1
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Minaei E, Ranson M, Aghmesheh M, Sluyter R, Vine KL. Enhancing pancreatic cancer immunotherapy: Leveraging localized delivery strategies through the use of implantable devices and scaffolds. J Control Release 2024; 373:145-160. [PMID: 38996923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) remains the predominant type of upper gastrointestinal tract cancer, associated with heightened morbidity and a survival rate below 12%. While immunotherapy has brought about transformative changes in the standards of care for most solid tumors, its application in PC is hindered by the ''cold tumor'' microenvironment, marked by the presence of immunosuppressive cells. Modest response rates in PC are attributed, in part to, the fibrotic stroma that obstructs the delivery of systemic immunotherapy. Furthermore, the occurrence of immune-related adverse events (iRAEs) often necessitates the use of sub-therapeutic doses or treatment discontinuation. In the pursuit of innovative approaches to enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapy for PC, implantable drug delivery devices and scaffolds emerge as promising strategies. These technologies offer the potential for sustained drug delivery directly to the tumor site, overcoming stromal barriers, immunosuppression, T cell exclusion, immunotherapy resistance, optimizing drug dosage, and mitigating systemic toxicity. This review offers a comprehensive exploration of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the most common and aggressive form of PC, accompanied by a critical analysis of the challenges the microenvironment presents to the development of successful combinational immunotherapy approaches. Despite efforts, these approaches have thus far fallen short in enhancing treatment outcomes for PDAC. The review will subsequently delve into the imperative need for refining delivery strategies, providing an examination of past and ongoing studies in the field of localized immunotherapy for PDAC. Addressing these issues will lay the groundwork for the development of effective new therapies, thereby enhancing treatment response, patient survival, and overall quality of life for individuals diagnosed with PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Minaei
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| | - M Ranson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - M Aghmesheh
- Nelune Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Bright Building, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R Sluyter
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - K L Vine
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
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2
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Salek-Ardakani S, Zajonc DM, Croft M. Agonism of 4-1BB for immune therapy: a perspective on possibilities and complications. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1228486. [PMID: 37662949 PMCID: PMC10469789 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1228486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Costimulatory receptors on immune cells represent attractive targets for immunotherapy given that these molecules can increase the frequency of individual protective immune cell populations and their longevity, as well as enhance various effector functions. 4-1BB, a member of the TNF receptor superfamily, also known as CD137 and TNFRSF9, is one such molecule that is inducible on several cell types, including T cells and NK cells. Preclinical studies in animal models have validated the notion that stimulating 4-1BB with agonist reagents or its natural ligand could be useful to augment conventional T cell and NK cell immunity to protect against tumor growth and against viral infection. Additionally, stimulating 4-1BB can enhance regulatory T cell function and might be useful in the right context for suppressing autoimmunity. Two human agonist antibodies to 4-1BB have been produced and tested in clinical trials for cancer, with variable results, leading to the production of a wealth of second-generation antibody constructs, including bi- and multi-specifics, with the hope of optimizing activity and selectivity. Here, we review the progress to date in agonism of 4-1BB, discuss the complications in targeting the immune system appropriately to elicit the desired activity, together with challenges in engineering agonists, and highlight the untapped potential of manipulating this molecule in infectious disease and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dirk M. Zajonc
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Michael Croft
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California (UC) San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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3
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Epstein-Barr virus-induced ectopic CD137 expression helps nasopharyngeal carcinoma to escape immune surveillance and enables targeting by chimeric antigen receptors. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 71:2583-2596. [DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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4
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Weigand K, Peschel G, Grimm J, Luu K, Schacherer D, Wiest R, Müller M, Schwarz H, Buechler C. Soluble CD137 is a novel serum marker of liver cirrhosis in patients with hepatitis C and alcohol-associated disease etiology. Eur J Immunol 2021; 52:633-645. [PMID: 34914098 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Defective T-cell functions play a role in the persistence of HCV infection. Activated T cells express CD137, which costimulates antivirus T-cell responses, and this activity is antagonized by soluble CD137 (sCD137). Here, we show that in sera of 81 patients with chronic HCV, sCD137 levels did not correlate with measures of viral infection, and did not decline after virus eradication using direct-acting antivirals. Thus, serum sCD137 was similar in patients infected with HCV and in uninfected controls. Of note, in HCV patients with liver cirrhosis and patients with mostly alcohol-associated liver cirrhosis, sCD137 was increased. A negative association of sCD137 and albumin existed in both cohorts. sCD137 concentrations were similar in hepatic and portal vein blood excluding the liver as the origin of higher levels. Recombinant sCD137 reduced Th1 and Th2 but not Th17 cell polarization in vitro, and accordingly lowered IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-13 in cell media. Serum sCD137 is associated with inflammatory states, and positively correlated with serum TNF in cirrhotic HCV patients following virus eradication. Our study argues against a role of sCD137 in HCV infection and suggests a function of sCD137 in liver cirrhosis, which yet has to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Weigand
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Georg Peschel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Grimm
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Khang Luu
- Department of Physiology and Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Doris Schacherer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Reiner Wiest
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martina Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Herbert Schwarz
- Department of Physiology and Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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5
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Jin J, Jung IH, Moon SH, Jeon S, Jeong SJ, Sonn SK, Seo S, Lee MN, Song EJ, Kweon HY, Kim S, Kim TK, Kim J, Cho HR, Choi JH, Kwon B, Oh GT. CD137 Signaling Regulates Acute Colitis via RALDH2-Expressing CD11b -CD103 + DCs. Cell Rep 2021; 30:4124-4136.e5. [PMID: 32209473 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CD137, a potent costimulatory receptor for CD8+ T cells, is expressed in various non-T cells, but little is known about its regulatory functions in these cells. In this study, we show that CD137 signaling, specifically in intestinal CD11b-CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs), restricts acute colitis progression. Mechanistically, CD137 engagement activates TAK1 and subsequently stimulates the AMPK-PGC-1α axis to enhance expression of the Aldh1a2 gene encoding the retinoic acid (RA) metabolizing enzyme RALDH2. RA can act on CD11b+CD103- DCs and induce SOCS3 expression, which, in turn, suppresses p38MAPK activation and interleukin-23 (IL-23) production. Administration of RA in DC-specific CD137-/- mice represses IL-23-producing CD11b+CD103- DCs and TH17 cells, indicating that RA is a major inhibitory effector molecule against intestinal CD11b+CD103- DCs. Additionally, the therapeutic effect of the anti-CD137 antibody is abrogated in DC-specific CD137-/- mice. Taken together, our results define a mechanism of paracrine immunoregulation operating between adjacent DC subsets in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Immune and Vascular Cell Network Research Center, National Creative Initiatives, Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - In-Hyuk Jung
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shin Hye Moon
- Immune and Vascular Cell Network Research Center, National Creative Initiatives, Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Sejin Jeon
- Immune and Vascular Cell Network Research Center, National Creative Initiatives, Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Se-Jin Jeong
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Seong-Keun Sonn
- Immune and Vascular Cell Network Research Center, National Creative Initiatives, Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Seungwoon Seo
- Immune and Vascular Cell Network Research Center, National Creative Initiatives, Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Mi-Ni Lee
- Immune and Vascular Cell Network Research Center, National Creative Initiatives, Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Eun Ju Song
- Immune and Vascular Cell Network Research Center, National Creative Initiatives, Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Hyae Yon Kweon
- Immune and Vascular Cell Network Research Center, National Creative Initiatives, Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Sinai Kim
- Immune and Vascular Cell Network Research Center, National Creative Initiatives, Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Tae Kyeong Kim
- Immune and Vascular Cell Network Research Center, National Creative Initiatives, Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Juyang Kim
- School of Biological Sciences and Biomedical Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, South Korea
| | - Hong Rae Cho
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Byungsuk Kwon
- School of Biological Sciences and Biomedical Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, South Korea.
