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Shams MH, Sohrabi SM, Jafari R, Sheikhian A, Motedayyen H, Baharvand PA, Hasanvand A, Fouladvand A, Assarehzadegan MA. Designing a T-cell epitope-based vaccine using in silico approaches against the Sal k 1 allergen of Salsola kali plant. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5040. [PMID: 38424208 PMCID: PMC10904830 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55788-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Allergens originated from Salsola kali (Russian thistle) pollen grains are one of the most important sources of aeroallergens causing pollinosis in desert and semi-desert regions. T-cell epitope-based vaccines (TEV) are more effective among different therapeutic approaches developed to alleviate allergic diseases. The physicochemical properties, and B as well as T cell epitopes of Sal k 1 (a major allergen of S. kali) were predicted using immunoinformatic tools. A TEV was constructed using the linkers EAAAK, GPGPG and the most suitable CD4+ T cell epitopes. RS04 adjuvant was added as a TLR4 agonist to the amino (N) and carboxyl (C) terminus of the TEV protein. The secondary and tertiary structures, solubility, allergenicity, toxicity, stability, physicochemical properties, docking with immune receptors, BLASTp against the human and microbiota proteomes, and in silico cloning of the designed TEV were assessed using immunoinformatic analyses. Two CD4+ T cell epitopes of Sal k1 that had high affinity with different alleles of MHC-II were selected and used in the TEV. The molecular docking of the TEV with HLADRB1, and TLR4 showed TEV strong interactions and stable binding pose to these receptors. Moreover, the codon optimized TEV sequence was cloned between NcoI and XhoI restriction sites of pET-28a(+) expression plasmid. The designed TEV can be used as a promising candidate in allergen-specific immunotherapy against S. kali. Nonetheless, effectiveness of this vaccine should be validated through immunological bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hossein Shams
- Hepatitis Research Center and Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Seyyed Mohsen Sohrabi
- Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetic, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Box 6814993165, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Jafari
- School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Ali Sheikhian
- Hepatitis Research Center and Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Hossein Motedayyen
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Peyman Amanolahi Baharvand
- Hepatitis Research Center and Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Amin Hasanvand
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Ali Fouladvand
- Hepatitis Research Center and Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Ali Assarehzadegan
- Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Laha A, Panja AS, Bandopadhyay R. Structural Phylogeny of Different Allergens May Reveal Common Epitopic Footprint. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:1099-1107. [PMID: 34161203 DOI: 10.2174/0929866528666210622145710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of allergy is increasing at an alarming rate for the last few decades. OBJECTIVE Our present study is focused on finding out the structurally homologous motifs present in different proteinaceous allergens Methods: Significant number of protein sequences and their corresponding structures of various pollen, fungal, bacterial, and food allergens were retrieved, and the sequence and structural identity were analyzed. RESULTS Intra- and inter-sequence and their structural analysis of the proteinaceous allergens, resulted in no significant relationships among them. A few, but not negligible number of high structural similarities were observed within different groups of allergens from fungus, angiosperms, and animals (Aves and Mammalia). CONCLUSION Our in silico study on thirty-six different allergens showed a significant level of structural similarities among themselves, regardless of their sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubhab Laha
- Department of Botany, Chandernagore College, Chandernagore-712136, Hooghly, West Bengal, India.,UGC Centre for Advanced Study, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan - 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Anindya Sundar Panja
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajib Bandopadhyay
- UGC Centre for Advanced Study, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan - 713104, West Bengal, India
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Dorofeeva Y, Shilovskiy I, Tulaeva I, Focke‐Tejkl M, Flicker S, Kudlay D, Khaitov M, Karsonova A, Riabova K, Karaulov A, Khanferyan R, Pickl WF, Wekerle T, Valenta R. Past, present, and future of allergen immunotherapy vaccines. Allergy 2021; 76:131-149. [PMID: 32249442 PMCID: PMC7818275 DOI: 10.1111/all.14300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is an allergen-specific form of treatment for patients suffering from immunoglobulin E (IgE)-associated allergy; the most common and important immunologically mediated hypersensitivity disease. AIT is based on the administration of the disease-causing allergen with the goal to induce a protective immunity consisting of allergen-specific blocking IgG antibodies and alterations of the cellular immune response so that the patient can tolerate allergen contact. Major advantages of AIT over all other existing treatments for allergy are that AIT induces a long-lasting protection and prevents the progression of disease to severe manifestations. AIT is cost effective because it uses the patient´s own immune system for protection and potentially can be used as a preventive treatment. However, broad application of AIT is limited by mainly technical issues such as the quality of allergen preparations and the risk of inducing side effects which results in extremely cumbersome treatment schedules reducing patient´s compliance. In this article we review progress in AIT made from its beginning and provide an overview of the state of the art, the needs for further development, and possible technical solutions available through molecular allergology. Finally, we consider visions for AIT development towards prophylactic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Dorofeeva
- Division of ImmunopathologyDepartment of Pathophysiology and Allergy ResearchCenter for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Igor Shilovskiy
- National Research Center, Institute of immunology, FMBA of RussiaMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Inna Tulaeva
- Division of ImmunopathologyDepartment of Pathophysiology and Allergy ResearchCenter for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of Clinical Immunology and AllergyLaboratory of ImmunopathologySechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Margarete Focke‐Tejkl
- Division of ImmunopathologyDepartment of Pathophysiology and Allergy ResearchCenter for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Sabine Flicker
- Division of ImmunopathologyDepartment of Pathophysiology and Allergy ResearchCenter for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Dmitriy Kudlay
- National Research Center, Institute of immunology, FMBA of RussiaMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Musa Khaitov
