Post-transcriptional stimulation of gene expression by microRNAs

MiR-200a-3p Attenuates Neuropathic Pain by Suppressing the Bromodomain-Containing Protein 3-Nuclear Factor-κB Pathway

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have key roles in the pathological processes of neuropathic pain. Here, our aim was to elucidate the function of miR-200a-3p as well as its related regulatory mechanism in neuropathic pain. An animal model of neuropathic pain was established by chronic constriction injury (CCI) induction. The knockdown experiments are performed by injecting a lentiviral construct intrathecally. MiR-200a-3p and bromodomain-containing protein 3 (BRD3) expression in rat spinal cord was determined using RT-qPCR. The mechanical, thermal, and cold responses in animals were assessed at the indicated time after surgery. The levels of inflammatory cytokines in rat spinal cord were measured by ELISA. The changes in NF-κB signaling-related molecules in rat spinal cord were determined using western blot and immunofluorescence. MiR-200a-3p was underexpressed in CCI rats in a time-dependent manner. Overexpression of miR-200a-3p decreased mechanical hyperalgesia and thermal sensitivity to attenuate neuropathic pain in rats. BRD3 was targeted by miR-200a-3p. Additionally, downregulation of BRD3 inhibited neuropathic pain progression. Moreover, overexpression of BRD3 rescued the effect of miR-200a-3p on NF-κB signaling and neuropathic pain in CCI rats. MiR-200a-3p attenuates neuropathic pain via downregulating BRD3 to block NF-κB signaling.

SZ-685C inhibits the growth of non-functioning pituitary adenoma by down-regulating miR-340-3p and inducing autophagy

Background

SZ-685C, an anthracycline compound derived from the mangrove endophytic fungus Halorosellinia sp. (No. 1403) collected from the South China Sea, has shown strong anticancer activities. Non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are a type of tumor that can be challenging to manage clinically and have a significant unmet medical need. Our research has found that SZ-685C showed an inhibitory effect on the viability, migration ability, and proliferation ability of a human non-functioning pituitary tumor-derived folliculostellate (PDFS) cell line.

Methods

SZ-685C was prepared and purified from the mangrove endophytic fungus No. 1403. PDFS cells were exposed to SZ-685C, and the effect of SZ-685C on PDFS cells was evaluated. RNA sequencing was used to analyze the miRNA expression profile in PDFS cells of the control group and SZ-685C-treated group. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to verify the expression of selected miR-340-3p. The effects of SZ-685C on PDFS cells after overexpression of miR-340-3p were evaluated. Dual-luciferase reporter assays showed PPP1CB is a direct target of miR-340-3p. Finally, the action pathway of the selected miR-340-3p was predicted and evaluated through bioinformatics analysis.

Results

SZ-685C reduced cell viability in PDFS cells, accompanied by inhibition of migration ability and proliferation ability. The IC50 value for 24 h is 9.144 ± 0.991 μM, and for 48 h is 4.635 ± 0.551 μM. SZ-685C increased the protein levels of Beclin 1, the ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I, and LAMP-1, and down-regulated p62. MiRNA sequencing and further validation showed that miR-340-3p significantly decreased in PDFS cells treated with SZ-685C. After overexpression of miR-340-3p, the inhibition of viability, migration ability, proliferation ability, and autophagy-promoting effect of SZ-685C on PDFS cells were weakened. SZ-685C caused a decrease in PPP1CB expression and activation of the ERK pathway in PDFS cells, and this trend was reversed after overexpression of miR-340-3p.

Conclusions

SZ-685C downregulates the expression of miR-340-3p in PDFS cells, thereby reducing the expression of PPP1CB and activating the ERK pathway to promote autophagic cell death, leading to inhibition of PDFS cell growth.

Non-coding RNAs in hypertrophic scars and keloids: Current research and clinical relevance: A review

Hypertrophic scars (HS) and keloids (KD) are lesions that develop as a result of excessive fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition in response to dermal injury, leading to dysregulation of the inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases during wound healing. HS and KD affect up to 90 % of the population and are associated with lower quality of life, physical health, and mental status in patients. Efficient targeted treatment represents a significant challenge, primarily due to our limited understanding of their underlying pathogenesis. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which constitute a significant portion of the human transcriptome with minimal or no protein-coding capacity, have been implicated in various cellular physiologies and pathologies and may serve as diagnostic indicators or therapeutic targets. NcRNAs have been found to be aberrantly expressed and regulated in HS and KD. This review provides a summary of the expression profiles and molecular mechanisms of three common ncRNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), in HS and KD. It also discusses their potential as biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases and provides novel insights into epigenetic-based diagnosis and treatment strategies for HS and KD.

Targeting the epigenome of cancer stem cells in pediatric nervous system tumors

Medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma, and pediatric glioma account for almost 30% of all cases of pediatric cancers. Recent evidence indicates that pediatric nervous system tumors originate from stem or progenitor cells and present a subpopulation of cells with highly tumorigenic and stem cell-like features. These cancer stem cells play a role in initiation, progression, and resistance to treatment of pediatric nervous system tumors. Histone modification, DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling, and microRNA regulation display a range of regulatory activities involved in cancer origin and progression, and cellular identity, especially those associated with stem cell features, such as self-renewal and pluripotent differentiation potential. Here, we review the contribution of different epigenetic mechanisms in pediatric nervous system tumor cancer stem cells. The choice between a differentiated and undifferentiated state can be modulated by alterations in the epigenome through the regulation of stemness genes such as CD133, SOX2, and BMI1 and the activation neuronal of differentiation markers, RBFOX3, GFAP, and S100B. Additionally, we highlighted the stage of development of epigenetic drugs and the clinical benefits and efficacy of epigenetic modulators in pediatric nervous system tumors.

Alternative splicing impacts microRNA regulation within coding regions

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that bind to target sites in different gene regions and regulate post-transcriptional gene expression. Approximately 95% of human multi-exon genes can be spliced alternatively, which enables the production of functionally diverse transcripts and proteins from a single gene. Through alternative splicing, transcripts might lose the exon with the miRNA target site and become unresponsive to miRNA regulation. To check this hypothesis, we studied the role of miRNA target sites in both coding and non-coding regions using six cancer data sets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Parkinson's disease data from PPMI. First, we predicted miRNA target sites on mRNAs from their sequence using TarPmiR. To check whether alternative splicing interferes with this regulation, we trained linear regression models to predict miRNA expression from transcript expression. Using nested models, we compared the predictive power of transcripts with miRNA target sites in the coding regions to that of transcripts without target sites. Models containing transcripts with target sites perform significantly better. We conclude that alternative splicing does interfere with miRNA regulation by skipping exons with miRNA target sites within the coding region.

