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Hoeflich A, Galow AM, Brenmoehl J, Hadlich F. Growth and development of the mammary gland in mice-control of the insulin-like growth factor system by hormones and metalloproteases, and putative interference with micro RNAs. Anim Front 2023; 13:77-85. [PMID: 37324202 PMCID: PMC10266761 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfad024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne-Marie Galow
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Julia Brenmoehl
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Frieder Hadlich
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
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2
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Medley BJ, Leclaire L, Thompson N, Mahoney KE, Pluvinage B, Parson MAH, Burke JE, Malaker S, Wakarchuk W, Boraston AB. A previously uncharacterized O-glycopeptidase from Akkermansia muciniphila requires the Tn-antigen for cleavage of the peptide bond. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102439. [PMID: 36049519 PMCID: PMC9513282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Akkermansia muciniphila is key member of the human gut microbiota, impacting many features of host health. A major characteristic of this bacterium is its interaction with host mucin, which is abundant in the gut environment, and its ability to metabolize mucin as a nutrient source. The machinery deployed by A. muciniphila to enable this interaction appears to be extensive and sophisticated, yet it is incompletely defined. The uncharacterized protein AMUC_1438 is encoded by a gene that was previously shown to be upregulated when the bacterium is grown on mucin. This uncharacterized protein has features suggestive of carbohydrate-recognition and peptidase activity, which led us to hypothesize that it has a role in mucin depolymerization. Here we provide structural and functional support for the assignment of AMUC_1438 as a unique O-glycopeptidase with mucin degrading capacity. O-glycopeptidase enzymes recognize glycans but hydrolyze the peptide backbone and are common in host-adapted microbes that colonize or invade mucus layers. Structural, kinetic, and mutagenic analyses point to a metzincin metalloprotease catalytic motif but specific recognition of a GalNAc residue α-linked to serine or threonine (i.e. the Tn-antigen) within the AMUC_1438 active site. The enzyme catalyzes hydrolysis of the bond immediately N-terminal to the glycosylated residue. Additional modelling analyses suggest the presence of a carbohydrate-binding module that may assist in substrate recognition. We anticipate that these results will be fundamental to a wider understanding of the O-glycopeptidase class of enzymes and how they may contribute to host-adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon J Medley
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Leif Leclaire
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Nicole Thompson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Keira E Mahoney
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 350 Edward St., New Haven CT, 06511
| | - Benjamin Pluvinage
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Matthew A H Parson
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - John E Burke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Stacy Malaker
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 350 Edward St., New Haven CT, 06511
| | - Warren Wakarchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Alisdair B Boraston
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada.
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Boichis E, Sigal N, Borovok I, Herskovits AA. A Metzincin and TIMP-Like Protein Pair of a Phage Origin Sensitize Listeria monocytogenes to Phage Lysins and Other Cell Wall Targeting Agents. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1323. [PMID: 34207021 PMCID: PMC8235301 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of mammalian cells by Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) was shown to be facilitated by its phage elements. In a search for additional phage remnants that play a role in Lm's lifecycle, we identified a conserved locus containing two XRE regulators and a pair of genes encoding a secreted metzincin protease and a lipoprotein structurally similar to a TIMP-family metzincin inhibitor. We found that the XRE regulators act as a classic CI/Cro regulatory switch that regulates the expression of the metzincin and TIMP-like genes under intracellular growth conditions. We established that when these genes are expressed, their products alter Lm morphology and increase its sensitivity to phage mediated lysis, thereby enhancing virion release. Expression of these proteins also sensitized the bacteria to cell wall targeting compounds, implying that they modulate the cell wall structure. Our data indicate that these effects are mediated by the cleavage of the TIMP-like protein by the metzincin, and its subsequent release to the extracellular milieu. While the importance of this locus to Lm pathogenicity remains unclear, the observation that this phage-associated protein pair act upon the bacterial cell wall may hold promise in the field of antibiotic potentiation to combat antibiotic resistant bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anat A. Herskovits
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; (E.B.); (N.S.); (I.B.)
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4
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Yu WH, Wu E, Li Y, Hou HH, Yu SSC, Huang PT, Kuo WH, Qi D, Yu CJ. Matrix Metalloprotease-7 Mediates Nucleolar Assembly and Intra-nucleolar Cleaving p53 in Gefitinib-Resistant Cancer Stem Cells. iScience 2020; 23:101600. [PMID: 33089100 PMCID: PMC7559243 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The enlarged distinct bulky-ball-like nucleolus matrix assembly is observed in most cancer stem cells (CSCs); however, the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. We show that matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) shedding MUC-1 SEA domain releases MUC-1 C-ter, facilitating the nucleolus trafficking of p53 in gefitinib-resistant lung CSCs. The nucleolus colocalizations of p53, MUC-1 C-ter, MMP-7 and nucleolin were observed in the CD34+ CXADR+ CD44v3+ gefitinib-resistant EGFRL858R/T790M CSC colonies. MUC-1 C-ter induced a unique porous bulky-ball-shaped, cagelike nucleolus that functions as a nucleus molecular “garage” for potent tumor suppressor, p53. Nucleolus could also facilitate the novel sub-nucleus compartment for proteolytic processing p53 by MMP-7 to generate a 35 kDa fragment. Moreover, we show that salinomycin, an anti-CSC agent, disrupts nucleolus by inducing nucleoplasm translocation of p53 and sensitizing CSC to chemotherapy drugs. Thus, this study highlights the MMP-7-MUC-1-p53 axis in nucleolus as a potential therapeutic target for anti-CSCs to resolve the chemotherapy-resistance dilemma. MMP-7 cleaves the SEA domain of MUC-1 and releases MUC-1 C-ter MUC-1 C-ter mediates bulky-ball-like nucleolus assembly trapping p53 in nucleolus MMP-7 cleaves p53 to 35 kDa fragments in the nucleolus of gefitinib-resistant CSCs Salinomycin induces p53 nucleoplasm translocation sensitizing CSCs to gefitinib
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsuan Yu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan.,Molecular Image Center, College of Medicine. National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Erxi Wu
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 76508, USA.,Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Livestrong Cancer Institutes and Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yongqing Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health Systems North Campus Research Complex, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hsin-Han Hou
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Shuan-Su C Yu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Po-Tsang Huang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Kuo
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10048, Taiwan
| | - Dan Qi
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 76508, USA
| | - Chong-Jen Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10048, Taiwan
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5
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The relationship between clinics and the venom of the causative Amazon pit viper (Bothrops atrox). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008299. [PMID: 32511239 PMCID: PMC7302866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venoms are complex mixtures of proteins with toxic activities, with many distinct isoforms, affecting different physiological targets, comprised in a few protein families. It is currently accepted that this diversity in venom composition is an adaptive advantage for venom efficacy on a wide range of prey. However, on the other side, variability on isoforms expression has implications in the clinics of human victims of snakebites and in the efficacy of antivenoms. B. atrox snakes are responsible for most of the human accidents in Brazilian Amazon and the type and abundance of protein families on their venoms present individual variability. Thus, in this study we attempted to correlate the individual venom proteome of the snake brought to the hospital by the patient seeking for medical assistance with the clinical signs observed in the same patient. Individual variability was confirmed in venoms of the 14 snakes selected for the study. The abundance of each protein family was quite similar among the venom samples, while the isoforms composition was highly variable. Considering the protein families, the SVMP group presented the best correlation with bleeding disorders and edema. Considering individual isoforms, some isoforms of venom metalloproteinase (SVMP), C-type lectin-like toxins (CTL) and snake venom serine proteinases (SVSP) presented expression levels that with statistically significant positive correlation to signs and symptoms presented by the patients as bleeding disorders, edema, ecchymosis and blister formation. However, some unexpected data were also observed as the correlation between a CTL, CRISP or LAAO isoforms with blister formation, still to be confirmed with a larger number of samples. Although this is still a small number of patient samples, we were able to indicate that venom composition modulates clinical manifestations of snakebites, to confirm at the bedside the prominent role of SVMPs and to include new possible toxin candidates for the development of toxin inhibitors or to improve antivenom selectiveness, important actions for the next generation treatments of snakebites. Bothrops atrox is a snake of major medical importance in the Amazon. Its venom is specialized to kill preys in the nature, especially because of coagulotoxic and proteolytic activities. B. atrox envenomings cause local inflammation and, in a significant proportion, systemic manifestations, namely bleeding disorders. These signs and symptoms are caused by the various toxins present in the venom of this snake, which act in the organism by different mechanisms. It is not known to what extent the composition of the venom that was inoculated by the snake that caused the envenoming can influence the patient’s clinical condition. To study this subject, this work correlated the constituents of the venom with the clinical manifestations of hospitalized patients, taking advantage of the fact that many patients bring the snake responsible for the bite. The abundance of each toxin family was similar among the venom samples, but the variants composition of each toxin was highly variable. Considering the protein families, a group named metalloproteases (SVMP) presented the best correlation with bleeding disorders and edema. Some variants of venom SVMPs, and other toxin families, such as C-type lectin-like toxins (CTL) and snake venom serine proteinases (SVSP) presented correlation to signs and symptoms presented by the patients as bleeding disorders, edema, ecchymosis and blister formation. Our results show that venom composition modulates clinical manifestations of snakebites.