- National Research Center, Institute of immunology, FMBA of RussiaMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Antonina Karsonova
- Department of Clinical Immunology and AllergyLaboratory of ImmunopathologySechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Ksenja Riabova
- Department of Clinical Immunology and AllergyLaboratory of ImmunopathologySechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Alexander Karaulov
- Department of Clinical Immunology and AllergyLaboratory of ImmunopathologySechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Roman Khanferyan
- Department of Immunology and AllergyRussian People’s Friendship UniversityMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Winfried F. Pickl
- Institute of ImmunologyCenter for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Thomas Wekerle
- Section of Transplantation ImmunologyDepartment of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Division of ImmunopathologyDepartment of Pathophysiology and Allergy ResearchCenter for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- National Research Center, Institute of immunology, FMBA of RussiaMoscowRussian Federation
- Department of Clinical Immunology and AllergyLaboratory of ImmunopathologySechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityMoscowRussian Federation
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4
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Tulaeva I, Kratzer B, Campana R, Curin M, van Hage M, Karsonova A, Riabova K, Karaulov A, Khaitov M, Pickl WF, Valenta R. Preventive Allergen-Specific Vaccination Against Allergy: Mission Possible? Front Immunol 2020; 11:1368. [PMID: 32733455 PMCID: PMC7358538 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines for infectious diseases have improved the life of the human species in a tremendous manner. The principle of vaccination is to establish de novo adaptive immune response consisting of antibody and T cell responses against pathogens which should defend the vaccinated person against future challenge with the culprit pathogen. The situation is completely different for immunoglobulin E (IgE)-associated allergy, an immunologically-mediated hypersensitivity which is already characterized by increased IgE antibody levels and T cell responses against per se innocuous antigens (i.e., allergens). Thus, allergic patients suffer from a deviated hyper-immunity against allergens leading to inflammation upon allergen contact. Paradoxically, vaccination with allergens, termed allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT), induces a counter immune response based on the production of high levels of allergen-specific IgG antibodies and alterations of the adaptive cellular response, which reduce allergen-induced symptoms of allergic inflammation. AIT was even shown to prevent the progression of mild to severe forms of allergy. Consequently, AIT can be considered as a form of therapeutic vaccination. In this article we describe a strategy and possible road map for the use of an AIT approach for prophylactic vaccination against allergy which is based on new molecular allergy vaccines. This road map includes the use of AIT for secondary preventive vaccination to stop the progression of clinically silent allergic sensitization toward symptomatic allergy and ultimately the prevention of allergic sensitization by maternal vaccination and/or early primary preventive vaccination of children. Prophylactic allergy vaccination with molecular allergy vaccines may allow halting the allergy epidemics affecting almost 30% of the population as it has been achieved for vaccination against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Tulaeva
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bernhard Kratzer
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raffaela Campana
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mirela Curin
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marianne van Hage
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonina Karsonova
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenja Riabova
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Karaulov
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Musa Khaitov
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Winfried F Pickl
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russia.,Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
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5
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Huang H, Curin M, Banerjee S, Chen K, Garmatiuk T, Resch‐Marat Y, Carvalho‐Queiroz C, Blatt K, Gafvelin G, Grönlund H, Valent P, Campana R, Focke‐Tejkl M, Valenta R, Vrtala S. A hypoallergenic peptide mix containing T cell epitopes of the clinically relevant house dust mite allergens. Allergy 2019; 74:2461-2478. [PMID: 31228873 PMCID: PMC7078969 DOI: 10.1111/all.13956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background In the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Der p 1, 2, 5, 7, 21, and 23 have been identified as the most important allergens. The aim of this study was to define hypoallergenic peptides derived from the sequences of the six allergens and to use the peptides and the complete allergens to study antibody, T cell, and cytokine responses in sensitized and nonsensitized subjects. Methods IgE reactivity of HDM‐allergic and non‐HDM‐sensitized individuals to 15 HDM allergens was established using ImmunoCAP ISAC technology. Thirty‐three peptides covering the sequences of the six HDM allergens were synthesized. Allergens and peptides were tested for IgE and IgG reactivity by ELISA and ImmunoCAP, respectively. Allergenic activity was determined by basophil activation. CD4+ T cell and cytokine responses were determined in PBMC cultures by CFSE dilution and Luminex technology, respectively. Results House dust mite allergics showed IgE reactivity only to complete allergens, whereas 31 of the 33 peptides lacked relevant IgE reactivity and allergenic activity. IgG antibodies of HDM‐allergic and nonsensitized subjects were directed against peptide epitopes and higher allergen‐specific IgG levels were found in HDM allergics. PBMC from HDM‐allergics produced higher levels of IL‐5 whereas non‐HDM‐sensitized individuals mounted higher levels of IFN‐gamma, IL‐17, pro‐inflammatory cytokines, and IL‐10. Conclusion IgG antibodies in HDM‐allergic patients recognize peptide epitopes which are different from the epitopes recognized by IgE. This may explain why naturally occurring allergen‐specific IgG antibodies do not protect against IgE‐mediated allergic inflammation. A mix of hypoallergenic peptides containing T cell epitopes of the most important HDM allergens was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey‐Jy Huang
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Mirela Curin
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Srinita Banerjee
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Kuan‐Wei Chen
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Tetiana Garmatiuk
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Yvonne Resch‐Marat
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Claudia Carvalho‐Queiroz
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Therapeutic Immune Design Unit Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Katharina Blatt
