1
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Sun Y, Li N, Cai Y, Zhao X, Yang H. The polymethoxylated flavone hexamethylquercetagetin suppresses NF-κB signaling and inhibits cell survival in cervical carcinoma. Growth Factors 2023; 41:1-7. [PMID: 36371694 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2022.2144282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) contributes to the development and progression of cervical carcinoma. To construct a xenograft model, Ca Ski cells were subcutaneously inoculated into BALB/c nude mice. The relative protein expression of NF-κB p65, p-p65, IκBα, and p-IκBα were detected in hexamethylquercetagetin (HTQC) treated cervical carcinoma cells with or without tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α stimulation, or representative tumors tissues in xenograft mice. HTQC could prohibit NF-κB-derived luciferase activity in Ca Ski and C-33 A cells and inhibit the relative NF-κB p-p65 and p-IκBα expression with or without TNFα stimulation. At the same time, HTQC inhibited in vitro cell survival in a concentration-dependent manner and suppressed the tumor volume and weight in xenograft models. In summary, HTQC functions as an NF-κB inhibitor to prohibit the survival and proliferation of cervical carcinoma, which can be considered as an NF-κB target remedy in future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Sun
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The 980th Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA (Bethune International Peace Hospital), Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuru Cai
- Department of Gynecology, Shijiazhuang People' Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xingnan Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The 980th Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA (Bethune International Peace Hospital), Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The 980th Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA (Bethune International Peace Hospital), Shijiazhuang, China
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2
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Talaat SM, Elnaggar YSR, El-Ganainy SO, Gowayed MA, Abdel-Bary A, Abdallah OY. Novel bio-inspired lipid nanoparticles for improving the anti-tumoral efficacy of fisetin against breast cancer. Int J Pharm 2022; 628:122184. [PMID: 36252641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Talaat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Yosra S R Elnaggar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt; Head of International Publication and Nanotechnology Center INCC, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University of Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Samar O El-Ganainy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mennatallah A Gowayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amany Abdel-Bary
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ossama Y Abdallah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
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3
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Inhibitory role of Annexin A1 in pathological bone resorption and therapeutic implications in periprosthetic osteolysis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3919. [PMID: 35798730 PMCID: PMC9262976 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31646-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently no therapy available for periprosthetic osteolysis, the most common cause of arthroplasty failure. Here, the role of AnxA1 in periprosthetic osteolysis and potential therapeutics were investigated. Reducing the expression of AnxA1 in calvarial tissue was found to be associated with increased osteolytic lesions and the osteolytic lesions induced by debris implantation were more severe in AnxA1-defecient mice than in wild-type mice. AnxA1 inhibits the differentiation of osteoclasts through suppressing NFκB signaling and promoting the PPAR-γ pathway. Administration of N-terminal-AnxA1 (Ac2-26 peptide) onto calvariae significantly reduced osteolytic lesions triggered by wear debris. These therapeutic effects were abrogated in mice that had received the PPAR-γ antagonist, suggesting that the AnxA1/PPAR-γ axis has an inhibitory role in osteolysis. The administration of Ac2–26 suppressed osteolysis induced by TNF-α and RANKL injections in mice. These findings indicate that AnxA1 is a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of periprosthetic osteolysis. Periprosthetic osteolysis is a cause of arthroplasty failure without available therapies. Here the authors show that Annexin A1 (AnxA1) is involved in in periprosthetic osteolysis and exerts potential therapeutic effects through suppressing NFκB signaling and promoting the PPAR-γ pathway resulting in inhibition of inflammation and osteoclasts differentiation induced by wear debris.
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Roberti A, Chaffey LE, Greaves DR. NF-κB Signaling and Inflammation-Drug Repurposing to Treat Inflammatory Disorders? BIOLOGY 2022; 11:372. [PMID: 35336746 PMCID: PMC8945680 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
NF-κB is a central mediator of inflammation, response to DNA damage and oxidative stress. As a result of its central role in so many important cellular processes, NF-κB dysregulation has been implicated in the pathology of important human diseases. NF-κB activation causes inappropriate inflammatory responses in diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Thus, modulation of NF-κB signaling is being widely investigated as an approach to treat chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmunity and cancer. The emergence of COVID-19 in late 2019, the subsequent pandemic and the huge clinical burden of patients with life-threatening SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia led to a massive scramble to repurpose existing medicines to treat lung inflammation in a wide range of healthcare systems. These efforts continue and have proven to be controversial. Drug repurposing strategies are a promising alternative to de novo drug development, as they minimize drug development timelines and reduce the risk of failure due to unexpected side effects. Different experimental approaches have been applied to identify existing medicines which inhibit NF-κB that could be repurposed as anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David R. Greaves
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK; (A.R.); (L.E.C.)
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5
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Saahene RO, Agbo E, Barnes P, Yahaya ES, Amoani B, Nuvor SV, Okyere P. A Review: Mechanism of Phyllanthus urinaria in Cancers-NF- κB, P13K/AKT, and MAPKs Signaling Activation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:4514342. [PMID: 34484390 PMCID: PMC8413045 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4514342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phyllanthus urinaria has been characterized for its several biological and medicinal effects such as antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and immunoregulation. In recent years, Phyllanthus urinaria has demonstrated potential to modulate the activation of critical pathways such as NF-κB, P13K/AKT, and ERK/JNK/P38/MAPKs associated with cell growth, proliferation, metastasis, and apoptotic cell death. To date, there is much evidence indicating that modulation of cellular signaling pathways is a promising approach to consider in drug development and discovery. Thus, therapies that can regulate cancer-related pathways are longed-for in anticancer drug discovery. This review's focus is to provide comprehensive knowledge on the anticancer mechanisms of Phyllanthus urinaria through the regulation of NF-κB, P13K/AKT, and ERK/JNK/P38/MAPKs signaling pathways. Thus, the review summarizes both in vitro and in vivo effects of Phyllanthus urinaria extracts or bioactive constituents with emphasis on tumor cell apoptosis. The literature information was obtained from publications on Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCOhost. The key words used in the search were "Phyllanthus" or "Phyllanthus urinaria" and cancer. P. urinaria inhibits cancer cell proliferation via inhibition of NF-κB, P13K/AKT, and MAPKs (ERK, JNK, P38) pathways to induce apoptosis and prevents angiogenesis. It is expected that understanding these fundamental mechanisms may help stimulate additional research to exploit Phyllanthus urinaria and other natural products for the development of novel anticancer therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Osei. Saahene
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Elvis Agbo
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Medicine, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Precious Barnes
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Ewura Seidu Yahaya
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Benjamin Amoani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Samuel Victor Nuvor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Perditer Okyere
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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6
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Gilmore TD. NF-κB and Human Cancer: What Have We Learned over the Past 35 Years? Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080889. [PMID: 34440093 PMCID: PMC8389606 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor NF-κB has been extensively studied for its varied roles in cancer development since its initial characterization as a potent retroviral oncogene. It is now clear that NF-κB also plays a major role in a large variety of human cancers, including especially ones of immune cell origin. NF-κB is generally constitutively or aberrantly activated in human cancers where it is involved. These activations can occur due to mutations in the NF-κB transcription factors themselves, in upstream regulators of NF-κB, or in pathways that impact NF-κB. In addition, NF-κB can be activated by tumor-assisting processes such as inflammation, stromal effects, and genetic or epigenetic changes in chromatin. Aberrant NF-κB activity can affect many tumor-associated processes, including cell survival, cell cycle progression, inflammation, metastasis, angiogenesis, and regulatory T cell function. As such, inhibition of NF-κB has often been investigated as an anticancer strategy. Nevertheless, with a few exceptions, NF-κB inhibition has had limited success in human cancer treatment. This review covers general themes that have emerged regarding the biological roles and mechanisms by which NF-κB contributes to human cancers and new thoughts on how NF-κB may be targeted for cancer prognosis or therapy.
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7
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Adu-Amankwaah J, Adzika GK, Adekunle AO, Ndzie Noah ML, Mprah R, Bushi A, Akhter N, Xu Y, Huang F, Chatambarara B, Sun H. The Synergy of ADAM17-Induced Myocardial Inflammation and Metabolic Lipids Dysregulation During Acute Stress: New Pathophysiologic Insights Into Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:696413. [PMID: 34150874 PMCID: PMC8212952 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.696413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its reversible nature, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) is considered an intriguing and fascinating cardiovascular disease characterized by a transient wall motion abnormality of the left ventricle, affecting more than one coronary artery territory, often in a circumferential apical distribution. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy was discovered by a Japanese cardiovascular expert and classified as acquired primary cardiomyopathy by the American Heart Association (AHA) in 1990 and 2006, respectively. Regardless of the extensive research efforts, its pathophysiology is still unclear; therefore, there are no well-established guidelines specifically for treating and managing TTC patients. Increasing evidence suggests that sympatho-adrenergic stimulation is strongly associated with the pathogenesis of this disease. Under acute stressful conditions, the hyperstimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) resulting from excessive release of catecholamines induces intracellular kinases capable of phosphorylating and activating “A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease 17” (ADAM17), a type-I transmembrane protease that plays a central role in acute myocardial inflammation and metabolic lipids dysregulation which are the main hallmarks of TTC. However, our understanding of this is limited; hence this concise review provides a comprehensive insight into the key role of ADAM17 in acute myocardial inflammation and metabolic lipids dysregulation during acute stress. Also, how the synergy of ADAM17-induced acute inflammation and lipids dysregulation causes TTC is explained. Finally, potential therapeutic targets for TTC are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Richard Mprah
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Aisha Bushi
- Department of Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Nazma Akhter
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yaxin Xu
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | | | - Hong Sun
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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Fukuta T, Tanaka D, Inoue S, Michiue K, Kogure K. Overcoming thickened pathological skin in psoriasis via iontophoresis combined with tight junction-opening peptide AT1002 for intradermal delivery of NF-κB decoy oligodeoxynucleotide. Int J Pharm 2021; 602:120601. [PMID: 33905867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transdermal delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics has been demonstrated to be effective for psoriasis treatment. We previously reported the utility of iontophoresis (IP) using weak electric current (0.3-0.5 mA/cm2) for intradermal delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics via weak electricity-mediated intercellular junction cleavage, and subsequent exertion of nucleic acid function. However, the thickened pathological skin in psoriasis hampers permeation of IP-administered macromolecules. Thus, approaches are needed to more strongly cleave intercellular spaces and overcome the psoriatic skin barrier. Herein, we applied a combination of tight junction-opening peptide AT1002 with IP, as synergistic effects of weak electricity-mediated intercellular junction cleavage and the tight junction-opening ability of AT1002 may help overcome thickened psoriatic skin and facilitate macromolecule delivery. Pretreatment with IP of an AT1002 analog exhibiting positively-charged moieties before fluorescence-labeled oligodeoxynucleotide IP resulted in the oligodeoxynucleotide permeation into psoriatic skin, whereas IP of the oligodeoxynucleotide alone did not. Moreover, psoriasis-induced upregulation of inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels was significantly suppressed by NF-κB decoy oligodeoxynucleotide IP combined with the AT1002 analog, resulting in amelioration of epidermis hyperplasia. These results suggest that synergistic effects of IP and an AT1002 analog can overcome thickened psoriatic skin and enable intradermal delivery of NF-κB decoy oligodeoxynucleotide for psoriasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Fukuta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi 1, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Daichi Tanaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi 1, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Shinya Inoue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi 1, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kohki Michiue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi 1, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kogure
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi 1, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan.