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6
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Scharfenberg F, Armbrust F, Marengo L, Pietrzik C, Becker-Pauly C. Regulation of the alternative β-secretase meprin β by ADAM-mediated shedding. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3193-3206. [PMID: 31201463 PMCID: PMC11105663 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the sixth-leading cause of death in industrialized countries. Neurotoxic amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques are one of the pathological hallmarks in AD patient brains. Aβ accumulates in the brain upon sequential, proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretases. However, so far disease-modifying drugs targeting β- and γ-secretase pathways seeking a decrease in the production of toxic Aβ peptides have failed in clinics. It has been demonstrated that the metalloproteinase meprin β acts as an alternative β-secretase, capable of generating truncated Aβ2-x peptides that have been described to be increased in AD patients. This indicates an important β-site cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1)-independent contribution of the metalloprotease meprin β within the amyloidogenic pathway and may lead to novel drug targeting avenues. However, meprin β itself is embedded in a complex regulatory network. Remarkably, the anti-amyloidogenic α-secretase a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10 (ADAM10) is a direct competitor for APP at the cell surface, but also a sheddase of inactive pro-meprin β. Overall, we highlight the current cellular, molecular and structural understanding of meprin β as alternative β-secretase within the complex protease web, regulating APP processing in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franka Scharfenberg
- Unit for Degradomics of the Protease Web, Biochemical Institute, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Fred Armbrust
- Unit for Degradomics of the Protease Web, Biochemical Institute, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Liana Marengo
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claus Pietrzik
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Christoph Becker-Pauly
- Unit for Degradomics of the Protease Web, Biochemical Institute, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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7
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Site mutation of residues in a loop surrounding the active site of a P I snake venom metalloproteinase abrogates its hemorrhagic activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 512:859-863. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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8
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Jiang Z, You Q, Zhang X. Medicinal chemistry of metal chelating fragments in metalloenzyme active sites: A perspective. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 165:172-197. [PMID: 30684796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Numerous metal-containing enzymes (metalloenzymes) have been considered as drug targets related to diseases such as cancers, diabetes, anemia, AIDS, malaria, bacterial infection, fibrosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. Inhibitors of the metalloenzymes have been developed independently, most of which are mimics of substrates of the corresponding enzymes. However, little attention has been paid to the interactions between inhibitors and active site metal ions. This review is focused on different metal binding fragments and their chelating properties in the metal-containing active binding pockets of metalloenzymes. We have enumerated over one hundred of inhibitors targeting various metalloenzymes and identified over ten kinds of fragments with different binding patterns. Furthermore, we have investigated the inhibitors that are undergoing clinical evaluation in order to help looking for more potential scaffolds bearing metal binding fragments. This review will provide deep insights for the rational design of novel inhibitors targeting the metal-containing binding sites of specific proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhensheng Jiang
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qidong You
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Chemistry, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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9
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ADAM8 in invasive cancers: links to tumor progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:83-99. [PMID: 30635388 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ectodomain shedding of extracellular and membrane proteins is of fundamental importance for cell-cell communication in neoplasias. A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase (ADAM) proteases constitute a family of multifunctional, membrane-bound proteins with traditional sheddase functions. Their protumorigenic potential has been attributed to both, essential (ADAM10 and ADAM17) and 'dispensable' ADAM proteases (ADAM8, 9, 12, 15, and 19). Of specific interest in this review is the ADAM proteinase ADAM8 that has been identified as a significant player in aggressive malignancies including breast, pancreatic, and brain cancer. High expression levels of ADAM8 are associated with invasiveness and predict a poor patient outcome, indicating a prognostic and diagnostic potential of ADAM8. Current knowledge of substrates and interaction partners gave rise to the hypothesis that ADAM8 dysregulation affects diverse processes in tumor biology, attributable to different functional cores of the multidomain enzyme. Proteolytic degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, cleavage of cell surface proteins, and subsequent release of soluble ectodomains promote cancer progression via induction of angiogenesis and metastasis. Moreover, there is increasing evidence for significance of a non-proteolytic function of ADAM8. With the disintegrin (DIS) domain ADAM8 binds integrins such as β1 integrin, thereby activating integrin signaling pathways. The cytoplasmic domain is critical for that activation and involves focal adhesion kinase (FAK), extracellular regulated kinase (ERK1/2), and protein kinase B (AKT/PKB) signaling, further contributing to cancer progression and mediating chemoresistance against first-line therapies. This review highlights the remarkable effects of ADAM8 in tumor biology, concluding that pharmacological inhibition of ADAM8 represents a promising therapeutic approach not only for monotherapy, but also for combinatorial therapies.
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10
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Camacho E, Sanz L, Escalante T, Pérez A, Villalta F, Lomonte B, Neves-Ferreira AGC, Feoli A, Calvete JJ, Gutiérrez JM, Rucavado A. Novel Catalytically-Inactive PII Metalloproteinases from a Viperid Snake Venom with Substitutions in the Canonical Zinc-Binding Motif. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E292. [PMID: 27754342 PMCID: PMC5086652 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8100292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) play key biological roles in prey immobilization and digestion. The majority of these activities depend on the hydrolysis of relevant protein substrates in the tissues. Hereby, we describe several isoforms and a cDNA clone sequence, corresponding to PII SVMP homologues from the venom of the Central American pit viper Bothriechis lateralis, which have modifications in the residues of the canonical sequence of the zinc-binding motif HEXXHXXGXXH. As a consequence, the proteolytic activity of the isolated proteins was undetectable when tested on azocasein and gelatin. These PII isoforms comprise metalloproteinase and disintegrin domains in the mature protein, thus belonging to the subclass PIIb of SVMPs. PII SVMP homologues were devoid of hemorrhagic and in vitro coagulant activities, effects attributed to the enzymatic activity of SVMPs, but induced a mild edema. One of the isoforms presents the characteristic RGD sequence in the disintegrin domain and inhibits ADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation. Catalytically-inactive SVMP homologues may have been hitherto missed in the characterization of snake venoms. The presence of such enzymatically-inactive homologues in snake venoms and their possible toxic and adaptive roles deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Camacho
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica.
| | - Libia Sanz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia 46010, Spain.
| | - Teresa Escalante
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica.
| | - Alicia Pérez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia 46010, Spain.
| | - Fabián Villalta
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica.
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica.
| | | | - Andrés Feoli
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica.
| | - Juan J Calvete
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia 46010, Spain.
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia 46022, Spain.
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica.
| | - Alexandra Rucavado
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica.