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Immune and Vascular Cell Network Research Center, National Creative Initiatives, Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea.
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Regulatory T Cells Inhibit T Cell Activity by Downregulating CD137 Ligand via CD137 Trogocytosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020353. [PMID: 33572150 PMCID: PMC7914903 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD137 is a costimulatory molecule expressed on activated T cells. CD137 ligand (CD137L) is expressed by antigen presenting cells (APC), which use the CD137-CD137L system to enhance immune responses. It was, therefore, surprising to discover CD137 expression on regulatory T cells (Treg). The function of CD137 in Treg are controversial. While some studies report that CD137 signalling converts Treg to effector T cells (Teff), other studies find that CD137-expressing Treg display a stronger inhibitory activity than CD137- Treg. Here, we describe that CD137 on Treg binds to CD137L on APC, upon which one of the two molecules is transferred via trogocytosis to the other cell, where CD137-CD137L forms a complex that is internalized and deprives APC of the immune-stimulatory CD137L. Truncated forms of CD137 that lack the cytoplasmic domain of CD137 are also able to downregulate CD137L, demonstrating that CD137 signalling is not required. Comparable data have been obtained with human and murine cells, indicating that this mechanism is evolutionarily conserved. These data describe trogocytosis of CD137 and CD137L as a new mechanism employed by Treg to control immune responses by downregulating the immunostimulatory CD137L on APC.
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7
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Zhou J, You BR, Yu Q. Agonist-induced 4-1BB activation prevents the development of Sjӧgren's syndrome-like sialadenitis in non-obese diabetic mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165605. [PMID: 31740402 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activation of costimulatory receptor 4-1BB enhances T helper 1 (Th1) and CD8 T cell responses in protective immunity, and prevents or attenuates several autoimmune diseases by increasing Treg numbers and suppressing Th17 or Th2 effector response. We undertook this study to elucidate the impact of enforced 4-1BB activation on the development of Sjögren's syndrome (SS)-like sialadenitis in non-obese diabetic (NOD) model of this disease. An anti-4-1BB agnostic antibody was intraperitoneally injected to female NOD mice aged 7 weeks, prior to the disease onset that occurs around 10-11 weeks of age, 3 times weekly for 2 weeks, and the mice were analyzed for SS pathologies at age 11 weeks. The salivary flow rate was markedly higher in the anti-4-1BB-treated NOD mice compared to the IgG-treated controls. Anti-4-1BB treatment significantly reduced the leukocyte infiltration of the submandibular glands (SMGs) and the levels of serum antinuclear antibodies. Flow cytometric analysis showed that the percentages of CD4 T cells, Th17 cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells among SMG leukocytes were markedly reduced by anti-4-1BB treatment, in conjunction with a reduction in SMG IL-23p19 mRNA levels and serum IL-17 concentrations. Although the proportion of Tregs and IL-10 mRNA levels in SMGs were not altered by 4-1BB activation, IL-10 mRNA levels in salivary gland-draining lymph nodes and serum IL-10 concentrations were both markedly increased. While anti-4-1BB treatment did not affect the amount of Th1 cells and IFNγ mRNA in the SMGs, it increased these measurables in salivary gland-draining lymph nodes. Hence, agonistic activation of 4-1BB impedes the development of SS-like sialadenitis and hyposalivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bo Ra You
- The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qing Yu
- The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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8
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CD137 ligand interacts with CD32a to trigger reverse CD137 ligand signaling. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:1188-1189. [PMID: 32076121 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0370-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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9
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Luu K, Shao Z, Schwarz H. The relevance of soluble CD137 in the regulation of immune responses and for immunotherapeutic intervention. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:731-738. [PMID: 32052477 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2mr1119-224r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD137 is a potent costimulatory receptor. Several agonistic anti-CD137 antibodies are currently in clinical trials for tumor immunotherapy. Soluble forms of CD137 (sCD137) are generated by differential splicing and antagonize the activities of membrane-bound CD137 (mCD137) and of therapeutic CD137 agonists. sCD137 is found in sera of patients suffering from autoimmune diseases where it is a natural regulator of immune responses, and which has therapeutic potential for immune-mediated diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge on sCD137, highlights its potential role in immunotherapy against cancer and in autoimmune diseases, and presents important issues to be addressed by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khang Luu
- Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhe Shao
- Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Herbert Schwarz
- Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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10
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Hultberg J, Ernerudh J, Larsson M, Nilsdotter-Augustinsson Å, Nyström S. Plasma protein profiling reflects T H1-driven immune dysregulation in common variable immunodeficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 146:417-428. [PMID: 32057767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a disorder characterized by antibody deficiency. A significant fraction of the patients suffer from immune dysregulation, which leads to increased morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of this condition is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to find out whether the plasma protein signature in CVID is associated with clinical characteristics and lymphocyte aberrations. METHODS A highly sensitive proximity extension assay was used for targeted profiling of 145 plasma proteins in 29 patients with CVID. Phenotyping of peripheral lymphocytes was done by flow cytometry. The findings were correlated with the burden of immune dysregulation. RESULTS Unsupervised clustering of plasma protein profiles identified 2 distinct groups of patients with CVID that differed significantly in terms of the degree of complications due to immune dysregulation and in terms of the frequency of activated B- and T-cell subpopulations. Pathway analysis identified IFN-γ and IL-1β as the top enriched upstream regulators associated with higher grade of immune dysregulation. In addition, CVID was found to be associated with increased plasma levels of the B-cell-attracting chemokine CXCL13. CONCLUSION Clustering based on plasma protein profiles delineated a subgroup of patients with CVID with activated T cells and clinical complications due to immune dysregulation. Thus, data indicate that CVID-associated immune dysregulation is a TH1-mediated inflammatory process driven by the IFN-γ pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Hultberg
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusions Medicine, and Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jan Ernerudh
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusions Medicine, and Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Åsa Nilsdotter-Augustinsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, and Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sofia Nyström
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusions Medicine, and Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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11
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Luu K, Nickles E, Schwarz H. Destroy, what destroys you. Oncoimmunology 2019; 9:1685301. [PMID: 32002301 PMCID: PMC6959443 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1685301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
New evidence indicates the importance of CD137 for controlling Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections. (1) Mutations in CD137 predispose to EBV-associated diseases. (2) EBV induces ectopic CD137 expression, thereby activating a negative feed-back regulation and reducing T cell costimulation. These findings suggest CD137 agonists as new treatments for EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khang Luu
- Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Emily Nickles
- Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Herbert Schwarz
- Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Zeng Q, Zhou Y, Schwarz H. CD137L-DCs, Potent Immune-Stimulators-History, Characteristics, and Perspectives. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2216. [PMID: 31632390 PMCID: PMC6783506 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapies are being explored for over 20 years and found to be very safe. Most often, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4)-induced monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) are being used, which have demonstrated some life-prolonging benefit to patients of multiple tumors. However, the limited clinical response and efficacy call for the development of more potent DCs. CD137L-DC may meet this demand. CD137L-DCs are a novel type of monocyte-derived inflammatory DCs that are induced by CD137 ligand (CD137L) agonists. CD137L is expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, including monocytes, and signaling of CD137L into monocytes induces their differentiation to CD137L-DCs. CD137L-DCs preferentially induce type 1 T helper (Th1) cell polarization and strong type 1 CD8+ T cell (Tc1) responses against tumor-associated viral antigens. The in vitro T cell-stimulatory capacity of CD137L-DCs is superior to that of conventional moDCs. The transcriptomic profile of CD137L-DC is highly similar to that of in vivo DCs at sites of inflammation. The strict activation dependence of CD137 expression and its restricted expression on activated T cells, NK cells, and vascular endothelial cells at inflammatory sites make CD137 an ideally suited signal for the induction of monocyte-derived inflammatory DCs in vivo. These findings and their potency encouraged a phase I clinical trial of CD137L-DCs against Epstein-Barr virus-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In this review, we introduce and summarize the history, the characteristics, and the transcriptional profile of CD137L-DC, and discuss the potential development and applications of CD137L-DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zeng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yubin Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Herbert Schwarz
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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13
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Aravinth SP, Rajendran S, Li Y, Wu M, Yi Wong AH, Schwarz H. Epstein-Barr virus-encoded LMP1 induces ectopic CD137 expression on Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells via the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. Leuk Lymphoma 2019; 60:2697-2704. [PMID: 31058559 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2019.1607330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CD137 is a potent co-stimulatory molecule on activated T cells, and its ligand (CD137L) is expressed on antigen presenting cells (APC). Ectopic expression of CD137 has been identified on Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells, the malignant cells in Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL), and CD137 on HRS cells was found to support growth of HRS cells and escape from immune surveillance. HRS cells are mostly derived from B cells, which poses the question of how B cells acquire ectopic CD137 expression during the transformation process. HL is associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. We show that the EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) induces expression of CD137 in HRS cell lines. In a HL tissue microarray, 96% of the CD137-positive HL cases stained positive for LMP1. LMP1 utilizes the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway for inducing CD137 expression. These findings support the role of EBV in HL pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Priya Aravinth
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sakthi Rajendran
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yating Li
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Meihui Wu
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anna Hiu Yi Wong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Herbert Schwarz
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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14
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Wu M, Wong HY, Lin JL, Moliner A, Schwarz H. Induction of CD137 expression by viral genes reduces T cell costimulation. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:21076-21088. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meihui Wu
- Department of Physiology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore
- Immunology Programme Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Hiu Yi Wong
- Department of Physiology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore
- Immunology Programme Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Jia Le Lin
- Department of Physiology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore
- Immunology Programme Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Annalena Moliner
- Immunology Programme Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Herbert Schwarz
- Department of Physiology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore
- Immunology Programme Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore Singapore
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Bitra A, Doukov T, Wang J, Picarda G, Benedict CA, Croft M, Zajonc DM. Crystal structure of murine 4-1BB and its interaction with 4-1BBL support a role for galectin-9 in 4-1BB signaling. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:1317-1329. [PMID: 29242193 PMCID: PMC5787808 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.814905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
4-1BB (CD137) is a TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) member that is thought to undergo receptor trimerization upon binding to its trimeric TNF superfamily ligand (4-1BBL) to stimulate immune responses. 4-1BB also can bind to the tandem repeat-type lectin galectin-9 (Gal-9), and signaling through mouse (m)4-1BB is reduced in galectin-9 (Gal-9)-deficient mice, suggesting a pivotal role of Gal-9 in m4-1BB activation. Here, using sulfur-SAD phasing, we determined the crystal structure of m4-1BB to 2.2-Å resolution. We found that similar to other TNFRSFs, m4-1BB has four cysteine-rich domains (CRDs). However, the organization of CRD1 and the orientation of CRD3 and CRD4 with respect to CRD2 in the m4-1BB structure distinctly differed from those of other TNFRSFs. Moreover, we mapped two Asn residues within CRD4 that are N-linked glycosylated and mediate m4-1BB binding to Gal-9. Kinetics studies of m4-1BB disclosed a very tight nanomolar binding affinity to m4-1BBL with an unexpectedly strong avidity effect. Both N- and C-terminal domains of Gal-9 bound m4-1BB, but with lower affinity compared with m4-1BBL. Although the TNF homology domain (THD) of human (h)4-1BBL forms non-covalent trimers, we found that m4-1BBL formed a covalent dimer via 2 cysteines absent in h4-1BBL. As multimerization and clustering is a prerequisite for TNFR intracellular signaling, and as m4-1BBL can only recruit two m4-1BB monomers, we hypothesize that m4-1BBL and Gal-9 act together to aid aggregation of m4-1BB monomers to efficiently initiate m4-1BB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Bitra
- From the Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Tzanko Doukov
- the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light Source, Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - Jing Wang
- From the Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Gaelle Picarda
- From the Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Chris A Benedict
- From the Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Michael Croft
- From the Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California 92037
- the Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, and
| | - Dirk M Zajonc
- From the Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California 92037
- the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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16
