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Biedenkopf N, Bukreyev A, Chandran K, Di Paola N, Formenty PBH, Griffiths A, Hume AJ, Mühlberger E, Netesov (Нетёсов Сергей Викторович) SV, Palacios G, Pawęska JT, Smither S, Takada (高田礼人) A, Wahl V, Kuhn JH. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Filoviridae 2024. J Gen Virol 2024; 105:001955. [PMID: 38305775 PMCID: PMC11145875 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Filoviridae is a family of negative-sense RNA viruses with genomes of about 13.1-20.9 kb that infect fish, mammals and reptiles. The filovirid genome is a linear, non-segmented RNA with five canonical open reading frames (ORFs) that encode a nucleoprotein (NP), a polymerase cofactor (VP35), a glycoprotein (GP1,2), a transcriptional activator (VP30) and a large protein (L) containing an RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRP) domain. All filovirid genomes encode additional proteins that vary among genera. Several filovirids (e.g., Ebola virus, Marburg virus) are pathogenic for humans and highly virulent. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Filoviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/filoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nicholas Di Paola
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Anthony Griffiths
- Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam J. Hume
- Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Gustavo Palacios
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Janusz T. Pawęska
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham-Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | | | - Ayato Takada (高田礼人)
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Victoria Wahl
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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2
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Srivastava S, Sharma D, Kumar S, Sharma A, Rijal R, Asija A, Adhikari S, Rustagi S, Sah S, Al-qaim ZH, Bashyal P, Mohanty A, Barboza JJ, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Sah R. Emergence of Marburg virus: a global perspective on fatal outbreaks and clinical challenges. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1239079. [PMID: 37771708 PMCID: PMC10526840 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1239079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Marburg virus (MV), identified in 1967, has caused deadly outbreaks worldwide, the mortality rate of Marburg virus disease (MVD) varies depending on the outbreak and virus strain, but the average case fatality rate is around 50%. However, case fatality rates have varied from 24 to 88% in past outbreaks depending on virus strain and case management. Designated a priority pathogen by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), MV induces hemorrhagic fever, organ failure, and coagulation issues in both humans and non-human primates. This review presents an extensive exploration of MVD outbreak evolution, virus structure, and genome, as well as the sources and transmission routes of MV, including human-to-human spread and involvement of natural hosts such as the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) and other Chiroptera species. The disease progression involves early viral replication impacting immune cells like monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, followed by damage to the spleen, liver, and secondary lymphoid organs. Subsequent spread occurs to hepatocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells. MV can evade host immune response by inhibiting interferon type I (IFN-1) synthesis. This comprehensive investigation aims to enhance understanding of pathophysiology, cellular tropism, and injury sites in the host, aiding insights into MVD causes. Clinical data and treatments are discussed, albeit current methods to halt MVD outbreaks remain elusive. By elucidating MV infection's history and mechanisms, this review seeks to advance MV disease treatment, drug development, and vaccine creation. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers MV a high-concern filovirus causing severe and fatal hemorrhagic fever, with a death rate ranging from 24 to 88%. The virus often spreads through contact with infected individuals, originating from animals. Visitors to bat habitats like caves or mines face higher risk. We tailored this search strategy for four databases: Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed. we primarily utilized search terms such as "Marburg virus," "Epidemiology," "Vaccine," "Outbreak," and "Transmission." To enhance comprehension of the virus and associated disease, this summary offers a comprehensive overview of MV outbreaks, pathophysiology, and management strategies. Continued research and learning hold promise for preventing and controlling future MVD outbreaks. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shriyansh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi, India
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Deepika Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi, India
| | - Aditya Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Rishikesh Rijal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Ankush Asija
- WVU United Hospital Center, Bridgeport, WV, United States
| | | | - Sarvesh Rustagi
- School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sanjit Sah
- Global Consortium for Public Health and Research, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, India
- Department of Anesthesia Techniques, SR Sanjeevani Hospital, Siraha, Nepal
| | | | - Prashant Bashyal
- Lumbini Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu University Parvas, Palpa, Nepal
| | - Aroop Mohanty
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
- Master Program on Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Spital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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3