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11
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Brunet FG, Fraser FW, Binder MJ, Smith AD, Kintakas C, Dancevic CM, Ward AC, McCulloch DR. The evolutionary conservation of the A Disintegrin-like and Metalloproteinase domain with Thrombospondin-1 motif metzincins across vertebrate species and their expression in teleost zebrafish. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:22. [PMID: 25879701 PMCID: PMC4349717 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0281-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The A Disintegrin-like and Metalloproteinase domain with Thrombospondin-1 motifs (ADAMTS) enzymes comprise 19 mammalian zinc-dependent metalloproteinases (metzincins) with homologues in a wide range of invertebrates. ADAMTS enzymes have a broad range of functions in development and diseases due to their extracellular matrix remodelling activity. Here, we report a detailed characterisation of their evolutionary conservation across vertebrates. Results Using bioinformatics complemented with de novo sequencing, gene sequences for ADAMTS enzymes were obtained from a variety of organisms. Detailed evolutionary analyses revealed a high level of conservation across vertebrates with evidence of ADAMTS gene expansion during two rounds of whole genome duplication (WGD) in vertebrates, while tandem duplication events and gene loss were also apparent. However, the additional round of teleost-specific WGD did not have a significant effect on ADAMTS gene family members suggesting their conserved roles have remained constant in teleost fish. Quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed dynamic expression of adamts genes throughout zebrafish embryonic development reflecting the key conserved roles they play in vertebrate embryogenesis. Notably, several adamts mRNAs were maternally expressed with a dramatic increase in mRNA levels coinciding with zygotic expression and organogenesis. Broad adamts mRNA expression was also demonstrated in several adult organs indicating potential roles in adult homeostasis. Conclusions Our data highlight the evolution of the ADAMTS gene family through duplication processes across metazoans supplemented by a burst of amplification through vertebrate WGD events. It also strongly posits the zebrafish as a potential model species to further elucidate the function of ADAMTS enzymes during vertebrate development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0281-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric G Brunet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46, allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon cedex 07, France.
| | - Fiona W Fraser
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia.
| | - Marley J Binder
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia.
| | - Adam D Smith
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia.
| | | | | | - Alister C Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia. .,Molecular and Medical Research Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia.
| | - Daniel R McCulloch
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia. .,Molecular and Medical Research Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia.
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12
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Jeon Y, Jung Y, Youm JK, Kang KS, Kim YK, Kim SN. Abietic acid inhibits UVB-induced MMP-1 expression in human dermal fibroblast cells through PPARα/γdual activation. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:140-5. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youngsic Jeon
- Natural Skinomics Team; KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products; Gangneung Korea
| | - Yujung Jung
- Natural Skinomics Team; KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products; Gangneung Korea
| | | | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine; Gachon University; Seongnam Korea
| | - Yong Kee Kim
- College of Pharmacy; Sookmyung Women's University; Seoul Korea
| | - Su-Nam Kim
- Natural Skinomics Team; KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products; Gangneung Korea
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13
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Mep72, a metzincin protease that is preferentially secreted by biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 2014; 197:762-73. [PMID: 25488299 PMCID: PMC4334185 DOI: 10.1128/jb.02404-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we compared the profile of proteins secreted by planktonic and biofilm cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DiGE). This revealed that a novel metzincin protease, Mep72, was secreted during biofilm growth. Subsequent Western blotting and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) analyses demonstrated that Mep72 was expressed only during biofilm growth. Mep72 has a tridomain structure comprised of a metzincin protease-like domain and two tandem carbohydrate-binding domains. Unlike the only other metzincin (alkaline protease; AprA) in P. aeruginosa, Mep72 is secreted through the type II pathway and undergoes processing during export. During this processing, the metzincin domain is liberated from the carbohydrate-binding domains. This processing may be self-catalyzed, since purified Mep72 autodegraded in vitro. This autodegradation was retarded in the presence of alginate (an extracellular matrix component of many P. aeruginosa biofilms). The expression of full-length mep72 in Escherichia coli was toxic. However, this toxicity could be alleviated by coexpression of mep72 with the adjacent gene, bamI. Mep72 and BamI were found to form a protein-protein complex in vitro. 2D-DiGE revealed that the electrophoretic mobility of several discrete protein spots was altered in the biofilm secretome of an mep72 mutant, including type III secretion proteins (PopD, PcrV, and ExoS) and a flagellum-associated protein (FliD). Mep72 was found to bind directly to ExoS and PcrV and to affect the processing of these proteins in the biofilm secretome. We conclude that Mep72 is a secreted biofilm-specific regulator that affects the processing of a very specific subset of virulence factors.
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Cerdà-Costa N, Gomis-Rüth FX. Architecture and function of metallopeptidase catalytic domains. Protein Sci 2014; 23:123-44. [PMID: 24596965 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The cleavage of peptide bonds by metallopeptidases (MPs) is essential for life. These ubiquitous enzymes participate in all major physiological processes, and so their deregulation leads to diseases ranging from cancer and metastasis, inflammation, and microbial infection to neurological insults and cardiovascular disorders. MPs cleave their substrates without a covalent intermediate in a single-step reaction involving a solvent molecule, a general base/acid, and a mono- or dinuclear catalytic metal site. Most monometallic MPs comprise a short metal-binding motif (HEXXH), which includes two metal-binding histidines and a general base/acid glutamate, and they are grouped into the zincin tribe of MPs. The latter divides mainly into the gluzincin and metzincin clans. Metzincins consist of globular ∼ 130-270-residue catalytic domains, which are usually preceded by N-terminal pro-segments, typically required for folding and latency maintenance. The catalytic domains are often followed by C-terminal domains for substrate recognition and other protein-protein interactions, anchoring to membranes, oligomerization, and compartmentalization. Metzincin catalytic domains consist of a structurally conserved N-terminal subdomain spanning a five-stranded β-sheet, a backing helix, and an active-site helix. The latter contains most of the metal-binding motif, which is here characteristically extended to HEXXHXXGXX(H,D). Downstream C-terminal subdomains are generally shorter, differ more among metzincins, and mainly share a conserved loop--the Met-turn--and a C-terminal helix. The accumulated structural data from more than 300 deposited structures of the 12 currently characterized metzincin families reviewed here provide detailed knowledge of the molecular features of their catalytic domains, help in our understanding of their working mechanisms, and form the basis for the design of novel drugs.
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Czarny B, Stura EA, Devel L, Vera L, Cassar-Lajeunesse E, Beau F, Calderone V, Fragai M, Luchinat C, Dive V. Molecular Determinants of a Selective Matrix Metalloprotease-12 Inhibitor: Insights from Crystallography and Thermodynamic Studies. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1149-59. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301574d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Czarny
- CEA, Service
d’Ingénierie
Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Gif/Yvette 91191
Cedex, France
| | - Enrico A. Stura
- CEA, Service
d’Ingénierie
Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Gif/Yvette 91191
Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Devel
- CEA, Service
d’Ingénierie
Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Gif/Yvette 91191
Cedex, France
| | - Laura Vera
- CEA, Service
d’Ingénierie
Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Gif/Yvette 91191
Cedex, France
| | | | - Fabrice Beau
- CEA, Service
d’Ingénierie
Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Gif/Yvette 91191
Cedex, France
| | - Vito Calderone
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM),
University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino,
Italy
| | - Marco Fragai
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM),
University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino,
Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM),
University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino,
Italy
| | - Vincent Dive
- CEA, Service
d’Ingénierie
Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Gif/Yvette 91191
Cedex, France
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Nury C, Bregant S, Czarny B, Berthon F, Cassar-Lajeunesse E, Dive V. Detection of endogenous matrix metalloprotease-12 active form with a novel broad spectrum activity-based probe. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:5636-44. [PMID: 23271741 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.419499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) have attracted considerable attention as critical mediators of pathological tissue remodeling processes. However it remains an unresolved challenge to detect their active forms in biological samples. To prove the efficacy of a recently developed MMP activity-based probe, we examined the content in MMP active forms of bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALf) from male C57BL/6 mice exposed to ultrafine carbon black nanoparticles, a model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This probe was shown to label proteins, mostly expressed in BALf of mice exposed to nanoparticles. Using competition assays with a selective MMP-12 inhibitor as well as MMP-12 knock-out mice, one of these proteins was identified as the active form of the catalytic domain of MMP-12. This new probe can detect the active form of MMP-12 down to a threshold of 1 fmol. Radioactive counting showed the concentration of the active form of MMP-12 to be around 1 fmol/μl in BALf from nanoparticle-treated mice. A less sensitive probe would therefore not have detected MMP-12. As the probe can detect other MMPs in the femtomolar range, it is a potentially powerful tool for monitoring the levels of MMP active forms in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Nury
- CEA (Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique), iBiTec-S, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire de Protéines (SIMOPRO), CE-Saclay, 91191 Gif /Yvette, Cedex, France
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Torres FS, Rates B, Gomes MTR, Salas CE, Pimenta AMC, Oliveira F, Santoro MM, de Lima ME. Bmoo FIBMP-I: A New Fibrinogenolytic Metalloproteinase from Bothrops moojeni Snake Venom. ISRN TOXICOLOGY 2012; 2012:673941. [PMID: 23762636 PMCID: PMC3671731 DOI: 10.5402/2012/673941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A new fibrinogenolytic metalloproteinase (Bmoo FIBMP-I) was purified from Bothrops moojeni snake venom. This enzyme was isolated through a combination of three chromatographic steps (ion-exchange, molecular exclusion, and affinity chromatography). Analyses by reverse phase chromatography, followed by mass spectrometry, showed the presence of enzyme isoforms with average molecular mass of 22.8 kDa. The SDS-PAGE analyses showed a single chain of 27.6 kDa, in the presence and absence of reducing agent. The protein has a blocked N-terminal. One of the peptides obtained by enzymatic digestion of a reduced and S-alkylated isoform was completely sequenced by mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Bmoo FIBMP-I showed similarity with hemorrhagic factor and several metalloproteinases (MP). This enzyme degraded Aα-chain faster than the Bβ-chain and did not affect the γ-chain of bovine fibrinogen. The absence of proteolytic activity after treatment with EDTA, together with the observed molecular mass, led us to suggest that Bmoo FIBMP-I is a member of the P-I class of the snake venom MP family. Bmoo FIBMP-I showed pH-dependent proteolytic activity on azocasein, but was devoid of coagulant, defibrinating, or hemorrhagic activities. The kinetic parameters of proteolytic activity in azocasein were determined (V max = 0.4596 Uh(-1)nmol(-1) ± 0.1031 and K m = 14.59 mg/mL ± 4.610).
