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Nair AA, Farber HJ, Chen H. Utilization of opioid versus non-opioid analgesics in Medicaid and CHIP enrolled children with current asthma. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2021; 30:1520-1531. [PMID: 34322934 DOI: 10.1002/pds.5336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Opioid analgesics are frequently dispensed in children despite its known risk in children with a compromised airway function. The objectives of the study were to assess the prevalence of opioid analgesic dispensing in children with current asthma and to identify patient and prescriber factors associated with the dispensing of opioid versus non-opioid analgesics. METHODS Children <18 years of age, having current asthma and receiving an incident analgesic prescription were identified from a large Medicaid Managed Care Plan during years 2013 through 2018. Current asthma was defined as both receiving an asthma diagnosis and filling an anti-asthmatic medication during the 12-month period prior to the analgesic medication initiation. A scoring algorithm was applied to associate analgesic prescription with procedures and diagnoses according to perceived need for analgesia and time proximity. RESULTS Of the 9529 children meeting the inclusion criteria, 2681 (28.1%) received an opioid prescription. Opioid analgesic dispensing was most common among children who had an outpatient surgery/procedure (29.4%), trauma (19.4%) dental procedure (18.4%), and respiratory infection (10.6%). Multivariable analysis indicated that non-Hispanic Black (AOR: 0.39[0.3-0.5]) and Hispanic (AOR: 0.51[0.4-0.6]) children were less likely to receive an opioid analgesic compared to their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Children with prior history of asthma-related emergency department visit (AOR: 1.24[1.0-1.5]) and short acting beta agonist overuse (AOR: 1.33[1.1-1.7]) were more likely to fill an opioid analgesic prescription than those without. CONCLUSION Opioid analgesics are frequently dispensed to children with asthma. A higher dispensing rate was observed among non-Hispanic White children and among those with a history of uncontrolled asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek A Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Harold J Farber
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pulmonology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA.,Medical Affairs, Texas Children's Health Plan, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Lange S, Arisan ED, Grant GH, Uysal-Onganer P. MicroRNAs for Virus Pathogenicity and Host Responses, Identified in SARS-CoV-2 Genomes, May Play Roles in Viral-Host Co-Evolution in Putative Zoonotic Host Species. Viruses 2021; 13:117. [PMID: 33467206 PMCID: PMC7830670 DOI: 10.3390/v13010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent study identified seven key microRNAs (miR-8066, 5197, 3611, 3934-3p, 1307-3p, 3691-3p, 1468-5p) similar between SARS-CoV-2 and the human genome, pointing at miR-related mechanisms in viral entry and the regulatory effects on host immunity. To identify the putative roles of these miRs in zoonosis, we assessed their conservation, compared with humans, in some key wild and domestic animal carriers of zoonotic viruses, including bat, pangolin, pig, cow, rat, and chicken. Out of the seven miRs under study, miR-3611 was the most strongly conserved across all species; miR-5197 was the most conserved in pangolin, pig, cow, bat, and rat; miR-1307 was most strongly conserved in pangolin, pig, cow, bat, and human; miR-3691-3p in pangolin, cow, and human; miR-3934-3p in pig and cow, followed by pangolin and bat; miR-1468 was most conserved in pangolin, pig, and bat; while miR-8066 was most conserved in pangolin and pig. In humans, miR-3611 and miR-1307 were most conserved, while miR-8066, miR-5197, miR-3334-3p and miR-1468 were least conserved, compared with pangolin, pig, cow, and bat. Furthermore, we identified that changes in the miR-5197 nucleotides between pangolin and human can generate three new miRs, with differing tissue distribution in the brain, lung, intestines, lymph nodes, and muscle, and with different downstream regulatory effects on KEGG pathways. This may be of considerable importance as miR-5197 is localized in the spike protein transcript area of the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Our findings may indicate roles for these miRs in viral-host co-evolution in zoonotic hosts, particularly highlighting pangolin, bat, cow, and pig as putative zoonotic carriers, while highlighting the miRs' roles in KEGG pathways linked to viral pathogenicity and host responses in humans. This in silico study paves the way for investigations into the roles of miRs in zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Elif Damla Arisan
- Institute of Biotechnology, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey;
| | - Guy H. Grant
- School of Life Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Park Square, Luton LU1 3JU, UK;
| | - Pinar Uysal-Onganer
- Cancer Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
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3