Extracellular Vesicle MicroRNAs in Heart Failure: Pathophysiological Mediators and Therapeutic Targets

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging mediators of intracellular and inter-organ communications in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), especially in the pathogenesis of heart failure through the transference of EV-containing bioactive substances. microRNAs (miRNAs) are contained in EV cargo and are involved in the progression of heart failure. Over the past several years, a growing body of evidence has suggested that the biogenesis of miRNAs and EVs is tightly regulated, and the sorting of miRNAs into EVs is highly selective and tightly controlled. Extracellular miRNAs, particularly circulating EV-miRNAs, have shown promising potential as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers for heart failure and as therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarize the latest progress concerning the role of EV-miRNAs in HF and their application in a therapeutic strategy development for heart failure.

Extracellular vesicles and Duchenne muscular dystrophy pathology: Modulators of disease progression

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a devastating disorder and is considered to be one of the worst forms of inherited muscular dystrophies. DMD occurs as a result of mutations in the dystrophin gene, leading to progressive muscle fiber degradation and weakness. Although DMD pathology has been studied for many years, there are aspects of disease pathogenesis and progression that have not been thoroughly explored yet. The underlying issue with this is that the development of further effective therapies becomes stalled. It is becoming more evident that extracellular vesicles (EVs) may contribute to DMD pathology. EVs are vesicles secreted by cells that exert a multitude of effects via their lipid, protein, and RNA cargo. EV cargo (especially microRNAs) is also said to be a good biomarker for identifying the status of specific pathological processes that occur in dystrophic muscle, such as fibrosis, degeneration, inflammation, adipogenic degeneration, and dilated cardiomyopathy. On the other hand, EVs are becoming more prominent vehicles for custom-engineered cargos. In this review, we will discuss the possible contribution of EVs to DMD pathology, their potential use as biomarkers, and the therapeutic efficacy of both, EV secretion inhibition and custom-engineered cargo delivery.

CircDUSP22 Overexpression Restrains Pancreatic Cancer Development via Modulating miR-1178-3p and Downstream BNIP3

Aberrant expression of circular RNAs (circRNAs) is important in carcinogenesis, however, many differentially expressed circRNAs have not been functionally characterized. This study aimed to unveil the role of circRNA-dual specificity phosphatase 22 (circDUSP22) in pancreatic cancer (PaCa). Expression analyses of circDUSP22, miR-1178-3p and BCL2 interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) were carried out using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) or western blotting. Cell growth was assessed by MTT, EdU and colony formation assays. Cell cycle distribution and cell apoptosis were investigated using flow cytometry assay. The assumed binding relationship between miR-1178-3p and circDUSP22 or BNIP3 was testified by dual-luciferase reporter and pull-down assays. The effect of circDUSP22 in vivo was identified by animal studies. The decreased expression of circDUSP22 was observed in PaCa samples and cells. CircDUSP22 ectopic expression in vitro blocked PaCa cell proliferation, arrested cell cycle and provoked cell apoptosis. CircDUSP22 targeted miR-1178-3p, whose expression was reinforced in PaCa. The inhibitory cell growth caused by circDUSP22 ectopic expression was reversed by miR-1178-3p enrichment. In addition, miR-1178-3p targeted BNIP3, whose expression was declined in PaCa. The inhibitory cell growth caused by circDUSP22 ectopic expression was reversed by BNIP3 knockdown. CircDUSP22 overexpression in vivo decelerated tumor growth. CircDUSP22 upregulation blocked PaCa development partly by targeting miR-1178-3p and increasing BNIP3, implying the potential implication of circDUSP22 in targeted therapy of PaCa.

CircRNA casein kinase 1 gamma 1 (circ-CSNK1G1) plays carcinogenic effects in thyroid cancer by acting as miR-149-5p sponge and relieving the suppression of miR-149-5p on mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1)

BACKGROUND

The initiation and development of thyroid cancer may be associated with the deregulation of circular RNAs (circRNAs). The purpose of this work was to explore the role of circRNA casein kinase 1 gamma 1 (circ-CSNK1G1) in thyroid cancer.

METHODS

The expression of circ-CSNK1G1, miR-149-5p, and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) was concluded using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and the expression of MAPK1 protein was detected by Western blot assay. Cell viability was monitored by CCK-8 assay. Cell proliferation was determined by colony formation assay and EdU assay. Cell apoptosis and cycle were checked by flow cytometry assay. Cell invasion was determined by transwell assay. The predicted binding relationship between miR-149-5p and circ-CSNK1G1 or MAPK1 was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. The role of circ-CSNK1G1 in vivo was determined by establishing animal models.

RESULTS

The present work discovered the upregulation of circ-CSNK1G1 in tumor tissues of thyroid cancer. In function, circ-CSNK1G1 knockdown inhibited proliferation, survival, and invasion in cancer cells, and tumor growth in mouse models. MiR-149-5p was a target of circ-CSNK1G1, and the anti-tumor effects of circ-CSNK1G1 knockdown were abolished by miR-149-5p downregulation. In addition, miR-149-5p directly targeted MAPK1, and miR-149-5p restoration-inhibited cell proliferation and invasion were recovered by MAPK1 overexpression.

CONCLUSION

Circ-CSNK1G1 acted as miR-149-5p to relieve the inhibition of miR-149-5p on MAPK1, thus promoting the malignant development of thyroid cancer.

miRNA-34 and miRNA-210 target hexamerin genes enhancing their differential expression during early brain development of honeybee (Apis mellifera) castes

During the honeybee larval stage, queens develop larger brains than workers, with morphological differentiation appearing at the fourth larval phase (L4), just after a boost in nutritional difference both prospective females experience. The molecular promoters of this caste-specific brain development are already ongoing in previous larval phases. Transcriptomic analyses revealed a set of differentially expressed genes in the L3 brains of queens and workers, which represents the early molecular response to differential feeding females receive during larval development. Three genes of this set, hex70b, hex70c and hex110, are more highly transcribed in the brain of workers than in queens. The microRNAs miR-34, miR-210 and miR-317 are in higher levels in the queens' brain at the same phase of larval development. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the brain of workers expresses higher levels of hexamerins than that of queens during key phases of larval development and that this differential hexamerin genes expression is further enhanced by the repressing activity of miR-34, miR-210 and miR-317. Our transcriptional analyses showed that hex70b, hex70c and hex110 genes are differentially expressed in the brain of L3 and L4 larval phases of honeybee queens and workers. In silico reconstructed miRNA-mRNA interaction networks were validated using luciferase assays, which showed miR-34 and miR-210 negatively regulate hex70b and hex110 genes by directly and redundantly binding their 3'UTR (untranslated region) sequences. Taken together, our results suggest that miR-34 and miR-210 act together promoting differential brain development in honeybee castes by downregulating the expression of the putative antineurogenic hexamerin genes hex70b and hex110.