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Affiliation(s)
- F. S. Torres
- Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas Animais, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - B. Rates
- Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas Animais, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - M. T. R. Gomes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Produtos Naturais, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - C. E. Salas
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Produtos Naturais, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - A. M. C. Pimenta
- Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas Animais, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - F. Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - M. M. Santoro
- Laboratório de Físico-Química de Proteínas e Enzimologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - M. E. de Lima
- Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas Animais, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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18
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Balaban NP, Rudakova NL, Sharipova MR. Structural and functional characteristics and properties of metzincins. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 77:119-27. [PMID: 22348470 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this review the main families of endopeptidases belonging to the clan of metzincins of zinc-dependent metalloproteinases in organisms of wide evolutional range from bacteria to mammals are considered. The data on classification, physicochemical properties, substrate specificity, and structural features of this group of enzymes are given. The activation mechanisms of metzincins, the role of these proteins in organisms, and their participation in various physiological processes are discussed.
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Yu WH, Huang PT, Lou KL, Yu SSC, Lin C. A smallest 6 kda metalloprotease, mini-matrilysin, in living world: a revolutionary conserved zinc-dependent proteolytic domain- helix-loop-helix catalytic zinc binding domain (ZBD). J Biomed Sci 2012; 19:54. [PMID: 22642296 PMCID: PMC3406945 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Aim of this study is to study the minimum zinc dependent metalloprotease catalytic folding motif, helix B Met loop-helix C, with proteolytic catalytic activities in metzincin super family. The metzincin super family share a catalytic domain consisting of a twisted five-stranded β sheet and three long α helices (A, B and C). The catalytic zinc is at the bottom of the cleft and is ligated by three His residues in the consensus sequence motif, HEXXHXXGXXH, which is located in helix B and part of the adjacent Met turn region. An interesting question is - what is the minimum portion of the enzyme that still possesses catalytic and inhibitor recognition?” Methods We have expressed a 60-residue truncated form of matrilysin which retains only the helix B-Met turn-helix C region and deletes helix A and the five-stranded β sheet which form the upper portion of the active cleft. This is only 1/4 of the full catalytic domain. The E. coli derived 6 kDa MMP-7 ZBD fragments were purified and refolded. The proteolytic activities were analyzed by Mca-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu-Dpa-Ala-Arg-NH2 peptide assay and CM-transferrin zymography analysis. SC44463, BB94 and Phosphoramidon were computationally docked into the 3day structure of the human MMP7 ZBD and TAD and thermolysin using the docking program GOLD. Results This minimal 6 kDa matrilysin has been refolded and shown to have proteolytic activity in the Mca-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu-Dpa-Ala-Arg-NH2 peptide assay. Triton X-100 and heparin are important factors in the refolding environment for this mini-enzyme matrilysin. This minienzyme has the proteolytic activity towards peptide substrate, but the hexamer and octamer of the mini MMP-7 complex demonstrates the CM-transferrin proteolytic activities in zymographic analysis. Peptide digestion is inhibited by SC44463, specific MMP7 inhibitors, but not phosphorimadon. Interestingly, the mini MMP-7 can be processed by autolysis and producing ~ 6 ~ 7 kDa fragments. Thus, many of the functions of the enzyme are retained indicating that the helix B-Met loop-helix C is the minimal functional “domain” found to date for the matrixin family. Conclusions The helix B-Met loop-helix C folding conserved in metalloprotease metzincin super family is able to facilitate proteolytic catalysis for specific substrate and inhibitor recognition. The autolysis processing and producing 6 kDa mini MMP-7 is the smallest metalloprotease in living world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsuan Yu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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20
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Stroud MR, Hansen SJ, Olson JM. In vivo bio-imaging using chlorotoxin-based conjugates. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 17:4362-71. [PMID: 22204434 DOI: 10.2174/138161211798999375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Surgical resection remains the primary component of cancer therapy. The precision required to successfully separate cancer tissue from normal tissue relies heavily on the surgeon's ability to delineate the tumor margins. Despite recent advances in surgical guidance and monitoring systems, intra-operative identification of these margins remains imprecise and directly influences patient prognosis. If the surgeon had improved tools to distinguish these margins, tumor progression and unacceptable morbidity could be avoided. In this article, we review the history of chlorotoxin and its tumor specificity and discuss the research currently being generated to target optical imaging agents to cancer tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Stroud
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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21
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Linhartová I, Bumba L, Mašín J, Basler M, Osička R, Kamanová J, Procházková K, Adkins I, Hejnová-Holubová J, Sadílková L, Morová J, Sebo P. RTX proteins: a highly diverse family secreted by a common mechanism. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2011; 34:1076-112. [PMID: 20528947 PMCID: PMC3034196 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeats-in-toxin (RTX) exoproteins of Gram-negative bacteria form a steadily growing family of proteins with diverse biological functions. Their common feature is the unique mode of export across the bacterial envelope via the type I secretion system and the characteristic, typically nonapeptide, glycine- and aspartate-rich repeats binding Ca2+ ions. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on the organization of rtx loci and on the biological and biochemical activities of therein encoded proteins. Applying several types of bioinformatic screens on the steadily growing set of sequenced bacterial genomes, over 1000 RTX family members were detected, with the biological functions of most of them remaining to be characterized. Activities of the so far characterized RTX family members are then discussed and classified according to functional categories, ranging from the historically first characterized pore-forming RTX leukotoxins, through the large multifunctional enzymatic toxins, bacteriocins, nodulation proteins, surface layer proteins, up to secreted hydrolytic enzymes exhibiting metalloprotease or lipase activities of industrial interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Linhartová
- Institute of Microbiology AS CR v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Chalaris A, Garbers C, Rabe B, Rose-John S, Scheller J. The soluble Interleukin 6 receptor: generation and role in inflammation and cancer. Eur J Cell Biol 2010; 90:484-94. [PMID: 21145125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble cytokine receptors are frequently found in human serum, most of them possessing antagonistic properties. The Interleukin 6 receptor (IL-6R) is found as a transmembrane protein on hepatocytes and subsets of leukocytes, but soluble isoforms of the IL-6R (sIL-6R) are generated by alternative splicing or by limited proteolysis of the ADisintegrin And Metalloproteinases (ADAM) gene family members ADAM10 and ADAM17. Importantly, the sIL-6R in complex with its ligand Interleukin 6 (IL-6) has agonistic functions and requires cells expressing the signal transducing ß-receptor gp130 but not the membrane-bound IL-6R. We have called this process IL-6 trans-signaling. Naturally occurring isoforms of soluble gp130 (sgp130), which are generated by alternative splicing, are natural inhibitors of IL-6 trans-signaling, leaving IL-6 classic signaling via the membrane-bound IL-6R unaffected. We used recombinant sgp130Fc protein and recently generated transgenic mice expressing high levels of sgp130Fc to discriminate between classic and trans-signaling in vivo, and demonstrated that IL-6 trans-signaling is critically involved in generation and maintenance of several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases including chronic inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, peritonitis and asthma, as well as inflammation-induced colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Chalaris
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Olshausenstraße 40, Kiel, Germany
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23
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Waltersperger S, Widmer C, Wang M, Baumann U. Crystal structure of archaemetzincin AmzA from Methanopyrus kandleri at 1.5 A resolution. Proteins 2010; 78:2720-3. [PMID: 20597090 DOI: 10.1002/prot.22777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Waltersperger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
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24
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A novel secreted metzincin metalloproteinase from Bacillus intermedius. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:4419-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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25
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Robert F, Pelletier J. Translation initiation: a critical signalling node in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 13:1279-93. [PMID: 19705976 DOI: 10.1517/14728220903241625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a master regulator of translation initiation that controls the recruitment of ribosomes to mRNA templates in response to intracellular and extracellular cues. Evidence suggests that mTOR and its direct downstream targets, S6K and eIF4E/4E-BP, play significant roles in oncogenesis, and that inhibiting this pathway holds promise as an anti-proliferative approach. Recent genome-wide analyses of mutations in human cancers indicate that transformed cells activate a handful of processes and signalling pathways that are major contributors to their phenotype. Here we review the current literature implicating mTOR and translation initiation downstream of many of these various signalling pathways and processes usurped in human cancers. This review highlights the widespread activation of mTOR/eIF4E following acquisition of oncogenic lesions and its implication in promoting the transformation phenotype and indicates that targeting the control of translation initiation makes logical sense as a broad-acting therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Robert