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Tahamtan A, Tavakoli-Yaraki M, Salimi V. Opioids/cannabinoids as a potential therapeutic approach in COVID-19 patients. Expert Rev Respir Med 2020; 14:965-967. [PMID: 32576053 PMCID: PMC7441794 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2020.1787836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Tahamtan
- Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Golestan University of Medical Sciences , Gorgan, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences , Gorgan, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Tavakoli-Yaraki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
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Arisan ED, Dart A, Grant GH, Arisan S, Cuhadaroglu S, Lange S, Uysal-Onganer P. The Prediction of miRNAs in SARS-CoV-2 Genomes: hsa-miR Databases Identify 7 Key miRs Linked to Host Responses and Virus Pathogenicity-Related KEGG Pathways Significant for Comorbidities. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060614. [PMID: 32512929 PMCID: PMC7354481 DOI: 10.3390/v12060614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a member of the betacoronavirus family, which causes COVID-19 disease. SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity in humans leads to increased mortality rates due to alterations of significant pathways, including some resulting in exacerbated inflammatory responses linked to the “cytokine storm” and extensive lung pathology, as well as being linked to a number of comorbidities. Our current study compared five SARS-CoV-2 sequences from different geographical regions to those from SARS, MERS and two cold viruses, OC43 and 229E, to identify the presence of miR-like sequences. We identified seven key miRs, which highlight considerable differences between the SARS-CoV-2 sequences, compared with the other viruses. The level of conservation between the five SARS-CoV-2 sequences was identical but poor compared with the other sequences, with SARS showing the highest degree of conservation. This decrease in similarity could result in reduced levels of transcriptional control, as well as a change in the physiological effect of the virus and associated host-pathogen responses. MERS and the milder symptom viruses showed greater differences and even significant sequence gaps. This divergence away from the SARS-CoV-2 sequences broadly mirrors the phylogenetic relationships obtained from the whole-genome alignments. Therefore, patterns of mutation, occurring during sequence divergence from the longer established human viruses to the more recent ones, may have led to the emergence of sequence motifs that can be related directly to the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, we identified 7 key-microRNAs (miRs 8066, 5197, 3611, 3934-3p, 1307-3p, 3691-3p, 1468-5p) with significant links to KEGG pathways linked to viral pathogenicity and host responses. According to Bioproject data (PRJNA615032), SARS-CoV-2 mediated transcriptomic alterations were similar to the target pathways of the selected 7 miRs identified in our study. This mechanism could have considerable significance in determining the symptom spectrum of future potential pandemics. KEGG pathway analysis revealed a number of critical pathways linked to the seven identified miRs that may provide insight into the interplay between the virus and comorbidities. Based on our reported findings, miRNAs may constitute potential and effective therapeutic approaches in COVID-19 and its pathological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Damla Arisan
- Institute of Biotechnology, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey;
| | - Alwyn Dart
- Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, Tooting, London SW17 0RE, UK;
| | - Guy H. Grant
- School of Life Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Park Square, Luton LU1 3JU, UK;
| | - Serdar Arisan
- Department of Urology, Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Research and Training Hospital, 34360 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Songul Cuhadaroglu
- Thoracic Surgery Clinic, Memorial Hospital Sisli, Kaptanpasa Mah. Piyalepasa Bulvarı, 434385 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK;
| | - Pinar Uysal-Onganer
- Cancer Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)207-911-5151 (ext. 64581)
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Tahamtan A, Tavakoli-Yaraki M, Mokhtari-Azad T, Teymoori-Rad M, Bont L, Shokri F, Salimi V. Opioids and Viral Infections: A Double-Edged Sword. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:970. [PMID: 27446011 PMCID: PMC4916179 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids and their receptors have received remarkable attention because they have the ability to alter immune function, which affects disease progression. In vitro and in vivo findings as well as observations in humans indicate that opioids and their receptors positively or negatively affect viral replication and virus-mediated pathology. The present study reviews recent insights in the role of opioids and their receptors in viral infections and discusses possible therapeutic opportunities. This review supports the emerging concept that opioids and their receptors have both favorable and unfavorable effects on viral disease, depending on the type of virus. Targeting of the opioid system is a potential option for developing effective therapies; however caution is required in relation to the beneficial functions of opioid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Tahamtan