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Abir MH, Rahman T, Das A, Etu SN, Nafiz IH, Rakib A, Mitra S, Emran TB, Dhama K, Islam A, Siyadatpanah A, Mahmud S, Kim B, Hassan MM. Pathogenicity and virulence of Marburg virus. Virulence 2022; 13:609-633. [PMID: 35363588 PMCID: PMC8986239 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2054760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) has been a major concern since 1967, with two major outbreaks occurring in 1998 and 2004. Infection from MARV results in severe hemorrhagic fever, causing organ dysfunction and death. Exposure to fruit bats in caves and mines, and human-to-human transmission had major roles in the amplification of MARV outbreaks in African countries. The high fatality rate of up to 90% demands the broad study of MARV diseases (MVD) that correspond with MARV infection. Since large outbreaks are rare for MARV, clinical investigations are often inadequate for providing the substantial data necessary to determine the treatment of MARV disease. Therefore, an overall review may contribute to minimizing the limitations associated with future medical research and improve the clinical management of MVD. In this review, we sought to analyze and amalgamate significant information regarding MARV disease epidemics, pathophysiology, and management approaches to provide a better understanding of this deadly virus and the associated infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehedy Hasan Abir
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Tanjilur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Ayan Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Silvia Naznin Etu
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Iqbal Hossain Nafiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Ahmed Rakib
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Ariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA.,Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Abolghasem Siyadatpanah
- Ferdows School of Paramedical and Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Shafi Mahmud
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Bonlgee Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
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4
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Crystal structure of human LC8 bound to a peptide from Ebola virus VP35. J Microbiol 2021; 59:410-416. [PMID: 33630249 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-0641-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Zaire ebolavirus, commonly called Ebola virus (EBOV), is an RNA virus that causes severe hemorrhagic fever with high mortality. Viral protein 35 (VP35) is a virulence factor encoded in the EBOV genome. VP35 inhibits host innate immune responses and functions as a critical cofactor for viral RNA replication. EBOV VP35 contains a short conserved motif that interacts with dynein light chain 8 (LC8), which serves as a regulatory hub protein by associating with various LC8-binding proteins. Herein, we present the crystal structure of human LC8 bound to the peptide comprising residues 67-76 of EBOV VP35. Two VP35 peptides were found to interact with homodimeric LC8 by extending the central β-sheets, constituting a 2:2 complex. Structural analysis demonstrated that the intermolecular binding between LC8 and VP35 is mainly sustained by a network of hydrogen bonds and supported by hydrophobic interactions in which Thr73 and Thr75 of VP35 are involved. These findings were verified by binding measurements using isothermal titration calorimetry. Biochemical analyses also verified that residues 67-76 of EBOV VP35 constitute a core region for interaction with LC8. In addition, corresponding motifs from other members of the genus Ebolavirus commonly bound to LC8 but with different binding affinities. Particularly, VP35 peptides originating from pathogenic species interacted with LC8 with higher affinity than those from noninfectious species, suggesting that the binding of VP35 to LC8 is associated with the pathogenicity of the Ebolavirus species.
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5
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Miyake T, Farley CM, Neubauer BE, Beddow TP, Hoenen T, Engel DA. Ebola Virus Inclusion Body Formation and RNA Synthesis Are Controlled by a Novel Domain of Nucleoprotein Interacting with VP35. J Virol 2020; 94:e02100-19. [PMID: 32493824 PMCID: PMC7394894 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02100-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) inclusion bodies (IBs) are cytoplasmic sites of nucleocapsid formation and RNA replication, housing key steps in the virus life cycle that warrant further investigation. During infection, IBs display dynamic properties regarding their size and location. The contents of IBs also must transition prior to further viral maturation, assembly, and release, implying additional steps in IB function. Interestingly, the expression of the viral nucleoprotein (NP) alone is sufficient for the generation of IBs, indicating that it plays an important role in IB formation during infection. In addition to NP, other components of the nucleocapsid localize to IBs, including VP35, VP24, VP30, and the RNA polymerase L. We previously defined and solved the crystal structure of the C-terminal domain of NP (NP-Ct), but its role in virus replication remained unclear. Here, we show that NP-Ct is necessary for IB formation when NP is expressed alone. Interestingly, we find that NP-Ct is also required for the production of infectious virus-like particles (VLPs), and that defective VLPs with NP-Ct deletions are significantly reduced in viral RNA content. Furthermore, coexpression of the nucleocapsid component VP35 overcomes deletion of NP-Ct in triggering IB formation, demonstrating a functional interaction between the two proteins. Of all the EBOV proteins, only VP35 is able to overcome