.116]). The subgroup analysis found that qigong outperformed tai chi on the improving depression, anxiety, and sleep quality. CONCLUSION Existing studies suggest that qigong and tai chi are effective at improving depression, anxiety, and quality of life in drug users; however, the evidence from rigorous randomized controlled group trials is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Cui
- Faculty of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Faculty of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Faculty of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ru Li
- Faculty of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaorong Chen
- Faculty of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongfa Zeng
- Faculty of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Mu LL, Wang Y, Wang LJ, Xia LL, Zhao W, Song PP, Li JD, Wang WJ, Zhu L, Li HN, Wang YJ, Tang HJ, Zhang L, Song X, Shao WY, Zhang XC, Xu HS, Jiao DL. Associations of executive function and age of first use of methamphetamine with methamphetamine relapse. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:971825. [PMID: 36311529 PMCID: PMC9608758 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.971825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Methamphetamine (MA) is a psychostimulant associated with a high relapse rate among patients with MA use disorder (MUD). Long-term use of MA is associated with mental disorders, executive dysfunction, aggressive behaviors, and impulsivity among patients with MUD. However, identifying which factors may be more closely associated with relapse has not been investigated. Thus, we aimed to investigate the psychological factors and the history of MA use that may influence MA relapse. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 168 male MUD patients (MUD group) and 65 healthy male residents (control group). Each patient was evaluated with self-report measures of executive dysfunction, psychopathological symptoms, impulsiveness, aggressiveness, and history of MA use. Data were analyzed with t-tests, analyses of variance, and correlation and regression analyses. RESULTS The MUD group reported greater executive dysfunction, psychopathological symptoms, impulsivity, and aggression than the control group. Lower age of first MA use was associated both with having relapsed one or more times and with having relapsed two or more times; greater executive dysfunction was associated only with having relapsed two or more times. CONCLUSION Patients with MUD reported worse executive function and mental health. Current results also suggest that lower age of first MA use may influence relapse rate in general, while executive dysfunction may influence repeated relapse in particular. The present results add to the literature concerning factors that may increase the risk of relapse in individuals with MUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Mu
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Li-Jin Wang
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Ling-Ling Xia
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Pei-Pei Song
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Jun-Da Li
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Wen-Juan Wang
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Hao-Nan Li
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yu-Jing Wang
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Hua-Jun Tang
- Compulsory Isolated Drug Rehabilitation Center, Bengbu, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xun Song
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Wen-Yi Shao
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiao-Chu Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hua-Shan Xu
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Dong-Liang Jiao
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Dependent alcohol drinkers exhibit differences in the structure and function of the brain, and impairments in cognitive function, including executive functions (EFs). Less is known about the impact of non-dependent but hazardous use (that which raises the risk of harm), and it is also unclear to what extent executive impairments in this cohort affect real-world function. The current study examines the relationship between alcohol use, EF and alcohol-related problems, in the general population. METHODS A between-groups cross-sectional design assessed EF across two levels of drinking; hazardous (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) score of ⩾8) and non-hazardous. Alcohol drinkers (n = 666; 136 male; 524 female; six not disclosed; aged 28.02 ± 10.40 years) completed validated questionnaires online assessing subjective EF, alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. RESULTS Organisation, Strategic Planning, Impulse Control and overall function were significantly impaired in hazardous drinkers. Furthermore, the effect of alcohol on EF, partially mediated the relationship between alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. CONCLUSION Hazardous drinking was associated with lower subjective EF, and this mediated the effect of alcohol on alcohol-related problems. This may be due to changes in prefrontal brain regions, which could indicate greater risk for the development of alcohol dependence (AD). Future research should use additional means to assess EF in hazardous drinkers, including recovery of function, development of AD and the relationship between cognition and alcohol-related daily problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Powell
- School of Psychology, Liverpool John
Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Harry Sumnall
- Public Health Institute, Liverpool John
Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Liverpool Centre for Alcohol Research,
University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Cecil Kullu
- Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust,
Liverpool, UK
| | - Lynn Owens
- Liverpool Centre for Alcohol Research,
University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool,
UK
| | - Catharine Montgomery
- School of Psychology, Liverpool John
Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Liverpool Centre for Alcohol Research,
University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Clarke PJF, Todd J. Lessons unlearned: A conceptual review and meta-analysis of the relationship between the Attention Control Scale and Objective Attention Control. Cogn Emot 2021; 35:1447-1459. [PMID: 34672869 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2021.1987861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Attention control is central to many models of emotion. Among the most common measures of attention, control is the Attention Control Scale (ACS), which has exerted considerable influence in terms of the volume and breadth of research findings, with its use in cognitive-experimental research continuing to increase in recent years. However, there are growing concerns about whether the ACS genuinely indexes attention control. The present paper considers the context and development of the ACS, reviews and meta-analyses the available evidence regarding its association with objective measures of attention control. Meta-analytic results from nine studies (total n = 1274) indicated that the full-scale ACS was not significantly associated with behavioural measures of attentional control (r = .067, p = .093, N = 1274, 95% CI: -.011, .145). Findings indicated likely missing studies with lower correlations suggesting the true association may be smaller. Limited evidence of shared variance between subjective and objective measures of attention control contrasts with considerable evidence that the scale is closely correlated with dispositional traits (e.g. anxiety, agreeableness) that could plausibly influence responding. Thus, on the balance of current findings, we conclude that there is little compelling evidence that responding on the ACS reflects genuine attention control abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J F Clarke
- Affective, Behavioural, and Cognitive Neuroscience Group, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Jemma Todd
- Clinical Psychology Unit, School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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9
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Bauer LO. Temporal instability in brain activation: a novel paradigm for evaluating the maintenance of attention among substance dependent patients. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2937-2946. [PMID: 34196741 PMCID: PMC10127227 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05909-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Prior studies have demonstrated statistically significant but subtle differences in brain function between patients with a history of substance dependence (SD) and control groups. OBJECTIVES The goal of the present study was to show that variability in brain activation over the trials of a cognitive task is more useful for revealing the putative impact of SD than analyses focusing on the amplitude of activation averaged over trials. The study also tested the additional contribution of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)-a prevalent comorbidity that promotes both an early onset and more severe course of SD. METHODS Two hundred eleven adults performed two selective attention tasks while P300 event-related electroencephalographic potentials were recorded. They were assigned to one of 3 mutually exclusive groups: no lifetime history of SD or ASPD (n = 67), a SD history but no ASPD (n = 68), or both SD and ASPD (n = 76). RESULTS The major finding was a statistically significant elevation of P300 amplitude inter-trial variability (ITV) in the SD plus ASPD group in comparison to the group with neither attribute. The elevation was detected during both selective attention tasks and most prominent at electrodes sites located over the frontal brain. There were no group differences in P300 amplitude averaged over trials. CONCLUSIONS We conclude from these findings that the ITV of P300 amplitude is an efficient and sensitive biomarker of the maintenance of attention. It is valuable for revealing group differences associated with substance dependence and ASPD. It may ultimately be valuable for detecting improvements resulting from psychostimulant treatment or other interventions, including cognitive remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance O Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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10
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Ahmed A, Ruiz MJ, Cohen Kadosh K, Patton R, Resurrección DM. Khat and neurobehavioral functions: A systematic review. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252900. [PMID: 34111184 PMCID: PMC8192015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Khat is a plant that is used for its amphetamine-like stimulant properties. However, although khat is very popular in Eastern Africa, Arabian Peninsula, and the Middle East, there is still a lack of studies researching the possible neurobehavioral impairment derived from khat use. Methods A systematic review was conducted to identify studies that assessed the effects of khat use on neurobehavioral functions. MedLine, Scopus, Cochrane, Web of Science and Open Grey literature were searched for relevant publications from inception to December 2020. Search terms included (a) khat and (b) several cognitive domains. References from relevant publications and grey literature were also reviewed to identify additional citations for inclusion. Results A total of 142 articles were reviewed, 14 of which met the inclusion criteria (nine human and five rodent studies). Available human studies suggest that long term khat use is associated with significant deficits in several cognitive domains, including learning, motor speed/coordination, set-shifting/response inhibition functions, cognitive flexibility, short term/working memory, and conflict resolution. In addition, rodent studies indicated daily administration of khat extract resulted in dose-related impairments in behavior such as motor hyperactivity and decreased cognition, mainly learning and memory. Conclusions The findings presented in this review indicates that long-term khat use may be contributing to an impairment of neurobehavioral functions. However, gaps in literature were detected that future studies could potentially address to better understand the health consequences of khat use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Ahmed