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Shen YL, Gan Y, Gao HF, Fan YC, Wang Q, Yuan H, Song YF, Wang JD, Tu H. TNFSF9 exerts an inhibitory effect on hepatocellular carcinoma. J Dig Dis 2017; 18:395-403. [PMID: 28547807 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 9 (TNFSF9), also known as 4-1BBL and CD137L, has been implicated in cancer immunotherapy due to its function as a T-cell co-stimulator. We aimed to investigate the role of TNFSF9 in the cancer pathogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS TNFSF9 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in 106 pairs of HCC and adjacent non-tumorous tissues, and by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot in HCC cell lines. The impact of TNFSF9 on the proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC cells was determined using the 3-(4,5-diethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt (MTS) and transwell assays in vitro. We also assessed the influence of TNFSF9 on the growth and metastasis of HCC tumors in an orthotopic mouse model of human HCC. RESULTS TNFSF9 expression was downregulated in approximately 70% of HCC tissues. A decreased expression of TNFSF9 was also consistently observed in all the four HCC cell lines. Either the overexpression of TNFSF9 or treatment with recombinant TNFSF9 protein could significantly inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of Huh7 and SMMC-7721 HCC cells in vitro. The inhibitory effect of TNFSF9 on HCC was further confirmed in vivo. Mice orthotopically transplanted with TNFSF9-overexpressing Huh7 cells developed significantly smaller tumors with less intrahepatic metastasis and distant metastasis compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS TNFSF9 may be a tumor suppressor in HCC. Based on its immune stimulatory aspect and the tumor inhibition property, TNFSF9 may be a promising therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ling Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Feng Gao
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Chao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Fang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Dong Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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17
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Schmohl JU, Nuebling T, Wild J, Kroell T, Kanz L, Salih HR, Schmetzer H. Expression of 4-1BB and its ligand on blasts correlates with prognosis of patients with AML. J Investig Med 2016; 64:1252-1260. [PMID: 27388616 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2016-000081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Costimulatory ligands (COLs) and their receptors (COR) regulate immune reactions and cellular survival and might be relevant in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This study evaluated the clinical relevance of 4-1BBL, glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR) and ligand (GITRL), CD80, and CD86 in case of expression on AML blasts. 98 patients were evaluated at initial diagnosis. Immunophenotypically evaluated specific fluorescence index (SFI) levels of COR and COL on blasts were correlated with morphological, cytogenetic, and several prognostic parameters. Significantly higher COR expression was seen in monocytic versus non-monocytic AML subtypes; GITR, p=0.05; GITRL, p=0.005; CD86, p=0.001). Cut-off values for two COR and their ligands were evaluated: cases presenting with 4-1BB values above cut-off 1.2 SFI levels correlated (tendentially) significantly with a higher probability for disease-free survival (DFS, p=0.06) and a favorable HR of 0.2; p=0.04 for relapse. HR for death was also significantly lower in this group (0.12; p=0.04). In contrast, a lower probability for DFS and overall survival was seen in cases with 4-1BBL expression above 2.2 SFI levels (p=0.08 and p=0.09). In addition, multivariate analysis showed a significantly higher probability of death in this group (HR 10.3, p=0.04). Expression of CD80 and CD86 did not show significant prognostic relevance. On initial diagnosis, 4-1BB and 4-1BBL qualify as markers for prediction of patients' course and represent a valuable screening target for patients with AML at initial diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg U Schmohl
- Section of Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, Therapeutic Radiology-Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Department 2, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tina Nuebling
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Department 2, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, Department for Internal Medicine II, German Cancer Consortium and German Cancer Research Center, Partner site Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Julia Wild
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Department 2, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, Department for Internal Medicine II, German Cancer Consortium and German Cancer Research Center, Partner site Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tanja Kroell
- Department for Hematopoetic Cell Transplantation, Medical Department 3, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lothar Kanz
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Department 2, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Helmut R Salih
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Department 2, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, Department for Internal Medicine II, German Cancer Consortium and German Cancer Research Center, Partner site Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Helga Schmetzer
- Department for Hematopoetic Cell Transplantation, Medical Department 3, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
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18
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Alegre ML, Chong AS. Costimulatory molecules. Transpl Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119072997.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Ai M, Curran MA. Immune checkpoint combinations from mouse to man. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:885-92. [PMID: 25555570 PMCID: PMC11028659 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1650-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that antibody blockade of the T cell co-inhibitory receptor cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) can restore tumor immunity against many murine transplantable tumors leading to complete rejection of established cancer forever changed the field of immunotherapy. In more robust murine models as well as human cancer, however, CTLA-4 blockade alone can slow tumor growth and extend patient survival, but is rarely curative. Subsequent studies have revealed a large family of T cell immune checkpoint receptors which tumors engage to shield themselves from host immunity. As with CTLA-4, blockade of one of these additional inhibitory receptors, programmed death 1, has led to remarkable therapeutic responses against tumors of multiple lineages. Checkpoint monotherapy has demonstrated that durable, immune-mediated cures of established metastatic cancers are possible, yet the percentage of patients experiencing these outcomes remains low due to both redundant mechanisms of immune suppression in the tumor and limiting toxicity associated with some therapies. Thus, extending the curative potential of immunotherapy to a larger percentage of patients with a broader spectrum of malignancies will likely require combinations of co-inhibitory blockade and co-stimulatory activation designed to peel back multiple layers of tumor immune suppression while at the same time minimizing immune-mediated toxicity. As over a dozen T cell immune checkpoints and an additional dozen more co-stimulatory receptors have now been described, the challenge before us is to identify the most advantageous combinations of these agents based on the knowledge of their underlying biology and preclinical studies in murine tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midan Ai
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit Number: 901, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Michael A. Curran
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit Number: 901, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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20
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Hao MZ, Zhou WY, Du XL, Chen KX, Wang GW, Yang Y, Yang JL. Novel anti-melanoma treatment: focus on immunotherapy. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2015; 33:458-65. [PMID: 25189718 PMCID: PMC4190435 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.014.10118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is an intractable cancer that is aggressive, lethal, and metastatic. The prognosis of advanced melanoma is very poor because it is insensitive to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The incidence of melanoma has been ascending stably for years worldwide, accompanied by increasing mortality. New approaches to managing this deadly disease are much anticipated to enhance the cure rate and to extend clinical benefits to patients with metastatic melanoma. Due to its high degree of immunogenicity, melanoma could be a good target for immunotherapy, which has been developed for decades and has achieved certain progress. This article provides an overview of immunotherapy for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ze Hao
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Tianjin 30060, P. R. China.