the defect in IB formation caused by the deletion of NP-Ct. This effect is mediated by a novel protein-protein interaction between VP35 and NP that controls both regulation of IB formation and RNA replication itself and that is mediated by a newly identified functional domain of NP, the central domain.IMPORTANCE Inclusion bodies (IBs) are cytoplasmic sites of RNA synthesis for a variety of negative-sense RNA viruses, including Ebola virus. In addition to housing important steps in the viral life cycle, IBs protect new viral RNA from innate immune attack and contain specific host proteins whose function is under study. A key viral factor in Ebola virus IB formation is the nucleoprotein, NP, which also is important in RNA encapsidation and synthesis. In this study, we have identified two domains of NP that control inclusion body formation. One of these, the central domain (CD), interacts with viral protein VP35 to control both inclusion body formation and RNA synthesis. The other is the NP C-terminal domain (NP-Ct), whose function has not previously been reported. These findings contribute to a model in which NP and its interactions with VP35 link the establishment of IBs to the synthesis of viral RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Miyake
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Charlotte M Farley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Benjamin E Neubauer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Thomas P Beddow
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Thomas Hoenen
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Daniel A Engel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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6
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Zhu W, Banadyga L, Emeterio K, Wong G, Qiu X. The Roles of Ebola Virus Soluble Glycoprotein in Replication, Pathogenesis, and Countermeasure Development. Viruses 2019; 11:v11110999. [PMID: 31683550 PMCID: PMC6893644 DOI: 10.3390/v11110999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is a highly lethal pathogen that has caused several outbreaks of severe hemorrhagic fever in humans since its emergence in 1976. The EBOV glycoprotein (GP1,2) is the sole viral envelope protein and a major component of immunogenicity; it is encoded by the GP gene along with two truncated versions: soluble GP (sGP) and small soluble GP (ssGP). sGP is, in fact, the primary product of the GP gene, and it is secreted in abundance during EBOV infection. Since sGP shares large portions of its sequence with GP1,2, it has been hypothesized that sGP may subvert the host immune response by inducing antibodies against sGP rather than GP1,2. Several reports have shown that sGP plays multiple roles that contribute to the complex pathogenesis of EBOV. In this review, we focus on sGP and discuss its possible roles with regards to the pathogenesis of EBOV and the development of specific antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhu
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada.
| | - Logan Banadyga
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada.
| | - Karla Emeterio
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Gary Wong
- Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Xiangguo Qiu
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada.
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7
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Hume AJ, Mühlberger E. Distinct Genome Replication and Transcription Strategies within the Growing Filovirus Family. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:4290-4320. [PMID: 31260690 PMCID: PMC6879820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Research on filoviruses has historically focused on the highly pathogenic ebola- and marburgviruses. Indeed, until recently, these were the only two genera in the filovirus family. Recent advances in sequencing technologies have facilitated the discovery of not only a new ebolavirus, but also three new filovirus genera and a sixth proposed genus. While two of these new genera are similar to the ebola- and marburgviruses, the other two, discovered in saltwater fishes, are considerably more diverse. Nonetheless, these viruses retain a number of key features of the other filoviruses. Here, we review the key characteristics of filovirus replication and transcription, highlighting similarities and differences between the viruses. In particular, we focus on key regulatory elements in the genomes, replication and transcription strategies, and the conservation of protein domains and functions among the viruses. In addition, using computational analyses, we were able to identify potential homology and functions for some of the genes of the novel filoviruses with previously unknown functions. Although none of the newly discovered filoviruses have yet been isolated, initial studies of some of these viruses using minigenome systems have yielded insights into their mechanisms of replication and transcription. In general, the Cuevavirus and proposed Dianlovirus genera appear to follow the transcription and replication strategies employed by the ebola- and marburgviruses, respectively. While our knowledge of the fish filoviruses is currently limited to sequence analysis, the lack of certain conserved motifs and even entire genes necessitates that they have evolved distinct mechanisms of replication and transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Hume
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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8