- Division of Hematology&Hemostaseology, Department of Internal Medicine I Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Guro Gafvelin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Therapeutic Immune Design Unit Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Hans Grönlund
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Therapeutic Immune Design Unit Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Peter Valent
- Division of Hematology&Hemostaseology, Department of Internal Medicine I Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Raffaela Campana
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Margarete Focke‐Tejkl
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia Moscow Russia
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Laboratory for Immunopathology Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University Moscow Russia
| | - Susanne Vrtala
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
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Glycosylated nanostructures in sublingual immunotherapy induce long-lasting tolerance in LTP allergy mouse model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4043. [PMID: 30858392 PMCID: PMC6411722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective specific immunotherapy should contain elements to generate specific recognition (T-cell peptides) and to modulate the immunological response towards a Th1/Treg pattern by enhancing dendritic cells (DCs). We propose a novel sublingual immunotherapy for peach allergy, using systems, that combine Prup3-T-cell peptides with mannose dendrons (D1ManPrup3 and D4ManPrup3). Peach anaphylactic mice were treated 1, 2 and 5 nM concentrations. Tolerance was assessed one/five weeks after finishing treatment by determining in vivo/in vitro parameters after challenge with Prup3. Only mice receiving D1ManPrup3 at 2 nM were protected from anaphylaxis (no temperature changes, decrease in Prup3-sIgE and -sIgG1 antibody levels, and secreting cells) compared to PBS-treated mice. Moreover, an increase of Treg-cells and regulatory cytokines (IL-10+/IFN-γ+) in CD4+-T-cells and DCs were found. These changes were maintained at least five weeks after stopping treatment. D1ManPrup3 is an effective new approach of immunotherapy inducing protection from anaphylaxis which persists after finishing treatment.
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7
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Orengo JM, Radin AR, Kamat V, Badithe A, Ben LH, Bennett BL, Zhong S, Birchard D, Limnander A, Rafique A, Bautista J, Kostic A, Newell D, Duan X, Franklin MC, Olson W, Huang T, Gandhi NA, Lipsich L, Stahl N, Papadopoulos NJ, Murphy AJ, Yancopoulos GD. Treating cat allergy with monoclonal IgG antibodies that bind allergen and prevent IgE engagement. Nat Commun 2018. [PMID: 29650949 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03636-8.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute allergic symptoms are caused by allergen-induced crosslinking of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) bound to Fc-epsilon receptors on effector cells. Desensitization with allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) has been used for over a century, but the dominant protective mechanism remains unclear. One consistent observation is increased allergen-specific IgG, thought to competitively block allergen binding to IgE. Here we show that the blocking potency of the IgG response to Cat-SIT is heterogeneous. Next, using two potent, pre-selected allergen-blocking monoclonal IgG antibodies against the immunodominant cat allergen Fel d 1, we demonstrate that increasing the IgG/IgE ratio reduces the allergic response in mice and in cat-allergic patients: a single dose of blocking IgG reduces clinical symptoms in response to nasal provocation (ANCOVA, p = 0.0003), with a magnitude observed at day 8 similar to that reported with years of conventional SIT. This study suggests that simply augmenting the blocking IgG/IgE ratio may reverse allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Orengo
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA.
| | - A R Radin
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - V Kamat
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - A Badithe
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - L H Ben
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - B L Bennett
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - S Zhong
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - D Birchard
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - A Limnander
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - A Rafique
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - J Bautista
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - A Kostic
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - D Newell
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - X Duan
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - M C Franklin
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - W Olson
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - T Huang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - N A Gandhi
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - L Lipsich
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - N Stahl
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - N J Papadopoulos
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - A J Murphy
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - G D Yancopoulos
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
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8
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Treating cat allergy with monoclonal IgG antibodies that bind allergen and prevent IgE engagement. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1421. [PMID: 29650949 PMCID: PMC5897525 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03636-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute allergic symptoms are caused by allergen-induced crosslinking of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) bound to Fc-epsilon receptors on effector cells. Desensitization with allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) has been used for over a century, but the dominant protective mechanism remains unclear. One consistent observation is increased allergen-specific IgG, thought to competitively block allergen binding to IgE. Here we show that the blocking potency of the IgG response to Cat-SIT is heterogeneous. Next, using two potent, pre-selected allergen-blocking monoclonal IgG antibodies against the immunodominant cat allergen Fel d 1, we demonstrate that increasing the IgG/IgE ratio reduces the allergic response in mice and in cat-allergic patients: a single dose of blocking IgG reduces clinical symptoms in response to nasal provocation (ANCOVA, p = 0.0003), with a magnitude observed at day 8 similar to that reported with years of conventional SIT. This study suggests that simply augmenting the blocking IgG/IgE ratio may reverse allergy. Allergen-specific immunotherapy is used to treat patients affected by acute immunoglobulin E (IgE) responses, but the function mechanism is unclear. Here the authors show that the administration of two cat allergen-specific IgGs reduces allergic responses in mouse models and helps ameliorate clinical symptoms in a phase 1b clinical trial.