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Bobkova NV. The Balance between Two Branches of RAS Can Protect from Severe COVID-19 Course. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) SUPPLEMENT. SERIES A, MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2021; 15:36-51. [PMID: 33643542 PMCID: PMC7897458 DOI: 10.1134/s1990747821010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has swept the world and required the mobilization of scientists and clinicians around the world to combat this serious disease. Along with SARS-CoV-2 virology research, understanding of the fundamental physiological processes, molecular and cellular mechanisms and intracellular signaling pathways underlying the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 is important for effective therapy of this disease. The review describes in detail the interaction of the components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and receptors of end-glycosylated products (RAGE), which plays a special role in normal lung physiology and in pathological conditions in COVID-19, including the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome and "cytokine storm". A separate section is devoted to the latest developments aimed at correcting the dysfunction of the RAS caused by the binding of the virus to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)- the central element of this system. Analysis of published theoretical, clinical, and experimental data indicates the need for a complex treatment to prevent a severe course of COVID-19 using MasR agonists, blockers of the AT1R and NF-κB signaling pathway, as well as compounds with neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. V. Bobkova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow oblast Russia
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Solvent fractions of selected Ethiopian medicinal plants used in traditional breast cancer treatment inhibit cancer stem cells in a breast cancer cell line. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:366. [PMID: 33238963 PMCID: PMC7687706 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03154-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence and mortality of breast cancer in women is increasing worldwide. Breast cancer contains a subpopulation of cells known as cancer stem cells (CSCs). The CSCs are believed to be responsible for chemotherapeutic resistance and are also involved in tumor initiation, progression, evolution, and metastasis to distant sites. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-CSC potential of selected Ethiopian medicinal plants traditionally used for breast cancer treatment. Methods The solvent fractions of three medicinal plants (the ethyl acetate fraction of Vernonia leopoldi, the aqueous fraction of Sideroxylon oxyacanthum, and the chloroform fraction of Clematis simensis) resulting from the methanolic crude extracts were selected based on their previously demonstrated cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cell lines. The effect of these solvent fractions on the status of the cancer stem cell subpopulation of the JIMT-1 cell line was assessed by flow cytometric evaluation of the proportion of aldehyde dehydrogenase positive cells and by measuring colony forming efficiency in a serum-free soft agar assay after treatment. Effects on cell migration using a wound healing assay and on tumor necrosis factor-α-induced translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B to the cell nucleus were also investigated. Results The solvent fractions showed a dose-dependent reduction in the aldehyde dehydrogenase positive subpopulation of JIMT-1 cells. The chloroform fraction of C. simensis (80 μg/mL) completely blocked colony formation of JIMT-1 cells. The wound healing assay showed that all fractions significantly reduced cell migration. The ethyl acetate fraction of V. leopoldi (0.87 μg/mL) significantly inhibited tumor necrosis factor-α-induced nuclear factor-kappa B translocation to the nucleus. Conclusion The solvent fractions of the medicinal plants showed desirable activities against breast cancer stem cells in the JIMT-1 cell line, which warrants further studies.
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11
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Basak D, Uddin MN, Hancock J. The Role of Oxidative Stress and Its Counteractive Utility in Colorectal Cancer (CRC). Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3336. [PMID: 33187272 PMCID: PMC7698080 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An altered redox status accompanied by an elevated generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) has been implicated in a number of diseases including colorectal cancer (CRC). CRC, being one of the most common cancers worldwide, has been reported to be associated with multiple environmental and lifestyle factors (e.g., dietary habits, obesity, and physical inactivity) and harboring heightened oxidative stress that results in genomic instability. Although under normal condition ROS regulate many signal transduction pathways including cell proliferation and survival, overwhelming of the antioxidant capacity due to metabolic abnormalities and oncogenic signaling leads to a redox adaptation response that imparts drug resistance. Nevertheless, excessive reliance on elevated production of ROS makes the tumor cells increasingly vulnerable to further ROS insults, and the abolition of such drug resistance through redox perturbation could be instrumental to preferentially eliminate them. The goal of this review is to demonstrate the evidence that links redox stress to the development of CRC and assimilate the most up-to-date information that would facilitate future investigation on CRC-associated redox biology. Concomitantly, we argue that the exploitation of this distinct biochemical property of CRC cells might offer a fresh avenue to effectively eradicate these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Basak
- College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, Miami, FL 33169, USA;
| | | | - Jake Hancock
- College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, Miami, FL 33169, USA;
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12
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Ramadass V, Vaiyapuri T, Tergaonkar V. Small Molecule NF-κB Pathway Inhibitors in Clinic. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5164. [PMID: 32708302 PMCID: PMC7404026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling is implicated in all major human chronic diseases, with its role in transcription of hundreds of gene well established in the literature. This has propelled research into targeting the NF-κB pathways for modulating expression of those genes and the diseases mediated by them. In-spite of the critical, but often promiscuous role played by this pathway and the inhibition causing adverse drug reaction, currently many biologics, macromolecules, and small molecules that modulate this pathway are in the market or in clinical trials. Furthermore, many marketed drugs that were later found to also have NF-κB targeting activity were repurposed for new therapeutic interventions. Despite the rising importance of biologics in drug discovery, small molecules got around 76% of US-FDA (Food and Drug Administration-US) approval in the last decade. This encouraged us to review information regarding clinically relevant small molecule inhibitors of the NF-κB pathway from cell surface receptor stimulation to nuclear signaling. We have also highlighted the underexplored targets in this pathway that have potential to succeed in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vinay Tergaonkar
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Singapore 138673, Singapore;
- Department of Pathology, NUS, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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13
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Dai TY, Chen CC, Hong LL, Ge HP, Pei J, Lyu WQ, Yang X, Shen JP, Hu ZP. Effect Evaluation of Strychnos nux-vomica L. with Integrative Methods for Bortezomib-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Multiple Myeloma Patients: A Self-Controlled Clinical Trial. Chin J Integr Med 2020; 27:131-136. [PMID: 32418174 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-020-3196-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the clinical effect and adverse reactions of Strychnos nux-vomica in bortezomib-induced peripheral neuropathy (BIPN) of patients with multiple myeloma (MM). METHODS A total of 19 MM patients with BIPN were enrolled and Nux Vomica Capsule (NVC, 0.4 g, thrice daily) were orally administrated for 30 days. Comparative analysis on parameters between pre- and post-therapy, including peripheral neuropathy (PN) grade, neurotoxicity score, Chinese medicine (CM) syndrome score, total neuropathy score (TNS), coagulation function, and serum nerve growth factor (NGF) levels were conducted. The adverse events were monitored. RESULTS In BIPN of MM patients who received NVC, PN grade was lowered, neurotoxicity score was obviously decreased (P⩽0.01), and both CM syndrome score and TNS were remarkably decreased (P<0.01). After the therapy, activated partial thromboplastin time was prolonged (P<0.01) and fibrinogen was declined (P<0.05), showing improvement in the hypercoagulable state of patients. No significant difference of NGF recovery degrees was detected between pre- and post-therapy (P>0.05). No evident adverse reactions were observed during the course of treatment. CONCLUSION Strychnos nux-vomica L. has significantly effect with a good safety in treatment of BIPN in MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie-Ying Dai
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Chu-Chu Chen
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Li-Li Hong
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Hang-Ping Ge
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Jun Pei
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Wen-Qi Lyu
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Jian-Ping Shen
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Hu
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
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14
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Rothe R, Schulze S, Neuber C, Hauser S, Rammelt S, Pietzsch J. Adjuvant drug-assisted bone healing: Part III - Further strategies for local and systemic modulation. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 73:439-488. [PMID: 31177207 DOI: 10.3233/ch-199104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this third in a series of reviews on adjuvant drug-assisted bone healing, further approaches aiming at influencing the healing process are discussed. Local and systemic modulation of bone metabolism is pursued with use of a number of drugs with completely different indications, which are characterized by a pleiotropic spectrum of action. These include drugs used to treat lipid disorders (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors), hypertension (ACE inhibitors), osteoporosis (bisphosphonates), cancer (proteasome inhibitors) and others. Potential applications to enhance bone healing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rothe
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sabine Schulze
- University Center of Orthopaedics and Traumatology (OUC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christin Neuber
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandra Hauser
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Rammelt
- University Center of Orthopaedics and Traumatology (OUC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Tatzberg 4, Dresden
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany.,Technische Universität Dresden, School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Dresden, Germany
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15
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Nisr RB, Shah DS, Ganley IG, Hundal HS. Proinflammatory NFkB signalling promotes mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle in response to cellular fuel overloading. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4887-4904. [PMID: 31101940 PMCID: PMC6881256 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sustained nutrient (fuel) excess, as occurs during obesity and diabetes, has been linked to increased inflammation, impaired mitochondrial homeostasis, lipotoxicity, and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Precisely how mitochondrial dysfunction is initiated and whether it contributes to insulin resistance in this tissue remains a poorly resolved issue. Herein, we examine the contribution that an increase in proinflammatory NFkB signalling makes towards regulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics, morphology, and dynamics and its impact upon insulin action in skeletal muscle cells subject to chronic fuel (glucose and palmitate) overloading. We show sustained nutrient excess of L6 myotubes promotes activation of the IKKβ-NFkB pathway (as judged by a six-fold increase in IL-6 mRNA expression; an NFkB target gene) and that this was associated with a marked reduction in mitochondrial respiratory capacity (>50%), a three-fold increase in mitochondrial fragmentation and 2.5-fold increase in mitophagy. Under these circumstances, we also noted a reduction in the mRNA and protein abundance of PGC1α and that of key mitochondrial components (SDHA, ANT-1, UCP3, and MFN2) as well as an increase in cellular ROS and impaired insulin action in myotubes. Strikingly, pharmacological or genetic repression of NFkB activity ameliorated disturbances in mitochondrial respiratory function/morphology, attenuated loss of SDHA, ANT-1, UCP3, and MFN2 and mitigated the increase in ROS and the associated reduction in myotube insulin sensitivity. Our findings indicate that sustained oversupply of metabolic fuel to skeletal muscle cells induces heightened NFkB signalling and that this serves as a critical driver for disturbances in mitochondrial function and morphology, redox status, and insulin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raid B Nisr
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Dinesh S Shah
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Ian G Ganley
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Harinder S Hundal
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.