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Kuhn JH, Amarasinghe GK, Basler CF, Bavari S, Bukreyev A, Chandran K, Crozier I, Dolnik O, Dye JM, Formenty PBH, Griffiths A, Hewson R, Kobinger GP, Leroy EM, Mühlberger E, Netesov (Нетёсов Сергей Викторович) SV, Palacios G, Pályi B, Pawęska JT, Smither SJ, Takada (高田礼人) A, Towner JS, Wahl V. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Filoviridae. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:911-912. [PMID: 31021739 PMCID: PMC7011696 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the family Filoviridae produce variously shaped, often filamentous, enveloped virions containing linear non-segmented, negative-sense RNA genomes of 15-19 kb. Several filoviruses (e.g., Ebola virus) are pathogenic for humans and are highly virulent. Several filoviruses infect bats (e.g., Marburg virus), whereas the hosts of most other filoviruses are unknown. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on Filoviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/filoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens H. Kuhn
- NIH/NIAID Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, (IRF-Frederick), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | | | - Sina Bavari
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | | | - Ian Crozier
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research supported by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Olga Dolnik
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - John M. Dye
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Anthony Griffiths
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Roger Hewson
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG Salisbury, UK
| | | | - Eric M. Leroy
- Infectious Diseases and Vectors Unit, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Av Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | | | - Gustavo Palacios
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Bernadett Pályi
- National Biosafety Laboratory, National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Janusz T. Pawęska
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, 2131 Sandringham-Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Sophie J. Smither
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Ayato Takada (高田礼人)
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, 001-0020 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jonathan S. Towner
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Victoria Wahl
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - ICTV Report Consortium
- NIH/NIAID Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, (IRF-Frederick), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Georgia State University, Atlanta GA 30303, USA
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research supported by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- World Health Organization, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG Salisbury, UK
- Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Vectors Unit, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Av Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk Oblast, 630090, Russia
- National Biosafety Laboratory, National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, 2131 Sandringham-Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, 001-0020 Sapporo, Japan
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Abstract
Marburgviruses are closely related to ebolaviruses and cause a devastating disease in humans. In 2012, we published a comprehensive review of the first 45 years of research on marburgviruses and the disease they cause, ranging from molecular biology to ecology. Spurred in part by the deadly Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa in 2013-2016, research on all filoviruses has intensified. Not meant as an introduction to marburgviruses, this article instead provides a synopsis of recent progress in marburgvirus research with a particular focus on molecular biology, advances in animal modeling, and the use of Egyptian fruit bats in infection experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Olejnik
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
| | - Adam J Hume
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
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10
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Ebolavirus polymerase uses an unconventional genome replication mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:8535-8543. [PMID: 30962389 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815745116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Most nonsegmented negative strand (NNS) RNA virus genomes have complementary 3' and 5' terminal nucleotides because the promoters at the 3' ends of the genomes and antigenomes are almost identical to each other. However, according to published sequences, both ends of ebolavirus genomes show a high degree of variability, and the 3' and 5' terminal nucleotides are not complementary. If correct, this would distinguish the ebolaviruses from other NNS RNA viruses. Therefore, we investigated the terminal genomic and antigenomic nucleotides of three different ebolavirus species, Ebola (EBOV), Sudan, and Reston viruses. Whereas the 5' ends of ebolavirus RNAs are highly conserved with the sequence ACAGG-5', the 3' termini are variable and are typically 3'-GCCUGU, ACCUGU, or CCUGU. A small fraction of analyzed RNAs had extended 3' ends. The majority of 3' terminal sequences are consistent with a mechanism of nucleotide addition by hairpin formation and back-priming. Using single-round replicating EBOV minigenomes, we investigated the effect of the 3' terminal nucleotide on viral replication and found that the EBOV polymerase initiates replication opposite the 3'-CCUGU motif regardless of the identity of the 3' terminal nucleotide(s) and of the position of this motif relative to the 3' end. Deletion or mutation of the first residue of the 3'-CCUGU motif completely abolished replication initiation, suggesting a crucial role of this nucleotide in directing initiation. Together, our data show that ebolaviruses have evolved a unique replication strategy among NNS RNA viruses resulting in 3' overhangs. This could be a mechanism to avoid antiviral recognition.