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman cancer centre, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, Room 810, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1Y6, Canada
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CHIOU SHYHHORNG, CHEN YENSHAN. CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO MAJOR FAMILIES OF FIBRINOGENOLYTIC PROTEASES FROM THE VENOM OF TAIWAN HABU WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THEIR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS. TOXIN REV 2008. [DOI: 10.1081/txr-200046377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Sørensen HP, Jacobsen J, Nielbo S, Poulsen FM, Wewer UM. Expression, purification and insights into structure and folding of the ADAM22 pro domain. Protein Expr Purif 2008; 61:175-83. [PMID: 18593599 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2008.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloproteases) are an important class of enzymes in the regulation of human disease. The pro domains of ADAMs are responsible for the latency and secretion of mature enzymes. Unlike other metzincins, ADAM pro domains remain bound to the mature enzyme after secretion. To understand the functions of human ADAM pro domains and to determine three-dimensional structures, we have screened promising targets for expression and purification properties when using Escherichia coli as the host. The pro domain of ADAM22 (ADAM22-P) expressed in E. coli was folded, as determined by CD and NMR spectroscopy. An ADAM22-P fragment encoding residues 26-199 could be expressed in high amounts, remained soluble above 1 mM, and was suitable for structural studies by NMR spectroscopy. CD spectroscopy and predictions suggest that the secondary structure in ADAM22-P consists of beta-strands. Furthermore, our data indicate that the pro domains of ADAMs are expressed as two subdomains. The most N-terminal subdomain (ADAM22-P(N)) was found to be susceptible to proteolysis and was required for folding stability of the second subdomain (ADAM22-P(C)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Peter Sørensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Urban S, Shi Y. Core principles of intramembrane proteolysis: comparison of rhomboid and site-2 family proteases. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2008; 18:432-41. [PMID: 18440799 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cleavage of proteins within their membrane-spanning segments is an ancient regulatory mechanism that has evolved to control a myriad of cellular processes in all forms of life. Although three mechanistic families of enzymes have been discovered that catalyze hydrolysis within the water-excluding environment of the membrane, how they achieve this improbable reaction has been both a point of controversy and skepticism. The crystal structures of rhomboid and site-2 protease, two different classes of intramembrane proteases, have been solved recently. Combined with current biochemical analyses, this advance provides an unprecedented view of how nature has solved the problem of facilitating hydrolysis within membranes in two independent instances. We focus on detailing the similarities between these unrelated enzymes to define core biochemical principles that govern this conserved regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinisa Urban
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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31
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Matziari M, Dive V, Yiotakis A. Matrix metalloproteinase 11 (MMP-11; stromelysin-3) and synthetic inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2007; 27:528-52. [PMID: 16710861 DOI: 10.1002/med.20066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-11, or Stromelysin 3, is a particular member of MMP family, a group of zinc-dependent endopeptidases involved in matrix degradation and tissue remodeling. Despite intense efforts since its first characterization 15 years ago, its role and target substrates in different diseases remain largely unknown. While mice with MMP-11 deficiency display no particular phenotype, analysis of different tumorigenesis models with these mice lead to the conclusion that MMP-11 promotes tumor development. In contrast with other MMPs, MMP-11 is unable to degrade any major extracellular matrix component and unlike most of other MMPs that are secreted as inactive proenzymes and activated extracellularly, MMP-11 is secreted under active form. MMP-11 may thus play a unique role in tissue remodeling processes, including those associated with tumor progression. Although MMP-11 and other MMPs have been considered as promising targets to combat cancer, a first series of clinical trials using broad-spectrum MMP inhibitors have not led to significant therapeutic benefits. These disappointing results highlight the need for better understanding of the exact role played by each MMP during the different stages of tumor progression. Among the different strategies to fill this gap, highly specific MMP inhibitors would be of great value. This review provides an update on the selectivity profile of phosphinic MMP-11 synthetic inhibitors developed and discusses the opportunities and limitations to identify inhibitors able to fully discriminate MMP-11 from the other MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalini Matziari
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou 15771, Athens, Greece
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Hamze AB, Wei S, Bahudhanapati H, Kota S, Acharya KR, Brew K. Constraining specificity in the N-domain of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1; gelatinase-selective inhibitors. Protein Sci 2007; 16:1905-13. [PMID: 17660250 PMCID: PMC2206984 DOI: 10.1110/ps.072978507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Revised: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are endogenous inhibitors of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Since unregulated MMP activities are linked to arthritis, cancer, and atherosclerosis, TIMP variants that are selective inhibitors of disease-related MMPs have potential therapeutic value. The structures of TIMP/MMP complexes reveal that most interactions with the MMP involve the N-terminal pentapeptide of TIMP and the C-D beta-strand connector which occupy the primed and unprimed regions of the active site. The loop between beta-strands A and B forms a secondary interaction site for some MMPs, ranging from multiple contacts in the TIMP-2/membrane type-1 (MT1)-MMP complex to none in the TIMP-1/MMP-1 complex. TIMP-1 and its inhibitory domain, N-TIMP-1, are weak inhibitors of MT1-MMP; inhibition is not improved by grafting the longer AB loop from TIMP-2 into N-TIMP-1, but this change impairs binding to MMP-3 and MMP-7. Mutational studies with N-TIMP-1 suggest that its weak inhibition of MT1-MMP, as compared to other N-TIMPs, arises from multiple (>3) sequence differences in the interaction site. Substitutions for Thr2 of N-TIMP-1 strongly influence MMP selectivity; Arg and Gly, that generally reduce MMP affinity, have less effect on binding to MMP-9. When the Arg mutation is added to the N-TIMP-1(AB2) mutant, it produces a gelatinase-specific inhibitor with Ki values of 2.8 and 0.4 nM for MMP-2 and -9, respectively. Interestingly, the Gly mutant has a Ki of 2.1 nM for MMP-9 and >40 muM for MMP-2, indicating that engineered TIMPs can discriminate between MMPs in the same subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa B Hamze
- College of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, USA
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Sears CL, Buckwold SL, Shin JW, Franco AA. The C-terminal region of Bacteroides fragilis toxin is essential to its biological activity. Infect Immun 2006; 74:5595-601. [PMID: 16988234 PMCID: PMC1594940 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00135-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the role of the C-terminal region in Bacteroides fragilis toxin (BFT) activity, processing, and secretion, sequential C-terminal truncation and point mutations were created by site-directed mutagenesis. Determination of BFT activity on HT29/C1 cells, cleavage of E-cadherin, and the capacity to induce interleukin-8 secretion by wild-type BFT and C-terminal deletion mutants showed that deletion of only 2 amino acid residues at the C terminus significantly reduced BFT biological activity and deletion of eight or more amino acid residues obliterated BFT biologic activity. Western blot and reverse transcription-PCR analyses indicated that BFT mutants lacking seven or fewer amino acid residues in the C-terminal region are processed and expressed similar to wild-type BFT. However, BFT mutants lacking eight or more amino acids at the C terminus are expressed similar to wild-type BFT but are unstable. We concluded that the C terminus of BFT is not tolerant of modest amino acid deletions, suggesting that it is biologically important for BFT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Sears
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Cancer Research Building II, 1550 Orleans Street, Loading Dock, Room 1M04, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Franco AA, Buckwold SL, Shin JW, Ascon M, Sears CL. Mutation of the zinc-binding metalloprotease motif affects Bacteroides fragilis toxin activity but does not affect propeptide processing. Infect Immun 2005; 73:5273-7. [PMID: 16041055 PMCID: PMC1201259 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.8.5273-5277.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the role of the zinc-binding metalloprotease in Bacteroides fragilis toxin (BFT) processing and activity, the zinc-binding consensus sequences (H348, E349, H352, G355, H358, and M366) were mutated by site-directed-mutagenesis. Our results indicated that single point mutations in the zinc-binding metalloprotease motif do not affect BFT processing but do reduce or eliminate BFT biologic activity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto A Franco
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Ross Bldg., Rm. 1167, 1147B Rutland Ave., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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35
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Abstract