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Tavakoli-Yaraki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari-Azad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Teymoori-Rad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran
| | - Louis Bont
- Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Fazel Shokri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran
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Moroz E, Albrecht RA, Aden B, Beeder AB, Yuan J, García-Sastre A, Edlin BR, Salvatore M. Active opioid use does not attenuate the humoral responses to inactivated influenza vaccine. Vaccine 2016; 34:1363-9. [PMID: 26859239 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza vaccination is recommended for vulnerable individuals, including active drug users, to prevent influenza complications and decrease influenza spread. Recent studies suggest that opioids negatively regulate immune responses in experimental models, but the extent to which opioid use will affect the humoral responses to influenza vaccine in humans is unknown. This information is critical in maximizing vaccination efforts. OBJECTIVE To determine whether there is a difference in antibody response after influenza vaccination in heroin or methadone users compared to control subjects. METHODS We studied active heroin users, subjects on methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) and subjects that did not use any drugs before and 1 and 4 weeks after vaccination with trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV). We measured hemagglutination inhibition and microneutralization titers, and we compared geometric mean titers (GMT), and rates of seroprotection and seroconversion for each of the vaccine strains among the 3 groups of subjects. RESULTS Heroin users, subjects on MMT and non-user controls mount a similarly robust serologic response to TIV. GMT and rates of seroprotection and seroconversion were not significantly different among groups. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that opioid use do not significantly alter antibody responses to influenza vaccine supporting the vaccination effort in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Randy A Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, US; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine Mount Sinai, US
| | - Brandon Aden
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, US
| | | | - Jianda Yuan
- Immune Monitoring Facility, Ludwig Center for Center Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, US
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, US; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine Mount Sinai, US; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, US
| | - Brian R Edlin
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, US; Institute for Infectious Disease Research, National Development and Research Institutes, New York, NY, US
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Probable deceleration of progression of Simian AIDS affected by opiate dependency: studies with a rhesus macaque/SIVsmm9 model. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 50:241-9. [PMID: 19194320 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3181967354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine effects of opiate dependency on development of simian AIDS. DESIGN Assessments of viral, immune, and clinicopathological status were conducted on rhesus macaques before and after establishment of opiate dependency and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, sooty mangabey, strain-9 (SIVsmm9) infection. Controls received saline. METHODS Blood was collected at baseline, before opiate dependencies, and viral infections were established and then after SIVsmm9 infection, longitudinally, through 216 weeks. Plasma viral titers were assessed using the branched chain DNA assay and CD4 and CD8 counts via cytofluorometry. Clinicopathological assessments of AIDS were founded on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other selected criteria. RESULTS AIDS progression rates seemed to be decelerated and survival times increased by opiate dependency. Mean viral titers were unaffected by opiate exposure. Opiate-dependent monkeys that evidenced high initial viral titers survived significantly longer than controls. Several opiate-dependent monkeys maintained high viral titers for atypically extended durations. Several (5/19) opiate-dependent monkeys died or were removed early from the study due to "non-AIDS" causes. CONCLUSIONS Long-term opiate dependency seemed to decelerate the rate of progression to AIDS in the SIVsmm9 monkey model. This effect was most evident in monkeys with high initial viral titers/set points. "Non-AIDS" morbidities and mortalities were noted as potential confounds of epidemiological assessments of the role of opiates in HIV/AIDS.