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Rey FA, Lok SM. Common Features of Enveloped Viruses and Implications for Immunogen Design for Next-Generation Vaccines. Cell 2019. [PMID: 29522750 PMCID: PMC7112304 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Enveloped viruses enter cells by inducing fusion of viral and cellular membranes, a process catalyzed by a specialized membrane-fusion protein expressed on their surface. This review focuses on recent structural studies of viral fusion proteins with an emphasis on their metastable prefusion form and on interactions with neutralizing antibodies. The fusion glycoproteins have been difficult to study because they are present in a labile, metastable form at the surface of infectious virions. Such metastability is a functional requirement, allowing these proteins to refold into a lower energy conformation while transferring the difference in energy to catalyze the membrane fusion reaction. Structural studies have shown that stable immunogens presenting the same antigenic sites as the labile wild-type proteins efficiently elicit potently neutralizing antibodies, providing a framework with which to engineer the antigens for stability, as well as identifying key vulnerability sites that can be used in next-generation subunit vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix A Rey
- Institut Pasteur, Structural Virology Unit, CNRS UMR3569, 25-28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Shee-Mei Lok
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore AND Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
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12
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Chanthamontri CK, Jordan DS, Wang W, Wu C, Lin Y, Brett TJ, Gross ML, Leung DW. The Ebola Viral Protein 35 N-Terminus Is a Parallel Tetramer. Biochemistry 2019; 58:657-664. [PMID: 30592210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Members of Mononegavirales, the order that includes nonsegmented negative sense RNA viruses (NNSVs), encode a small number of multifunctional proteins. In members of the Filoviridae family, virus protein 35 (VP35) facilitates immune evasion and functions as an obligatory cofactor for viral RNA synthesis. VP35 functions in a manner orthologous to that of phosphoproteins from other NNSVs. Although the critical roles of Ebola viral VP35 (eVP35) in immune evasion and RNA synthesis are well-appreciated, a complete understanding of its organization and its role in carrying out its many functions has yet to be fully realized. In particular, we currently lack information about the role of the oligomerization domain within eVP35. To address this limitation, we report here an investigation of the oligomer structure of eVP35 using hybrid methods that include multiangle light scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, and cross-linking coupled with mass spectrometry to determine the shape and orientation of the eVP35 oligomer. Our integrative results are consistent with a parallel tetramer in which the N-terminal regions that are required for RNA synthesis are all oriented in the same direction. Furthermore, these results define a framework for targeting the symmetric tetramer for structure-based antiviral discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamnongsak Ken Chanthamontri
- Department of Chemistry , Washington University in St. Louis , Box 1134, One Brookings Drive , St. Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
| | - David S Jordan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology , Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis , St. Louis , Missouri 63110 , United States
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology , Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis , St. Louis , Missouri 63110 , United States
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology , Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis , St. Louis , Missouri 63110 , United States
| | - Yanchun Lin
- Department of Chemistry , Washington University in St. Louis , Box 1134, One Brookings Drive , St. Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
| | - Tom J Brett
- Department of Medicine , Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis , St. Louis , Missouri 63110 , United States
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry , Washington University in St. Louis , Box 1134, One Brookings Drive , St. Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
| | - Daisy W Leung
- Department of Pathology and Immunology , Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis , St. Louis , Missouri 63110 , United States
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13
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Batra J, Hultquist JF, Liu D, Shtanko O, Von Dollen J, Satkamp L, Jang GM, Luthra P, Schwarz TM, Small GI, Arnett E, Anantpadma M, Reyes A, Leung DW, Kaake R, Haas P, Schmidt CB, Schlesinger LS, LaCount DJ, Davey RA, Amarasinghe GK, Basler CF, Krogan NJ. Protein Interaction Mapping Identifies RBBP6 as a Negative Regulator of Ebola Virus Replication. Cell 2018; 175:1917-1930.e13. [PMID: 30550789 PMCID: PMC6366944 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) infection often results in fatal illness in humans, yet little is known about how EBOV usurps host pathways during infection. To address this, we used affinity tag-purification mass spectrometry (AP-MS) to generate an EBOV-host protein-protein interaction (PPI) map. We uncovered 194 high-confidence EBOV-human PPIs, including one between the viral transcription regulator VP30 and the host ubiquitin ligase RBBP6. Domain mapping identified a 23 amino acid region within RBBP6 that binds to VP30. A crystal structure of the VP30-RBBP6 peptide complex revealed that RBBP6 mimics the viral nucleoprotein (NP) binding to the same interface of VP30. Knockdown of endogenous RBBP6 stimulated viral transcription and increased EBOV replication, whereas overexpression of either RBBP6 or the peptide strongly inhibited both. These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of biologics that target this interface and identify additional PPIs that may be leveraged for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Batra
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Judd F Hultquist