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16
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Babaei M, Liu Y, Wuerzberger-Davis SM, McCaslin EZ, DiRusso CJ, Yeo AT, Kagermazova L, Miyamoto S, Gilmore TD. CRISPR/Cas9-based editing of a sensitive transcriptional regulatory element to achieve cell type-specific knockdown of the NEMO scaffold protein. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222588. [PMID: 31553754 PMCID: PMC6760803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of alternative promoters for the cell type-specific expression of a given mRNA/protein is a common cell strategy. NEMO is a scaffold protein required for canonical NF-κB signaling. Transcription of the NEMO gene is primarily controlled by two promoters: one (promoter B) drives NEMO transcription in most cell types and the second (promoter D) is largely responsible for NEMO transcription in liver cells. Herein, we have used a CRISPR/Cas9-based approach to disrupt a core sequence element of promoter B, and this genetic editing essentially eliminates expression of NEMO mRNA and protein in 293T human kidney cells. By cell subcloning, we have isolated targeted 293T cell lines that express no detectable NEMO protein, have defined genomic alterations at promoter B, and do not support activation of canonical NF-κB signaling in response to treatment with tumor necrosis factor. Nevertheless, non-canonical NF-κB signaling is intact in these NEMO-deficient cells. Expression of ectopic wild-type NEMO, but not certain human NEMO disease mutants, in the edited cells restores downstream NF-κB signaling in response to tumor necrosis factor. Targeting of the promoter B element does not substantially reduce NEMO expression (from promoter D) in the human SNU-423 liver cancer cell line. Thus, we have created a strategy for selectively eliminating cell type-specific expression from an alternative promoter and have generated 293T cell lines with a functional knockout of NEMO. The implications of these findings for further studies and for therapeutic approaches to target canonical NF-κB signaling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Babaei
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yuekun Liu
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shelly M. Wuerzberger-Davis
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ethan Z. McCaslin
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. DiRusso
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alan T. Yeo
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Larisa Kagermazova
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shigeki Miyamoto
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Thomas D. Gilmore
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Metformin Improves Fertility in Obese Males by Alleviating Oxidative Stress-Induced Blood-Testis Barrier Damage. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9151067. [PMID: 31583050 PMCID: PMC6754953 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9151067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background/Aims Obesity, which is related to increased oxidative stress in various tissues, is a risk factor for male infertility. Metformin is reported to have an antioxidant effect; however, the precise role of metformin in obesity-induced male infertility remains unknown. The current study is aimed at exploring the effects of metformin and characterizing its underlying mechanism in the fertility of obese males. Methods An obese male mouse model was generated by feeding mice with a high-fat diet; then, the mice were administered metformin in water for 8 weeks. Reproductive ability, metabolic parameters, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were assessed by cohabitation, enzymatic methods, and ELISA, respectively. Damage to the integrity of the blood-testis barrier (BTB), which ensures spermatogenesis, was assessed by transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence with a biotin tracer. Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were employed for the assessments of oxidative stress. BTB-related proteins were measured by immunoblotting. Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) was assessed by immunofluorescence. Results High-fat-diet-fed mice presented evident lipid metabolic disturbances, disrupted BTB integrity, and decreased reproductive function. Metformin alleviated the decrease in male fertility, decreased ectopic lipid deposition in the testis, and increased serum FSH levels. A further mechanistic analysis revealed that metformin ameliorated the high-fat-diet-induced injury to the BTB structure and permeability and restored the disordered BTB-related proteins, which might be associated with an improvement in oxidative stress and a recovery of NF-κB activity in Sertoli cells (SCs). Conclusion Metformin improves obese male fertility by alleviating oxidative stress-induced BTB damage. These findings provide new insights into the effect of metformin on various diseases and suggest future possibilities in the treatment of male infertility.
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18
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Jeong YJ, Oh HK, Choi HR. Methylation of the RELA Gene is Associated with Expression of NF-κB1 in Response to TNF-α in Breast Cancer. Molecules 2019; 24:E2834. [PMID: 31382678 PMCID: PMC6696039 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor (NF)-κB family of transcriptional factors plays a critical role in inflammation, immunoregulation, cell differentiation, and tumorigenesis. This study aims to investigate the role of methylation of genes encoding for the NF-κB family in breast cancer. We analyze the DNA methylation status of the NFKB1 gene and the RELA gene in breast cancer using pyrosequencing. The expression of NF-κB1 and RELA proteins is assessed and the level of RNA transcripts in frozen tissue is determined using RT-PCR. There is no statistically significant difference in the methylation status of the NFKB1 and the RELA genes between tumors and normal tissues. The methylation status of the NFKB1 gene and the RELA gene is not significantly associated with the levels of NF-κB1 transcripts in tumor tissues. However, the methylation level of the RELA gene is significantly associated with the level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. In addition, the level of NF-κB1 transcripts was associated with the levels of TNF-α and IL-4. In tumors with positive TNF-α, the increased methylation level of the RELA gene is significantly associated with the positive expression of NF-κB1 transcripts. These results demonstrate that the level of the RELA gene methylation is related to the levels of NF-κB1 transcripts under the influence of TNF-α. Further study is needed to determine how TNF-α is involved in the methylation of the RELA gene and the subsequent expression of NF-κB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ju Jeong
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 42472, Korea.
| | - Hoon Kyu Oh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 42472, Korea
| | - Hye Ryeon Choi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 42472, Korea
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19
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The Unsolved Puzzle of c-Rel in B Cell Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070941. [PMID: 31277480 PMCID: PMC6678315 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant constitutive activation of Rel/NF-κB transcription factors is a hallmark of numerous cancers. Of the five Rel family members, c-Rel has the strongest direct links to tumorigenesis. c-Rel is the only member that can malignantly transform lymphoid cells in vitro. Furthermore, c-Rel is implicated in human B cell lymphoma through the frequent occurrence of REL gene locus gains and amplifications. In normal physiology, high c-Rel expression predominates in the hematopoietic lineage and a diverse range of stimuli can trigger enhanced expression and activation of c-Rel. Both expression and activation of c-Rel are tightly regulated on multiple levels, indicating the necessity to keep its functions under control. In this review we meta-analyze and integrate studies reporting gene locus aberrations to provide an overview on the frequency of REL gains in human B cell lymphoma subtypes, namely follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma, and classical Hodgkin lymphoma. We also summarize current knowledge on c-Rel expression and protein localization in these human B cell lymphomas and discuss the co-amplification of BCL11A with REL. In addition, we highlight and illustrate key pathways of c-Rel activation and regulation with a specific focus on B cell biology.