Snake venoms contain a number of serine and metalloproteinases and included among these are the fibrin(ogen)olytic proteinases. Some years ago it was postulated that the fibrin(ogen)olytic enzymes may be clinically useful. Over the past 150 years a substantial body of literature has been generated on the identification and characterization of fibrin(ogen)olytic enzymes from a broad spectrum of snake species. In this review we describe the two different classes of fibrin(ogen)olytic enzymes isolated from snake venom and we summarize a number of studies aimed at characterizing the purified enzymes and/or their derivatives. Two distinct classes of venom fibrin(ogen)olytic enzymes have been previously identified, the metalloproteinases and serine proteinases. These two classes of proteinases differ in their mechanism of action and they target different amino acid sequences in fibrin(ogen), but each perform the same role in nature. When a snake envenomates its prey it needs a mechanism to facilitate the spread of the toxic components throughout the circulation. Fibrin(ogen)olytic enzymes break down fibrin rich clots and help to prevent further clot formation by their action on fibrinogen. This characteristic feature has led to development of fibrin(ogen)olytic snake venom enzymes as potential clinical agents to treat occlusive thrombi. Fibrolase, a fibrinolytic metalloproteinase isolated from Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix venom and the serine beta-fibrinogenolytic proteinase from Vipera lebetina have been chosen as representative enzymes from the two classes, and their biochemical and physiochemical properties will be described in detail. Finally, the characterization and development of alfimeprase, a recombinant fibrinolytic enzyme derived from fibrolase, as a clinical agent is described citing the progression from the laboratory bench to its current status as having successfully completed Phase II clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Swenson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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36
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De Caterina R, Massaro M. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and the Regulation of Expression of Endothelial Pro-Atherogenic and Pro-Inflammatory Genes. J Membr Biol 2005; 206:103-16. [PMID: 16456721 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-005-0783-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
By partially replacing the corresponding omega-6 analogues in membrane phospholipids, omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to decrease the transcriptional activation of genes--e.g., adhesion molecules, chemoattractants, inflammatory cytokines--involved in endothelial activation in response to inflammatory and pro-atherogenic stimuli. This regulation occurs, at least in part, through a decreased activation of the nuclear factor-kappaB system of transcription factors, secondary to decreased generation of intracellular hydrogen peroxide. Such regulation by omega-3 fatty acids is likely linked to the presence of a higher number of double bonds in the fatty acid chain in omega-3 compared with omega-6 fatty acids. By similar mechanisms, omega-3 fatty acids have been recently shown to reduce gene expression of cyclooxygenase-2, an inflammatory gene involved, through the activation of some metalloproteinases, in plaque angiogenesis and plaque rupture. The quenching of gene expression of pro-inflammatory pro-atherogenic genes by omega-3 fatty acids has consequences on the extent of leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelium, early atherogenesis and later stages of plaque development and plaque rupture, ultimately yielding a plausible comprehensive explanation for the vasculoprotective effects of these nutrients.
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37
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Yi H, Gruszczynska-Biegala J, Wood D, Zhao Z, Zolkiewska A. Cooperation of the metalloprotease, disintegrin, and cysteine-rich domains of ADAM12 during inhibition of myogenic differentiation. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:23475-83. [PMID: 15849365 PMCID: PMC2674645 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413550200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular domain of the mature form of ADAM12 consists of the metalloprotease, disintegrin, cysteine-rich, and epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains. The disintegrin, cysteine-rich, and EGF-like fragments have been shown previously to support cell adhesion via activated integrins or proteoglycans. In this study, we report that the entire extracellular domain of mouse ADAM12 produced in Drosophila S2 cells supported efficient adhesion and spreading of C2C12 myoblasts even in the absence of exogenous integrin activators. This adhesion was not mediated by beta1 integrins or proteoglycans, was myoblast-specific, and required the presence of both the metalloprotease and disintegrin/cysteine-rich domains of ADAM12. Analysis of the recombinant proteins by far-UV circular dichroism suggested that the secondary structures of the autonomously expressed metalloprotease domain and the disintegrin/cysteine-rich/EGF-like domains differ from the structures present in the intact extracellular domain. Furthermore, the intact extracellular domain (but not the metalloprotease domain or the disintegrin/cysteine-rich/EGF-like fragment alone) decreased the expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 and myogenin, two markers of differentiation, and inhibited C2C12 myoblast fusion. Thus, the novel protein-protein interaction reported here involving the extracellular domain of ADAM12 may have important biological consequences during myoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Yi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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38
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Yongzheng Y, Reymond JL. Protease profiling using a fluorescent domino peptide cocktail. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2005; 1:57-63. [PMID: 16880964 DOI: 10.1039/b419446b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Five hexapeptides were prepared containing, in a domino-type arrangement, all 25 possible dipeptides between (1) aromatic, (2) hydrophobic, (3) positively charged, (4) negatively charged, and (5) small and polar amino acids. The peptides were fluorescence labeled at the N-terminus with a (7-coumaryl)oxyacetyl group, allowing the selective detection of N-terminal cleavage products. The five peptides were used as a cocktail reagent in an HPLC analysis. The cocktail produced specific cleavage patterns, or fingerprints, for a variety of proteases. This domino peptide cocktail can be used as a general reagent for protease identification and functional profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yongzheng
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Berne, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
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39
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Villanueva de la Torre T, Bech-Serra JJ, Ruiz-Paz S, Baselga J, Arribas J. Inactivating mutations block the tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme in the early secretory pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 314:1028-35. [PMID: 14751236 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.12.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The ectodomain of different transmembrane molecules is released by a proteolytic event known as shedding. The metalloprotease disintegrin proTNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE) is responsible for the shedding of various proteins, including protransforming growth factor-alpha (proTGF-alpha) and amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP). Inactive TACE accumulates in the early secretory pathway of cell mutants (M1 and M2) defective in proTGF-alpha and APP shedding. Although previous evidences indicated that the component mutated in M1 and M2 cells is different from TACE, recent results show the existence of two heterozygous point mutations in TACE from M2 cells. Here, we show that wild-type TACE stably transfected in M2 cells is processed, transported to the cell surface, and rescues the proTGF-alpha and APP shedding-defective phenotype. Furthermore, M1 cells also express mutant TACE and transfection with wild-type TACE restores the wild-type phenotype. Therefore, different inactivating mutations result in the accumulation of TACE in the early secretory pathway, emphasizing the importance of the initial steps in the biosynthesis of TACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Villanueva de la Torre
- Laboratori de Recerca Oncològica, Servei d'Oncologia Mèdica, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Psg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
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40
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Taylor KM, Nicholson RI. The LZT proteins; the LIV-1 subfamily of zinc transporters. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1611:16-30. [PMID: 12659941 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(03)00048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential ion for cells with a vital role to play in controlling the cellular processes of the cell, such as growth, development and differentiation. Specialist proteins called zinc transporters control the level of intracellular zinc in cells. In mammals, the ZIP family of zinc transporters has a pivotal role in maintaining the correct level of intracellular zinc by their ability to transport zinc into cells from outside, although they may also transport metal ions other than zinc. There are now recognised to be four subfamilies of the ZIP transporters, including the recently discovered LIV-1 subfamily which has similarity to the oestrogen-regulated gene LIV-1, previously implicated in metastatic breast cancer. We call this new subfamily LZT, for LIV-1 subfamily of ZIP zinc Transporters. Here we document current knowledge of this previously uncharacterised group of proteins, which includes the KE4 proteins. LZT proteins are similar to ZIP transporters in secondary structure and ability to transport metal ions across the plasma membrane or intracellular membranes. However, LZT proteins have a unique motif (HEXPHEXGD) with conserved proline and glutamic acid residues, unprecedented in other zinc transporters. The localisation of LZT proteins to lamellipodiae mirrors cellular location of the membrane-type matrix metalloproteases. These differences to other zinc transporters may be consistent with an alternative role for LZT proteins in cells, particularly in diseases such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Taylor
- Tenovus Centre for Cancer Research, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VIIth Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK.