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21
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Shao Z, Harfuddin Z, Pang WL, Nickles E, Koh LK, Schwarz H. Trogocytic CD137 transfer causes an internalization of CD137 ligand on murine APCs leading to reduced T cell costimulation. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:909-919. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0213-079rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
CD137 ligand (CD137L) is expressed on APCs and crosslinks CD137, a powerful costimulatory molecule on T cells during cognate interactions, and thereby greatly enhances immune responses. We report that CD137 can be transferred from activated T cells and from tumor cells that express CD137 to other cells via trogocytosis. This trogocytic transfer is independent of CD137L expression by the recipient cell. However, if CD137L is present on the recipient cell, the transferred CD137 binds to CD137L and the CD137-CD137L complex becomes internalized. The removal of CD137L from the surface of APCs lowers their ability to costimulate T cells, as evidenced by a reduced IFN-γ secretion. Removal of CD137L on APCs by trogocytic transfer of CD137 occurs within 1 h and requires cell-cell contact and the continuous presence of CD137-expressing cells. Bidirectional signaling exists for the CD137 receptor/ligand system, because CD137L also signals into APCs. We propose that the trogocytic transfer of CD137 from activated T cells to APCs and the subsequent removal of CD137L from APCs is a physiologic regulatory mechanism that limits immune activity. Furthermore, we hypothesize that the trogocytic transfer of CD137 occurs in cancers and quenches the activity of APCs, contributing to the cancer cells escaping immune surveillance. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the trogocytic transfer of CD137 leads to an internalization of CD137L on APCs and a reduction in immune activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Shao
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
- Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Zulkarnain Harfuddin
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
- Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Wan Lu Pang
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
- Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Emily Nickles
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
- Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Liang Kai Koh
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
- Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Herbert Schwarz
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
- Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
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22
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CD137 ligand-mediated reverse signaling inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer. Med Oncol 2015; 32:44. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-015-0499-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Madireddi S, Eun SY, Lee SW, Nemčovičová I, Mehta AK, Zajonc DM, Nishi N, Niki T, Hirashima M, Croft M. Galectin-9 controls the therapeutic activity of 4-1BB-targeting antibodies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1433-48. [PMID: 24958847 PMCID: PMC4076583 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20132687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Biologics to TNF family receptors are prime candidates for therapy of immune disease. Whereas recent studies have highlighted a requirement for Fcγ receptors in enabling the activity of CD40, TRAILR, and GITR when engaged by antibodies, other TNFR molecules may be controlled by additional mechanisms. Antibodies to 4-1BB (CD137) are currently in clinical trials and can both augment immunity in cancer and promote regulatory T cells that inhibit autoimmune disease. We found that the action of agonist anti-4-1BB in suppressing autoimmune and allergic inflammation was completely dependent on Galectin-9 (Gal-9). Gal-9 directly bound to 4-1BB, in a site distinct from the binding site of antibodies and the natural ligand of 4-1BB, and Gal-9 facilitated 4-1BB aggregation, signaling, and functional activity in T cells, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. Conservation of the Gal-9 interaction in humans has important implications for effective clinical targeting of 4-1BB and possibly other TNFR superfamily molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shravan Madireddi
- Division of Immune Regulation and Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - So-Young Eun
- Division of Immune Regulation and Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Seung-Woo Lee
- Division of Immune Regulation and Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ivana Nemčovičová
- Division of Immune Regulation and Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Amit Kumar Mehta
- Division of Immune Regulation and Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Dirk M Zajonc
- Division of Immune Regulation and Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Nozomu Nishi
- Life Science Research Center; and Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine; Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Life Science Research Center; and Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine; Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan GalPharma Co., Ltd., Kagawa 760-0301, Japan
| | - Mitsuomi Hirashima
- Life Science Research Center; and Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine; Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan GalPharma Co., Ltd., Kagawa 760-0301, Japan
| | - Michael Croft
- Division of Immune Regulation and Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Tang Q, Jiang D, Harfuddin Z, Cheng K, Moh MC, Schwarz H. Regulation of myelopoiesis by CD137L signaling. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 33:454-69. [PMID: 24941289 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2014.921163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CD137 ligand (CD137L) has emerged as a powerful regulator of myelopoiesis that links emergency situations, such as infections, to the generation of additional myeloid cells, and to their activation and maturation. CD137L is expressed on the cell surface of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) and antigen presenting cells (APC) as a transmembrane protein. The signaling of CD137L into HSPC induces their proliferation and differentiation to monocytes and macrophages, and in monocytes CD137L signaling induces differentiation to potent dendritic cells (DC). CD137L signaling is initiated by CD137 which is expressed by T cells, once they become activated. Some of these activated, CD137-expressing T cells migrate from the site of infection to the bone marrow where they interact with HSPC to induce myelopoiesis, or they induce monocyte to DC differentiation locally at the site of infection. Therapeutically, induction of CD137L signaling can be utilized to reinitiate myeloid differentiation in acute myeloid leukemia cells, and to generate potent DC for immunotherapy.