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20
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Bonafé GA, Dos Santos JS, Ziegler JV, Umezawa K, Ribeiro ML, Rocha T, Ortega MM. Growth Inhibitory Effects of Dipotassium Glycyrrhizinate in Glioblastoma Cell Lines by Targeting MicroRNAs Through the NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:216. [PMID: 31191251 PMCID: PMC6546822 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) is constitutively activated in glioblastoma (GBM), suggesting that the pathway could be a therapeutic target. Glycyrrhetic acid (GA), a compound isolated from licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), has been shown to decrease cell viability and increases apoptosis in human cancer cell lines by NF-κB signaling pathway suppression. Dipotassium glycyrrhizinate (DPG), a dipotassium salt of GA, has anti-inflammatory properties without toxicity. The current study examined the effectiveness of DPG as an anti-tumor in U87MG and T98G GBM cell lines. Additionally, we assessed DPG as a candidate for combinational therapy in GBM with temozolomide (TMZ). Our results demonstrated that the viability of U87MG and T98G cells significantly decreased in a time- and dose-dependent manner after DPG treatment, and the apoptotic ratio of DPG-treated groups was significantly higher than that of control groups. In addition, DPG in combination with TMZ revealed synergistic effects. Furthermore, the expression of NF-κB-luciferase-reporter in transfected GBM cell lines was remarkably reduced after DPG exposure by up-regulating miR16 and miR146a, which down-regulate its target genes, IRAK2 and TRAF6. A reduced neuro-sphere formation was also observed after DPG in both GBM cells. In conclusion, DPG presented anti-tumoral effect on GBM cell lines through a decrease on proliferation and an increase on apoptosis. In addition, our data also suggest that DPG anti-tumoral effect is related to NF-κB suppression, where IRAK2- and TRAF6-mediating miR16 and miR146a, respectively, might be a potential therapeutic target of DPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Alves Bonafé
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, Post Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade São Francisco (USF), Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Silva Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, Post Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade São Francisco (USF), Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Jussara Vaz Ziegler
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Post Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade São Francisco (USF), Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Kazuo Umezawa
- Department of Molecular Target Medicine, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Marcelo Lima Ribeiro
- Clinical Pharmacology and Gastroenterology Unit, Post Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade São Francisco (USF), Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Thalita Rocha
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Post Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade São Francisco (USF), Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Manoela Marques Ortega
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, Post Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade São Francisco (USF), Bragança Paulista, Brazil
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21
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Abstract
Sensorineural hearing impairment is the most common sensory disorder and a major health and socio-economic issue in industrialized countries. It is primarily due to the degeneration of mechanosensory hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons in the cochlea via complex pathophysiological mechanisms. These occur following acute and/or chronic exposure to harmful extrinsic (e.g., ototoxic drugs, noise...) and intrinsic (e.g., aging, genetic) causative factors. No clinical therapies currently exist to rescue the dying sensorineural cells or regenerate these cells once lost. Recent studies have, however, provided renewed hope, with insights into the therapeutic targets allowing the prevention and treatment of ototoxic drug- and noise-induced, age-related hearing loss as well as cochlear cell degeneration. Moreover, genetic routes involving the replacement or corrective editing of mutant sequences or defected genes are showing promise, as are cell-replacement therapies to repair damaged cells for the future restoration of hearing in deaf people. This review begins by recapitulating our current understanding of the molecular pathways that underlie cochlear sensorineural damage, as well as the survival signaling pathways that can provide endogenous protection and tissue rescue. It then guides the reader through to the recent discoveries in pharmacological, gene and cell therapy research towards hearing protection and restoration as well as their potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- INSERM UMR 1051, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Montpellier, France; and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Luc Puel
- INSERM UMR 1051, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Montpellier, France; and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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22
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Bhutta MF, Thornton RB, Kirkham LAS, Kerschner JE, Cheeseman MT. Understanding the aetiology and resolution of chronic otitis media from animal and human studies. Dis Model Mech 2018; 10:1289-1300. [PMID: 29125825 PMCID: PMC5719252 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.029983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation of the middle ear, known clinically as chronic otitis media, presents in different forms, such as chronic otitis media with effusion (COME; glue ear) and chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). These are highly prevalent diseases, especially in childhood, and lead to significant morbidity worldwide. However, much remains unclear about this disease, including its aetiology, initiation and perpetuation, and the relative roles of mucosal and leukocyte biology, pathogens, and Eustachian tube function. Chronic otitis media is commonly modelled in mice but most existing models only partially mimic human disease and many are syndromic. Nevertheless, these models have provided insights into potential disease mechanisms, and have implicated altered immune signalling, mucociliary function and Eustachian tube function as potential predisposing mechanisms. Clinical studies of chronic otitis media have yet to implicate a particular molecular pathway or mechanism, and current human genetic studies are underpowered. We also do not fully understand how existing interventions, such as tympanic membrane repair, work, nor how chronic otitis media spontaneously resolves. This Clinical Puzzle article describes our current knowledge of chronic otitis media and the existing research models for this condition. It also identifies unanswered questions about its pathogenesis and treatment, with the goal of advancing our understanding of this disease to aid the development of novel therapeutic interventions. Summary: Chronic middle ear inflammation is a common disease. Animal models, and in particular mouse models, have been used to elucidate some potential mechanisms, including dysfunction in immune signalling, mucociliary function or Eustachian tube function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood F Bhutta
- Department of ENT, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, BN2 5BE, England .,Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Ruth B Thornton
- Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia.,Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Lea-Ann S Kirkham
- Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia.,Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Joseph E Kerschner
- Office of the Dean, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Michael T Cheeseman
- Division of Developmental Biology, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH23 9RG, Scotland
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23
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Pires BRB, Binato R, Ferreira GM, Cecchini R, Panis C, Abdelhay E. NF-kappaB Regulates Redox Status in Breast Cancer Subtypes. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9070320. [PMID: 29949949 PMCID: PMC6070792 DOI: 10.3390/genes9070320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is an indispensable condition to ensure genomic instability in cancer cells. In breast cancer (BC), redox alterations have been widely characterized, but since this process results from a chain of inflammatory events, the causal molecular triggers remain to be identified. In this context, we used a microarray approach to investigate the role of the main pro-oxidant transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), in gene profiles of BC subtypes. Our results showed that NF-κB knockdown in distinct BC subtypes led to differential expression of relevant factors involved in glutathione metabolism, prostaglandins, cytochrome P450 and cyclooxygenase, suggesting a relationship between the redox balance and NF-κB in such cells. In addition, we performed biochemical analyses to validate the microarray dataset focusing on OS and correlated these parameters with normal expression or NF-κB inhibition. Our data showed a distinct oxidative status pattern for each of the three studied BC subtype models, consistent with the intrinsic characteristics of each BC subtype. Thus, our findings suggest that NF-κB may represent an additional mechanism related to OS maintenance in BC, operating in various forms to mediate other important predominant signaling components of each BC subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno R B Pires
- Laboratório de Célula-Tronco, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 20230-130, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia para o Controle do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 20231-050, Brazil.
| | - Renata Binato
- Laboratório de Célula-Tronco, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 20230-130, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia para o Controle do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 20231-050, Brazil.
| | - Gerson M Ferreira
- Laboratório de Célula-Tronco, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 20230-130, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia para o Controle do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 20231-050, Brazil.
| | - Rubens Cecchini
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia e Radicais Livres, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina-PR 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Carolina Panis
- Laboratório de Célula-Tronco, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 20230-130, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Mediadores Inflamatórios, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Francisco Beltrão-PR 85605-010, Brazil.
| | - Eliana Abdelhay
- Laboratório de Célula-Tronco, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 20230-130, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia para o Controle do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 20231-050, Brazil.
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24
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NF-kappaB: Two Sides of the Same Coin. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9010024. [PMID: 29315242 PMCID: PMC5793177 DOI: 10.3390/genes9010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a transcription factor family that regulates a large number of genes that are involved in important physiological processes, including survival, inflammation, and immune responses. More recently, constitutive expression of NF-κB has been associated with several types of cancer. In addition, microorganisms, such as viruses and bacteria, cooperate in the activation of NF-κB in tumors, confirming the multifactorial role of this transcription factor as a cancer driver. Recent reports have shown that the NF-κB signaling pathway should receive attention for the development of therapies. In addition to the direct effects of NF-κB in cancer cells, it might also impact immune cells that can both promote or prevent tumor development. Currently, with the rise of cancer immunotherapy, the link among immune cells, inflammation, and cancer is a major focus, and NF-κB could be an important regulator for the success of these therapies. This review discusses the contrasting roles of NF-κB as a regulator of pro- and antitumor processes and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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25
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Pires BRB, Mencalha AL, Ferreira GM, de Souza WF, Morgado-Díaz JA, Maia AM, Corrêa S, Abdelhay ESFW. NF-kappaB Is Involved in the Regulation of EMT Genes in Breast Cancer Cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169622. [PMID: 28107418 PMCID: PMC5249109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The metastatic process in breast cancer is related to the expression of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition transcription factors (EMT-TFs) SNAIL, SLUG, SIP1 and TWIST1. EMT-TFs and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation have been associated with aggressiveness and metastatic potential in carcinomas. Here, we sought to examine the role of NF-κB in the aggressive properties and regulation of EMT-TFs in human breast cancer cells. Blocking NF-κB/p65 activity by reducing its transcript and protein levels (through siRNA-strategy and dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin [DHMEQ] treatment) in the aggressive MDA-MB-231 and HCC-1954 cell lines resulted in decreased invasiveness and migration, a downregulation of SLUG, SIP1, TWIST1, MMP11 and N-cadherin transcripts and an upregulation of E-cadherin transcripts. No significant changes were observed in the less aggressive cell line MCF-7. Bioinformatics tools identified several NF-κB binding sites along the promoters of SNAIL, SLUG, SIP1 and TWIST1 genes. Through chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays, the NF-κB/p65 binding on TWIST1, SLUG and SIP1 promoter regions was confirmed. Thus, we suggest that NF-κB directly regulates the transcription of EMT-TF genes in breast cancer. Our findings may contribute to a greater understanding of the metastatic process of this neoplasia and highlight NF-κB as a potential target for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno R. B. Pires
- Laboratório de Célula-Tronco, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia para o Controle do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Andre L. Mencalha
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gerson M. Ferreira