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41
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Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinase family in humans comprises 23 enzymes, which are involved in many biological processes and diseases. It was previously thought that these enzymes acted only to degrade components of the extracellular matrix, but this view has changed with the discovery that non-extracellular-matrix molecules are also substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert PT Somerville
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Samantha A Oblander
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Suneel S Apte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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42
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Overall CM, McQuibban GA, Clark-Lewis I. Discovery of chemokine substrates for matrix metalloproteinases by exosite scanning: a new tool for degradomics. Biol Chem 2002; 383:1059-66. [PMID: 12437088 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2002.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly it is being recognized that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are important processing enzymes that regulate cellular behaviour and immune cell function by selective proteolysis of cell surface receptors and adhesion molecules, cytokines and growth factors. These functions will likely prove to be as important in vivo as the proposed roles of MMPs in pathological matrix degradation. To screen for new protease substrates we have reported a novel 'exosite scanning' strategy that utilizes protease substrate-binding exosite domains as yeast two-hybrid baits. We discovered that the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-3 (MCP-3) binds the hemopexin C domain of gelatinase A (MMP-2) leading to its efficient cleavage, converting an agonist to a potent receptor antagonist. We have now found that other MMPs cleave MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3, MCP-4, SDF-lalpha and SDF-1beta indicating that the intersection between the chemokine and MMP families is broad with important implications for the control of inflammatory and immune processes. Use of engineered substrates with altered exosite binding affinities further revealed the power of exosites in dictating proteolytic specificity - either directing cleavage of non-preferred sites or in other cases virtually eliminating proteolysis of readily accessible scissile bonds. Hence, bioinformatic searches for protease substrates based on scissile bond preference will only reveal a subset of substrates unless the influence of exosites is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Overall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columiba, Vancouver, Canada
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43
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Huang KF, Chiou SH, Ko TP, Wang AHJ. Determinants of the inhibition of a Taiwan habu venom metalloproteinase by its endogenous inhibitors revealed by X-ray crystallography and synthetic inhibitor analogues. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:3047-56. [PMID: 12071970 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.02982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Venoms from crotalid and viperid snakes contain several peptide inhibitors which regulate the proteolytic activities of their snake-venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) in a reversible manner under physiological conditions. In this report, we describe the high-resolution crystal structures of a SVMP, TM-3, from Taiwan habu (Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus) cocrystallized with the endogenous inhibitors pyroGlu-Asn-Trp (pENW), pyroGlu-Gln-Trp (pEQW) or pyroGlu-Lys-Trp (pEKW). The binding of inhibitors causes some of the residues around the inhibitor-binding environment of TM-3 to slightly move away from the active-site center, and displaces two metal-coordinated water molecules by the C-terminal carboxylic group of the inhibitors. This binding adopts a retro-manner principally stabilized by four possible hydrogen bonds. The Trp indole ring of the inhibitors is stacked against the imidazole of His143 in the S-1 site of the proteinase. Results from the study of synthetic inhibitor analogues showed the primary specificity of Trp residue of the inhibitors at the P-1 site, corroborating the stacking effect observed in our structures. Furthermore, we have made a detailed comparison of our structures with the binding modes of other inhibitors including batimastat, a hydroxamate inhibitor, and a barbiturate derivative. It suggests a close correlation between the inhibitory activity of an inhibitor and its ability to fill the S-1 pocket of the proteinase. Our work may provide insights into the rational design of small molecules that bind to this class of zinc-metalloproteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Fa Huang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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44
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Yu WH, Woessner JF, McNeish JD, Stamenkovic I. CD44 anchors the assembly of matrilysin/MMP-7 with heparin-binding epidermal growth factor precursor and ErbB4 and regulates female reproductive organ remodeling. Genes Dev 2002; 16:307-23. [PMID: 11825873 PMCID: PMC155329 DOI: 10.1101/gad.925702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CD44 is a facultative proteoglycan implicated in cell adhesion and trafficking, as well as in tumor survival and progression. We demonstrate here that CD44 heparan sulfate proteoglycan (CD44HSPG) recruits proteolytically active matrix metalloproteinase 7 (matrilysin, MMP-7) and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor precursor (pro-HB-EGF) to form a complex on the surface of tumor cell lines, postpartum uterine and lactating mammary gland epithelium, and uterine smooth muscle. The HB-EGF precursor within this complex is processed by MMP-7, and the resulting mature HB-EGF engages and activates its receptor, ErbB4, leading to, among other events, cell survival. In CD44(-/-) mice, postpartum uterine involution is accelerated and maintenance of lactation is impaired. In both uterine and mammary epithelia of these mice, MMP-7 localization is altered and pro-HB-EGF processing as well as ErbB4 activation are decreased. Our observations provide a mechanism for the assembly and function of a cell surface complex composed of CD44HSPG, MMP 7, HB-EGF, and ErbB4 that may play an important role in the regulation of physiological tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsuan Yu
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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45
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Hege T, Baumann U. The conserved methionine residue of the metzincins: a site-directed mutagenesis study. J Mol Biol 2001; 314:181-6. [PMID: 11718552 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2001.5125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The metalloprotease clan of the metzincins derive their name from the presence of a conserved methionine residue that is located on the C-terminal side of the zinc-binding consensus sequence HEXXHXXGXXH. This methionine residue is located in a rather divergent part of the primary sequence but is structurally very well conserved. It is located under the pyramidal base of the three histidine residues that coordinate the catalytic zinc ion and is not involved in any direct contact with the metal nor the substrate. In order to clarify its role, this methionine residue (M226) of the protease C from Erwinia chrysanthemi has been mutated to various other amino acids. The mutants M226L, M226A, M226I were sufficiently stable to be isolated, while the mutants M226H, M226S and M226N could not be purified. The kinetic properties of these mutants were analysed. All mutants showed decreased activity, whereby increases in K(M) as well as decreases in k(cat) were observed. The M226L mutant and M226C-E189 K double mutant, which has the catalytic glutamic acid substituted as well, could be crystallised. The structure of the M226L mutant was determined to a resolution of 2.0 A and refined to R(free) of 0.20. The structure is isomorphous to the wild-type and does not show large differences, with the exception of a very small movement of the zinc-liganding histidine residues. The M226C-E189 K double mutant crystal structure has been refined to an R(free) of 0.20 at 2.1 A resolution. A small rearrangement of the zinc-liganding histidine residues can be detected, which leads to a slightly different zinc coordination and could explain the decrease in activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hege
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, Berne, CH-3012, Switzerland
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46