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Manuel J. Ruiz
- Department of Psychology, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Kathrin Cohen Kadosh
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Patton
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Fisher ML, Pauly JR, Froeliger B, Turner JR. Translational Research in Nicotine Addiction. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:cshperspect.a039776. [PMID: 32513669 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a039776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
While commendable strides have been made in reducing smoking initiation and improving smoking cessation rates, current available smoking cessation treatment options are still only mildly efficacious and show substantial interindividual variability in their therapeutic responses. Therefore, the primary goal of preclinical research has been to further the understanding of the neural substrates and genetic influences involved in nicotine's effects and reassess potential drug targets. Pronounced advances have been made by investing in new translational approaches and placing more emphasis on bridging the gap between human and rodent models of dependence. Functional neuroimaging studies have identified key brain structures involved with nicotine-dependence phenotypes such as craving, impulsivity, withdrawal symptoms, and smoking cessation outcomes. Following up with these findings, rodent-modeling techniques have made it possible to dissect the neural circuits involved in these motivated behaviors and ascertain mechanisms underlying nicotine's interactive effects on brain structure and function. Likewise, translational studies investigating single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the cholinergic, dopaminergic, and opioid systems have found high levels of involvement of these neurotransmitter systems in regulating the reinforcing aspects of nicotine in both humans and mouse models. These findings and coordinated efforts between human and rodent studies pave the way for future work determining gene by drug interactions and tailoring treatment options to each individual smoker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda L Fisher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, USA
| | - James R Pauly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, USA
| | - Brett Froeliger
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
| | - Jill R Turner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, USA
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12
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The effect of non-invasive brain stimulation on executive functioning in healthy controls: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:122-147. [PMID: 33503477 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a heightened interest in the effect of non-invasive brain stimulation on executive functioning. However, there is no comprehensive overview of its effects on different executive functioning domains in healthy individuals. Here, we assessed the state of the field by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effectiveness of non-invasive brain stimulation (i.e. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation) over prefrontal regions on tasks assessing working memory, inhibition, flexibility, planning and initiation performance. Our search yielded 63 studies (n = 1537), and the effectiveness of excitatory and inhibitory non-invasive brain stimulation were assessed per executive functioning task. Our analyses showed that excitatory non-invasive brain stimulation had a small but positive effect on Stop Signal Task and Go/No-Go Task performance, and that inhibitory stimulation had a small negative effect on Flanker Task performance. Non-invasive brain stimulation did not affect performance on working memory and flexibility tasks, and effects on planning tasks were inconclusive.
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Wang LJ, Mu LL, Ren ZX, Tang HJ, Wei YD, Wang WJ, Song PP, Zhu L, Ling Q, Gao H, Zhang L, Song X, Wei HF, Chang LX, Wei T, Wang YJ, Zhao W, Wang Y, Liu LY, Zhou YD, Zhou RD, Xu HS, Jiao DL. Predictive Role of Executive Function in the Efficacy of Intermittent Theta Burst Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Modalities for Treating Methamphetamine Use Disorder-A Randomized Clinical Trial. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:774192. [PMID: 34925101 PMCID: PMC8674464 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.774192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has therapeutic effects on craving in methamphetamine (METH) use disorder (MUD). The chronic abuse of METH causes impairments in executive function, and improving executive function reduces relapse and improves treatment outcomes for drug use disorder. The purpose of this study was to determine whether executive function helped predict patients' responses to rTMS treatment. Methods: This study employed intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) rTMS modalities and observed their therapeutic effects on executive function and craving in MUD patients. MUD patients from an isolated Drug Rehabilitation Institute in China were chosen and randomly allocated to the iTBS group and sham-stimulation group. All participants underwent the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Adult Version Scale (BRIEF-A) and Visual Analog Scales (VAS) measurements. Sixty-five healthy adults matched to the general condition of MUD patients were also recruited as healthy controls. Findings: Patients with MUD had significantly worse executive function. iTBS groups had better treatment effects on the MUD group than the sham-stimulation group. Further Spearman rank correlation and stepwise multivariate regression analysis revealed that reduction rates of the total score of the BRIEF-A and subscale scores of the inhibition factor and working memory factor in the iTBS group positively correlated with improvements in craving. ROC curve analysis showed that working memory (AUC = 87.4%; 95% CI = 0.220, 0.631) and GEC (AUC = 0.761%; 95% CI = 0.209, 0.659) had predictive power to iTBS therapeutic efficacy. The cutoff values are 13.393 and 59.804, respectively. Conclusions: The iTBS rTMS had a better therapeutic effect on the executive function of patients with MUD, and the improved executive function had the potential to become a predictor for the efficacy of iTBS modality for MUD treatment. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: ChiCTR2100046954.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jin Wang
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Lin-Lin Mu
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zi-Xuan Ren
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Hua-Jun Tang
- Compulsory Isolated Drug Rehabilitation Center, Bengbu, China
| | - Ya-Dong Wei
- Compulsory Isolated Drug Rehabilitation Center, Bengbu, China
| | - Wen-Juan Wang
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Pei-Pei Song
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Qiang Ling
- Compulsory Isolated Drug Rehabilitation Center, Bengbu, China
| | - He Gao
- Compulsory Isolated Drug Rehabilitation Center, Bengbu, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xun Song
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Hua-Feng Wei
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Lei-Xin Chang
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Tao Wei
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yu-Jing Wang
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Lu-Ying Liu
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yi-Ding Zhou
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Rui-Dong Zhou
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Hua-Shan Xu
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Dong-Liang Jiao
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
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Yan WS, Chen RT, Liu MM, Zheng DH. Monetary Reward Discounting, Inhibitory Control, and Trait Impulsivity in Young Adults With Internet Gaming Disorder and Nicotine Dependence. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:628933. [PMID: 33584390 PMCID: PMC7876248 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.628933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) has been considered a potential behavioral or non-substance addiction that requires further investigation. Recognition of the commonalities between IGD and Substance Use disorders (SUD) would be of great help to better understand the basic mechanisms of addictive behaviors and excessive Internet gaming. However, little research has targeted a straightforward contrast between IGD and SUD on neuropsychological aspects. The present study thus aimed to explore the associations of reward processing and inhibitory control with IGD and nicotine dependence (ND) in young adults. Fifty-eight IGD and 53 ND individuals, as well as 57 age- and gender-matched healthy controls, were assessed with a series of measurements including the Delay-discounting Test (DDT), Probability Discounting Test (PDT), the Stroop Color-Word Task, a revised Go/No Go Task, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). Multivariate analysis of variance (mANOVA) models revealed that both IGD and ND groups scored higher than healthy controls on the BIS-11 attentional, motor, and non-planning impulsiveness (Cohen's d = 0.41-1.75). Higher degrees of delay discounting on the DDT were also found in IGD and ND groups compared to healthy controls (Cohen's d = 0.53-0.69). Although IGD group did not differ from healthy controls on the PDT, ND group had a lower degree of probability discounting than healthy controls (Cohen's d = 0.55), suggesting a reduction in risk aversion. Furthermore, ND subjects showed a lower correct accuracy in the incongruent trials of the Stroop task than healthy controls (Cohen's d = 0.61). On the Go/No Go task, both IGD and ND groups had a lower correct accuracy in the No-Go trials than healthy controls (Cohen's d = 1.35-1.50), indicating compromised response inhibition. These findings suggested that IGD was linked to both anomalous reward discounting and dysfunctional inhibitory control, which was comparable with one typical SUD category (i.e., ND). This study might promote a better understanding of the pathogenesis of IGD as a potential addictive disorder similar to SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Sen Yan
- Department of Psychology, School of Medical Humanitarians, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ruo-Ting Chen
- Department of Psychology, School of Medical Humanitarians, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Meng-Meng Liu
- Department of Psychology, School of Medical Humanitarians, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Dan-Hui Zheng
- Department of Psychology, School of Medical Humanitarians, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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15
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Atypical frontal midline theta activity during cognitive control in heroin addicts. Neuroreport 2020; 30:852-855. [PMID: 31283705 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency in cognitive control has been proposed as a core issue in addictive behavior, and recent advancements in cognitive neuroscience have suggested that frontal midline theta is a mechanism for cognitive control. This study examined frontal midline theta deficits in patients with heroin dependence during a Go/No-go task which explicitly involved cognitive control. Electroencephalography readings were collected from 15 male heroin addicts and 17 demographically matched healthy controls during an equal probability Go/No-go task. The findings revealed that heroin addicts responded significantly slower to the Go stimulus as compared to the healthy control. Heroin addicts also showed less frontal midline theta modulations between the Go and No-go conditions. These findings provided further evidence toward understanding the nature of drug addiction-related cognitive dysfunction.