- Laboratório de Célula-Tronco, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia para o Controle do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Waldemir F. de Souza
- Grupo de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José A. Morgado-Díaz
- Grupo de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Amanda M. Maia
- Laboratório de Célula-Tronco, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia para o Controle do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Stephany Corrêa
- Laboratório de Célula-Tronco, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia para o Controle do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eliana S. F. W. Abdelhay
- Laboratório de Célula-Tronco, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia para o Controle do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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26
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Zhao X, Feng X, Peng D, Liu W, Sun P, Li G, Gu L, Song JL. Anticancer activities of alkaloids extracted from the Ba lotus seed in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE-1 cells. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:3113-3120. [PMID: 27882126 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the anticancer activities of alkaloids from the Ba lotus seed (BLSA) in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) CNE-1 cells, an MTT assay, flow cytometry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were performed. BLSA was found to significantly reduce CNE-1 cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner at all concentrations compared with the control (P<0.05). In addition, flow cytometry analysis identified that BLSA treatment significantly increased the sub-G1 content in CNE-1 cells (P<0.05). Following BLSA treatment, the mRNA and protein levels of a number of apoptosis-related factors, such as caspase family members (caspase-3, -8 and -9), B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2-associated X protein, Fas and Fas ligand were significantly increased compared with the control (P<0.05). This was accompanied by a significant decrease in anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-extra large protein expression compared with the control (P<0.05). Furthermore, BLSA treatment was determined to modulate CNE-1 cell expression of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and NF-κB inhibitor α. The results of the present study indicate that BLSA has anticancer activity through inducing cellular apoptosis. In addition, these results suggest that BLSA can be used as a therapeutic agent in NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, P.R. China; School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, P.R. China
| | - Xia Feng
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, P.R. China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Chongqing 400067, P.R. China; Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for The Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing 400067, P.R. China; School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, P.R. China
| | - Deguang Peng
- Chongqing Enterprise Engineering Research Center of Ba-lotus Breeding and Deep Processing, Chongqing 400041, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Peng Sun
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, P.R. China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Chongqing 400067, P.R. China; Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for The Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing 400067, P.R. China; School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, P.R. China
| | - Guijie Li
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, P.R. China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Chongqing 400067, P.R. China; Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for The Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing 400067, P.R. China; School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, P.R. China
| | - Lianjie Gu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Le Song
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, P.R. China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P.R. China
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27
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Gao Y, Huang R, Gong Y, Park HS, Wen Q, Almosnid NM, Chippada-Venkata UD, Hosain NA, Vick E, Farone A, Altman E. The antidiabetic compound 2-dodecyl-6-methoxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione, isolated from Averrhoa carambola L., demonstrates significant antitumor potential against human breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016. [PMID: 26203774 PMCID: PMC4695187 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
2-Dodecyl-6-methoxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (DMDD) is a cyclohexanedione found in the roots of Averrhoa carambola L., commonly known as starfruit. Researchers have shown that DMDD has significant therapeutic potential for the treatment of diabetes; however, the effects of DMDD on human cancers have never been reported. We investigated the cytotoxic effects of DMDD against human breast, lung and bone cancer cells in vitro and further examined the molecular mechanisms of DMDD-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. DMDD suppressed the growth of breast carcinoma cells, but not normal mammary epithelial cells, via induction of G1 phase cell cycle arrest, oxidative stress and apoptosis. DMDD increased the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DMDD-induced ROS generation was found to be associated with the mitochondrial activity. The cytotoxicity that was induced by DMDD was attenuated by co-treatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). DMDD-induced cell apoptosis involved the activation of both the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway and the extrinsic receptor pathway. In addition, DMDD inhibited the canonical NF-κB signaling pathway at all steps, including TNF-α production, phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and IκBα, as well as TNF-α activated NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation. Collectively, our studies indicate that DMDD has significant potential as a safe and efficient therapeutic agent for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- Tennessee Center for Botanical Medicine Research and the Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA
| | - Renbin Huang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Yixuan Gong
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hyo Sim Park
- Tennessee Center for Botanical Medicine Research and the Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA
| | - Qingwei Wen
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Nadin Marwan Almosnid
- Tennessee Center for Botanical Medicine Research and the Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA
| | - Uma D Chippada-Venkata
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Najlaa Abdulrhman Hosain
- Tennessee Center for Botanical Medicine Research and the Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA
| | - Eric Vick
- Tennessee Center for Botanical Medicine Research and the Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA
| | - Anthony Farone
- Tennessee Center for Botanical Medicine Research and the Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA
| | - Elliot Altman
- Tennessee Center for Botanical Medicine Research and the Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA
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LPS-induced NFκB enhanceosome requires TonEBP/NFAT5 without DNA binding. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24921. [PMID: 27118681 PMCID: PMC4847014 DOI: 10.1038/srep24921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
NFκB is a central mediator of inflammation. Present inhibitors of NFκB are mostly based on inhibition of essential machinery such as proteasome and protein kinases, or activation of nuclear receptors; as such, they are of limited therapeutic use due to severe toxicity. Here we report an LPS-induced NFκB enhanceosome in which TonEBP is required for the recruitment of p300. Increased expression of TonEBP enhances the NFκB activity and reduced TonEBP expression lowers it. Recombinant TonEBP molecules incapable of recruiting p300 do not stimulate NFκB. Myeloid-specific deletion of TonEBP results in milder inflammation and sepsis. We discover that a natural small molecule cerulenin specifically disrupts the enhanceosome without affecting the activation of NFκB itself. Cerulenin suppresses the pro-inflammatory activation of macrophages and sepsis without detectable toxicity. Thus, the NFκB enhanceosome offers a promising target for useful anti-inflammatory agents.
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29
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Wier EM, Fu K, Hodgson A, Sun X, Wan F. Caspase-3 cleaved p65 fragment dampens NF-κB-mediated anti-apoptotic transcription by interfering with the p65/RPS3 interaction. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3581-7. [PMID: 26526615 PMCID: PMC4655178 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Caspase-3-mediated p65 cleavage is believed to suppress nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)-mediated anti-apoptotic transactivation in cells undergoing apoptosis. However, only a small percentage of p65 is cleaved during apoptosis, not in proportion to the dramatic reduction in NF-κB transactivation. Here we show that the p65(1-97) fragment generated by Caspase-3 cleavage interferes with ribosomal protein S3 (RPS3), an NF-κB "specifier" subunit, and selectively retards the nuclear translocation of RPS3, thus dampening the RPS3/NF-κB-dependent anti-apoptotic gene expression. Our findings reveal a novel cell fate determination mechanism to ensure cells undergo programed cell death through interfering with RPS3/NF-κB-conferred anti-apoptotic transcription by the fragment from partial p65 cleavage by activated Caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Wier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USA
| | - Kai Fu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USA
| | - Andrea Hodgson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USA; W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21025, USA
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USA
| | - Fengyi Wan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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30
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Hwang B, McCool K, Wan J, Wuerzberger-Davis SM, Young EWK, Choi EY, Cingolani G, Weaver BA, Miyamoto S. IPO3-mediated Nonclassical Nuclear Import of NF-κB Essential Modulator (NEMO) Drives DNA Damage-dependent NF-κB Activation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:17967-17984. [PMID: 26060253 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.645960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of IκB kinase (IKK) and NF-κB by genotoxic stresses modulates apoptotic responses and production of inflammatory mediators, thereby contributing to therapy resistance and premature aging. We previously reported that genotoxic agents induce nuclear localization of NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) via an undefined mechanism to arbitrate subsequent DNA damage-dependent IKK/NF-κB signaling. Here we show that a nonclassical nuclear import pathway via IPO3 (importin 3, transportin 2) mediates stress-induced NEMO nuclear translocation. We found putative nuclear localization signals in NEMO whose mutations disrupted stress-inducible nuclear translocation of NEMO and IKK/NF-κB activation in stably reconstituted NEMO-deficient cells. RNAi screening of both importin α and β family members, as well as co-immunoprecipitation analyses, revealed that a nonclassical importin β family member, IPO3, was the only importin that was able to associate with NEMO and whose reduced expression prevented genotoxic stress-induced NEMO nuclear translocation, IKK/NF-κB activation, and inflammatory cytokine transcription. Recombinant IPO3 interacted with recombinant NEMO but not the nuclear localization signal mutant version and induced nuclear import of NEMO in digitonin-permeabilized cells. We also provide evidence that NEMO is disengaged from IKK complex following genotoxic stress induction. Thus, the IPO3 nuclear import pathway is an early and crucial determinant of the IKK/NF-κB signaling arm of the mammalian DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byounghoon Hwang
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kevin McCool
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Shelly M Wuerzberger-Davis
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Edmond W K Young
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering and Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Eun Young Choi
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Gino Cingolani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Beth A Weaver
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Shigeki Miyamoto
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
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31
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Inhibition of Oncogenic Transcription Factor REL by the Natural Product Derivative Calafianin Monomer 101 Induces Proliferation Arrest and Apoptosis in Human B-Lymphoma Cell Lines. Molecules 2015; 20:7474-94. [PMID: 25915462 PMCID: PMC4863944 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20057474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased activity of transcription factor NF-κB has been implicated in many B-cell lymphomas. We investigated effects of synthetic compound calafianin monomer (CM101) on biochemical and biological properties of NF-κB. In human 293 cells, CM101 selectively inhibited DNA binding by overexpressed NF-κB subunits REL (human c-Rel) and p65 as compared to NF-κB p50, and inhibition of REL and p65 DNA binding by CM101 required a conserved cysteine residue. CM101 also inhibited DNA binding by REL in human B-lymphoma cell lines, and the sensitivity of several B-lymphoma cell lines to CM101-induced proliferation arrest and apoptosis correlated with levels of cellular and nuclear REL. CM101 treatment induced both phosphorylation and decreased expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-XL, a REL target gene product, in sensitive B-lymphoma cell lines. Ectopic expression of Bcl-XL protected SUDHL-2 B-lymphoma cells against CM101-induced apoptosis, and overexpression of a transforming mutant of REL decreased the sensitivity of BJAB B-lymphoma cells to CM101-induced apoptosis. Lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of NF-κB signaling upstream components occurred in RAW264.7 macrophages at CM101 concentrations that blocked NF-κB DNA binding. Direct inhibitors of REL may be useful for treating B-cell lymphomas in which REL is active, and may inhibit B-lymphoma cell growth at doses that do not affect some immune-related responses in normal cells.