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10
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Berglund JP, Szczepanski N, Penumarti A, Beavers A, Kesselring J, Orgel K, Burnett B, Burks AW, Kulis M. Preparation and Analysis of Peanut Flour Used in Oral Immunotherapy Clinical Trials. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2017; 5:1098-1104. [PMID: 28132800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2016.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral immunotherapy (OIT) is an investigational therapeutic approach for the treatment of food allergies. Characterization of the drug product used in oral immunotherapy trials for peanut allergy has not been reported. OBJECTIVE To quantify relative amounts of the major peanut allergens and microbial load present in peanut flour used in OIT trials and assess whether these parameters change over a 12-month period. We also anticipate that this report will serve as a guide for investigators seeking to conduct OIT trials under Food and Drug Administration-approved Investigational New Drug applications. METHODS Densitometric scanning of Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 resolved on SDS-PAGE gels was used to assess allergen content in peanut flour extracts. Microbial testing was conducted on peanut flour under US Pharmacopeia guidelines for the presence of Escherichia coli, salmonella, yeast, mold, and total aerobic bacteria. In addition, aflatoxin was quantified in peanut flour. Reported results were obtained from 4 unique lots of peanut flour. RESULTS Relative amounts of the major peanut allergens were similar between different lots of peanut flour and remained stable over a 12-month period. E coli and salmonella were absent from all lots of flour. Yeast, mold, total aerobic bacteria, and aflatoxin were within established US Pharmacopeia guidelines on all lots tested and remained within the criteria over a 12-month period. CONCLUSIONS Peanut flour used as a drug product contains the major peanut allergens and has low levels of potentially harmful microbes. Both these parameters remain stable over a 12-month period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena P Berglund
- Duke Translational Medicine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Nicole Szczepanski
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Anusha Penumarti
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Ayeshia Beavers
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Janelle Kesselring
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Kelly Orgel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Bruce Burnett
- Duke Translational Medicine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - A Wesley Burks
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Michael Kulis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
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Yang H, Chen H, Jin M, Xie H, He S, Wei JF. Molecular cloning, expression, IgE binding activities and in silico epitope prediction of Per a 9 allergens of the American cockroach. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1795-1805. [PMID: 27840974 PMCID: PMC5117749 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Per a 9 is a major allergen of the American cockroach (CR), which has been recognized as an important cause of imunoglobulin E-mediated type I hypersensitivity worldwide. However, it is not neasy to obtain a substantial quantity of this allergen for use in functional studies. In the present study, the Per a 9 gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) systems. It was found that 13/16 (81.3%) of the sera from patients with allergies caused by the American CR reacted to Per a 9, as assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, confirming that Per a 9 is a major allergen of CR. The induction of the expression of CD63 and CCR3 in passively sensitized basophils (from sera of patients with allergies caused by the American CR) by approximately 4.2-fold indicated that recombinant Per a 9 was functionally active. Three immunoinformatics tools, including the DNAStar Protean system, Bioinformatics Predicted Antigenic Peptides (BPAP) system and the BepiPred 1.0 server were used to predict the potential B cell epitopes, while Net-MHCIIpan-2.0 and NetMHCII-2.2 were used to predict the T cell epitopes of Per a 9. As a result, we predicted 11 peptides (23-28, 39-46, 58-64, 91-118, 131-136, 145-154, 159-165, 176-183, 290-299, 309-320 and 338-344) as potential B cell linear epitopes. In T cell prediction, the Per a 9 allergen was predicted to have 5 potential T cell epitope sequences, 119-127, 194-202, 210-218, 239-250 and 279-290. The findings of our study may prove to be useful in the development of peptide-based vaccines to combat CR-induced allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Yang
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Min Jin
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Hua Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, PLA Cancer Center, Shenyang, Liaoning 110840, P.R. China
| | - Shaoheng He
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Fu Wei
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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12
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Abstract
Careful selection of dominant T cell epitope peptides of major allergens that display degeneracy for binding to a wide array of MHC class II molecules allows induction of clinical and immunological tolerance to allergen in a refined treatment strategy. From the original concept of peptide-induced T cell anergy arising from in vitro studies, proof-of-concept murine models and flourishing human trials followed. Current randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials of mixtures of T cell-reactive short allergen peptides or long contiguous overlapping peptides are encouraging with intradermal administration into non-inflamed skin a preferred delivery. Definitive immunological mechanisms are yet to be resolved but specific anergy, Th2 cell deletion, immune deviation, and Treg induction seem implicated. Significant efficacy, particularly with short treatment courses, in a range of aeroallergen therapies (cat, house dust mite, grass pollen) with inconsequential non-systemic adverse events likely heralds a new class of therapeutic for allergy, Synthetic Peptide Immuno-Regulatory Epitopes (SPIRE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn E O'Hehir
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia.
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Sara R Prickett
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia.
| | - Jennifer M Rolland
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia.