miR-150-5p affects AS plaque with ASMC proliferation and migration by STAT1

We explore miR-150-5p in atherosclerosis (AS). The AS model was constructed using Apo E^-/- mice with an injection of the miR-150-5p mimic or an inhibitor. Pathological characteristics were assessed using Oil red O staining and Masson staining. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were used to analyze the expressions of microRNA-150-5p (miR-150-5p), STAT1, α-SMA (α-smooth muscle actin) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Targetscan and dual-luciferase reporter assay were used to analyze the interaction between miR-150-5p and STAT1. The viability, migration, cell cycle and α-SMA and PCNA expressions in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-stimulated primary human aortic smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) were assessed using molecular experiments. miR-150-5p was reduced in both AS mice and ox-LDL-stimulated human aortic smooth muscle cells but STAT1 had the opposite effect. The miR-150-5p inhibitor alleviated the increase of lipid plaque and reduced collagen accumulation in the aortas during AS. Upregulation of α-SMA and PCNA was reversed by miR-150-5p upregulation. STAT1 was targeted by miR-150-5p, and overexpressed miR-150-5p weakened the ox-LDL-induced increase of viability and migration abilities and blocked cell cycle in ASMCs, but overexpressed STAT1 blocked the effect of the miR-150-5p mimic. This paper demonstrates that miR-150-5p has potential as a therapeutic target in AS, with plaque stabilization by regulating ASMC proliferation and migration via STAT1.

XPG is Modulated by miR-4715-3p and rs873601 Genotypes in Lung Cancer

Objective

XPG (Xeroderma pigmentosum group G, XPG), a single strand-specific DNA endonuclease in the nucleotide excision repair pathway, has been implicated in lung cancer. Potentially functional rs873601 in XPG is consistently associated with gastrointestinal cancer, and miR-4715-3p, targeting 3UTR of XPG, also influences the process of gastrointestinal carcinogenesis, however, the relationships between XPG and miR-4715-3p and rs873601 in lung cancer have not been elucidated.

Methods

A case-control study included 264 lung cancer patients and 264 cancer-free healthy controls and was designed to determine the relationships between rs873601 and lung cancer and the effect of miR-4715-3p on XPG expression in lung cancer. Fifty matched cases and controls were randomly selected from the lung cancer and control groups to assess the relationships between the expression levels of miR-4715-3p and XPG determined by using qRT-PCR. The association of rs873601 with lung cancer was analyzed by mass spectrometry, and function prediciton of rs873601 genotypes explored by web-based bioinformatics.

Results

miR-4715-3p in the lung cancer group was significantly increased compared with that in the control group (P = 0.011), upregulation of miR-4715-3p correlated with an increase in XPG mRNA (r = 0.399, P <0.05) in the lung cancer group. The AA genotype was associated with increased risk of lung cancer compared with the AG and GG genotypes of rs873601 (AG vs AA: OR = 0.231, 95% CI: 0.155–0.345, P <0.001 GG vs AA: OR = 0.300, 95% CI: 0.131–0.719, P = 0.003). The genetic association remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, smoking, and drinking, and rs873601-AA was associated with an increase in XPG mRNA in the lung cancer group. The results of web-based bioinformatics analysis indicated rs873601 genotypes might change XPG-RNA stability and bindability between XPG and miR-4715-3p.

Conclusion

Our data characterized that miR-4715-3p and rs873601 genotypes modified XPG expression in lung cancer. These findings may help to elucidate the mechanisms governing lung cancer.

miR-875-5p exerts tumor-promoting function via down-regulation of CAPZA1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide. Currently, efficient genetic markers for diagnosis and treatment of ESCC are lacking. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are global genetic regulators that control cancer gene expression by binding to the 3'untranslated regions (3'UTRs) of targeting mRNAs. In addition, miRNAs function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in the progression of tumors. In the current study, we found that hsa-miR-875-5p (miR-875-5p) exhibited amplification in ESCC according to the TCGA database. Then, xCELLigence Real-Time Cell Analyzer (RTCA)-MP system and colony formation assays were employed to detect cell proliferationand colony formationability. The results showed that miR-875-5p promoted the proliferation ESCC cells. Subsequently, transwell results indicated that miR-875-5p promoted the invasion and migration of ESCC cells. Furthermore, we showed that miR-875-5p was able to bind to CAPZA13'UTR, which contains the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs373245753, as reported in our previous study involving WGS and WES on ESCC. Subsequently, mRNA affinity pull-down assays verifiedthat the SNP disrupts miR-875-5p binding to CAPZA1. The current study is the first demonstration that miR-875-5p may function as an oncogene via down-regulation of CAPZA1 expression in ESCC.

MicroRNA Alterations in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neurons from Bipolar Disorder Patients: Pathways Involved in Neuronal Differentiation, Axon Guidance, and Plasticity

Bipolar disorder (BP) is a complex psychiatric condition characterized by severe fluctuations in mood for which underlying pathological mechanisms remain unclear. Family and twin studies have identified a hereditary component to the disorder, but a single causative gene (or set of genes) has not been identified. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs ∼20 nucleotides in length, that are responsible for the posttranslational regulation of multiple genes. They have been shown to play important roles in neural development as well as in the adult brain, and several miRNAs have been reported to be dysregulated in postmortem brain tissue isolated from bipolar patients. Because there are no viable cellular models to study BP, we have taken advantage of the recent discovery that somatic cells can be reprogrammed to pluripotency then directed to form the full complement of neural cells. Analysis of RNAs extracted from Control and BP patient-derived neurons identified 58 miRNAs that were differentially expressed between the two groups. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction we validated six miRNAs that were elevated and two miRNAs that were expressed at lower levels in BP-derived neurons. Analysis of the targets of the miRNAs indicate that they may regulate a number of cellular pathways, including axon guidance, Mapk, Ras, Hippo, Neurotrophin, and Wnt signaling. Many are involved in processes previously implicated in BP, such as cell migration, axon guidance, dendrite and synapse development, and function. We have validated targets of several different miRNAs, including AXIN2, BDNF, RELN, and ANK3 as direct targets of differentially expressed miRNAs using luciferase assays. Identification of pathways altered in patient-derived neurons suggests that disruption of these regulatory networks that may contribute to the complex phenotypes in BP.