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16
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Dysfunctional default mode network and executive control network in people with Internet gaming disorder: Independent component analysis under a probability discounting task. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 34:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundThe present study identified the neural mechanism of risky decision-making in Internet gaming disorder (IGD) under a probability discounting task.MethodsIndependent component analysis was used on the functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 19 IGD subjects (22.2 ± 3.08 years) and 21 healthy controls (HC, 22.8 ± 3.5 years).ResultsFor the behavioral results, IGD subjects prefer the risky to the fixed options and showed shorter reaction time compared to HC. For the imaging results, the IGD subjects showed higher task-related activity in default mode network (DMN) and less engagement in the executive control network (ECN) than HC when making the risky decisions. Also, we found the activities of DMN correlate negatively with the reaction time and the ECN correlate positively with the probability discounting rates.ConclusionsThe results suggest that people with IGD show altered modulation in DMN and deficit in executive control function, which might be the reason for why the IGD subjects continue to play online games despite the potential negative consequences.
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17
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Newman-Norlund RD, Gibson M, McConnell PA, Froeliger B. Dissociable Effects of Theta-Burst Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to the Inferior Frontal Gyrus on Inhibitory Control in Nicotine Addiction. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:260. [PMID: 32351412 PMCID: PMC7174714 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine addiction, like other substance use disorders (SUD's), is associated with deficits in prefrontal mediated inhibitory control. The strength of inhibitory control task-based functional connectivity (tbFC) between the right inferior frontal gyrus (r.IFG) and thalamus (corticothalamic circuit) mediates the association between successful inhibition and smoking relapse vulnerability. However, the potential efficacy of theta burst stimulation (TBS) to the r.IFG, a treatment known to alter clinical symptoms among neuropsychiatric patients, has not been reported in a SUD population. This study utilized fMRI guided neuronavigation to examine the effects of TBS on inhibitory control among nicotine dependent individuals. Participants (N=12) were scanned while performing an inhibitory control task known to elicit inhibition-related activity in the r.IFG. Using a randomized, counterbalanced cross-over design, participants then received TBS over two visits: excitatory (iTBS) on one visit and inhibitory (cTBS) TBS on the other visit. The effects of each TBS condition on subsequent inhibitory control task performance were examined. A significant condition x time interaction was identified on trials requiring inhibitory control (F (1,10) = 7.27, p = .022, D = 1.63). iTBS improved inhibitory control, whereas cTBS impaired inhibitory control. Brain stimulation did not influence performance in control conditions including novelty detection and response execution. This is the first study to demonstrate that non-invasive neural stimulation using iTBS to the r.IFG enhances baseline inhibitory control among individuals with a SUD. Further research is needed to directly examine the potential parametric effects of TBS on corticothalamic tbFC in individuals with a SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Makayla Gibson
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Patrick A McConnell
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Brett Froeliger
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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18
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Yücel M, Oldenhof E, Ahmed SH, Belin D, Billieux J, Bowden‐Jones H, Carter A, Chamberlain SR, Clark L, Connor J, Daglish M, Dom G, Dannon P, Duka T, Fernandez‐Serrano MJ, Field M, Franken I, Goldstein RZ, Gonzalez R, Goudriaan AE, Grant JE, Gullo MJ, Hester R, Hodgins DC, Le Foll B, Lee RSC, Lingford‐Hughes A, Lorenzetti V, Moeller SJ, Munafò MR, Odlaug B, Potenza MN, Segrave R, Sjoerds Z, Solowij N, van den Brink W, van Holst RJ, Voon V, Wiers R, Fontenelle LF, Verdejo‐Garcia A. A transdiagnostic dimensional approach towards a neuropsychological assessment for addiction: an international Delphi consensus study. Addiction 2019; 114:1095-1109. [PMID: 30133930 PMCID: PMC6386631 DOI: 10.1111/add.14424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The US National Institutes of Mental Health Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) seek to stimulate research into biologically validated neuropsychological dimensions across mental illness symptoms and diagnoses. The RDoC framework comprises 39 functional constructs designed to be revised and refined, with the overall goal of improving diagnostic validity and treatments. This study aimed to reach a consensus among experts in the addiction field on the 'primary' RDoC constructs most relevant to substance and behavioural addictions. METHODS Forty-four addiction experts were recruited from Australia, Asia, Europe and the Americas. The Delphi technique was used to determine a consensus as to the degree of importance of each construct in understanding the essential dimensions underpinning addictive behaviours. Expert opinions were canvassed online over three rounds (97% completion rate), with each consecutive round offering feedback for experts to review their opinions. RESULTS Seven constructs were endorsed by ≥ 80% of experts as 'primary' to the understanding of addictive behaviour: five from the Positive Valence System (reward valuation, expectancy, action selection, reward learning, habit); one from the Cognitive Control System (response selection/inhibition); and one expert-initiated construct (compulsivity). These constructs were rated to be related differentially to stages of the addiction cycle, with some linked more closely to addiction onset and others more to chronicity. Experts agreed that these neuropsychological dimensions apply across a range of addictions. CONCLUSIONS The study offers a novel and neuropsychologically informed theoretical framework, as well as a cogent step forward to test transdiagnostic concepts in addiction research, with direct implications for assessment, diagnosis, staging of disorder, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Yücel
- Brain and Mental Health Research Hub, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN) and School of Psychological SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Erin Oldenhof
- Brain and Mental Health Research Hub, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN) and School of Psychological SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Serge H. Ahmed
- Institut des Maladies NeurodégénérativesUniversité de BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - David Belin
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Joel Billieux
- Addictive and Compulsive Behaviours Laboratory (ACB‐lab), Institute for Health and BehavioursUniversity of LuxembourgEsch‐sur‐AlzetteLuxembourg
| | | | - Adrian Carter
- Brain and Mental Health Research Hub, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN) and School of Psychological SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Samuel R. Chamberlain
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Cambridge; and Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust (CPFT)CambridgeUK
| | - Luke Clark
- Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, Department of PsychologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Jason Connor
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre for Youth Substance Abuse ResearchThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Mark Daglish
- Alcohol and Drug Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Metro North HHS, Queensland Health and Discipline of PsychiatryThe University of QueenslandAustralia
| | - Geert Dom
- Antwerp University (UA), Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI)AntwerpBelgium
| | - Pinhas Dannon
- Department of Psychiatrythe Sackler School of Medicine and Tel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Theodora Duka
- Sussex Addiction Research and Intervention Centre, School of PsychologyUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | | | - Matt Field
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Ingmar Franken
- Institute of Psychology, Erasmus School of Social Sciences and Behavioral Sciences, Erasmus UniversityRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Rita Z. Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry and NeuroscienceIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNYUSA
| | - Raul Gonzalez
- Center for Children and Families, Department of PsychologyFlorida International UniversityMiamiFL
| | - Anna E. Goudriaan
- Arkin Mental Health and Amsterdam UMCUniversity of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction ResearchAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Jon E. Grant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral NeuroscienceUniversity of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - Matthew J. Gullo
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse ResearchThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Robert Hester
- School of Psychological SciencesUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | | | - Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research LaboratoryCampbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH)TorontoCanada,Department of Family and Community Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Rico S. C. Lee
- Brain and Mental Health Research Hub, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN) and School of Psychological SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Anne Lingford‐Hughes
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Centre for Psychiatry, Division of Brain SciencesImperial CollegeLondonUK
| | - Valentina Lorenzetti
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health SciencesAustralian Catholic UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Scott J. Moeller
- Department of PsychiatryStony Brook University School of MedicineStony BrookNYUSA
| | - Marcus R. Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of BristolBristolUK
| | - Brian Odlaug
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark,H. Lundbeck A/SValbyDenmark
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Child Study CenterYale University School of Medicine and Connecticut Mental Health Center and Connecticut Council on Problem GamblingNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Rebecca Segrave
- Brain and Mental Health Research Hub, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN) and School of Psychological SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Zsuzsika Sjoerds
- Department of NeurologyMax‐Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany,Cognitive Psychology UnitInstitute of Psychology, and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden UniversityLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Nadia Solowij