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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13
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Prickett SR, Rolland JM, O'Hehir RE. Immunoregulatory T cell epitope peptides: the new frontier in allergy therapy. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45:1015-26. [PMID: 25900315 PMCID: PMC4654246 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has been practised since 1911 and remains the only therapy proven to modify the natural history of allergic diseases. Although efficacious in carefully selected individuals, the currently licensed whole allergen extracts retain the risk of IgE-mediated adverse events, including anaphylaxis and occasionally death. This together with the need for prolonged treatment regimens results in poor patient adherence. The central role of the T cell in orchestrating the immune response to allergen informs the choice of T cell targeted therapies for down-regulation of aberrant allergic responses. Carefully mapped short synthetic peptides that contain the dominant T cell epitopes of major allergens and bind to a diverse array of HLA class II alleles, can be delivered intradermally into non-inflamed skin to induce sustained clinical and immunological tolerance. The short peptides from allergenic proteins are unable to cross-link IgE and possess minimal inflammatory potential. Systematic progress has been made from in vitro human models of allergen T cell epitope-based peptide anergy in the early 1990s, through proof-of-concept murine allergy models and early human trials with longer peptides, to the current randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials with the potential new class of synthetic short immune-regulatory T cell epitope peptide therapies. Sustained efficacy with few adverse events is being reported for cat, house dust mite and grass pollen allergy after only a short course of treatment. Underlying immunological mechanisms remain to be fully delineated but anergy, deletion, immune deviation and Treg induction all seem contributory to successful outcomes, with changes in IgG4 apparently less important compared to conventional AIT. T cell epitope peptide therapy is promising a safe and effective new class of specific treatment for allergy, enabling wider application even for more severe allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Prickett
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - J M Rolland
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - R E O'Hehir
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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14
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Knapp B, Demharter S, Esmaielbeiki R, Deane CM. Current status and future challenges in T-cell receptor/peptide/MHC molecular dynamics simulations. Brief Bioinform 2015; 16:1035-44. [DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbv005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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15
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Abstract
Peanut allergy is an IgE-mediated, persisting immune disorder that is of major concern worldwide. Currently, no routine immunotherapy is available to treat this often severe and sometimes fatal food allergy. Traditional subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy with crude peanut extracts has proven not feasible due to the high risk of severe systemic side effects. The allergen-specific approaches under preclinical and clinical investigation comprise subcutaneous, oral, sublingual and epicutaneous immunotherapy with whole-peanut extracts as well as applications of hypoallergenic peanut allergens or T cell epitope peptides. Allergen-nonspecific approaches include monoclonal anti-IgE antibodies, TCM herbal formulations and Toll-like receptor 9-based immunotherapy. The potential of genetically engineered plants with reduced allergen levels is being explored as well as the beneficial influence of lactic acid bacteria and soybean isoflavones on peanut allergen-induced symptoms. Although the underlying mechanisms still need to be elucidated, several of these strategies hold great promise. It can be estimated that individual strategies or a combination thereof will result in a successful immunotherapy regime for peanut-allergic individuals within the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merima Bublin
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Focke-Tejkl M, Weber M, Niespodziana K, Neubauer A, Huber H, Henning R, Stegfellner G, Maderegger B, Hauer M, Stolz F, Niederberger V, Marth K, Eckl-Dorna J, Weiss R, Thalhamer J, Blatt K, Valent P, Valenta R. Development and characterization of a recombinant, hypoallergenic, peptide-based vaccine for grass pollen allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 135:1207-7.e1-11. [PMID: 25441634 PMCID: PMC4418753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Grass pollen is one of the most important sources of respiratory allergies worldwide. Objective This study describes the development of a grass pollen allergy vaccine based on recombinant hypoallergenic derivatives of the major timothy grass pollen allergens Phl p 1, Phl p 2, Phl p 5, and Phl p 6 by using a peptide-carrier approach. Methods Fusion proteins consisting of nonallergenic peptides from the 4 major timothy grass pollen allergens and the PreS protein from hepatitis B virus as a carrier were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by means of chromatography. Recombinant PreS fusion proteins were tested for allergenic activity and T-cell activation by means of IgE serology, basophil activation testing, T-cell proliferation assays, and xMAP Luminex technology in patients with grass pollen allergy. Rabbits were immunized with PreS fusion proteins to characterize their immunogenicity. Results Ten hypoallergenic PreS fusion proteins were constructed, expressed, and purified. According to immunogenicity and induction of allergen-specific blocking IgG antibodies, 4 hypoallergenic fusion proteins (BM321, BM322, BM325, and BM326) representing Phl p 1, Phl p 2, Phl p 5, and Phl p 6 were included as components in the vaccine termed BM32. BM321, BM322, BM325, and BM326 showed almost completely abolished allergenic activity and induced significantly reduced T-cell proliferation and release of proinflammatory cytokines in patients' PBMCs compared with grass pollen allergens. On immunization, they induced allergen-specific IgG antibodies, which inhibited patients' IgE binding to all 4 major allergens of grass pollen, as well as allergen-induced basophil activation. Conclusion A recombinant hypoallergenic grass pollen allergy vaccine (BM32) consisting of 4 recombinant PreS-fused grass pollen allergen peptides was developed for safe immunotherapy of grass pollen allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarete Focke-Tejkl
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Milena Weber
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katarzyna Niespodziana
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Verena Niederberger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Marth
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Eckl-Dorna
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Weiss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Josef Thalhamer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Katharina Blatt