LncRNA KCNQ1OT1 ameliorates the liver injury induced by acetaminophen through the regulation of miR-122-5p/CES2 axis

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to be implicated in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury (AILI). We applied this study to investigate the role and functional mechanism of KCNQ1 overlapping transcript 1 (KCNQ1OT1) in AILI. The AILI model was established by APAP treatment in mice. The liver injury was preliminarily evaluated by ALT and AST activities via the detection kits. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was exploited for detecting the expression of KCNQ1OT1, microRNA-122-5p (miR-122-5p), and carboxylesterase 2 (CES2). Protein levels were analyzed via Western blot. 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-y1)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and flow cytometry were separately applied to determine cell proliferation and apoptosis rate. Inflammation was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Dual-luciferase reporter assay was implemented to testify the intergenic combination. The function of KCNQ1OT1 in vivo was explored through KCNQ1OT1 knockdown in mice. APAP triggered the downregulation of KCNQ1OT1 and CES2 in mice serums. KCNQ1OT1 upregulation could relieve the AILI in HepaRG cells, which were abrogated by CES2 downregulation. KCNQ1OT1 served as a sponge of miR-122-5p and miR-122-5p directly targeted CES2. KCNQ1OT1 overexpression abated the AILI through the miR-122-5p/CES2 axis in HepaRG cells in vitro and mice in vivo. The collective results clarified that KCNQ1OT1 weakened the AILI in vitro and in vivo by the miR-122-5p/CES2 axis, providing an explicit molecular mechanism and selectable therapeutic strategy of AILI.

Circular RNA circ_0000284 plays an oncogenic role in the progression of non-small cell lung cancer through the miR-377-3p-mediated PD-L1 promotion

Background

Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a subgroup of non-coding RNAs, are recognized as pivotal mediators in various types of cancers. CircRNA_0000284 (circ_0000284) was manifested to participate in the development of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The novel functional mechanism of circ_0000284 in NSCLC was investigated in our current study.

Methods

We exploited quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to analyze the relative RNA (circRNA, miRNA and mRNA) expression. The assessment of cell proliferation and colony formation was executed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and colony formation assay, respectively. Transwell assay was implemented to examine cell migration and invasion. All protein levels were assayed using western blot. The role of circ_0000284 in vivo was evaluated via xenograft model. The target relation was estimated by dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays.

Results

As for the biological characterization, circ_0000284 was highly stable and localized in the cytoplasm. Circ_0000284 was up-regulated in NSCLC and could predict poor prognosis of NSCLC patients. Both in vitro and in vivo, down-regulation of circ_0000284 refrained tumorigenesis of NSCLC. Besides, microRNA-377-3p (miR-377-3p) was a miRNA target of circ_0000284, and targeted programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). Circ_0000284 was a cancer-promoting circRNA in NSCLC via regulating the miR-377-3p/PD-L1 axis.

Conclusion

Thus, our results unraveled that circ_0000284 facilitated the progression of NSCLC by up-regulating the PD-L1 expression as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) of miR-377, possibly developing a different perspective in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of NSCLC.

Circular RNA circ_0124644 exacerbates the ox-LDL-induced endothelial injury in human vascular endothelial cells through regulating PAPP-A by acting as a sponge of miR-149-5p

The modulatory roles of numerous circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been exposited in atherosclerosis (AS). Our study paid attention to the function of circRNA_ 0124644 (circ_0124644) in AS development, as well as its functional mechanism. The AS cell model was established by the treatment of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) to human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). Cell proliferation and cycle were severally measured by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and cell cycle detection kit. The examination of apoptosis rate was executed through flow cytometry. Western blot was exploited for detecting the associated proteins. The expression levels of circ_0124644 and microRNA-149-5p (miR-149-5p) and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) were assayed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The combination of targets was validated via the dual-luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), and RNA pull-down assay. Clonal capacity was analyzed using colony formation assay. Ox-LDL restrained HUVECs proliferation and cycle, but facilitated apoptosis. Circ_0124644 expression was increased, while miR-149-5p was downregulated in ox-LDL-treated HUVECs. Besides, circ_0124644 served as a molecular sponge of miR-149-5p and intensified the ox-LDL-induced HUVECs injury by sponging miR-149-5p. PAPP-A was a target of miR-149-5p and miR-149-5p could mitigate the HUVECs injury caused by ox-LDL through inhibiting PAPP-A. Moreover, PAPP-A was positively regulated by circ_0124644 via the miR-149-5p. In this report, we concluded the promoted role of circ_0124644 in the ox-LDL-induced endothelial injury of HUVECs via the miR-149-5p/PAPP-A axis with an emphasis on its diagnostic and therapeutic values in AS.

Use of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: progress and future prospects

Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F has significant anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties and is widely used for treating autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and kidney disease, especially in traditional Chinese medicine. The mechanisms underlying its effects may be diverse but they remain unclear, and its toxicity and side effects limit its wider clinical application. This review summarizes the clinical application of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F in recent years, as well as the results of studies into its mechanisms and toxicity, to provide a reference for its future clinical application.

MicroRNA-449a Is Downregulated in Cervical Cancer and Inhibits Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion

INTRODUCTION

Cervical cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors among women in the world. MicroRNA-449a (miR-449a) has been identified as a tumor suppressor gene in various cancers. Our present study aimed to explore the biological role of miR-449a in cervical cancer.

METHODS

The expression of miR-449a in cervical cancer tissues and cell lines was detected using real-time quantitative PCR. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and a Cox regression assay were used to identify the prognostic significance of miR-449a in cervical cancer. A CCK-8 assay and a Transwell assay were performed to determine the impact of miR-449a on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of cervical cancer cells.

RESULTS

The expression of miR-449a was decreased in both cervical cancer tissues and cell lines. The decreased expression of miR-449a was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis, differentiation, and FIGO stage, as well as with poor survival. In vitro, transfection of miR-449a mimic into cervical cancer cells inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.

CONCLUSION

All of the results revealed that miR-449a functions as a suppressor gene and inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in cervical cancer. In addition, it may serve as a prognostic biomarker for cervical cancer.