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8
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Jamali A, Roostaee MH, Soleimanjahi H, Ghaderi Pakdel F, Bamdad T. DNA vaccine-encoded glycoprotein B of HSV-1 fails to protect chronic morphine-treated mice against HSV-1 challenge. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 30:71-80. [PMID: 17126902 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of morphine has been demonstrated to increase susceptibility to infections. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a highly successful pathogen among immunocompromised individuals. In the present study, due to the importance of HSV vaccination in morphine abusers, the effects of chronic morphine exposure on the host response to a HSV-1 gB DNA-based vaccine have been investigated. The study is addressing an important aspect of vaccine development among the susceptible (immunocompromised) hosts. BALB/c mice were exposed to morphine over 11 days. They were then vaccinated with DNA vaccine or KOS strain as a live vaccine. The findings showed that the morphine-treated animals failed to respond to DNA vaccination evaluated by the anti-HSV gB antibody titer, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) and lethal HSV-1 challenge. Under the same conditions, the KOS vaccine showed a reduced Ab titer and DTH response in morphine-treated mice, but could protect mice against the lethal challenge and was safe for vaccination of morphine-treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Jamali
- Department of Virology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Sheridan PA, Moynihan JA. Modulation of the innate immune response to HSV-1 following acute administration of morphine: role of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 158:145-52. [PMID: 15589048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2004] [Revised: 08/31/2004] [Accepted: 09/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A single injection of morphine significantly increased interferon (IFN)-beta and IFN-alpha mRNA in spleens from herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 infected male Balb/cByJ mice. However, significant suppression of IFN-gamma and interleukin (IL)-12 production was observed in spleens from morphine-treated mice. Pretreatment with RU486 blocked morphine-induced increases in IFN-beta, and reversed the suppression of IFN-gamma. However, RU486 did not restore IFN-alpha or IL-12. The results suggest that a single exposure to morphine 4 h prior to infection can significantly alter innate immune responses to a viral pathogen, and that these effects are partially mediated by glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Sheridan
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, 575 Elmwood Ave., University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14621, USA.
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10
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Sovcikova A, Tulinska J, Kubova J, Liskova A, Syrova D, Horakova K. Effect of cyclosporin A in Lewis rats in vivo and HeLa cells in vitro. J Appl Toxicol 2002; 22:153-60. [PMID: 12015794 DOI: 10.1002/jat.842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of cyclosporin A (CsA) in inbred Lewis rats with published assessment of immunotoxicity in 'classical' outbred Wistar rats. A second purpose was to consider the contribution of a panel of in vitro assays in cell cultures when added to an immunotoxicity study in vivo. The in vivo effect of CsA was investigated in a 28-day subacute immunotoxicity study in male Lewis rats at three different concentrations: 1.25, 5 and 20 mg kg(-1). The highest dose of CsA exceeded the maximum tolerated dose. A drop in body, spleen and popliteal lymph node weight of exposed animals displayed symptoms of toxicity. At a high toxic dose, haematological changes showed a decrease in the leucocyte count and in the percentage of lymphocytes, and an increase in the percentage of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The haematocrit was significantly dose-dependently suppressed in all rats exposed to CsA. A similar dose-dependent depression of the mean cell volume of erythrocytes was found in rats given high and middle doses of CsA. The phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and monocytes also was significantly dose-dependently suppressed. No significant changes in primary antibody response to sheep erythrocytes or in vitro proliferative response of spleen lymphocytes to mitogens were found in those rats.A battery of in vitro cytotoxicity methods was selected for the evaluation of metabolic and functional activity of subcellular organelles (mitochondria, lysosomes) and for the detection of drug-induced superoxide-mediated damage in HeLa cells. This cell line was chosen because it has a lower activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) than normal cells and is sufficiently sensitive for the detection of the induction of oxygen radicals. The in vitro results indicated a direct relationship between CsA cytotoxicity and a change in the mitochondrial enzyme activity, as well as an induction of superoxide production. The results of the study indicated that a combination of selected in vivo and in vitro methods is an inexpensive way to obtain more complex information on cell status affected by xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sovcikova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Coussons-Read ME, Giese S. Acute morphine treatment alters cellular immune function in the lungs of