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25
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Croft M. The TNF family in T cell differentiation and function--unanswered questions and future directions. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:183-90. [PMID: 24613728 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteins in the TNF/TNFR superfamily are recognized as major regulators of the activity of conventional CD4 and CD8 T cells, and also of regulatory T cells (Treg). Stimulatory molecules such as OX40, CD27, GITR, DR3, CD30, 4-1BB, TACI, and TNFR2 can promote division and survival in T cells, enhance effector activity including cytokine production, and drive the generation of T cell memory. They also display the capacity to block the development of inducible Treg cells or inhibit suppressive activity in Treg cells. Additionally, molecules such as Fas, TNFR1, and TRAILR promote apoptotic death in T cells and generally limit T cell activity. Although our knowledge of these proteins is quite good at this point in time, there are still many unknowns regarding their function, their expression patterns, and the involvement of these different molecules at various stages of the T cell response that occurs in autoimmunity, cancer, infectious disease, and during vaccination. Importantly, it is still unresolved how similar or dissimilar each of these receptors are to one another, the extent to which cooperation occurs between family members, and whether alternate TNF-TNFR interactions induce qualitatively different cellular responses. All of the molecules are attractive targets for immunotherapy of human disease, but it is not yet clear how to differentiate between them and make an informed decision as to whether any one protein may be the preferred focus of clinical development for a given specific disease indication. This review will highlight unanswered questions related to these molecules and the biology of T cells, and describe possible future directions for research in this area. Expanding our knowledge of how the TNF/TNFR family control T cells will undoubtedly help fulfill the promise of these molecules for providing efficacious clinical therapy of immune system disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Croft
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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26
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Cheng K, Wong SC, Linn YC, Ho LP, Chng WJ, Schwarz H. CD137 ligand signalling induces differentiation of primary acute myeloid leukaemia cells. Br J Haematol 2014; 165:134-44. [PMID: 24428589 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD137 ligand (CD137L), a member of the tumour necrosis factor family, is expressed as a cell surface molecule. Engagement of CD137L on haematopoietic progenitor cells induces monocytic differentiation, and in peripheral monocytes CD137L signalling promotes differentiation to mature dendritic cells. We hypothesized that CD137L signalling would also induce differentiation in transformed myeloid cells. Here we show that recombinant CD137 protein, which crosslinks CD137L and initiates reverse CD137L signalling in myeloid cells, induces morphological changes (adherence, spreading), loss of progenitor markers (CD117), expression of maturation markers (CD11b, CD13) and secretion of cytokines that are indicative of myeloid differentiation. Under the influence of CD137L signalling, acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) cells acquired expression of co-stimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86, CD40), the dendritic cell marker CD83 and dendritic cell activities, enabling them to stimulate T cells. CD137L signalling induced differentiation in 71% (15 of 21) of AML samples, irrespective of French-American-British classification and CD137L expression level. However, the type of response varied with the AML subtype and patient sample. In summary, this study demonstrated that CD137L signalling induced differentiation in malignant cells of AML patients, and suggests that it may be worthwhile to investigate treatment with recombinant CD137 protein as a potential novel therapeutic approach for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore; Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
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27
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Harfuddin Z, Kwajah S, Chong Nyi Sim A, Macary PA, Schwarz H. CD137L-stimulated dendritic cells are more potent than conventional dendritic cells at eliciting cytotoxic T-cell responses. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e26859. [PMID: 24482752 DOI: 10.4161/onci.26859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly potent initiators of adaptive immune responses and, as such, represent promising tools for immunotherapeutic applications. Despite their potential, the current efficacy of DC-based immunotherapies is poor. CD137 ligand (CD137L) signaling has been used to derive a novel type of DCs from human peripheral blood monocytes, termed CD137L-DCs. Here, we report that CD137L-DCs induce more potent cytotoxic T-cell responses than classical DCs (cDCs). Furthermore, in exploring several DC maturation factors for their ability to enhance the potency of CD137L-DCs, we found the combination of interferon γ (IFNγ) and the mixed Toll-like receptor (TLR)7/8 agonist R848, to display the highest efficacy in potentiating the T-cell co-stimulatory activity of CD137L-DCs. Of particular importance, CD137L-DCs were found to be more efficient than cDCs in activating autologous T cells targeting the cytomegalovirus (CMV)-derived protein pp65. Specifically, CD137L-DC-stimulated T cells were found to secrete higher levels of IFNγ and killed 2-3 times more HLA-matched, pp65-pulsed target cells than T cells activated by cDCs. Finally, in addition to stimulating CD8+ T cells, CD137L-DCs efficiently activated CD4+ T cells. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the superior potency of CD137L-stimulated DCs in activating CMV-specific, autologous T cells, and encourage the further development of CD137L-DCs for antitumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulkarnain Harfuddin
- Department of Physiology; National University of Singapore; Singapore ; Immunology Programme; National University of Singapore; Singapore ; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Shaqireen Kwajah
- Department of Physiology; National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Adrian Chong Nyi Sim
- Department of Microbiology; National University of Singapore; Singapore ; Immunology Programme; National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Paul Anthony Macary
- Department of Microbiology; National University of Singapore; Singapore ; Immunology Programme; National University of Singapore; Singapore ; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Herbert Schwarz
- Department of Physiology; National University of Singapore; Singapore ; Immunology Programme; National University of Singapore; Singapore ; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore
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Martínez Gómez JM, Chen L, Schwarz H, Karrasch T. CD137 facilitates the resolution of acute DSS-induced colonic inflammation in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73277. [PMID: 24023849 PMCID: PMC3762711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD137 and its ligand (CD137L) are potent immunoregulatory molecules that influence activation, proliferation, differentiation and cell death of leukocytes. Expression of CD137 is upregulated in the lamina propria cells of Crohn’s disease patients. Here, the role of CD137 in acute Dextran-Sodium-Sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice was examined. Methods We induced acute large bowel inflammation (colitis) via DSS administration in CD137−/− and wild-type (WT) mice. Colitis severity was evaluated by clinical parameters (weight loss), cytokine secretion in colon segment cultures, and scoring of histological inflammatory parameters. Additionally, populations of lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMNC) and intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) were characterized by flow cytometry. In a subset of mice, resolution of intestinal inflammation was evaluated 3 and 7 days after withdrawal of DSS. Results We found that both CD137−/− and WT mice demonstrated a similar degree of inflammation after 5 days of DSS exposure. However, the resolution of colonic inflammation was impaired in the absence of CD137. This was accompanied by a higher histological score of inflammation, and increased release of the pro-inflammatory mediators granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), CXCL1, IL-17 and IFN-γ. Further, there were significantly more neutrophils among the LPMNC of CD137−/− mice, and reduced numbers of macrophages among the IEL. Conclusion We conclude that CD137 plays an essential role in the resolution of acute DSS-induced intestinal inflammation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M. Martínez Gómez
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lieping Chen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Herbert Schwarz
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (HS); (TK)
| | - Thomas Karrasch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (HS); (TK)