- School of Psychology and Illawarra Health and Medical Research InstituteUniversity of WollongongWollongongNSWAustralia,The Australian Centre for Cannabinoid Clinical and Research Excellence (ACRE)New Lambton Heights NSWAustralia
| | - Wim van den Brink
- Amsterdam UMCUniversity of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction ResearchAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Ruth J. van Holst
- Amsterdam UMCUniversity of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction ResearchAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Valerie Voon
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Reinout Wiers
- Addiction, Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT)‐lab, Deptartment of PsychologyUniversity of Amsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Leonardo F. Fontenelle
- Brain and Mental Health Research Hub, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN) and School of Psychological SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Antonio Verdejo‐Garcia
- Brain and Mental Health Research Hub, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN) and School of Psychological SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
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Shafiee SA, Razaghi E, Vedadhir AA. Multi-Level Approach to Theories of Addiction: A Critical Review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 2019; 13. [DOI: 10.5812/ijpbs.88881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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20
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Lee RSC, Hoppenbrouwers S, Franken I. A Systematic Meta-Review of Impulsivity and Compulsivity in Addictive Behaviors. Neuropsychol Rev 2019; 29:14-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s11065-019-09402-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
Cognitive impairments in substance use disorders have been extensively researched, especially since the advent of cognitive and computational neuroscience and neuroimaging methods in the last 20 years. Conceptually, altered cognitive function can be viewed as a hallmark feature of substance use disorders, with documented alterations in the well-known "executive" domains of attention, inhibition/regulation, working memory, and decision-making. Poor cognitive (sometimes referred to as "top-down") regulation of downstream motivational processes-whether appetitive (reward, incentive salience) or aversive (stress, negative affect)-is recognized as a fundamental impairment in addiction and a potentially important target for intervention. As addressed in this special issue, cognitive impairment is a transdiagnostic domain; thus, advances in the characterization and treatment of cognitive dysfunction in substance use disorders could have benefit across multiple psychiatric disorders. Toward this general goal, we summarize current findings in the abovementioned cognitive domains of substance use disorders, while suggesting a potentially useful expansion to include processes that both precede (precognition) and supersede (social cognition) what is usually thought of as strictly cognition. These additional two areas have received relatively less attention but phenomenologically and otherwise are important features of substance use disorders. The review concludes with suggestions for research and potential therapeutic targeting of both the familiar and this more comprehensive version of cognitive domains related to substance use disorders.
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22
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Sabrini S, Wang GY, Lin JC, Ian JK, Curley LE. Methamphetamine use and cognitive function: A systematic review of neuroimaging research. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 194:75-87. [PMID: 30414539 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term use of MA has been associated with cognitive dysfunction in several domains. Neuroimaging studies have also reported structural, metabolic, and functional changes in MA users. However, no systematic review has been conducted on those studies in MA users that combined neuroimaging and cognitive tasks. METHODS This article systematically reviews correlation between brain imaging measures and cognitive performance in subjects with current and previous history of MA use. Findings are categorized based on cognitive domain. RESULTS MA users performed more poorly than controls in all cognitive domains (psychomotor, working memory, attention, cognitive control, and decision- making) and a positive correlation has been repeatedly observed between performance and brain measures (regional volume/density, blood flow, glucose metabolism, FA value, NAA level, and activation) in MA users. Performance in cognitive control was consistently reported to show relationship with brain measures in the PFC and ACC, while decision- making consistently showed correlation with brain measures in the PFC, ACC, and striatum. CONCLUSIONS There is solid evidence for brain- behavior relationship in cognitive functioning in MA users, particularly in cognitive control and decision-making. More research with correlation analysis between brain-behavior and MA use parameters is strongly encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrini Sabrini
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Grace Y Wang
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, North Campus, 90 Akoranga Drive, Northcote, Auckland 0627, New Zealand.
| | - Joanne C Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - J K Ian
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Science Centre, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Louise E Curley
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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23
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Jansen JM, van den Heuvel OA, van der Werf YD, de Wit SJ, Veltman DJ, van den Brink W, Goudriaan AE. The Effect of High-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Emotion Processing, Reappraisal, and Craving in Alcohol Use Disorder Patients and Healthy Controls: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:272. [PMID: 31133889 PMCID: PMC6516054 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired cognitive-motivational functioning is present in many psychiatric disorders, including alcohol use disorder (AUD). Emotion regulation is a key intermediate factor, relating to the (cognitive) regulation of emotional and motivational states, such as in regulation of craving or negative emotions that may lead to relapse in alcohol use. These cognitive-motivational functions, including emotion regulation, are a target in cognitive behavioral therapy and may possibly be improved by neurostimulation techniques. The present between-subjects, single-blind study assesses the effects of sham-controlled high-frequency neuronavigated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (10 Hz) of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) on several aspects relevant for emotion regulation (emotion processing and reappraisal abilities) and related brain activity, as well as self-reported craving in a sample of alcohol use disorder patients (AUD; n = 39) and healthy controls (HC; n = 36). During the emotion reappraisal task, participants were instructed to either attend or reappraise their emotions related to the negative, positive, neutral, and alcohol-related images, after which they rated their experienced emotions. We found that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) reduces self-reported experienced emotions in response to positive and negative images in AUD patients, whereas experienced emotions were increased in response to neutral and positive images in HCs. In the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analyses, we found that rTMS reduces right dlPFC activity during appraisal of affective images relative to sham stimulation only in AUD patients. We could not confirm our hypotheses regarding the effect of rTMS craving levels, or on reappraisal related brain function, since no significant effects of rTMS on craving or reappraisal related brain function were found. These findings imply that rTMS can reduce the emotional impact of images as reflected in blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) response, especially in AUD patients. Future studies should replicate and expand the current study, for instance, by assessing the effect of multiple stimulation sessions on both explicit and implicit emotion regulation paradigms and craving, and assess the effect of rTMS within subgroups with specific addiction-relevant image preferences. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT02557815.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem M Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Institute for Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Odile A van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ysbrand D van der Werf
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stella J de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wim van den Brink
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anna E Goudriaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Research and Quality of Care, Arkin, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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24
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Abstract
Recognizing addiction as a phenomenon with deep evolutionary roots grants valuable new perspectives into understanding its behavioral features, as well as its underlying neural mechanisms and genetic architecture. Although now generally misbranded as "human drugs of abuse," addictive plant alkaloids originally arose as potent chemical defenses against insect herbivory. The products of this evolutionary arms race, compounds such as nicotine, cathinone, or morphine, target essential biological mechanisms for motivation and learning and act as weaponized disruptors. Human vulnerabilities to these addictive drugs may thus represent little more than collateral damage arising from deep homology, i.e., shared biological implementation of behavioral functions with taxa that trace back to the early divergence of bilateral metazoans. Consistent with such a view, invertebrate preparations exhibit a rich spectrum of behavioral and neural consequences in response to drug exposure. Although there is certainly evidence for addiction-like phenomena in many invertebrate lineages, the present review focuses attention primarily on our recent work in crayfish. Using this decapod crustacean model, we have characterized a range of amphetamines, cathinones, and opioids for evidence of unconditioned intoxication, sympathomimetic properties, psychostimulant sensitization, conditioned cue learning, and operant self-administration. Overall, our findings on drug-sensitive reward in crayfish bear striking similarities to equivalent phenomena illustrated in mammals. Experimentally tractable invertebrate models may thus provide fundamental insights into the homo- and paralogous mechanisms mediating responses to addictive drugs, while illuminating the limits of such contrasts.