Catalpol may improve axonal growth via regulating miR-124 regulated PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in neurons after ischemia

Background

MicroRNA-124 (miR-124) is a brain-specific miRNA molecule, the highest expression in the cortex and is associated with neuronal protection after stroke. This study aimed to investigate whether catalpol could affect miR-124 to regulate PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, promoting axonal growth in stroke rats.

Methods

Cells were divided into three groups: control group, miRNA124 agomir group, and miRNA124 antagomir group. To explore the mechanism, cells were divided into seven groups: control group, OGD group (OGD/R), miRNA124 agomir group, miRNA124 agomir plus catalpol group, miRNA124 antagomir group, miRNA124 antagomir plus catalpol group, and catalpol group. Before OGD/R, miRNA124 antagomir and microRNA124 agomir were transfected into neurons for 6 h by using ribo FECT nd Consumablesn/reper transfection kit. Cell survival and cell death were detected by MTT and LDH assay. Axonal growth was assessed by MAP-2 immunofluorescence staining. Western blotting and qPCR were used to detect the expression of molecules in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

Results

Inhibition of miR-124 activated PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and promoted neuronal survival and axonal growth. The expression of miR-124 increased after OGD/R, and catalpol could inhibit miR-124 to activate PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway to further promote axonal growth.

Conclusions

It is concluded that catalpol may inhibit miR-124 to activate PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, promoting axonal growth.

Up-regulated circular RNA VANGL1 contributes to progression of non-small cell lung cancer through inhibition of miR-195 and activation of Bcl-2

Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a group of non-coding RNAs, play an important role in cancer biology, and in the present study, we aimed to clarify the expression profiles and biological functions of circRNA circVANGL1 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The results showed that circVANGL1 was overexpressed in human NSCLC tissues and cell lines. circVANGL1 expression was closely associated with tumor size, TNM stage and overall survival of NSCLC patients. Further loss-of-function analysis revealed that knockdown of circVANGL1 inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in NSCLC cell lines. The migration and invasion of NSCLC cells were also suppressed by circVANGL1 knockdown. In addition, we predicted that circVANGL1 might serve as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA), becoming a sink for miR-195, thereby modulating the expression of Bcl-2 in NSCLC cells. Rescue experiments demonstrated that miR-195 inhibitor abrogated the beneficial role of circVANGL1 knockdown in NSCLC cells. Taken together, we conclude that circVANGL1 functions as an oncogene to promote NSCLC progression partly through miR-195/Bcl-2 axis, which might be a novel therapeutic target for NSCLC patients.

CDK6 3'UTR polymorphisms alter the susceptibility to cervical cancer among Uyghur females

AIMS

Cyclin dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) plays a crucial role in malignant tumor whereas less is reported in cervical cancer development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of CDK6 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) polymorphisms on cervical cancer susceptibility among Uyghur females.

METHODS

The genotypes of the six CDK6 variants (rs8179, rs42032, rs42033, rs42034, rs42035, and rs42038) were identified among 306 cervical cancer cases and 310 healthy controls with the Agena MassARRAY platform. The associations of the candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with the cervical cancer risk were evaluated under genetic models using conditional logistic regression analysis. Bioinformatics analysis was performed for SNP function prediction with the online databases. The expression differences between tumor tissues and normal cervix samples were also examined by Real-time PCR.

RESULTS

CDK6 rs8179 and rs42033 were correlated to the decreased risk of cervical cancer in Uyghurs under the allele model (rs8179 and rs42033: OR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.37-0.99, p = 0.043) and log-additive model (rs8179 and rs42033: OR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.38-1.00, p = 0.047). Rs8179, rs42032, and rs42033 were associated with susceptibility to high-grade cervical cancer in different genetic models as well (p < 0.05). Dataset-based analysis also uncovered the potential effects of these significant SNPs. In addition, aberrant expression of CDK6 were detected in cervical tumors.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggested the relationships between CDK6 3'UTR polymorphisms and cervical cancer pathogenesis, and the involvement of CDK6 in cervical cancer development among Uyghur females.

MicroRNA-449a Inhibits Tumor Metastasis through AKT/ERK1/2 Inactivation by Targeting Steroid Receptor Coactivator (SRC) in Endometrial Cancer

Endometrial cancer represents the leading frequency in gynecological malignancy in developed countries. Even with early detection, metastasis and recurrence remain the main reasons for a high death rate. MicroRNA-449a (miR-449a) has been reported to function as a tumor suppressor, yet the role of miR-449a in endometrial cancer metastasis has not been investigated. The present study identified that miR-449a was downregulated in advanced endometrial cancer. Overexpression of miR-449a decreased the migration and invasion of KLE and AN3CA endometrial cancer cells. Using luciferase reporter assays, we identified that miR-449a directly targeted the steroid receptor coactivator (SRC) by binding to sites in the 3' untranslated regions. Elevated expressions of SRC have been witnessed in advanced endometrial cancer tissues and have promoted tumor metastasis. We also identified that the suppressive effect of miR-449a on metastasis could be mediated by downregulating SRC and that miR-449a could suppress AKT and ERK1/2 pathway activation in endometrial cancer cells. These findings contribute to the current understanding of the function of miR-449a in endometrial cancer.

The Impact of IL-16 3'UTR Polymorphism rs859 on Lung Carcinoma Susceptibility among Chinese Han Individuals

Lung carcinoma is the most common cancer and cause of cancer deaths among both males and females in China. Previously, genetic variants located in gene untranslated region have been well established as interfering factors in mRNA translation and confirmed playing critical roles in lung oncogenesis. However, the correlation between polymorphisms in gene 3′ untranslated region and lung cancer risk is less reported in China Han population. In this study, polymorphisms in 3′-untranslated region of IL-16, CYP24A1, and FBN1 were determined in 322 lung cancer patients and 384 healthy controls with the usage of Sequenom MassARRAY. The correlation between selected variants and lung cancer risk was examined by unconditional logistic regression analysis with or without adjustments for age, gender, smoking status, and alcohol drinking status. Additionally, stratification analysis was applied to detect the associations of SNPs with lung cancer in different subgroups. As the results, significant relationships were found between IL-16 rs859 and lung cancer susceptibility in recessive model (OR= 0.65, 95% CI: 0.44-0.96, P= 0.029) and log-additive model (OR= 0.76, 95% CI: 0.60-0.96, P= 0.019). Moreover, adjusted stratified analysis also revealed the important effects of IL-16 rs859 on lung cancer risk among individuals aged older than 50, males, and nondrinkers. IL-16 rs859 showed statistically significant evidence associated with susceptibility to lung adenocarcinoma and lung small cell carcinoma in Chinese Han population as well. Our research demonstrated that genetic variant rs859 of IL-16 3′UTR was associated with lung cancer risk in Chinese Han population and the result might be exploited as a new biomarker for lung cancer assessment and prevention.