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Li SY, Liu Y. Immunotherapy of melanoma with the immune costimulatory monoclonal antibodies targeting CD137. Clin Pharmacol 2013; 5:47-53. [PMID: 24052693 PMCID: PMC3776567 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s46199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of how the immune system recognizes and attempts to control cancer growth and development has improved dramatically. The advent of immunotherapies for cancer has resulted in robust clinical responses and confirmed that the immune system can significantly inhibit tumor progression. Until recently, metastatic melanoma was a disease with limited treatment options and a poor prognosis. CD137 (also known as 4-1BB) a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, is an activation-induced T cell costimulator molecule. Growing evidence indicates that anti-CD137 monoclonal antibodies possess strong antitumor properties, the result of their powerful capability to activate CD8+ T cells, to produce interferon (IFN)-γ, and to induce cytolytic markers. Combination therapy of anti-CD137 with other anticancer agents, such as radiation, has robust tumor-regressing abilities against nonimmunogenic or poorly immunogenic tumors. Of importance, targeting CD137 eliminates established tumors, and the fact that anti-CD137 therapy acts in concert with other anticancer agents and/or radiation therapy to eradicate nonimmunogenic and weakly immunogenic tumors is an additional benefit. Currently, BMS-663513, a humanized anti-CD137 antibody, is in clinical trials in patients with solid tumors, including melanoma, renal carcinoma, ovarian cancer, and B-cell malignancies. In this review, we discuss the basis of the therapeutic potential of targeting CD137 in cancer treatment, focusing in particular, on BMS-663513 as an immune costimulatory monoclonal antibody for melanoma immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yan Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Scott and white Healthcare, Temple, TX, USA
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Saito K, Mori S, Date F, Ono M. Sjögren's syndrome-like autoimmune sialadenitis in MRL-Faslpr mice is associated with expression of glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor-related protein (GITR) ligand and 4-1BB ligand. Autoimmunity 2013; 46:231-7. [PMID: 23301790 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.757307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Although costimulatory molecules have been shown to play crucial roles in the immune response, their involvement in the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome is incompletely understood. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between the severity of spontaneous Sjögren's syndrome-like autoimmune sialadenitis in MRL/MpJ-lpr/lpr (MRL-Fas(lpr)) mice and the expression of 6 costimulatory molecules that play important roles in the immune response: CD80, CD86, OX40 ligand (OX40L), 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL), glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor-related protein ligand (GITRL), and B cell-activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF). Expression of the costimulatory molecules in the submandibular salivary glands of age-matched autoimmune MRL-Fas(lpr) mice and non-autoimmune MRL/MpJ-+/+(MRL/+) and C3H/HeJ-lpr/lpr (C3H-Fas(lpr)) mice was examined immunohistochemically and scored on a scale of 0 to 3. The severity of sialadenitis was evaluated histologically and scored on a scale of 0 to 3. We found that all of the costimulatory molecules were expressed in duct epithelial cells of salivary glands from MRL-Fas(lpr) mice, whereas immunoreactivity was absent or weak in the MRL/+ mice. The staining intensity for all 6 costimulatory molecules was significantly higher in the MRL-Fas(lpr) than in the MRL/+ mice. Partial correlation analysis was performed to assess the degree of association between costimulatory molecule staining scores and disease scores, which clearly revealed a significant correlation for only GITRL and 4-1BBL. These molecules showed negligible immunoreactivity in the submandibular glands of C3H-Fas(lpr) mice, suggesting that their expression was independent of the Fas(lpr) mutation. In conclusion, the expression of GITRL and 4-1BBL in salivary gland duct epithelial cells is associated with background genes in the MRL strain, but not with the Fas(lpr) mutation itself, and contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of autoimmune sialadenitis in MRL-Fas(lpr) mice. These results suggest that GITRL and 4-1BBL may be effective targets for the development of therapies for Sjögren's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Saito
- Liaison Centre for Innovative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
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Vinay DS, Lee SJ, Kim CH, Oh HS, Kwon BS. Exposure of a distinct PDCA-1+ (CD317) B cell population to agonistic anti-4-1BB (CD137) inhibits T and B cell responses both in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185591 PMCID: PMC3503989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
4-1BB (CD137) is an important T cell activating molecule. Here we report that it also promotes development of a distinct B cell subpopulation co-expressing PDCA-1. 4-1BB is expressed constitutively, and its expression is increased when PDCA-1+ B cells are activated. We found that despite a high level of surface expression of 4-1BB on PDCA-1+ B cells, treatment of these cells with agonistic anti-4-1BB mAb stimulated the expression of only a few activation markers (B7-2, MHC II, PD-L2), cytokines (IL-12p40/p70), and chemokines (MCP-1, RANTES), as well as sTNFR1, and the immunosuppressive enzyme, IDO. Although the PDCA-1+ B cells stimulated by anti-4-1BB expressed MHC II at high levels and took up antigens efficiently, Ig class switching was inhibited when they were pulsed with T-independent (TI) or T-dependent (TD) Ags and adoptively transferred into syngeneic recipients. Furthermore, when anti-4-1BB-treated PDCA-1+ B cells were pulsed with OVA peptide and combined with Vα2+CD4+ T cells, Ag-specific cell division was inhibited both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings suggest that the 4-1BB signal transforms PDCA-1+ B cells into propagators of negative immune regulation, and establish an important role for 4-1BB in PDCA-1+ B cell development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dass S. Vinay
- Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Seung J. Lee
- Cell and Immunobiology, and R and D Center for Cancer Therapeutics, National Cancer Center, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Chang H. Kim
- Cell and Immunobiology, and R and D Center for Cancer Therapeutics, National Cancer Center, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Ho Sik Oh
- Cell and Immunobiology, and R and D Center for Cancer Therapeutics, National Cancer Center, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Byoung S. Kwon
- Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Cell and Immunobiology, and R and D Center for Cancer Therapeutics, National Cancer Center, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Yeo YA, Martínez Gómez JM, Croxford JL, Gasser S, Ling EA, Schwarz H. CD137 ligand activated microglia induces oligodendrocyte apoptosis via reactive oxygen species. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:173. [PMID: 22799524 PMCID: PMC3420242 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
CD137 (4-1BB, TNFRSF9), a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, is a potent T cell co-stimulatory molecule. CD137 ligand (CD137L) is expressed by antigen presenting cells (APC) as a transmembrane protein and transmits activating signals into APC. In this study we investigated the effects of CD137L signaling in microglia, the resident APC in the central nervous system. In vitro, the murine microglia cell lines BV-2 and N9, as well as primary murine microglia responded with activation as evidenced by adherence and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, MMP-9, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM). CD137L signaling is also important for microglia activation in vivo, since CD137L-deficient mice exhibited profoundly less microglia activation during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) which is a well-established murine model for neuroinflammation and human multiple sclerosis (MS). Also CD137 is expressed in the CNS of mice during EAE. Activated microglia has been reported to mediate the destruction of axonal myelin sheaths and cause the death of oligodendrocytes, the main pathogenic mechanisms in EAE and MS. Corresponding to the lower microglia activation there were also fewer apoptotic oligodendrocytes in the CNS of CD137L-deficient mice. In vitro co-culture confirmed that CD137L-activated microglia induces apoptosis in oligodendrocytes, and identified reactive oxygen species as the mechanism of apoptosis induction. These data demonstrate activating effects of CD137L signaling to microglia, and show for the first time that the CD137 receptor/ligand system may be a mediator of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disease, by activating microglia which in turn kill oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Andy Yeo
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive #14-02T, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
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Abstract
The recent approval of Sipuleucel-T (Dendreon, Seattle, WA) from the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of men with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer was a landmark in cancer immunotherapy, making this the first cancer "vaccine" approved for use in a treatment setting. This approval has led to renewed interest in cancer vaccines and to the recognition that prostate cancer represents an immunologically sensitive disease. At the current time, several vaccine approaches are under clinical investigation. These include viral vectors, antigen-loaded dendritic cells, and DNA vaccines. Each approach has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. This review will introduce the basic technology underlying these different vaccines and briefly discuss completed and ongoing clinical trials. As a great number of prostate cancer vaccines have been investigated in both preclinical and clinical settings, we will focus primarily on vaccines that are currently in clinical trials, as ascertained by a recent inquiry of the clinical trials database, www.clinicaltrials.gov.