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32
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Jung JW, Kim SJ, Ahn EM, Oh SR, Lee HJ, Jeong JA, Lee JY. Ribes fasciculatum var. chinense Attenuated Allergic Inflammation In Vivo and In Vitro. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 22:547-52. [PMID: 25489423 PMCID: PMC4256035 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribes fasciculatum var. chinense MAX. (R. fasciculatum) has traditionally been used in Korea to treat inflammatory diseases. However, the exact mechanism that accounts for the anti-inflammatory effect of R. fasciculatum is not completely understood. We aimed to ascertain the pharmacological effects of R. fasciculatum on both compound 48/80- or histamine-induced scratching behaviors and 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD) in mice. Additionally, to find a possible explanation for the anti-inflammatory effects of R. fasciculatum, we evaluated the effects of R. fasciculatum on the production of inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated macrophage cells. Treatment of R. fasciculatum significantly reduced compound 48/80- or histamine-induced the pruritus in mice. R. fasciculatum attenuated the AD symptoms such as eczematous, erythema and dryness and serum IgE levels in AD model. Additionally, R. fasciculatum inhibited the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The maximal rates of TNF-α and IL-6 inhibition by R. fasciculatum (1 mg/ml) were approximately 32.12% and 46.24%, respectively. We also showed that R. fasciculatum inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Collectively, the findings of this study provide us with novel insights into the pharmacological actions of R. fasciculatum as a potential molecule for use in the treatment of allergic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Wook Jung
- Department of Herbal Medicinal Pharmacology, College of Health and Welfare, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715
| | - Su-Jin Kim
- Department of Herbal Medicinal Pharmacology, College of Health and Welfare, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715
| | - Eun-Mi Ahn
- Department of Herbal Medicinal Pharmacology, College of Health and Welfare, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715
| | - Sa-Rang Oh
- Department of Herbal Medicinal Pharmacology, College of Health and Welfare, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715
| | - Hye-Ja Lee
- Department of Herbal Medicinal Pharmacology, College of Health and Welfare, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715
| | - Ji-Ahn Jeong
- Department of Herbal Medicinal Pharmacology, College of Health and Welfare, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715
| | - Ju-Young Lee
- Department of Herbal Medicinal Pharmacology, College of Health and Welfare, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715
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33
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Anti-inflammatory effects of Siegesbeckia orientalis ethanol extract in in vitro and in vivo models. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:329712. [PMID: 25328884 PMCID: PMC4160630 DOI: 10.1155/2014/329712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the anti-inflammatory responses and mechanisms of Siegesbeckia orientalis ethanol extract (SOE). In cell culture experiments, RAW264.7 cells were pretreated with SOE and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for inflammatory mediators assay. In animal experiments, mice were tube-fed with SOE for 1 week, and s.c. injected with λ-carrageenan or i.p. injected with LPS to simulate inflammation. The degree of paw edema was assessed, and cytokine profile in sera and mouse survival were recorded. Data showed that SOE significantly reduced NO, IL-6, and TNF-α production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In vivo studies demonstrated that mice supplemented with 32 mg SOE/kg BW/day significantly lowered sera IL-6 level and resulted a higher survival rate compared to the control group (P = 0.019). Furthermore, SOE inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB activation by blocking the degradation of IκB-α. The SOE also reduced significantly the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38, and JNK in a dose-dependent manner. In summary, the in vitro and in vivo evidence indicate that SOE can attenuate acute inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory mediators via suppression of MAPKs- and NF-κB-dependent pathways.
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34
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Zhao Y, Bhattacharjee S, Jones BM, Hill J, Dua P, Lukiw WJ. Regulation of neurotropic signaling by the inducible, NF-kB-sensitive miRNA-125b in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in primary human neuronal-glial (HNG) cells. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:97-106. [PMID: 24293102 PMCID: PMC4038663 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8595-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inducible microRNAs (miRNAs) perform critical regulatory roles in central nervous system (CNS) development, aging, health, and disease. Using miRNA arrays, RNA sequencing, enhanced Northern dot blot hybridization technologies, Western immunoblot, and bioinformatics analysis, we have studied miRNA abundance and complexity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain tissues compared to age-matched controls. In both short post-mortem AD and in stressed primary human neuronal-glial (HNG) cells, we observe a consistent up-regulation of several brain-enriched miRNAs that are under transcriptional control by the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-kB. These include miRNA-9, miRNA-34a, miRNA-125b, miRNA-146a, and miRNA-155. Of the inducible miRNAs in this subfamily, miRNA-125b is among the most abundant and significantly induced miRNA species in human brain cells and tissues. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that an up-regulated miRNA-125b could potentially target the 3'untranslated region (3'-UTR) of the messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding (a) a 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX; ALOX15; chr 17p13.3), utilized in the conversion of docosahexaneoic acid into neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1), and (b) the vitamin D3 receptor (VDR; VD3R; chr12q13.11) of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. 15-LOX and VDR are key neuromolecular factors essential in lipid-mediated signaling, neurotrophic support, defense against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (reactive oxygen and nitrogen species), and neuroprotection in the CNS. Pathogenic effects appear to be mediated via specific interaction of miRNA-125b with the 3'-UTR region of the 15-LOX and VDR messenger RNAs (mRNAs). In AD hippocampal CA1 and in stressed HNG cells, 15-LOX and VDR down-regulation and a deficiency in neurotrophic support may therefore be explained by the actions of a single inducible, pro-inflammatory miRNA-125b. We will review the recent data on the pathogenic actions of this up-regulated miRNA-125b in AD and discuss potential therapeutic approaches using either anti-NF-kB or anti-miRNA-125b strategies. These may be of clinical relevance in the restoration of 15-LOX and VDR expression back to control levels and the re-establishment of homeostatic neurotrophic signaling in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhai Zhao
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
| | - Surjyadipta Bhattacharjee
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
| | - Brandon M. Jones
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
| | - Jim Hill
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
- Department of Microbiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
| | - Prerna Dua
- Department of Health Information Management, Louisiana State University, Ruston, LA 71272 USA
| | - Walter J. Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
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35
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Yan S, Fu Q, Zhou Y, Zhang N, Zhou Q, Wang X, Yuan Z, Wang X, Du J, Zhang J, Zhan L. Establishment of stable reporter expression for in vivo imaging of nuclear factor-κB activation in mouse liver. Am J Cancer Res 2013; 3:841-50. [PMID: 24312154 PMCID: PMC3841335 DOI: 10.7150/thno.6997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway plays a critical role in a multitude of cellular processes. Activation of the NF-κB transcription factor family is essential for the initiation of inflammation, immunity, cell proliferation and apoptosis through a list of responsive genes. In hepatic tissue, activation of the NF-κB pathway has been implicated in a number of pathological conditions. Here we described a mouse model for noninvasive quantification of NF-κB activation in the hepatic tissues. Mice were subjected to hydrodynamic delivery with a mixture of pattB-NF-κB-Fluc reporter and φC31o integrase vector. Hepatic expression of φC31o integrase mediated chromosomal integration of the pattB-NF-κB-Fluc reporter, resulting in stable luciferase expression at 300 days post transfection. We applied noninvasive imaging and were able to detect NF-κB activation under acute liver injury and hepatitis conditions. During hepatectomy-induced liver regeneration, NF-κB activation was detected locally in the tissues at the surgery site. Treatment with Sorafenib suppressed NF-κB activation, accompanied with perturbation of liver regeneration. In conclusion, we established a method for stable transfection of the hepatic tissues and applied the transfected mice to longitudinal monitoring of NF-κB activity under pathological conditions. Further exploration of this methodology for establishment of other disease models and for evaluation of novel pharmaceuticals is likely to be fruitful.
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36
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NF-κB1 inhibits NOD2-induced cytokine secretion through ATF3-dependent mechanisms. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:4857-71. [PMID: 24100018 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00797-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of microbially induced cytokine secretion is critical in intestinal immune homeostasis. NOD2, the Crohn's disease-associated bacterial peptidoglycan sensor, activates the NF-κB pathway. After chronic NOD2 stimulation in human macrophages, cytokine secretion is significantly attenuated, similar to the situation in the intestinal environment. We find that NF-κB1 (p105/p50) expression is upregulated with chronic NOD2 stimulation and is required for attenuation of cytokine secretion in vitro in human macrophages and in vivo in mice. Upon chronic NOD2 stimulation, regulation of both activating (H3K4Me2 and H4Ac) and inhibitory (H3K27Me3) histone modifications was observed within cytokine gene promoters; these outcomes were NF-κB1 dependent. In addition to enhanced binding to cytokine gene promoters with chronic NOD2 stimulation, NF-κB1 bound to the promoter of the transcriptional repressor, ATF3. ATF3 was then induced and bound to cytokine gene promoters; both features were impaired upon NF-κB1 knockdown. Restoring ATF3 expression under NF-κB1 knockdown conditions restored NOD2-mediated cytokine downregulation. Finally, NF-κB1 and ATF3 cooperate with other inhibitory pathways, including IRAKM and secreted mediators, to downregulate cytokine secretion after chronic NOD2 stimulation. Therefore, we identify NF-κB1 and ATF3 as critical mechanisms through which NOD2 downregulates cytokines and contributes to intestinal immune homeostasis.