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Marceau EM, Kelly PJ, Solowij N. The relationship between executive functions and emotion regulation in females attending therapeutic community treatment for substance use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 182:58-66. [PMID: 29154148 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Difficulties in emotion regulation influence the development of substance use disorder (SUD), its severity, course, treatment outcomes, and relapse. Impaired executive functions (EFs) are common in SUD populations and may relate to emotion dysregulation. The current study tested whether performance on three basic EF tasks ('working memory', 'inhibition', and 'task-switching') and/or inventory-based assessment of EF were related to difficulties in emotion regulation in females attending residential SUD therapeutic community treatment. METHODS Cross-sectional design in which participants (N=50, all female) completed a questionnaire battery including the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Adult Version (BRIEF-A) was used. Participants also completed neuropsychological assessment of EF including the Working Memory Index (WMI; Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale), and measures of inhibition and task-switching (Color-Word Interference Test; Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System). RESULTS Executive dysfunction, as assessed by the Global Executive Composite (GEC; BRIEF-A), and personality disorder indicators (Standardised Assessment of Personality - Abbreviated Scale; SAPAS) were positively correlated with DERS scores. Sequential hierarchical regression indicated that task-switching, GEC, and SAPAS scores statistically predicted DERS scores, while working memory and inhibition did not. Mediation analysis indicated that there was a significant indirect effect of GEC scores and task-switching performance on DERS scores, through SAPAS scores. CONCLUSIONS Impairment of EF, particularly task-switching, is related to difficulties in emotion regulation in a female sample attending residential SUD treatment. Cognitive training interventions that improve task-switching performance may be beneficial in promoting effective emotion regulation and improved SUD treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ely M Marceau
- School of Psychology and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Peter J Kelly
- School of Psychology and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Nadia Solowij
- School of Psychology and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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26
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Gratton G, Cooper P, Fabiani M, Carter CS, Karayanidis F. Dynamics of cognitive control: Theoretical bases, paradigms, and a view for the future. Psychophysiology 2017; 55. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Gratton
- Department of Psychology and Beckman InstituteUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbana Illinois USA
| | - Patrick Cooper
- School of PsychologyUniversity of NewcastleNewcastle New South Wales Australia
| | - Monica Fabiani
- Department of Psychology and Beckman InstituteUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbana Illinois USA
| | - Cameron S. Carter
- Departments of Psychiatry and PsychologyUniversity of California–DavisDavis California USA
| | - Frini Karayanidis
- School of PsychologyUniversity of NewcastleNewcastle New South Wales Australia
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27
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Marceau EM, Berry J, Lunn J, Kelly PJ, Solowij N. Cognitive remediation improves executive functions, self-regulation and quality of life in residents of a substance use disorder therapeutic community. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017. [PMID: 28651150 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Executive dysfunction is common in substance use disorder (SUD) populations and hinders treatment. We previously found that 50% of residents in SUD therapeutic communities had been hospitalized for head injuries; this was a significant determinant of cognitive impairment. The current study aimed to establish whether cognitive remediation improves executive functions (EFs) and self-regulation in an ecologically valid sample of female residents attending SUD therapeutic community treatment, including those with past head injuries and psychiatric comorbidities. METHODS Controlled sequential groups design with residents (N=33, all female) receiving treatment as usual (TAU). The intervention group (n=16) completed four weeks of cognitive remediation (CR) and the control, TAU only (n=17). Outcome measures assessed pre- and post-intervention included both performance- and inventory-based measures of EFs, and self-reported self-regulation and quality of life. RESULTS CR relative to TAU significantly improved performance-based assessment of inhibition (Color-Word Interference Test; F=4.29, p=0.047), inventory-based assessment of EFs (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Adult Version: Global Executive Composite; F=6.38, p=0.017), impulsivity (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; F=4.61, p=0.040), self-control (Brief Self-Control Scale; F=5.53, p=0.026), and quality of life (Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire - Short Form; F=7.68, p=0.010). CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that CR improves EFs in a heterogeneous sample of female residents in therapeutic community SUD treatment. Future research may explore the possibility of tailoring CR interventions for various SUD subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ely M Marceau
- School of Psychology and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Jamie Berry
- Advanced Neuropsychological Treatment Services, PO Box 4070, Strathfield South, NSW 2136 Australia
| | - Joanne Lunn
- We Help Ourselves (WHOs), Building 128, Church St, Lilyfield, NSW 2040 Australia
| | - Peter J Kelly
- School of Psychology and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Nadia Solowij
- School of Psychology and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia.
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28
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Wang L, Wu L, Wang Y, Li H, Liu X, Du X, Dong G. Altered Brain Activities Associated with Craving and Cue Reactivity in People with Internet Gaming Disorder: Evidence from the Comparison with Recreational Internet Game Users. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1150. [PMID: 28744240 PMCID: PMC5504237 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the neural substrates of cue reactivity in Internet gaming disorder (IGD) have been examined in previous studies, most of these studies focused on the comparison between IGD subjects and healthy controls, which cannot exclude a potential effect of cue-familiarity. To overcome this limitation, the current study focuses on the comparison between IGD subjects and recreational Internet game users (RGU) who play online games recreationally but do not develop dependence. Data from 40 RGU and 30 IGD subjects were collected while they were performing an event-related cue reactivity task in the fMRI scanner. The results showed that the IGD subjects were associated with enhanced activation in the left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and decreased activation in the right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), right precuneus, left precentral gyrus and right postcentral gyrus in comparison with the RGU subjects. OFC is involved in reward evaluation and ACC is implicated in executive control function based on previous researches. Moreover, the activation of OFC were correlated with the desire for game-playing. Thus, the higher activation in OFC might suggests high desire for game playing, and the lower activation in ACC might indicates impaired ability in inhibiting the urge to gaming-related stimuli in IGD subjects. Additionally, decreased activation in the precuneus, the precentral and postcentral gyrus may suggest the deficit in disentangling from game-playing stimuli. These findings explain why IGD subjects develop dependence on game-playing while RGU subjects can play online games recreationally and prevent the transition from voluntary game-playing to eventually IGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Wang
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal UniversityJinhua, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of PsychologyBeijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Lingdan Wu
- Department of Psychology, University of KonstanzKonstanz, Germany
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal UniversityJinhua, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal UniversityJinhua, China
| | - Xiaoyue Liu
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal UniversityJinhua, China
| | - Xiaoxia Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Department of Physics, East China Normal UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Guangheng Dong
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal UniversityJinhua, China.,Institute of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Zhejiang Normal UniversityJinhua, China
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29
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Wang Y, Wu L, Zhou H, Lin X, Zhang Y, Du X, Dong G. Impaired executive control and reward circuit in Internet gaming addicts under a delay discounting task: independent component analysis. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 267:245-255. [PMID: 27506757 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-016-0721-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study utilized independent component analysis to explore the abnormal functional connectivity (FC) in male participants with Internet gaming disorder (IGD). Functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioral data were collected from 21 healthy controls (HC) and 18 IGD patients when they were performing a delay discounting task. Behavioral results revealed that the IGD patients showed higher delay discounting rates than HC. Two networks were found to be associated with IGD: (1) the executive control network containing the anterior cingulate cortex and the medial and superior frontal gyrus, and (2) the basal ganglia network containing the lentiform nucleus. Comparing to HC, IGD exhibited stronger FC when selecting small and now options. In addition, the delay discounting rates were positively correlated with the modulation of the two networks and the reaction time. The results suggested that the IGD patients have enhanced sensitivity to reward and decreased ability to control their impulsivity effectively, which leads to myopic decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingdan Wu
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Hongli Zhou
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Science, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifen Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Du
- Department of Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangheng Dong
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Jordan CJ, Andersen SL. Sensitive periods of substance abuse: Early risk for the transition to dependence. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2016; 25:29-44. [PMID: 27840157 PMCID: PMC5410194 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Early substance use dramatically increases the risk of substance use disorder (SUD). Although many try drugs, only a small percentage transition to SUD. High reactivity of reward, habit, and stress systems increase risk. Identification of early risk enables targeted, preventative interventions for SUD. Prevention must start before the sensitive adolescent period to maximize resilience.