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Hernandez-Chacon JA, Li Y, Wu RC, Bernatchez C, Wang Y, Weber JS, Hwu P, Radvanyi LG. Costimulation through the CD137/4-1BB pathway protects human melanoma tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from activation-induced cell death and enhances antitumor effector function. J Immunother 2011; 34:236-50. [PMID: 21389874 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e318209e7ec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T-cell therapy (ACT) using expanded tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) with high-dose interleukin-2 is a promising form of immunotherapy for stage IV melanoma having clinical response rates of 50% or more. One of the major problems preventing further success of this therapy is that the current protocols used to highly expand TIL for infusion drive CD8(+) T cells to differentiate into effector cells losing key costimulatory molecules such as CD28 and CD27. This has been associated with a lack of persistence in vivo for reasons not entirely clear. In this study, we demonstrate that while human melanoma CD8(+) TIL lost CD27 and CD28 expression during the rapid expansion for ACT, they gained expression of the alternative costimulatory molecule CD137/4-1BB, and to a lesser extent CD134/OX40. Postrapid expansion protocol (REP) TIL were found to be highly sensitive to activation-induced cell death when reactivated through the T-cell receptor with low levels of OKT3 antibody. However, coligation of 4-1BB using 2 different agonistic anti-4-1BB antibodies potently prevented activation-induced cell death of post-REP CD8(+) TIL, including those specific for melanoma antigen recognized by T cells, and facilitated even further cell expansion. This was correlated with increased levels of bcl-2 and bcl-xL together with decreased bim expression. 4-1BB costimulated post-REP TIL also expressed increased levels of the cytolytic granule proteins and exhibited enhanced cytotoxic T-cell activity against melanoma cells. Lastly, post-REP CD8(+) TIL were protected from cell death by anti-4-1BB ligation when exposed to human leukocyte antigen-matched melanoma cells. Our results indicate that 4-1BB costimulation may significantly improve TIL survival during melanoma ACT and boost antitumor cytolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ann Hernandez-Chacon
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Kim CS, Tu TH, Kawada T, Kim BS, Yu R. The immune signaling molecule 4-1BB stimulation reduces adiposity, insulin resistance, and hepatosteatosis in obese mice. Endocrinology 2010; 151:4725-35. [PMID: 20719857 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells (e.g. macrophages and T cells) in adipose tissue play a crucial role in the development of obesity-induced inflammation and metabolic disorders. Here we report findings suggesting that the immune signaling molecule 4-1BB/CD137 is a novel target for treatment of obesity and metabolic disorders. 4-1BB stimulation with agonistic antibody reduced body weight and adiposity and markedly improved glucose intolerance and hepatosteatosis in diet-induced obese mice and genetically obese/diabetic mice. Increases in lymphoid T cell expansion/activation and adipose/hepatic CD8+ T cell recruitment were evident in the anti-4-1BB antibody-treated obese mice. Glycolysis, β-oxidation, and oxygen consumption rates also increased in the treated mice. These findings suggest that 4-1BB-stimulation accompanied by CD8+ T cell expansion/activation enhances glucose/lipid metabolism, leading to increased energy expenditure. Manipulation of 4-1BB may provide a unique immunological strategy against obesity and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Sook Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, Mugeo-dong, Nam-ku, Ulsan 680-749, South Korea
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Shao Z, Schwarz H. CD137 ligand, a member of the tumor necrosis factor family, regulates immune responses via reverse signal transduction. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 89:21-9. [PMID: 20643812 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0510315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
CD137 (4-1BB, TNFR superfamily 9) and its ligand are members of the TNFR and TNF families, respectively, and are involved in the regulation of a wide range of immune activities. CD137 ligand cross-links its receptor, CD137, which is expressed on activated T cells, and costimulates T cell activities. CD137 ligand can also be expressed as a transmembrane protein on the cell surface and transmit signals into the cells on which it is expressed (reverse signaling). CD137 ligand expression is found on most types of leukocytes and on some nonimmune cells. In monocytic cells (monocytes, macrophages, and DCs), CD137 ligand signaling induces activation, migration, survival, and differentiation. The activities of T cells, B cells, hematopoietic progenitor cells, and some malignant cells are also influenced by CD137 ligand, but the physiological significance is understood only partly. As CD137 and CD137 ligand are regarded as valuable targets for immunotherapy, it is pivotal to determine which biological effects are mediated by which of the 2 molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Shao
- Department of Physiology and Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Abstract
SUMMARY Despite the expression of antigens by tumor cells, spontaneous immune-mediated rejection of cancer seems to be a rare event. T-cell receptor engagement by peptide/major histocompatibility complexes constitutes the main signal for the activation of naive T cells but is not sufficient to initiate a productive generation and maintenance of effector cells. Full activation of T cells requires additional signals driven by costimulatory molecules present on activated antigen-presenting cells but rarely on tumors. Following the discovery of B7-1 (CD80), several other costimulatory molecules have been shown to contribute to T-cell activation and have relevance for improving anti-tumor immunity. Moreover, increasing the understanding of coinhibitory receptors has highlighted key additional pathways that can dominantly inhibit anti-tumor T-cell function. Improving positive costimulation, and interfering with negative regulation, continues to represent an attractive immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of cancer. This review focuses upon those pathways with the highest potential for clinical application in human cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Driessens
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Justin Kline
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas F. Gajewski
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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