RETRACTED: Downregulation of lncRNA GAS5 confers tamoxifen resistance by activating miR-222 in breast cancer

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. Upon investigation, it was discovered that 5 figures contain fabrication. Figures 1C, 3D, 5C, 5D, and 6G contain manipulated and/or duplicated data. The authors requested a corrigendum be published, however, due to the large number of corrections applied (figures 3, 6, 7, 8 and S3), it cannot be concluded that these changes would not alter the conclusions of the paper. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process.

An integrated view of the role of miR-130b/301b miRNA cluster in prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is a major health problem worldwide due to its high incidence morbidity and mortality. There is currently a need of improved biomarkers, capable to distinguish mild versus aggressive forms of the disease, and thus guide therapeutic decisions. Although miRNAs deregulated in cancer represent exciting candidates as biomarkers, its scientific literature is frequently fragmented in dispersed studies. This problem is aggravated for miRNAs belonging to miRNA gene clusters with shared target genes. The miRNA cluster composed by hsa-mir-130b and hsa-mir-301b precursors was recently involved in prostate cancer pathogenesis, yet different studies assigned it opposite effects on the disease. We sought to elucidate the role of the human miR-130b/301b miRNA cluster in prostate cancer through a comprehensive data analysis of most published clinical cohorts. We interrogated methylomes, transcriptomes and patient clinical data, unifying previous reports and adding original analysis using the largest available cohort (TCGA-PRAD). We found that hsa-miR-130b-3p and hsa-miR-301b-3p are upregulated in neoplastic vs normal prostate tissue, as well as in metastatic vs primary sites. However, this increase in expression is not due to a decrease of the global DNA methylation of the genes in prostate tissues, as the promoter of the gene remains lowly methylated in normal and neoplastic tissue. A comparison of the levels of human miR-130b/301b and all the clinical variables reported for the major available cohorts, yielded positive correlations with malignance, specifically significant for T-stage, residual tumor status and primary therapy outcome. The assessment of the correlations between the hsa-miR-130b-3p and hsa-miR-301b-3p and candidate target genes in clinical samples, supports their repression of tumor suppressor genes in prostate cancer. Altogether, these results favor an oncogenic role of miR-130b/301b cluster in prostate cancer.

Epigenetic modification of miR-663 controls mitochondria-to-nucleus retrograde signaling and tumor progression

The normal cellular function requires communication between mitochondria and the nucleus, termed mitochondria-to-nucleus retrograde signaling. Disruption of this mechanism has been implicated in the development of cancers. Many proteins are known modulators of retrograde signaling, but whether microRNAs (miRNAs) are also involved is unknown. We conducted an miRNA microarray analysis using RNA from a parental cell line, a Rho⁰ line lacking mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and a Rho⁰ line with restored mtDNA. We found that miR-663 was down-regulated in the mtDNA-depleted Rho⁰ line. mtDNA restoration reversed this miRNA to parental level, suggesting that miR-663 may be epigenetically regulated by retrograde signaling. By using methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite sequencing we demonstrate that miR-663 promoter is epigenetically regulated not only by genetic but also by pharmacological disruption of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Restoration of OXPHOS Complex I inhibitor-induced miR-663 expression by N-acetylcysteine suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in epigenetic regulation of miR-663. We determined that miR-663 regulates the expression of nuclear-encoded respiratory chain subunits involved in Complexes I, II, III, and IV. miR-663 also controlled the expression of the Complexes I (NDUFAF1), II (SDHAF2), III (UQCC2), and IV (SCO1) assembly factors and was required for stability of respiratory supercomplexes. Furthermore, using luciferase assays, we found that miR-663 directly regulates UQCC2. The anti-miR-663 reduced OXPHOS complex activity and increased in vitro cellular proliferation and promoted tumor development in vivo in mice. We also found that increased miR-663 expression in breast tumors consistently correlates with increased patient survival. We provide the first evidence for miRNA controlling retrograde signaling, demonstrating its epigenetic regulation and its role in breast tumorigenesis.

C/D-box snoRNAs form methylating and non-methylating ribonucleoprotein complexes: Old dogs show new tricks

C/D box snoRNAs (SNORDs) are an abundantly expressed class of short, non-coding RNAs that have been long known to perform 2'-O-methylation of rRNAs. However, approximately half of human SNORDs have no predictable rRNA targets, and numerous SNORDs have been associated with diseases that show no defects in rRNAs, among them Prader-Willi syndrome, Duplication 15q syndrome and cancer. This apparent discrepancy has been addressed by recent studies showing that SNORDs can act to regulate pre-mRNA alternative splicing, mRNA abundance, activate enzymes, and be processed into shorter ncRNAs resembling miRNAs and piRNAs. Furthermore, recent biochemical studies have shown that a given SNORD can form both methylating and non-methylating ribonucleoprotein complexes, providing an indication of the likely physical basis for such diverse new functions. Thus, SNORDs are more structurally and functionally diverse than previously thought, and their role in gene expression is under-appreciated. The action of SNORDs in non-methylating complexes can be substituted with oligonucleotides, allowing devising therapies for diseases like Prader-Willi syndrome.

m6A in mRNA: An Ancient Mechanism for Fine-Tuning Gene Expression

Modifications in mRNA constitute ancient mechanisms to regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A) is the most prominent mRNA modification, and is installed by a large methyltransferase complex (the m⁶A 'writer'), not only specifically bound by RNA-binding proteins (the m⁶A 'readers'), but also removed by demethylases (the m⁶A 'erasers'). m⁶A mRNA modifications have been linked to regulation at multiple steps in mRNA processing. In analogy to the regulation of gene expression by miRNAs, we propose that the main function of m⁶A is post-transcriptional fine-tuning of gene expression. In contrast to miRNA regulation, which mostly reduces gene expression, we argue that m⁶A provides a fast mean to post-transcriptionally maximize gene expression. Additionally, m⁶A appears to have a second function during developmental transitions by targeting m⁶A-marked transcripts for degradation.