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Frazier A, Schulten V, Hinz D, Oseroff C, Sidney J, Peters B, Sette A. Allergy-associated T cell epitope repertoires are surprisingly diverse and include non-IgE reactive antigens. World Allergy Organ J 2014; 7:26. [PMID: 25352946 PMCID: PMC4210551 DOI: 10.1186/1939-4551-7-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently identified T cell epitopes associated with human allergic responses. In a majority of cases, responses focused on a few immunodominant epitopes which can be predicted on the basis of MHC binding characteristics. Several observations from our studies challenged the assumption that T cell epitopes are derived from the same allergen proteins that bind IgE. Transcriptomic and proteomics analysis identified pollen proteins, not bound by IgE. These novel Timothy Grass proteins elicited vigorous Th2 responses, suggesting that unlinked T cell help is operational in pollen-specific responses. Thus, the repertoire of antigens recognized by T cells is much broader than IgE-binding allergens. Additionally, we evaluated the use of epitopes from these novel antigens to assess immunological changes associated with Specific Immunotherapy (SIT). We found that a marked decrease in IL5 production is associated with clinically efficacious SIT, suggesting that these novel antigens are potential immunomarkers for SIT efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Frazier
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Veronique Schulten
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Denise Hinz
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Carla Oseroff
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
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18
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Jackson DJ, Eastlake JL, Kumpel BM. Human platelet antigen (HPA)-1a peptides do not reliably suppress anti-HPA-1a responses using a humanized severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse model. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 176:23-36. [PMID: 24261689 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) occurs most frequently when human platelet antigen (HPA)-1a-positive fetal platelets are destroyed by maternal HPA-1a immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibodies. Pregnancies at risk are treated by administration of high-dose intravenous Ig (IVIG) to women, but this is expensive and often not well tolerated. Peptide immunotherapy may be effective for ameliorating some allergic and autoimmune diseases. The HPA-1a/1b polymorphism is Leu/Pro33 on β3 integrin (CD61), and the anti-HPA-1a response is restricted to HPA-1b1b and HLA-DRB3*0101-positive pregnant women with an HPA-1a-positive fetus. We investigated whether or not HPA-1a antigen-specific peptides that formed the T cell epitope could reduce IgG anti-HPA-1a responses, using a mouse model we had developed previously. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in blood donations from HPA-1a-immunized women were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) into severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice with peptides and HPA-1a-positive platelets. Human anti-HPA-1a in murine plasma was quantitated at intervals up to 15 weeks. HPA-1a-specific T cells in PBMC were identified by proliferation assays. Using PBMC of three donors who had little T cell reactivity to HPA-1a peptides in vitro, stimulation of anti-HPA-1a responses by these peptides occurred in vivo. However, with a second donation from one of these women which, uniquely, had high HPA-1a-specific T cell proliferation in vitro, marked suppression of the anti-HPA-1a response by HPA-1a peptides occurred in vivo. HPA-1a peptide immunotherapy in this model depended upon reactivation of HPA-1a T cell responses in the donor. For FNAIT, we suggest that administration of antigen-specific peptides to pregnant women might cause either enhancement or reduction of pathogenic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Jackson
- International Blood Group Reference Laboratory, Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, NHS Blood and Transplant, Bristol, UK
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19
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Banerjee S, Weber M, Blatt K, Swoboda I, Focke-Tejkl M, Valent P, Valenta R, Vrtala S. Conversion of Der p 23, a new major house dust mite allergen, into a hypoallergenic vaccine. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4867-75. [PMID: 24733847 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Der p 23, a new, major house dust mite (HDM) allergen that is recognized by >70% of HDM-allergic patients, has high allergenic activity and, therefore, must be considered an important component for HDM-specific immunotherapy. We constructed and characterized a hypoallergenic Der p 23 vaccine for HDM immunotherapy. Three nonallergenic peptides from the C-terminal IgE epitope-containing part of Der p 23 (P4, P5) and P6, a mutant peptide containing serines instead of cysteines, were identified. Peptides were fused to the hepatitis B virus-derived PreS domain as recombinant fusion proteins (i.e., PreS-2XP4P5 and PreS-4XP6) that were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. Compared with Der p 23, PreS-2XP4P5 and PreS-4XP6 showed no relevant IgE reactivity and exhibited considerably reduced allergenic activity in basophil activation tests using blood from HDM-allergic patients. Upon immunization of rabbits, only PreS-2XP4P5 induced high levels of Der p 23-specific IgG Abs that inhibited binding of patients' IgE to Der p 23, comparable to IgG Abs induced with Der p 23, whereas Abs induced with PreS-4XP6 had only low blocking capacity. Additionally, IgG Abs induced with PreS-2XP4P5 inhibited Der p 23-induced basophil activation comparable to IgG Abs induced with Der p 23. Compared with Der p 23, PreS-2XP4P5 induced lower T cell proliferation but higher levels of the tolerogenic cytokine IL-10 and the Th1 cytokine IFN-γ in PBMCs from HDM-allergic patients, indicating an immunomodulatory capacity of the fusion protein. Therefore, PreS-2XP4P5 represents a promising candidate for immunotherapy of HDM-allergic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinita Banerjee
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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20