healthy rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2001; 1:1571-81. [PMID: 11515820 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(01)00072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that morphine suppresses the pulmonary immune response to infection and reduces pulmonary inflammation. No published studies have addressed the impact of morphine on lymphocyte function in the lungs without infection. This study addressed this question by assessing the impact of acute morphine treatment on proliferation, cytokine production, and natural killer (NK) cell activity in resident pulmonary lymphocytes from healthy rats. Male Lewis rats received either a single 15 mg/kg morphine sulfate or vehicle injection 1 h prior to sacrifice. Lungs were minced and passed through wire mesh following collagenase digestion. The resulting cell preparations were pooled (2 rats/pool) to yield sufficient cell numbers for the functional assays, and a portion of these suspensions were separated using a density gradient. Crude and purified cell suspensions were used in assays of NK cell activity and mitogen-induced proliferation and cytokine production. Morphine significantly suppressed lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production in whole cell suspensions, but not in purified cultures. NK activity was enhanced by morphine treatment in purified treated cultures. Studies of nitrate/nitrite levels in crude and purified cultures suggest that macrophage-derived nitric oxide may be a mechanism of the suppression observed in whole cell suspensions following morphine treatment. These data are consistent with previous work showing that morphine suppresses mitogenic responsiveness and NK activity in the spleen and peripheral blood, and may do so through a macrophage-derived nitric oxide mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Coussons-Read
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Denver, 80217-3364, USA.
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12
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Ni X, Gritman KR, Eisenstein TK, Adler MW, Arfors KE, Tuma RF. Morphine attenuates leukocyte/endothelial interactions. Microvasc Res 2000; 60:121-30. [PMID: 10964586 DOI: 10.1006/mvre.2000.2253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gram-negative sepsis and subsequent endotoxic shock after surgery remain problematic in the United States and throughout the world. While morphine is widely prescribed for postoperative trauma pain management, there are reports that morphine may compromise the immune system and contribute to postoperative sepsis. The current study tested the hypothesis that morphine attenuates leukocyte rolling and sticking in both arterioles and venules via nitric oxide production. Nude mice implanted with slow-release morphine pellets were used in this study. The dorsal skinfold chamber model for intravital fluorescence microscopy on awake mice was used. Leukocyte/endothelial interactions were evaluated after bolus injection of oxidized low density lipoprotein. Morphine was found to significantly attenuate leukocyte rolling and sticking in both the arterial and venular side of the microcirculation. This attenuation was reversed by simultaneous implantation of naloxone pellets. The mechanisms of this attenuation were further investigated by administration of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitors NG-nitro-l-arginine (NOLA) and aminoguanidine (AG) in drinking water. NOLA was found to significantly reverse this morphine-induced attenuation of leukocyte rolling and sticking in both arterioles and venules. However, AG did not have the same effect. The results indicate that morphine interferes with leukocyte/endothelial cell interactions via stimulation of nitric oxide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Ni
- Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19140, USA
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13
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Coussons-Read ME, Daniels M, Gilmour MI. Morphine reduces pulmonary inflammation in response to influenza infection. Life Sci 1999; 65:1141-52. [PMID: 10503930 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study shows that morphine reduces the pulmonary inflammatory response to intranasal influenza virus infection in rats. Rats were infected with rat-adapted influenza virus (RAIV), which is a unique infectious agent because normal rats develop an acute pulmonary inflammatory response to RAIV and rapidly clear the virus within a few days with no mortality. Male Lewis rats were implanted with 75 mg morphine pellets or placebo pellets 72 hours prior to intranasal RAIV infection. Rats were euthanized at 2, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after infection. Assessment of inflammation included accumulation of inflammatory cells in the lungs, lung weight, and protein and LDH content of bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Placebo-treated rats showed a marked inflammatory response to RAIV infection, and morphine-treated rats mounted less vigorous inflammatory responses to the infection. Taken together, these data suggest that morphine treatment impairs the inflammatory response to RAIV infection in the lungs, which is consistent with prior work demonstrating that morphine is a potent anti-inflammatory agent in other areas of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Coussons-Read
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Denver 80217, USA.
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