Progress in research of competing endogenous RNAs related to gastrointestinal cancers

Competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) are RNA transcripts which can communicate with each other by sponging and decreasing target microRNAs (miRNAs) and thus de-repressing messenger RNAs (mRNAs). ceRNAs have crucial roles in oncogenic pathways involved in many types of gastrointestinal cancers by sponging miRNAs. Here, we review oncocer-related findings found up to now and analyze the cross-talk between ceRNAs and miRNAs, with an aim to give a novel perspective to the understanding of oncocer-mediated mechanisms in gastrointestinal cancers.

miR-181b-5p Modulates Cell Migratory Proteins, Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 3, and Annexin A2 During In Vitro Decidualization in a Human Endometrial Stromal Cell Line

Decidualization is essential for successful embryo implantation and is regulated by concerted actions of growth factors and hormones. More recently, microRNAs, small RNA molecules that regulate posttranscriptional gene expression, have been implicated to play a role in the decidualization process. Of these microRNAs, miR-181b-5p has been associated with decidualization but its precise role and targets are not well established. To address this gap in our knowledge, we assessed the expression of miR-181b-5p, and its target tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP-3), during in vitro decidualization using the well-characterized human endometrial stromal cell line, t-HESC. miR-181b-5p expression was highest prior to decidualization and significantly decreased in response to decidualization stimulus. In contrast, TIMP-3 expression was absent prior to in vitro decidualization and increased during decidualization. Regulation of TIMP-3 expression by miR-181b-5p was confirmed in vitro by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Western blot analysis, and 3' untranslated region reporter constructs. To identify unforeseen targets of miR-181b-5p during in vitro decidualization, t-HESC cells were transfected with pre- miR-181b-5p, and protein profiles were determined by 2-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight (MALDI TOF/TOF) tandem mass spectrometry. Of these proteins, several downregulated proteins associated with cell migration were identified including annexin A2, which we subsequently confirmed by qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis to be regulated by miR-181b-5p. In conclusion, miR-181b-5p is downregulated during the process of in vitro decidualization and may regulate the expression of proteins associated with cell migration including TIMP-3 and annexin A2.

Characterization and Functional Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles and Muscle-Abundant miRNAs (miR-1, miR-133a, and miR-206) in C2C12 Myocytes and mdx Mice

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive neuromuscular disorder. Here, we show that the CD63 antigen, which is located on the surface of extracellular vesicles (EVs), is associated with increased levels of muscle-abundant miRNAs, namely myomiRs miR-1, miR-133a, and miR-206, in the sera of DMD patients and mdx mice. Furthermore, the release of EVs from the murine myoblast C₂C₁₂ cell line was found to be modulated by intracellular ceramide levels in a Ca²⁺-dependent manner. Next, to investigate the effects of EVs on cell survival, C₂C₁₂ myoblasts and myotubes were cultured with EVs from the sera of mdx mice or C₂C₁₂ cells overexpressing myomiRs in presence of cellular stresses. Both the exposure of C₂C₁₂ myoblasts and myotubes to EVs from the serum of mdx mice, and the overexpression of miR-133a in C₂C₁₂ cells in presence of cellular stress resulted in a significant decrease in cell death. Finally, to assess whether miRNAs regulate skeletal muscle regeneration in vivo, we intraperitoneally injected GW4869 (an inhibitor of exosome secretion) into mdx mice for 5 and 10 days. Levels of miRNAs and creatine kinase in the serum of GW4869-treated mdx mice were significantly downregulated compared with those of controls. The tibialis anterior muscles of the GW4869-treated mdx mice showed a robust decrease in Evans blue dye uptake. Collectively, these results indicate that EVs and myomiRs might protect the skeletal muscle of mdx mice from degeneration.

Analysis of microRNA Microarrays in Cardiogenesis

microRNAs are a subclass of noncoding RNAs which have been demonstrated to play pivotal roles in multiple cellular mechanisms. microRNAs are small RNA molecules of 22-24 nt in length capable of modulating protein translation and/or RNA stability by base-priming with complementary sequences of the mRNAs, normally at the 3'untranslated region. To date, over 2,000 microRNAs have been already identified in humans, and orthologous microRNAs have been also identified in distinct animals and plants ranging a wide vast of species. High-throughput analyses by microarrays have become a gold standard to analyze the changes on microRNA expression in normal and pathological cellular or tissue conditions. In this chapter, we provide insights into the usage of this uprising technology in the context of cardiac development and disease.

Stress-activated miR-21/miR-21* in hepatocytes promotes lipid and glucose metabolic disorders associated with high-fat diet consumption

OBJECTIVE

miR-21 is an oncomir highly upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma and in early stages of liver diseases characterised by the presence of steatosis. Whether upregulation of miR-21 contributes to hepatic metabolic disorders and their progression towards cancer is unknown. This study aims at investigating the role of miR-21/miR-21* in early stages of metabolic liver disorders associated with diet-induced obesity (DIO).

DESIGN

Constitutive miR-21/miR-21* knockout (miR21KO) and liver-specific miR-21/miR-21* knockout (LImiR21KO) mice were generated. Mice were then fed with high-fat diet (HFD) and alterations of the lipid and glucose metabolism were investigated. Serum and ex vivo explanted liver tissue were analysed.

RESULTS

Under normal breeding conditions and standard diet, miR-21/miR-21* deletion in mice was not associated with any detectable phenotypic alterations. However, when mice were challenged with an obesogenic diet, glucose intolerance, steatosis and adiposity were improved in mice lacking miR-21/miR-21*. Deletion of miR-21/miR-21* specifically in hepatocytes led to similar improvements in mice fed an HFD, indicating a crucial role for hepatic miR-21/miR-21* in metabolic disorders associated with DIO. Further molecular analyses demonstrated that miR-21/miR-21* deletion in hepatocytes increases insulin sensitivity and modulates the expression of multiple key metabolic transcription factors involved in fatty acid uptake, de novo lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis and glucose output.

CONCLUSIONS

Hepatic miR-21/miR-21* deficiency prevents glucose intolerance and steatosis in mice fed an obesogenic diet by altering the expression of several master metabolic regulators. This study points out miR-21/miR-21* as a potential therapeutic target for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and the metabolic syndrome.

Prognostic role of microRNA-150 in various carcinomas: a meta-analysis

Objective

MicroRNA-150 (miR-150) was revealed to be an attractive prognostic biomarker in recent studies. However, the prognostic significance of miR-150 expression in cancer remains inconclusive. The aim of this study was to summarize the global predicting role of miR-150 in survival in patients with various carcinomas.