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Focke-Tejkl M, Campana R, Reininger R, Lupinek C, Blatt K, Valent P, Pavkov-Keller T, Keller W, Valenta R. Dissection of the IgE and T-cell recognition of the major group 5 grass pollen allergen Phl p 5. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:836-45.e11. [PMID: 24182774 PMCID: PMC6624141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The major timothy grass pollen allergen Phl p 5 belongs to the most potent allergens involved in hay fever and asthma. OBJECTIVE This study characterized immune-dominant IgE- and T-cell-recognition sites of Phl p 5. METHODS Seven peptides, P1 to P7 with a length of 31 to 38 amino acids that spanned the Phl p 5 sequence, were synthesized, characterized by circular dichroism spectroscopy, and tested for IgE reactivity, basophil activation, and T-cell reactivity. Carrier-bound peptides were studied for their ability to induce IgG antibodies in rabbits which recognize Phl p 5 or cross-reactive allergens from different grass species. Peptide-specific antibodies were tested for the capability to inhibit IgE reactivity to Phl p 5 and allergen-induced basophil activation of patients with allergy. RESULTS The peptides exhibited no secondary structure and showed no IgE reactivity or relevant allergenic activity, indicating that Phl p 5 IgE epitopes are conformational. Except for P3, peptide-specific IgG antibodies blocked IgE binding to Phl p 5 of patients with allergy and cross-reacted with temperate grasses. IgE inhibition experiments and molecular modeling identified several clustered conformational IgE epitopes on the N- as well as C-terminal domain of Phl p 5. P4, which stimulated the strongest T-cell and cytokine responses in patients, was not part of the major IgE-reactive regions. CONCLUSION Our study shows an interesting dissociation of the major IgE- and T-cell-reactive domains in Phl p 5 which provides a basis for the development of novel forms of immunotherapy that selectively target IgE or T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarete Focke-Tejkl
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raffaela Campana
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Reininger
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Lupinek
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Blatt
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tea Pavkov-Keller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Walter Keller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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21
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Marth K, Focke-Tejkl M, Lupinek C, Valenta R, Niederberger V. Allergen Peptides, Recombinant Allergens and Hypoallergens for Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN ALLERGY 2014; 1:91-106. [PMID: 24860720 PMCID: PMC4025905 DOI: 10.1007/s40521-013-0006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Allergic diseases are among the most common health issues worldwide. Specific immunotherapy has remained the only disease-modifying treatment, but it is not effective in all patients and may cause side effects. Over the last 25 years, allergen molecules from most prevalent allergen sources have been isolated and produced as recombinant proteins. Not only are these molecules useful in improved allergy diagnosis, but they also have the potential to revolutionize the treatment of allergic disease by means of immunotherapy. Panels of unmodified recombinant allergens have already been shown to effectively replace natural allergen extracts in therapy. Through genetic engineering, several molecules have been designed with modified immunological properties. Hypoallergens have been produced that have reduced IgE binding capacity but retained T cell reactivity and T cell peptides which stimulate allergen-specific T cells, and these have already been investigated in clinical trials. New vaccines have been recently created with both reduced IgE and T cell reactivity but retained ability to induce protective allergen-specific IgG antibodies. The latter approach works by fusing per se non-IgE reactive peptides derived from IgE binding sites of the allergens to a virus protein, which acts as a carrier and provides the T-cell help necessary for immune stimulation and protective antibody production. In this review, we will highlight the different novel approaches for immunotherapy and will report on prior and ongoing clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Marth
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margarete Focke-Tejkl
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Lupinek
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Niederberger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, AKH 8J, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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22
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Hall LS, Hall AM, Pickford W, Vickers MA, Urbaniak SJ, Barker RN. Combination peptide immunotherapy suppresses antibody and helper T-cell responses to the RhD protein in HLA-transgenic mice. Haematologica 2014; 99:588-96. [PMID: 24441145 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2012.082081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The offspring from pregnancies of women who have developed anti-D blood group antibodies are at risk of hemolytic disease of the newborn. We have previously mapped four peptides containing immunodominant T-helper cell epitopes from the RhD protein and the purpose of the work was to develop these into a product for suppression of established anti-D responses. A panel of each of the four immunodominant RhD peptides was synthesized with modifications to improve manufacturability and solubility, and screened for retention of recognition by human T-helper cells. A selected version of each sequence was combined in a mixture (RhDPmix), which was tested for suppressive ability in a humanized murine model of established immune responses to RhD protein. After HLA-DR15 transgenic mice had been immunized with RhD protein, a single dose of RhDPmix, given either intranasally (P=0.008, Mann-Whitney rank sum test) or subcutaneously (P=0.043), rapidly and significantly suppressed the ongoing antibody response. This was accompanied by reduced T-helper cell responsiveness, although this change was less marked for subcutaneous RhDPmix delivery, and by the recruitment of cells with a regulatory T-cell phenotype. The results support human trials of RhDPmix peptide immunotherapy in women with established antibody responses to the RhD blood group.
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23
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Weghofer M, Grote M, Resch Y, Casset A, Kneidinger M, Kopec J, Thomas WR, Fernández-Caldas E, Kabesch M, Ferrara R, Mari A, Purohit A, Pauli G, Horak F, Keller W, Valent P, Valenta R, Vrtala S. Identification of Der p 23, a peritrophin-like protein, as a new major Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergen associated with the peritrophic matrix of mite fecal pellets. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:3059-67. [PMID: 23460742 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus is one of most important allergen sources and a major elicitor of allergic asthma. We screened a D. pteronyssinus expression cDNA library with IgE Abs from HDM allergic patients. A cDNA coding for a new major allergen was isolated, which showed sequence homology to peritrophins, which contain chitin-binding domains and are part of the peritrophic matrix lining the gut of arthropods. The mature Der p 23 allergen was expressed in Escherichia coli as an 8-kDa protein without its hydrophobic leader sequence and purified to homogeneity. It reacted with IgE Abs from 74% of D. pteronyssinus allergic patients (n = 347) at levels comparable to the two major HDM allergens, Der p 1 and Der p 2. Thus, Der p 23 represents a new major D. pteronyssinus allergen. Furthermore, rDer p 23 exhibited high allergenic activity as demonstrated by upregulation of CD203c expression on basophils from D. pteronyssinus allergic patients. Immunogold electron microscopy localized the allergen in the peritrophic matrix lining the midgut of D. pteronyssinus as well as on the surface of the fecal pellets. Thus, we identified a new major D. pteronyssinus allergen as peritrophin-like protein. The high allergenic activity of Der p 23 and its frequent recognition as respiratory allergen may be explained by the fact that it becomes airborne and respirable through its association with mite feces. Der p 23 may be an essential component for diagnosis and specific immunotherapy of HDM allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Weghofer