Early adolescent substance use dramatically increases the risk of lifelong substance use disorder (SUD). An adolescent sensitive period evolved to allow the development of risk-taking traits that aid in survival; today these may manifest as a vulnerability to drugs of abuse. Early substance use interferes with ongoing neurodevelopment to induce neurobiological changes that further augment SUD risk. Although many individuals use drugs recreationally, only a small percentage transition to SUD. Current theories on the etiology of addiction can lend insights into the risk factors that increase vulnerability from early recreational use to addiction. Building on the work of others, we suggest individual risk for SUD emerges from an immature PFC combined with hyper-reactivity of reward salience, habit, and stress systems. Early identification of risk factors is critical to reducing the occurrence of SUD. We suggest preventative interventions for SUD that can be either tailored to individual risk profiles and/or implemented broadly, prior to the sensitive adolescent period, to maximize resilience to developing substance dependence. Recommendations for future research include a focus on the juvenile and adolescent periods as well as on sex differences to better understand early risk and identify the most efficacious preventions for SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J Jordan
- Department of Psychiatry, Mclean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, United States.
| | - Susan L Andersen
- Department of Psychiatry, Mclean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, United States
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31
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Smith JL, Iredale JM, Mattick RP. Sex differences in the relationship between heavy alcohol use, inhibition and performance monitoring: Disconnect between behavioural and brain functional measures. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2016; 254:103-11. [PMID: 27399307 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has reported mixed evidence of sex differences in the relationship between heavy alcohol use and deficits in behavioural control. Here, we examine sex differences in behavioural and event-related potential (ERP) markers of deficient inhibition. Participants were 71 young adults aged 18-21, who either drank heavily regularly (i.e., four standard drinks on one occasion, at least once a month, n=33, 20 male) or drank heavily less often than this (including never, n=38, 21 male). They completed a stop-signal task while ERPs were recorded. Increases in stop-signal reaction time, the time required to stop a response, were related to heavy drinking only in female participants. P3 amplitude, ERN amplitude and ERN latency did not display a significant interaction between group and sex. Heavy drinkers, regardless of sex, displayed a marginally larger successful>failed effect for P3 amplitude, and a marginally smaller error-related negativity. An apparent disconnect exists in behavioural and psychophysiological measures of sex differences in the relationship between heavy alcohol consumption and inhibitory processing; male heavy drinkers display only psychophysiological but not behavioural deficits, while female heavy drinkers display both. Future research may determine whether sex differences are apparent for other substances besides alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette L Smith
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Jaimi M Iredale
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Richard P Mattick
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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32
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Marceau EM, Lunn J, Berry J, Kelly PJ, Solowij N. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is Sensitive to Head Injury and Cognitive Impairment in a Residential Alcohol and Other Drug Therapeutic Community. J Subst Abuse Treat 2016; 66:30-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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33
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Clarke TK, Smith AH, Gelernter J, Kranzler HR, Farrer LA, Hall LS, Fernandez-Pujals AM, MacIntyre DJ, Smith BH, Hocking LJ, Padmanabhan S, Hayward C, Thomson PA, Porteous DJ, Deary IJ, McIntosh AM. Polygenic risk for alcohol dependence associates with alcohol consumption, cognitive function and social deprivation in a population-based cohort. Addict Biol 2016; 21:469-80. [PMID: 25865819 PMCID: PMC4600406 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol dependence is frequently co‐morbid with cognitive impairment. The relationship between these traits is complex as cognitive dysfunction may arise as a consequence of heavy drinking or exist prior to the onset of dependence. In the present study, we tested the genetic overlap between cognitive abilities and alcohol dependence using polygenic risk scores (PGRS). We created two independent PGRS derived from two recent genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) of alcohol dependence (SAGE GWAS: n = 2750; Yale‐Penn GWAS: n = 2377) in a population‐based cohort, Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study (GS:SFHS) (n = 9863). Data on alcohol consumption and four tests of cognitive function [Mill Hill Vocabulary (MHV), digit symbol coding, phonemic verbal fluency (VF) and logical memory] were available. PGRS for alcohol dependence were negatively associated with two measures of cognitive function: MHV (SAGE: P = 0.009, β = −0.027; Yale‐Penn: P = 0.001, β = −0.034) and VF (SAGE: P = 0.0008, β = −0.036; Yale‐Penn: P = 0.00005, β = −0.044). VF remained robustly associated after adjustment for education and social deprivation; however, the association with MHV was substantially attenuated. Shared genetic variants may account for some of the phenotypic association between cognitive ability and alcohol dependence. A significant negative association between PGRS and social deprivation was found (SAGE: P = 5.2 × 10−7, β = −0.054; Yale‐Penn: P = 0.000012, β = −0.047). Individuals living in socially deprived regions were found to carry more alcohol dependence risk alleles which may contribute to the increased prevalence of problem drinking in regions of deprivation. Future work to identify genes which affect both cognitive impairment and alcohol dependence will help elucidate biological processes common to both disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew H. Smith
- Division of Human Genetics; Department of Psychiatry; Yale University School of Medicine; VA CT Healthcare Center; West Haven CT USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program; Yale University School of Medicine; West Haven CT USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Division of Human Genetics; Department of Psychiatry; Yale University School of Medicine; VA CT Healthcare Center; West Haven CT USA
- Department of Genetics and Neurobiology; Yale University School of Medicine; West Haven CT USA
| | - Henry R. Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; VISN4 MIRECC, Philadelphia VA Medical Center; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Departments of Medicine, Neurology, Ophthalmology, Biomedical Genetics, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics; Boston University School of Medicine and Public Health; Boston MA USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Caroline Hayward
- Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine; Western General Hospital; University of Edinburgh; UK
- MRC Human Genetics; MRC IGMM; University of Edinburgh; UK
| | - Pippa A. Thomson
- Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine; Western General Hospital; University of Edinburgh; UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology; University of Edinburgh; UK
| | - David J. Porteous
- MRC Human Genetics; MRC IGMM; University of Edinburgh; UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology; University of Edinburgh; UK
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology; University of Edinburgh; UK
- Department of Psychology; University of Edinburgh; UK
| | - Andrew M. McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology; University of Edinburgh; UK
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34
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Schulte EM, Grilo CM, Gearhardt AN. Shared and unique mechanisms underlying binge eating disorder and addictive disorders. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 44:125-139. [PMID: 26879210 PMCID: PMC5796407 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Scientific interest in "food addiction" is growing, but the topic remains controversial. One critique of "food addiction" is its high degree of phenotypic overlap with binge eating disorder (BED). In order to examine associations between problematic eating behaviors, such as binge eating and "food addiction," we propose the need to move past examining similarities and differences in symptomology. Instead, focusing on relevant mechanisms may more effectively determine whether "food addiction" contributes to disordered eating behavior for some individuals. This paper reviews the evidence for mechanisms that are shared (i.e., reward dysfunction, impulsivity) and unique for addiction (i.e., withdrawal, tolerance) and eating disorder (i.e., dietary restraint, shape/weight concern) frameworks. This review will provide a guiding framework to outline future areas of research needed to evaluate the validity of the "food addiction" model and to understand its potential contribution to disordered eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M Schulte
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Carlos M Grilo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; CASAColumbia, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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35
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Successful smoking cessation is associated with prefrontal cortical function during a Stroop task: A preliminary study. Psychiatry Res 2015; 234:52-6. [PMID: 26321462 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although many smokers try to quit, relatively few are successful in their attempts. Here we investigated whether the ability to quit smoking is related to behavioral and neural measures of cognitive control. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study with a counting Stroop task was used to measure cognitive control in ex-smokers (N=10) who had successfully quit smoking and smokers (N=10) who continuously failed to quit smoking. Behavioral results showed a significant Stroop effect in ex-smokers and smokers. Ex-smokers exhibited less Stroop interference, indicating superior cognitive control compared with smokers. Furthermore, when incongruent trials were contrasted with congruent trials, ex-smokers showed stronger BOLD activity than smokers in the right superior frontal gyrus and anterior cingulate cortex. Although the present study does not permit us to draw strong conclusions regarding causality, the results suggest that successful smoking cessation may be mediated by superior cognitive control.