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37
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Gueguen G, Kalamarz ME, Ramroop J, Uribe J, Govind S. Polydnaviral ankyrin proteins aid parasitic wasp survival by coordinate and selective inhibition of hematopoietic and immune NF-kappa B signaling in insect hosts. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003580. [PMID: 24009508 PMCID: PMC3757122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydnaviruses are mutualists of their parasitoid wasps and express genes in immune cells of their Lepidopteran hosts. Polydnaviral genomes carry multiple copies of viral ankyrins or vankyrins. Vankyrin proteins are homologous to IκB proteins, but lack sequences for regulated degradation. We tested if Ichnoviral Vankyrins differentially impede Toll-NF-κB-dependent hematopoietic and immune signaling in a heterologous in vivo Drosophila, system. We first show that hematopoiesis and the cellular encapsulation response against parasitoid wasps are tightly-linked via NF-κB signaling. The niche, which neighbors the larval hematopoietic progenitors, responds to parasite infection. Drosophila NF-κB proteins are expressed in the niche, and non cell-autonomously influence fate choice in basal and parasite-activated hematopoiesis. These effects are blocked by the Vankyrin I2-vank-3, but not by P-vank-1, as is the expression of a NF-κB target transgene. I2-vank-3 and P-vank-1 differentially obstruct cellular and humoral inflammation. Additionally, their maternal expression weakens ventral embryonic patterning. We propose that selective perturbation of NF-κB-IκB interactions in natural hosts of parasitic wasps negatively impacts the outcome of hematopoietic and immune signaling and this immune deficit contributes to parasite survival and species success in nature. Parasitoid wasps are insects whose development takes place within the body of other insects. To survive, wasp larvae must overcome the immune defenses of their hosts. How parasitic wasps overcome host immunity is not fully understood even though we know that different strategies using venoms, virus-like particles, or viruses are involved. A unique class of viruses, called polydnaviruses is found in two families of wasps that comprise more than 20,000 wasp species. The genomes of polydnaviruses encode proteins with ankyrin repeats. Ankyrin repeats are also found in Cactus, the inhibitor protein of NF-κB signaling in Drosophila. Viral ankyrin proteins, or Vankyrins, however, lack the amino acid sequences necessary for turnover found in Cactus and mammalian IκB family members. We show that Vankyrins produced by polydnaviruses of a parasitic wasp that attacks caterpillars of many common agricultural pests can block NF-κB signaling in fruit fly larvae. This inhibition supports parasite success. Our work highlights the crucial role of NF-κB signaling across insect taxa in insect-insect and insect-virus interactions. Studies of polydnaviral ankyrin proteins in Drosophila reveal that immune-suppressive viruses may block both cellular and humoral immunity in insects to win the biological ‘arms race’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenaelle Gueguen
- Biology Department, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marta E. Kalamarz
- Biology Department, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Johnny Ramroop
- Biology Department, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Uribe
- Biology Department, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Shubha Govind
- Biology Department, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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The ameliorative effect of sophoricoside on mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation in vivo and in vitro. Molecules 2013; 18:6113-27. [PMID: 23698058 PMCID: PMC6270464 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18056113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sophoricoside exhibits numerous pharmacological effects, including anti- inflammatory and anti-cancer actions, yet the exact mechanism that accounts for the anti-allergic effects of sophoricoside is not completely understood. The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether and how sophoricoside modulates the mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation in vitro and in vivo. We investigated the pharmacological effects of sophoricoside on both compound 48/80 or histamine-induced scratching behaviors and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis in mice. Additionally, to find a possible explanation for the anti-inflammatory effects of sophoricoside, we evaluated the effects of sophoricoside on the production of histamine and inflammatory cytokines and activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and caspase-1 in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus calcium ionophore A23187 (PMACI)-stimulated human mast cells (HMC-1). The finding of this study demonstrated that sophoricoside reduced compound 48/80 or histamine-induced scratching behaviors and DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis in mice. Additionally, sophoricoside inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines as well as the activation of NF-κB and caspase-1 in stimulated HMC-1. Collectively, the findings of this study provide us with novel insights into the pharmacological actions of sophoricoside as a potential molecule for use in the treatment of allergic inflammation diseases.
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NF-κB in colorectal cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 91:1029-37. [PMID: 23636511 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, responsible for more than half a million deaths annually. CRC is a multistep process that entails the accumulation of genetic/epigenetic aberrations, which lead to the simultaneous failure of protective mechanisms and the activation of tumorigenic pathways. In most cases of CRC a deregulation of the Wnt-signaling pathway is required. The transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) has been recognized as a key player in the initiation and propagation of CRC. Under physiological conditions, NF-κB orchestrates the inflammatory process and participates in the modulation of various steps of cell cycle and survival. It is normally kept in an inactive state in the cytoplasm by binding to a group of inhibitory proteins. Upon receipt of a signal, its inhibitor is phosphorylated and proteolytically degraded and NF-κB is actively translocated to the nucleus, where it facilitates target-gene transcription. Recent experimental data reveal the important role of NF-κB in tumor cells as well as in the surrounding "cancerous" and reactive microenvironment. Various tumor cell-derived and contextual cues feed constantly this vicious circuitry sustaining inflammation and promoting proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and eventually metastasis. Therefore NF-κB along with its upstream and downstream network presents a rational target for therapeutic interventions. Numerous small molecules, inhibitory peptides, antisense RNAs, natural compounds, as well as gene therapy strategies interfere with multiple steps of the NF-κΒ signaling cascade. The design of NF-κΒ-targeted treatment may aid the efforts towards the pursuit of more efficient therapeutic measures devoid of severe systemic side-effects.
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Lukiw WJ. Antagonism of NF-κB-up-regulated micro RNAs (miRNAs) in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD)-anti-NF-κB vs. anti-miRNA strategies. Front Genet 2013; 4:77. [PMID: 23641256 PMCID: PMC3640190 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Lukiw
- Department of Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA, USA
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Jin QH, Shen HX, Wang H, Shou QY, Liu Q. Curcumin improves expression of SCF/c-kit through attenuating oxidative stress and NF-κB activation in gastric tissues of diabetic gastroparesis rats. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2013; 5:12. [PMID: 23448582 PMCID: PMC3630009 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-5-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is associated with many kinds of complications. Recent studies have shown that oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions have critical roles in the pathogenesis of diabetic gastroparesis. Curcumin is known to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, we investigated the effect of curcumin on diabetic gastric motility in a Sprague Dawley rat model of type 1 diabetes mellitus. METHODS Male SD rats were divided into a control group, a control group receiving curcumin, a diabetic group, and a diabetic group receiving curcumin. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Curcumin (150 mg/kg) was given intragastrically for 6 weeks, and blood glucose levels and body weights were measured. Stomachs were excised for analysis of gastric emptying rates, and levels of oxidative stress. NF-κB, I-κB, and stem cell factor (SCF)/c-kit protein levels were assessed by western blot analysis, while the apoptosis of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) was assessed by TUNEL staining. RESULTS Curcumin-treated diabetic rats showed significantly improved gastric emptying rates [(59.4 ± 7.5)%] compared with diabetic rats [(44.3 ± 5.7)%], as well as decreased levels of MDA [21.4 ± 1.8 (nmol/mg) vs 27.9 ± 2.1 (nmol/mg)], and increased SOD activity [126.2 ± 8.8 (units/mg) vs 107.9 ± 7.5 (units/mg)]. On the other hand, the gastric emptying level in the control group was not significantly different from that in the control group receiving curcumin treatment. In addition, curcumin-treated diabetic rats showed significantly increased levels of SCF/c-kit protein in stomach tissues, inhibited I-κB degradation and NF-κB activation, and reduced ICC apoptosis index [(26.2 ± 4.1)% vs (47.5 ± 6.2)%], compared with the diabetic group. CONCLUSION Curcumin treatment improved gastric emptying by blocking the production of oxidative stress, abolishing NF-κB signal transduction and enhancing expression of SCF/c-kit in rats with diabetic gastroparesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Hui Jin
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Second affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong-Xia Shen
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Science and Education, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi-Yang Shou
- Department of Animal experimental center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Second affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Inhibition of NF- κ B by Dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin Suppresses Invasion and Synergistically Potentiates Temozolomide and γ -Radiation Cytotoxicity in Glioblastoma Cells. CHEMOTHERAPY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2013; 2013:593020. [PMID: 23533755 PMCID: PMC3594939 DOI: 10.1155/2013/593020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in neurosurgery and aggressive treatment with temozolomide (TMZ) and radiation, the overall survival of patients with glioblastoma (GBM) remains poor. Vast evidence has indicated that the nuclear factor NF-κB is constitutively activated in cancer cells, playing key roles in growth and survival. Recently, Dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ) has shown to be a selective NF-κB inhibitor with antiproliferative properties in GBM. In the present study, the ability of DHMEQ to surmount tumor's invasive nature and therapy resistance were further explored. Corroborating results showed that DHMEQ impaired cell growth in dose- and time-dependent manners with G2/M arrest when compared with control. Clonogenicity was also significantly diminished with increased apoptosis, though necrotic cell death was also observed at comparable levels. Notably, migration and invasion were inhibited accordingly with lowered expression of invasion-related genes. Moreover, concurrent combination with TMZ synergistically inhibited cell growth in all cell lines, as determined by proliferation and caspase-3 activation assays, though in those that express O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase, the synergistic effects were schedule dependent. Pretreatment with DHMEQ equally sensitized cells to ionizing radiation. Taken together, our results strengthen the potential usefulness of DHMEQ in future therapeutic strategies for tumors that do not respond to conventional approaches.
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Xie C, Ma L, Liu J, Li X, Pei H, Xiang M, Chen L. SKLB023 blocks joint inflammation and cartilage destruction in arthritis models via suppression of nuclear factor-kappa B activation in macrophage. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56349. [PMID: 23431370 PMCID: PMC3576337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common arthritis and is mainly characterized by symmetric polyarticular joint disorders. Our previous study demonstrated a novel small molecule compound (Z)-N-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-(4-((2,4-dioxothiazolidin-5-ylidene) methyl) phenoxy) acet-amide (SKLB023) showed potently anti-arthritic effects in a rat arthritis model, however, the underlying mechanisms for this are largely unknown. Both NF-κB and macrophages were reported to play important roles in the pathologic processes of RA. The purposes of this study were to indicate whether NF-κB and macrophages contributed to anti-arthritic effects of SKLB023 in two experimental arthritis models. Our results showed that SKLB023 could significantly improve joint inflammation and cartilage destruction both in adjuvant induced arthritis (AIA) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) models. We further found that the binding activation of NF-κB to DNA in joint tissues and RAW264.7 macrophages were suppressed by SKLB023. SKLB023 also inhibited the NF-κB activity in peritoneal macrophages by luciferase assay. Furthermore, the number of macrophages in synovial tissues was decreased after the treatment of different doses of SKLB023. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in plasma, and the levels of TNF-α, NO, and IL-1β in peritoneal macrophages were down-regulated by SKLB023. Finally, SKLB023 attenuated the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in vivo and suppressed the phosphorylations of components of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). These observations identify a novel function for SKLB023 as an inhibitor of NF-κB in macrophages of RA, highlighting that SKLB023 was a potential therapeutic strategy for RA.