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Marth K, Breyer I, Focke-Tejkl M, Blatt K, Shamji MH, Layhadi J, Gieras A, Swoboda I, Zafred D, Keller W, Valent P, Durham SR, Valenta R. A nonallergenic birch pollen allergy vaccine consisting of hepatitis PreS-fused Bet v 1 peptides focuses blocking IgG toward IgE epitopes and shifts immune responses to a tolerogenic and Th1 phenotype. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:3068-78. [PMID: 23440415 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Allergen-specific immunotherapy is the only allergen-specific and disease-modifying treatment for allergy. The construction and characterization of a vaccine for birch pollen allergy is reported. Two nonallergenic peptides, PA and PB, derived from the IgE-reactive areas of the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 were fused to the hepatitis B surface protein, PreS, in four recombinant fusion proteins containing different numbers and combinations of the peptides. Fusion proteins expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity showed a lack of IgE reactivity and allergenic activity when tested with sera and basophils from patients allergic to birch pollen. Compared to Bet v 1 allergen, peptides PA and PB showed reduced T cell activation in PBMCs from allergic patients, whereas PreS fusion proteins induced less IL-5 and more IL-10 and IFN-γ. Immunization of rabbits with the fusion proteins, in particular with a PreS fusion protein 2PAPB-PreS, containing two copies of each peptide, induced high levels of IgG Abs against the major IgE-reactive site on Bet v 1 and related allergens. These IgG Abs inhibited allergic patients' IgE binding to Bet v 1 better than did IgG induced by immunization with complete Bet v 1. Furthermore, 2PAPB-PreS-induced IgG inhibited Bet v 1-induced basophil activation in allergic patients and CD23-facilitated allergen presentation. Our study exemplifies novel beneficial features for a PreS carrier-based peptide vaccine for birch pollen, which, in addition to the established reduction in allergenic activity, include the enhanced focusing of blocking Ab responses toward IgE epitopes, immunomodulatory activity, and reduction of CD23-facilitated allergen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Marth
- Christian Doppler Laboratory of Allergy Research, Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of the review is to summarize and comment on recent developments regarding the safety of engineered immunotherapy vaccines. RECENT FINDINGS In the last 2 years, several studies were published in which allergy vaccines were developed on the basis of chemical modification of natural allergen extracts, the engineering of allergen molecules by recombinant DNA technology and synthetic peptide chemistry, allergen genes, new application routes and conjugation with immune modulatory molecules. Several studies exemplified the general applicability of hypoallergenic vaccines on the basis of recombinant fusion proteins consisting of nonallergenic allergen-derived peptides fused to allergen-unrelated carrier molecules. These vaccines are engineered to reduce both, immunoglobulin E (IgE) as well as allergen-specific T cell epitopes in the vaccines, and thus should provoke less IgE and T-cell-mediated side-effects. They are made to induce allergen-specific IgG antibodies against the IgE-binding sites of allergens with the T-cell help of the carrier molecule. SUMMARY Several interesting examples of allergy vaccines with potentially increased safety profiles have been published. The concept of fusion proteins consisting of allergen-derived hypoallergenic peptides fused to allergen-unrelated proteins that seems to be broadly applicable for a variety of allergens appears to be of particular interest because it promises not only to reduce side-effects but also to increase efficacy and convenience of allergy vaccines.
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Vaughan K, Peters B, Larche M, Pomes A, Broide D, Sette A. Strategies to query and display allergy-derived epitope data from the immune epitope database. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2012; 160:334-45. [PMID: 23172234 DOI: 10.1159/000343880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The recognition of specific epitopes on allergens by antibodies and T cells is a key element in allergic processes. Analysis of epitope data may be of interest for basic immunopathology or for potential application in diagnostics or immunotherapy. The Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) is a freely available repository of epitope data from infectious disease agents, as well as epitopes defined for allergy, autoimmunity, and transplantation. The IEDB curates the experiments associated with each epitope and thus provides a variety of different ways to search the data. This review aims to demonstrate the utility of the IEDB and its query strategies, including searching by epitope structure (peptidic/nonpeptidic), by assay methodology, by host, by the allergen itself, or by the organism from which the allergen was derived. Links to tools for visualization of 3-D structures, epitope prediction, and analyses of B and T cell reactivity by host response frequency score are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerrie Vaughan
- Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource (IEDB), La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Valenta R, Campana R, Marth K, van Hage M. Allergen-specific immunotherapy: from therapeutic vaccines to prophylactic approaches. J Intern Med 2012; 272:144-57. [PMID: 22640224 PMCID: PMC4573524 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2012.02556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E-mediated allergies affect more than 25% of the population. Allergen exposure induces a variety of symptoms in allergic patients, which include rhinitis, conjunctivitis, asthma, dermatitis, food allergy and life-threatening systemic anaphylaxis. At present, allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT), which is based on the administration of the disease-causing allergens, is the only disease-modifying treatment for allergy. Current therapeutic allergy vaccines are still prepared from relatively poorly defined allergen extracts. However, with the availability of the structures of the most common allergen molecules, it has become possible to produce well-defined recombinant and synthetic allergy vaccines that allow specific targeting of the mechanisms of allergic disease. Here we provide a summary of the development and mechanisms of SIT, and then review new forms of therapeutic vaccines that are based on recombinant and synthetic molecules. Finally, we discuss possible allergen-specific strategies for prevention of allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Valenta
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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