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36
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Kalapatapu RK, Delucchi KL, Wang S, Harbison JD, Nelson EE, Kramer JH. Substance use history in behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia versus primary progressive aphasia. J Addict Dis 2015; 35:36-41. [PMID: 26485480 PMCID: PMC4720534 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2015.1102026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
As older adults are prone to cognitive disorders, the interaction of the fields of substance use and misuse and cognitive neuroscience is an emerging area of research. Substance use has been reported in some subtypes of frontotemporal dementia, such as behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. However, characterization of substance use in other subtypes of frontotemporal dementia, such as primary progressive aphasia, is unknown. The objective of this baseline analysis was to explore whether any measures of substance use history differed significantly among behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (n = 842) and primary progressive aphasia (n = 526) in a large national dataset. The National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center's Uniform Data Set study is a national dataset that collects data on patients with various cognitive disorders and includes some questions on substance use. Each substance use variable was used as the outcome and the frontotemporal dementia subtype as the predictor. Total years smoked cigarettes, age when last smoked cigarettes, average number of packs/day smoked when participants smoked, and any recent, remote, or combined recent/remote history of alcohol abuse or drug abuse did not significantly differ between the behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and primary progressive aphasia subtypes (all p-values > .001). A significantly greater percentage of participants smoked in the last 30 days in the behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia subtype (10.4%, n = 834) compared to the primary progressive aphasia subtype (3.3%, n = 517; p < .001). Clinical providers in both the dementia and substance use fields are encouraged to screen for and monitor substance use in all frontotemporal dementia subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj K. Kalapatapu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevin L. Delucchi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sophia Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University, Center for Health Innovation and Implementation Science, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - John D. Harbison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emily E. Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joel H. Kramer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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37
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Abnormal white matter integrity and impairment of cognitive abilities in adolescent inhalant abusers. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2014; 47:89-95. [PMID: 25479538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Inhalant abuse represents a major health problem especially among adolescents and young adults. However, less is known about white matter (WM) microstructure in adolescent inhalant abusers. In the present study, we used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to study WM changes in adolescent inhalant abusers compared with healthy controls. We also tested whether there was any relationship between WM integrity and neuropsychological measures in adolescent inhalant abusers. The study included 19 adolescent inhalant abusers and 19 healthy control subjects. Whole brain analysis of WM microstructure was performed using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) to detect abnormal WM regions between groups. Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST) and Stroop test were used to measure neuropsychological performance. We found that adolescent inhalant abuser group had significantly higher axial diffusivity (AD) values in left parietal, occipital and temporal WM than in healthy control group. Inhalant abuser and control groups did not differ significantly on fractional anisotropy (FA) and radial diffusivity (RD) values. Adolescent inhalant abusers showed worse performance when compared with control group in WCST and Stroop test. There was no significant correlation of AD values in significant clusters with neuropsychological test performances within the two groups. We only found discrete impairments in neuropsychological test performance and WM integrity in adolescent inhalant abusers compared with healthy control subjects and we were not able to demonstrate a direct correlation between WM alterations and neurocognitive performance. Future work is required to longitudinally evaluate brain abnormalities through methods assessing brain structure, function and connectivity.
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Bates ME, Buckman JF, Voelbel GT, Eddie D, Freeman J. The mean and the individual: integrating variable-centered and person-centered analyses of cognitive recovery in patients with substance use disorders. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:177. [PMID: 24399976 PMCID: PMC3870950 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychological and cognitive deficits are observed in the majority of persons with alcohol and drug use disorders and may interfere with treatment processes and outcomes. Although, on average, the brain and cognition improve with abstinence or markedly reduced substance use, better understanding of the heterogeneity in the time-course and extent of cognitive recovery at the individual level is useful to promote bench-to-bedside translation and inform clinical decision making. This study integrated a variable-centered and a person-centered approach to characterize diversity in cognitive recovery in 197 patients in treatment for a substance use disorder. We assessed executive function, verbal ability, memory, and complex information processing speed at treatment entry, and then 6, 26, and 52 weeks later. Structural equation modeling was used to define underlying ability constructs and determine the mean level of cognitive changes in the sample while minimizing measurement error and practice effects on specific tests. Individual-level empirical growth plots of latent factor scores were used to explore prototypical trajectories of cognitive change. At the level of the mean, small to medium effect size gains in cognitive abilities were observed over 1 year. At the level of the individual, the mean trajectory of change was also the modal individual recovery trajectory shown by about half the sample. Other prototypical cognitive change trajectories observed in all four cognitive domains included Delayed Gain, Loss of Gain, and Continuous Gain. Together these trajectories encompassed between 86 and 94% of individual growth plots across the four latent abilities. Further research is needed to replicate and predict trajectory membership. Replication of the present findings would have useful implications for targeted treatment planning and the new cognitive interventions being developed to enhance treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha E. Bates
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Gerald T. Voelbel
- NYU Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Eddie
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jason Freeman
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Toglia J, Berg C. Performance-Based Measure of Executive Function: Comparison of Community and At-Risk Youth. Am J Occup Ther 2013; 67:515-23. [DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2013.008482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
OBJECTIVE. We compared abilities and strategy use of at-risk youth aged 16–21 yr with those of a community sample of high school students using a performance measure of executive function, the Weekly Calendar Planning Activity (WCPA).
METHOD. We recruited students from an alternative school for at-risk youth (n = 113) and from community high schools in the same region (n = 49). We collected demographic information from and administered the WCPA to both groups.
RESULTS. The at-risk group made more errors, used fewer strategies, and broke more rules than the community group; however, the groups were similar in average time for planning and task completion. Moderate relationships were found between WCPA and academic performance in the at-risk group.
CONCLUSION. Comparison of at-risk and community youth provides support for discriminant validity of the WCPA and indicates that the WCPA is useful in identifying adolescents who are at risk for occupational performance deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Toglia
- Joan Toglia, PhD, OTR/L, FAOTA, is Dean, School of Health and Natural Sciences, Mercy College, 555 Broadway, Dobbs Ferry, NY 10522;
| | - Christine Berg
- Christine Berg, PhD, OTR/L, is Assistant Professor of Occupational Therapy and Neurology, Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Working memory and impulsivity predict marijuana-related problems among frequent users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 131:171-4. [PMID: 23312340 PMCID: PMC3626751 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although marijuana is the most commonly used illicit substance in the US, only a small portion of users go on to develop dependence, suggesting that there are substantial individual differences in vulnerability to marijuana-related problems among users. Deficits in working memory and high trait impulsivity are two factors that may place marijuana users at increased risk for experiencing related problems. METHODS Using baseline data from an experimental study that recruited 104 frequent marijuana users (M=71.86% of prior 60 days, SD=22%), we examined the associations of working memory and trait impulsivity with marijuana-related problems. RESULTS Lower working memory, as measured by Trail Making Test B, but not short-term memory capacity, predicted more marijuana-related problems. Higher trait impulsivity scores were independently associated with greater number of problems. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that marijuana users with reduced executive cognitive ability are more susceptible to developing problems related to their use. Trait impulsivity and executive working memory appear to be independent risk factors for experiencing marijuana-related problems.
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Gierski F, Hubsch B, Stefaniak N, Benzerouk F, Cuervo-Lombard C, Bera-Potelle C, Cohen R, Kahn JP, Limosin F. Executive functions in adult offspring of alcohol-dependent probands: toward a cognitive endophenotype? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2012; 37 Suppl 1:E356-63. [PMID: 23240659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Executive function (EF) impairment in alcohol dependence (AD) has been related to the toxic effects of alcohol on frontal lobes. However, this impairment could be partially present before the onset of the disease and might constitute a vulnerability factor. Although a considerable body of research has investigated executive functioning among AD patients, much less attention has been directed toward high-risk individuals. Most studies were carried out among children or adolescents, and very few were conducted in adults. The aim of this study was to examine EF in a group of adult offspring of AD individuals. METHODS One hundred and fifty-five nonalcoholic adults with (family history positive [FHP]) or without (family history negative [FHN]) family history of AD were included in the study. All participants were screened for past and current psychiatric diagnoses, and alcohol, tobacco, and other substance use. They were compared on self-rated impulsiveness using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11) and EF using a neuropsychological test battery. RESULTS Group comparison revealed that FHP participants had significantly higher BIS-11 scores than the FHN participants, while neuropsychological examination revealed lower EF scores for FHP participants. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that the number of AD family members was a predictor of EF results, whereas impulsiveness was not. CONCLUSIONS Nonalcoholic adult offspring of AD individuals showed increased impulsiveness and decreased EF, suggesting weakness of 2 distinct neurobehavioral decision systems. Findings support evidence that EF weaknesses may qualify as a suitable endophenotype candidate for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Gierski
- Department of Psychiatry, Reims University Hospital, Reims, France.