Methods

Eligible studies were identified through multiple search strategies. Data were extracted from the studies by investigating the relationship between miR-150 expression and survival in patients with cancer. A meta-analysis of the hazard ratio (HR) was then performed to evaluate the prognostic role of miR-150 in different tumors. Pooled HRs of miR-150 for overall survival and progression-free survival were calculated to measure the effect of miR-150 expression on prognosis.

Results

This meta-analysis included nine published studies concerning various carcinomas. Our results indicate that an elevated miR-150 expression is associated with an enhanced overall survival in the digestive tract cancer subgroup (HR =0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.37–0.90) and a poor progression-free survival in various cancers (HR =3.08, 95% CI: 2.00–4.75).

Conclusion

miR-150 may have the potential to become a new useful prognostic factor to monitor cancer prognosis and progression. However, given the current insufficient relevant data, further clinical studies are needed.

Physical exercise and epigenetic adaptations of the cardiovascular system

During the last decade, epigenetics became one of the fastest growing research fields in numerous clinical and basic science disciplines. Evidence suggests that chromatin modifications (e.g., histone modifications and DNA methylation) as well as the expression of micro-RNA molecules play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases. On the one hand, they are involved in the development of general risk factors like chronic inflammation, but on the other hand, epigenetic modifications are conducive to smooth muscle cell, cardiomyocyte, and endothelial progenitor cell proliferation/differentiation as well as to extracellular matrix processing and endothelial function (e.g., endothelial nitric oxide synthase regulation). Therefore, epigenetic medical drugs have gained increased attention and provided the first promising results in the context of cardiovascular malignancies. Beside other lifestyle factors, physical activity and sports essentially contribute to cardiovascular health and regeneration. In this review we focus on recent research proposing physical activity as a potent epigenetic regulator that has the potential to counteract pathophysiological alterations in almost all the aforementioned cardiovascular cells and tissues. As with epigenetic medical drugs, more knowledge about the molecular mechanisms and dose-response relationships of exercise is needed to optimize the outcome of preventive and rehabilitative exercise programs and recommendations.

Monoaminergic tone supports conductance correlations and stabilizes activity features in pattern generating neurons of the lobster, Panulirus interruptus

Experimental and computational studies demonstrate that different sets of intrinsic and synaptic conductances can give rise to equivalent activity patterns. This is because the balance of conductances, not their absolute values, defines a given activity feature. Activity-dependent feedback mechanisms maintain neuronal conductance correlations and their corresponding activity features. This study demonstrates that tonic nM concentrations of monoamines enable slow, activity-dependent processes that can maintain a correlation between the transient potassium current (I_A) and the hyperpolarization activated current (I_h) over the long-term (i.e., regulatory change persists for hours after removal of modulator). Tonic 5 nM DA acted through an RNA interference silencing complex (RISC)- and RNA polymerase II-dependent mechanism to maintain a long-term positive correlation between I_A and I_h in the lateral pyloric neuron (LP) but not in the pyloric dilator neuron (PD). In contrast, tonic 5 nM 5HT maintained a RISC-dependent positive correlation between I_A and I_h in PD but not LP over the long-term. Tonic 5 nM OCT maintained a long-term negative correlation between I_A and I_h in PD but not LP; however, it was only revealed when RISC was inhibited. This study also demonstrated that monoaminergic tone can also preserve activity features over the long-term: the timing of LP activity, LP duty cycle and LP spike number per burst were maintained by tonic 5 nM DA. The data suggest that low-level monoaminergic tone acts through multiple slow processes to permit cell-specific, activity-dependent regulation of ionic conductances to maintain conductance correlations and their corresponding activity features over the long-term.

miR-27 and miR-125 Distinctly Regulate Muscle-Enriched Transcription Factors in Cardiac and Skeletal Myocytes

MicroRNAs are noncoding RNAs of approximately 22–24 nucleotides which are capable of interacting with the 3′ untranslated region of coding RNAs (mRNAs), leading to mRNA degradation and/or protein translation blockage. In recent years, differential microRNA expression in distinct cardiac development and disease contexts has been widely reported, yet the role of individual microRNAs in these settings remains largely unknown. We provide herein evidence of the role of miR-27 and miR-125 regulating distinct muscle-enriched transcription factors. Overexpression of miR-27 leads to impair expression of Mstn and Myocd in HL1 atrial cardiomyocytes but not in Sol8 skeletal muscle myoblasts, while overexpression of miR-125 resulted in selective upregulation of Mef2d in HL1 atrial cardiomyocytes and downregulation in Sol8 cells. Taken together our data demonstrate that a single microRNA, that is, miR-27 or miR-125, can selectively upregulate and downregulate discrete number of target mRNAs in a cell-type specific manner.

MicroRNA Regulation of Brain Tumour Initiating Cells in Central Nervous System Tumours

CNS tumours occur in both pediatric and adult patients and many of these tumours are associated with poor clinical outcome. Due to a paradigm shift in thinking for the last several years, these tumours are now considered to originate from a small population of stem-like cells within the bulk tumour tissue. These cells, termed as brain tumour initiating cells (BTICs), are perceived to be regulated by microRNAs at the posttranscriptional/translational levels. Proliferation, stemness, differentiation, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, apoptosis, and cell cycle constitute some of the significant processes modulated by microRNAs in cancer initiation and progression. Characterization and functional studies on oncogenic or tumour suppressive microRNAs are made possible because of developments in sequencing and microarray techniques. In the current review, we bring recent knowledge of the role of microRNAs in BTIC formation and therapy. Special attention is paid to two highly aggressive and well-characterized brain tumours: gliomas and medulloblastoma. As microRNA seems to be altered in the pathogenesis of many human diseases, “microRNA therapy” may now have potential to improve outcomes for brain tumour patients. In this rapidly evolving field, further understanding of miRNA biology and its contribution towards cancer can be mined for new therapeutic tools.

Role of microRNA-150 in solid tumors

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of small endogenous noncoding RNAs and their altered expression has been associated with various cellular functions, including cell development, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, signal transduction, tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Accumulating evidence has indicated that miRNA (miR)-150 plays an essential regulatory role in normal hematopoiesis and tumorigenesis; therefore, miR-150 may be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in the diagnosis and treatment of various malignancies. The aim of the present review was to summarize the current knowledge on the functions and regulatory mechanism of miR-150 as an oncogene or tumor suppressor gene in solid tumors. In addition, its potential application as a tumor biomarker, targeted therapeutic strategy and index of prognosis in various cancer types was investigated.