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MESH Headings
- Acetanilides/pharmacology
- Acetanilides/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Ankle Joint/drug effects
- Ankle Joint/immunology
- Ankle Joint/pathology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Cartilage, Articular/drug effects
- Cartilage, Articular/immunology
- Cartilage, Articular/pathology
- Cell Line
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Cytokines/blood
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Inflammation Mediators/blood
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Thiazolidinediones/pharmacology
- Thiazolidinediones/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Caifeng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiuxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Heying Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingli Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: (MX); (LC)
| | - Lijuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: (MX); (LC)
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Salem K, Brown CO, Schibler J, Goel A. Combination chemotherapy increases cytotoxicity of multiple myeloma cells by modification of nuclear factor (NF)-κB activity. Exp Hematol 2013; 41:209-18. [PMID: 23063726 PMCID: PMC3565034 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway is critical in myeloma cell proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, and emergence of therapy resistance. The chemotherapeutic drugs, dexamethasone (Dex) and bortezomib (BTZ), are widely used in clinical protocols for multiple myeloma (MM) and inhibit the NF-κB signaling pathway by distinct mechanisms. This study evaluates the efficacy of combination therapy with Dex and BTZ and investigates the mechanistic underpinning of endogenous and therapy-induced NF-κB activation in MM. Human myeloma cells and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) were used in monocultures and cocultures to determine the cytotoxic effects of Dex and/or BTZ. Our results show that combined treatment of Dex with BTZ enhanced direct apoptosis of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant myeloma cells. In the presence of BMSCs, Dex plus BTZ combination inhibited ionizing radiation-induced interleukin 6 secretion from BMSCs and induced myeloma cytotoxicity. Mechanistically, Dex treatment increased IκBα protein and mRNA expression and compensated for BTZ-induced IκBα degradation. Dex plus BTZ combination inhibited basal and therapy-induced NF-κB activity with cytotoxicity in myeloma cells resistant to BTZ. Furthermore, combination therapy downregulated the NF-κB-targeted gene expression of interleukin 6 and manganese superoxide dismutase, which can induce chemo- and radio-resistance in MM. This study provides a mechanistic rationale for combining the NF-κB-targeting drugs Dex and BTZ in myeloma therapy and supports potential combinations of these drugs with radiotherapy and additional chemotherapeutic drugs for clinical benefit in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley Salem
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, The Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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45
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Lin IWS, Lok CN, Yan K, Che CM. A silver complex of N,N′-disubstituted cyclic thiourea as an anti-inflammatory inhibitor of IκB kinase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:3297-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc00063j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Burikhanov R, Shrestha-Bhattarai T, Qiu S, Shukla N, Hebbar N, Lele SM, Horbinski C, Rangnekar VM. Novel mechanism of apoptosis resistance in cancer mediated by extracellular PAR-4. Cancer Res 2012. [PMID: 23204231 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tumor suppressor PAR-4 acts in part by modulating sensitivity to apoptosis, but the basis for its activity is not fully understood. In this study, we describe a novel mechanism of antiapoptosis by NF-κB, revealing that it can block PAR-4-mediated apoptosis by downregulating trafficking of the PAR-4 receptor GRP78 from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. Mechanistic investigations revealed that NF-κB mediated this antiapoptotic mechanism by upregulating expression of UACA, a proinflammatory protein in certain disease settings. In clinical specimens of cancer, a strong correlation existed between NF-κB activity and UACA expression, relative to normal tissues. UACA bound to intracellular PAR-4 in diverse cancer cells, where it prevented translocation of GRP78 from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. This pathway of antiapoptosis could be inhibited by suppressing levels of NF-κB or UACA expression, which enhanced endoplasmic reticulum stress and restored GRP78 trafficking to the cell surface, thereby sensitizing cancer cells to apoptosis by extracellular PAR-4 or GRP78 agonistic antibody. In summary, our results identify a novel intracellular pathway of apoptosis mediated by NF-κB through UACA elevation, which by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress and GRP78 translocation to the cell surface can blunt the sensitivity of cancer cells to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravshan Burikhanov
- Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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47
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Romagnoli M, Belguise K, Yu Z, Wang X, Landesman-Bollag E, Seldin DC, Chalbos D, Barillé-Nion S, Jézéquel P, Seldin ML, Sonenshein GE. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition induced by TGF-β1 is mediated by Blimp-1-dependent repression of BMP-5. Cancer Res 2012; 72:6268-78. [PMID: 23054396 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by TGF-β1 requires Ras signaling. We recently identified the transcriptional repressor Blimp-1 (PRDM1) as a downstream effector of the NF-κB, RelB/Bcl-2/Ras-driven pathway that promotes breast cancer cell migration. As the RelB/Blimp-1 pathway similarly required Ras signaling activation, we tested whether Blimp-1 plays a role in TGF-β1-mediated EMT. Here, TGF-β1 treatment of untransformed NMuMG mammary epithelial and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells was shown to induce Blimp-1 expression, which promoted an EMT signature and cell migration. TGFB1 and BLIMP1 RNA levels were correlated in patient breast tumors. BLIMP1 gene transcription was activated by TGF-β1 via a c-Raf (RAF1) to AP-1 pathway. Blimp-1 induced expression of the EMT master regulator Snail (SNAI1) via repressing BMP-5, which inhibited Snail expression upon TGF-β1 treatment. Interestingly, a similar cascade was observed during postnatal mouse mammary gland development. RelB expression was detected early in pregnancy followed progressively by Blimp-1 and then Snail; whereas, BMP-5 levels were high in nulliparous and regressing glands. Finally, lower BMP5 RNA levels were detected in patient breast tumors versus normal tissues, and correlated with cancer recurrence. Thus, the Ras effector Blimp-1 plays an essential role in TGF-β1-induced EMT via repression of BMP-5 in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Romagnoli
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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48
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Wang J, Zhao B, Yi Y, Zhang W, Wu X, Zhang L, Shen Y. Mycoepoxydiene, a fungal polyketide inhibits MCF-7 cells through simultaneously targeting p53 and NF-κB pathways. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:891-9. [PMID: 22796259 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycoepoxydiene (MED) is a cytotoxic polyketide that is isolated from the marine fungal strain Diaporthe sp. HLY-1, which is associated with mangroves; however, the mechanism of action of MED remains unknown. Here, we report the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis activation and growth inhibition induced by MED in MCF-7 cells. The present results show that MED induces DNA damage through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which resulted in the phosphorylation of H2AX and the activation of the Ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase (ATM) and p53 signaling pathways. In addition, MED increases the accumulation of IκBα and enhances the association between IKKγ and Hsp27 via the activation of Hsp27, which eventually resulted in the inhibition of TNF-α-induced NF-κB transactivation. Therefore, we conclude that MED inhibits MCF-7 cells by simultaneously activating p53 to induce apoptosis and suppressing NF-κB to disrupt cell proliferation. Because small molecules having both of these effects are rare, further exploration of MED as an antitumor lead compound is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
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49
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Kumar R, Das M, Ansari KM. Nexrutine(R) inhibits tumorigenesis in mouse skin and induces apoptotic cell death in human squamous carcinoma A431 and human melanoma A375 cells. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:1909-18. [PMID: 22767649 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nexrutine(®) (NX), a herbal extract from Phellodendron amurense, has been shown to possess antitumor, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and other biological activities. In the present investigation, we explored the mechanism of chemopreventive/chemotherapeutic efficacy of NX against skin cancer. Single application of NX (1.0mg/mouse) prior to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) application significantly inhibited TPA-induced skin edema, hyperplasia, thymidine incorporation and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity; expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS); phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2, p38 and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs); and activation of I kappa B kinase (IKK), IκBα and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in mouse skin. In a two-stage mouse skin tumorigenesis model, it was found that twice-weekly treatment of NX prior to TPA application in 7,12-dimethylbenz[α]anthracene (DMBA)-initiated animals showed reduced tumor incidence, lower tumor body burden and significant delay in latency period compared with DMBA-initiated and TPA-promoted animals. Furthermore, the therapeutic efficacy of NX was assessed against human squamous carcinoma (A431) and human melanoma (A375) cells. A431 and A375 cells treated with NX (2.5-10.0 μg/ml, 48h) showed a decrease in viability and enhanced cell cycle arrest at the G(0)/G(1) phase and apoptosis; however, NX had minimal cytotoxic effect on HaCaT cells and primary murine keratinocytes, suggesting its high therapeutic index. In addition, NX treatment also modulates the levels of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins along with cytochrome c release, cleavage and enhanced expression of poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase as well as catalytic activities of caspases 3 and 9 in both A431 and A375 cells. Based on our in vivo and in vitro studies, NX could be useful in the management (chemoprevention as well as chemotherapy) of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
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50
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Abstract
It is only recently that the full importance of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signalling to cancer development has been understood. Although much attention has focused on the upstream pathways leading to NF-κB activation, it is now becoming clear that the inhibitor of NF-κB kinases (IKKs), which regulate NF-κB activation, have many independent functions in tissue homeostasis and normal immune function that could compromise the clinical utility of IKK inhibitors. Therefore, if the NF-κB pathway is to be properly exploited as a target for both anticancer and anti-inflammatory drugs, it is appropriate to reconsider the complex roles of the individual NF-κB subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Perkins
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Medical School, Catherine Cookson Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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