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Weiner NW, Toglia J, Berg C. Weekly Calendar Planning Activity (WCPA): A Performance-Based Assessment of Executive Function Piloted With At-Risk Adolescents. Am J Occup Ther 2012; 66:699-708. [DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2012.004754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
OBJECTIVE. We piloted the Weekly Calendar Planning Activity (WCPA), a performance-based measure of executive function (EF), to establish a baseline for at-risk adolescents.
METHOD. Participants were 113 youths ages 16–21 who were enrolled at a charter school for youth returning to high school after dropping out. We administered the WCPA and collected demographic information.
RESULTS. On average, participants spent 15.9 min on the WCPA, made 7.9 errors, and followed 4.0 of 5 possible rules. No ceiling effect was observed in overall accuracy. Participants used a mean of 3.1 strategies (standard deviation = 1.9) while completing the WCPA. Participants who used more strategies spent more time planning and completing the task and were more accurate.
CONCLUSION. The WCPA may be useful to occupational therapists as a performance measure of EF. This assessment allows evaluation of complex task performance, strategy use, self-evaluation of performance, and error patterns, which can be used in developing intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Williamson Weiner
- Nikki Williamson Weiner, OTD, OTR/L, is Occupational Therapist, CarePartners Health Services and Carolina Pediatric Therapy, Asheville, NC
| | - Joan Toglia
- Joan Toglia, PhD, OTR, is Professor and Program Director, Graduate Occupational Therapy Program, Mercy College, Dobbs Ferry, NY
| | - Christine Berg
- Christine Berg, PhD, OTR/L, is Assistant Professor of Neurology and Occupational Therapy, Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63108;
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Heidbreder C. Rationale in support of the use of selective dopamine D₃ receptor antagonists for the pharmacotherapeutic management of substance use disorders. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012; 386:167-76. [PMID: 23104235 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that dopamine (DA) D(3) receptors are involved in the control of drug-seeking behavior and may play an important role in the pathophysiology of substance use disorders. First, DA D(3) receptors are distributed in strategic areas belonging to the mesolimbic DA system such as the ventral striatum, midbrain, and pallidum, which have been associated with behaviors controlled by the presentation of drug-associated cues. Second, repeated exposure to drugs of abuse has been shown to produce neuroadaptations in the DA D(3) system. Third, the synthesis and characterization of highly potent and selective DA D(3) receptor antagonists has permitted to further define the role of the DA D(3) receptor in drug addiction. Provided that the available preclinical and preliminary clinical evidence can be translated into clinical proof of concept in human, selective DA D(3) receptor antagonists show promise for the treatment of substance use disorders as reflected by their potential to (1) regulate the motivation to self-administered drugs under schedules of reinforcement that require an increase in work demand and (2) disrupt the responsiveness to drug-associated stimuli that play a key role in the reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior triggered by re-exposure to the drug itself, re-exposure to environmental cues that had been previously associated with drug-taking behavior, or stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Heidbreder
- Reckitt Benckiser Pharmaceuticals-Global Research and Development, 10710 Midlothian Turnpike Suite 430, Richmond, VA 23235, USA.
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Greenaway R, Mogg K, Bradley BP. Attentional bias for smoking-related information in pregnant women: relationships with smoking experience, smoking attitudes and perceived harm to foetus. Addict Behav 2012; 37:1025-8. [PMID: 22583534 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
According to recent models of drug dependence, attentional bias for drug cues provides an index of vulnerability to drug-taking and relapse. The present study examined attentional bias for smoking-related information in pregnant women and its relationship with smoking experience and attitudes. Participants were 71 pregnant women (35 without smoking experience; 36 with experience of smoking, of whom 16 reported currently smoking). Attentional bias was assessed from the interference index of smoking-related words on a modified Stroop task. The attentional bias for smoking cues was positively associated with smoking experience, and with more favourable general attitudes to smoking (i.e. incentive-related bias). The bias was also greater in women who perceived greater harm of passive smoking to their foetus (i.e. threat-related bias), which was independent of smoking experience. Results indicate that attentional bias for smoking-related cues is independently associated with both incentive-related (reward) and threat-related (aversive) evaluations of cigarette smoking in pregnant women. This work highlights the need for longitudinal research to investigate whether the attentional bias provides a cognitive index of vulnerability for persistent smoking behaviour both during and after pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Greenaway
- Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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Anker JJ, Baron TR, Zlebnik NE, Carroll ME. Escalation of methamphetamine self-administration in adolescent and adult rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 124:149-53. [PMID: 22305912 PMCID: PMC3767129 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine (METH) use has increased substantially in the last 10 years and poses a serious health concern, especially for young populations. Drug abuse primarily begins during adolescence, when uninhibited and excessive and drug intake is a common occurrence; thus, understanding the developmental patterns of addiction during this critical period is an essential step in its prevention. In the present study, the effect of age on the vulnerability to METH abuse was examined using a rat model of bingeing (i.e., escalation). METHODS Adolescent and adult rats were compared during short (ShA, 2-h) and long-access (LgA, 6-h) to METH self-administration. On postnatal (PN) days 23 (adolescents) and 90 (adults), rats were implanted with i.v. catheters and trained to lever press for infusions of METH (0.05mg/kg) during 2-h sessions. Once the rats reached a steady rate of METH self-administration, they were divided into ShA or LgA groups and allowed to self-administer METH for 15 additional days. RESULTS Results indicated that adolescent rats earned significantly more infusions than adults under the LgA condition, but the age groups did not differ during ShA. Adolescents, but not adults, also significantly increased (i.e., escalated) METH self-administration across the 15 days of testing under the LgA condition. Further analysis indicated excessive responding during infusions in the LgA METH-exposed adolescents compared to the other groups, suggesting elevated impulsivity or motivation for drug. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that adolescents are more vulnerable to the escalation of METH than adults during LgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. Anker
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 612 626 6301; fax: +1 612 624 8935
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Bickel WK, Jarmolowicz DP, Mueller ET, Gatchalian KM, McClure SM. Are executive function and impulsivity antipodes? A conceptual reconstruction with special reference to addiction. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 221:361-87. [PMID: 22441659 PMCID: PMC4035182 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2689-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although there is considerable interest in how either executive function (EF) or impulsivity relate to addiction, there is little apparent overlap between these research areas. OBJECTIVES The present paper aims to determine if components of these two constructs are conceptual antipodes--widely separated on a shared continuum. METHODS EFs and impulsivities were compared and contrasted. Specifically, the definitions of the components of EF and impulsivity, the methods used to measure the various components, the populations of drug users that show deficits in these components, and the neural substrates of these components were compared and contrasted. RESULTS Each component of impulsivity had an antipode in EF. EF, however, covered a wider range of phenomena, including compulsivity. CONCLUSIONS Impulsivity functions as an antipode of certain components of EF. Recognition of the relationship between EF and impulsivity may inform the scientific inquiry of behavioral problems such as addiction. Other theoretical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren K Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center and Virginia Tech Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA.
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Bayard S, Raffard S, Gely-Nargeot MC. Do facets of self-reported impulsivity predict decision-making under ambiguity and risk? Evidence from a community sample. Psychiatry Res 2011; 190:322-6. [PMID: 21784534 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the links among decision-making assessed by the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and the Game of Dice Task (GDT), and the four facets of impulsivity (urgency, lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, and sensation seeking, UPPS) proposed by Whiteside and Lynam (2001) in a sample of 107 healthy volunteers. Hierarchical regressions controlling for age and gender indicated that sensation seeking and urgency were linked to disadvantageous decisions on the GDT while no association was found between IGT performance and the UPPS. Sensation seeking and urgency facets of impulsivity are related in healthy individuals, to decision-making processes where potential consequences of different options and their subsequent probabilities rely on explicit information. In healthy controls, there is little overlap between decision-making influenced by both implicit and explicit information and impulsivity as measured by the UPPS. These findings add evidence to the notion that self-reported trait impulsivity is associated with the decision making process. Decisions made under risk seemed to be differentially associated with specific facets of impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bayard
- Unité des Troubles du Sommeil, Hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac Montpellier, France.
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Fontenelle LF, Oostermeijer S, Harrison BJ, Pantelis C, Yücel M. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Impulse Control Disorders and Drug Addiction. Drugs 2011; 71:827-40. [DOI: 10.2165/11591790-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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