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Dandan Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63105, USA
| | - Olena Shtanko
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - John Von Dollen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Laura Satkamp
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gwendolyn M Jang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Priya Luthra
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Toni M Schwarz
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Gabriel I Small
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63105, USA
| | - Eusondia Arnett
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Manu Anantpadma
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Ann Reyes
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Daisy W Leung
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63105, USA
| | - Robyn Kaake
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Paige Haas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Carson B Schmidt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Douglas J LaCount
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Robert A Davey
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63105, USA
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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14
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Warfield KL, Howell KA, Vu H, Geisbert J, Wong G, Shulenin S, Sproule S, Holtsberg FW, Leung DW, Amarasinghe GK, Swenson DL, Bavari S, Kobinger GP, Geisbert TW, Aman MJ. Role of Antibodies in Protection Against Ebola Virus in Nonhuman Primates Immunized With Three Vaccine Platforms. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:S553-S564. [PMID: 29939318 PMCID: PMC6249597 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several vaccine platforms have been successfully evaluated for prevention of Ebola virus (EBOV) disease (EVD) in nonhuman primates and humans. Despite remarkable efficacy by multiple vaccines, the immunological correlates of protection against EVD are incompletely understood. Methods We systematically evaluated the antibody response to various EBOV proteins in 79 nonhuman primates vaccinated with various EBOV vaccine platforms. We evaluated the serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G titers against EBOV glycoprotein (GP), the ability of the vaccine-induced antibodies to bind GP at acidic pH or to displace ZMapp, and virus neutralization titers. The correlation of these outcomes with survival from EVD was evaluated by appropriate statistical methods. Results Irrespective of the vaccine platform, protection from EVD strongly correlated with anti-GP IgG titers. The GP-directed antibody levels required for protection in animals vaccinated with virus-like particles (VLPs) lacking nucleoprotein (NP) was significantly higher than animals immunized with NP-containing VLPs or adenovirus-expressed GP, platforms that induce strong T-cell responses. Furthermore, protective immune responses correlated with anti-GP antibody binding strength at acidic pH, neutralization of GP-expressing pseudovirions, and the ability to displace ZMapp components from GP. Conclusions These findings suggest key quantitative and qualitative attributes of antibody response to EVD vaccines as potential correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hong Vu
- Integrated BioTherapeutics Inc., Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Gary Wong
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | | | | | | | - Daisy W Leung
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Dana L Swenson
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Sina Bavari
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Gary P Kobinger
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | | | - M Javad Aman
- Integrated BioTherapeutics Inc., Rockville, Maryland
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15
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Baquero E, Fedry J, Legrand P, Krey T, Rey FA. Species-Specific Functional Regions of the Green Alga Gamete Fusion Protein HAP2 Revealed by Structural Studies. Structure 2018; 27:113-124.e4. [PMID: 30416037 PMCID: PMC6327110 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The cellular fusion protein HAP2, which is structurally homologous to viral class II fusion proteins, drives gamete fusion across several eukaryotic kingdoms. Gamete fusion is a highly controlled process in eukaryotes, and is allowed only between same species gametes. In spite of a conserved architecture, HAP2 displays several species-specific functional regions that were not resolved in the available X-ray structure of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii HAP2 ectodomain. Here we present an X-ray structure resolving these regions, showing a target membrane interaction surface made by three amphipathic helices in a horseshoe-shaped arrangement. HAP2 from green algae also features additional species-specific motifs inserted in regions that in viral class II proteins are critical for the fusogenic conformational change. Such insertions include a cystine ladder-like module evocative of EGF-like motifs responsible for extracellular protein-protein interactions in animals, and a mucin-like region. These features suggest potential HAP2 interaction sites involved in gamete fusion control. Unprecedented organization of amphipathic α helices in the algal HAP2 fusion loops An inserted EGF-like motif suggests a potential algal-specific fusion control site An adjacent mucin-like region potentially modulates algal-specific interactions Inter-chain stem/domain II interactions stabilize the post-fusion hairpin conformation
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Baquero
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS UMR 3569, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Juliette Fedry
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS UMR 3569, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Pierre Legrand
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Thomas Krey
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS UMR 3569, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Felix A Rey
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS UMR 3569, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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