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Hege T, Baumann U. Protease C of Erwinia chrysanthemi: the crystal structure and role of amino acids Y228 and E189. J Mol Biol 2001; 314:187-93. [PMID: 11718553 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2001.5124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PrtC, a metallo-protease secreted by Erwinia chrysanthemi, is a member of the serralysin family and hence belongs to the metzincin superfamily. While the crystal structures of representatives of all metzincin subfamilies have been elucidated in the past, there is still some controversy about the reaction mechanism and the role of certain characteristic amino acids in the active centre. In this study, we probed the role of Tyr228 and Glu189 by site-directed mutagenesis and X-ray crystallography. There is evidence that these residues participate in catalysis, although conflicting hypotheses have been proposed. The crystal structures of wild-type and mutants have been refined to an R(free) of about 0.20 at resolutions of 2.0 A or better. Exchange of Glu189 versus alanine reduces the catalytic efficiency to less than 0.5 % using resorufin casein as substrate and to about 3 % using an assay utilising the thiol ester Ac-Pro-Leu-Gly-[(S)Leu]-Leu-Gly-OEt. The drop in activity is caused by a reduction in k(cat) while the K(M) values are virtually the same. In the resorufin casein assay, the mutant Y228F shows about 3 % of the wild-type activity and in the thiol ester assay this increases to about 56 %. In the latter case, the K(M) value of the mutant is increased from 5.3 mM to 9.0 mM with only little reduction in k(cat). The different behaviour of this mutant with respect to the two substrates can be explained by a switch in the rate-determining step during catalysis. The study presented here provides clear evidence that Glu189 of the HEXXHXXGXXH motif is the catalytic base, while Tyr228 is more likely involved in substrate binding and the stabilisation of the tetrahedral transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hege
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, Berne, 3012, Switzerland
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47
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Nar H, Werle K, Bauer MM, Dollinger H, Jung B. Crystal structure of human macrophage elastase (MMP-12) in complex with a hydroxamic acid inhibitor. J Mol Biol 2001; 312:743-51. [PMID: 11575929 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2001.4953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human macrophage elastase (MMP-12) is a member of the family of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that plays, like other members of the family, an important role in inflammatory processes contributing to tissue remodelling and destruction. In particular, a prominent role of MMP-12 in the destruction of elastin in the lung alveolar wall and the pathogenesis of emphysema has been suggested. It is therefore an attractive therapeutic target. We describe here the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of MMP-12 in complex with a hydroxamic acid inhibitor, CGS27023A. MMP-12 adopts the typical MMP fold and binds a structural zinc ion and three calcium ions in addition to the catalytic zinc ion. The enzyme structure shows an ordered N terminus close to the active site that is identical in conformation with the superactivated form of MMP-8. The S1'-specificity pocket is large and extends into a channel through the protein, which puts MMP-12 into the class of MMPs 3, 8 and 13 with large and open specificity pockets. The two crystallographically independent molecules adopt different conformations of the S1'-loop and its neighbouring loop due to differing crystal packing environments, suggesting that flexibility or the possibility of structural adjustments of these loop segments are intrinsic features of the MMP-12 structure and probably a common feature for all MMPs. The inhibitor binds in a bidentate fashion to the catalytic zinc ion. Its polar groups form hydrogen bonds in a substrate-like manner with beta-strand sIV of the enzyme, while the hydrophobic substituents are either positioned on the protein surface and are solvent-exposed or fill the upper part of the specificity pocket. The present structure enables us to aid the design of potent and selective inhibitors for MMP-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG, Biberach, Germany.
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48
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Boldt HB, Overgaard MT, Laursen LS, Weyer K, Sottrup-Jensen L, Oxvig C. Mutational analysis of the proteolytic domain of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A): classification as a metzincin. Biochem J 2001; 358:359-67. [PMID: 11513734 PMCID: PMC1222068 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3580359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The bioavailability of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and -II is controlled by six IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs 1-6). Bound IGF is not active, but proteolytic cleavage of the binding protein causes release of IGF. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) has recently been found to cleave IGFBP-4 in an IGF-dependent manner. To experimentally support the hypothesis that PAPP-A belongs to the metzincin superfamily of metalloproteinases, all containing the elongated zinc-binding motif HEXXHXXGXXH (His-482-His-492 in PAPP-A), we expressed mutants of PAPP-A in mammalian cells. Substitution of Glu-483 with Ala causes a complete loss of activity, defining this motif as part of the active site of PAPP-A. Interestingly, a mutant with Glu-483 replaced by Gln shows residual activity. Known metzincin structures contain a so-called Met-turn, whose strictly conserved Met residue is thought to interact directly with residues of the active site. By further mutagenesis we provide experimental evidence that Met-556 of PAPP-A, 63 residues from the zinc-binding motif, is located in a Met-turn of PAPP-A. Our hypothesis is also supported by secondary-structure prediction, and the ability of a 55-residue deletion mutant (d[S498-Y552]) to express and retain antigenecity. However, because PAPP-A differs in the features defining the individual established metzincin families, we suggest that PAPP-A belongs to a separate family. We also found that PAPP-A can undergo autocleavage, and that autocleaved PAPP-A is inactive. A lack of unifying elements in the sequences around the found cleavage sites of PAPP-A and a variant suggests steric regulation of substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Boldt
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biology, University of Aarhus, Science Park, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Swenson S, Bush LR, Markland FS. Chimeric derivative of fibrolase, a fibrinolytic enzyme from southern copperhead venom, possesses inhibitory activity on platelet aggregation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 384:227-37. [PMID: 11368309 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.2129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibrolase, a metalloproteinase isolated from the venom of Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix (southern copperhead snake), is a direct acting fibrinolytic enzyme that has been used to digest occlusive blood clots in animal models. The snake venom enzyme directly degrades fibrin associated with platelet rich blood clots and does not rely on plasminogen activation. Rethrombosis is a serious complication that is experienced in a significant percentage of patients treated with thrombolytic agents to remove occlusive vascular thrombi. The involvement of platelets in the initiation of rethrombosis is well known. Arg-Gly-Asp-(RGD)-containing agents have been shown to inhibit rethrombosis following thrombus dissolution by plasminogen activators. In an effort to create a more effective fibrinolytic enzyme and to target the enzyme to platelet-rich thrombi, thereby decreasing the potential for rethrombosis, a chimeric derivative of fibrolase has been produced. This report describes the construction and biochemical characterization of the chimeric enzyme and an evaluation of its in vitro activities. The chimera was formed by covalently incorporating an RGD-like peptide into fibrolase. The site of peptide attachment was determined to be a single lysine residue remote from the enzymes active site. Covalent modification of fibrolase with the RGD-like peptide did not inhibit either fibrinolytic activity of the enzyme nor platelet aggregation inhibitory activity of the peptide. The chimera not only retained the same level of enzymatic activity as native fibrolase, but also acquired the ability to inhibit platelet aggregation by binding to the fibrinogen receptor (integrin alphaIIbbeta3) on platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Swenson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033, USA
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Farr M, Strübe J, Geppert HG, Kocourek A, Mahne M, Tschesche H. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-E (PAPP-E). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1493:356-62. [PMID: 11018262 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(00)00195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A full-length cDNA encoding a novel human protein was cloned from placenta cDNA. The corresponding 1542 amino acid protein sequence was termed 'pregnancy-associated plasma protein-E' (PAPP-E) as it shows a 62% homology to the human pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) that is a diagnostic marker for trisomies, especially Down syndrome. The conserved domain structure contains five motifs related to the short consensus repeats of complement proteins and selectins, three motifs related to the lin-notch motifs of proteins regulating early tissue differentiation, and a putative zinc-binding motif and active site of the metzincin-superfamily of metalloproteases. The PAPP-E gene was localized to chromosome 1q23-25. Northern blot analysis showed that PAPP-E is predominantly expressed in placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Farr
- Department of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bielefeld, D-33501, Bielefeld, Germany.
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